lecture 6: management of treated effluent...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lecture 6: Management of Treated Effluent Reuse
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All waters used for irrigation contain varying amount of salts
• Salinization of soil and water is inevitable in climates where ET > precipitation
• Thus, drainage, either natural or artificial is essential to manage salts
• Key to sustainable irrigated agriculture in arid/semi-arid climates
Salinity Management
Salinity-total salt content
– Electrical Conductivity (ECw)
– Electrical Conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe or sat)
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General Irrigation Water EC Classifications
Electrical conductivity (ds/m)TDS (mg/l)Class of Water
≤ 0.25< 1000Class 1, excellent
0.25- 0.75Class 2, good
0.76-2.001000-2000Class 3, permissible
2.01-3.00Class 4, Doubtful
≥ 3.00˃ 2000Class 5, Unsuitable
Permissible: leaching is needed if usedDoubtful and Unsuitable: good drainage needed and sensitive plants will have difficulty obtaining stand.
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Plants only transpire "pure" water
Salts in irrigation water remain in soil – if
not leached
Salinity Impact
Plant
– Physiological drought
– Increased osmotic potential of soil
– Specific ion toxicity
– Leaf burn
– Nutrient uptake interferences
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Saline sites: salt tolerance
genotypic differences in
reaction to increasing NaCl
supply
Phaseolus bean
sugar beet
Crop Selection
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Evapotranspiration vs. Salinity
(Gates et al. 2006)
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Yield vs. Evapotranspiration
Schneeklothet al, 2004
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ECe
Re
lati
ve Y
ield
(%
)
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Relative Yield vs. Salinity
(Gates et al 2006)
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Crops classification according to salinity
Salinity rating group Threshold salinity (dS/m)
Zero yield salinity
Sensitive (almond, apple, apricot, carrot)
1.4 8.0
Moderately sensitive (corn, grape, pepper, tomatoes)
3.0 16.0
Moderately tolerant (olive, barley)
6.0 24.0
Tolerant (cotton, date palm) 10.0 32.0
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Sodicity (sodic) -high sodium content
– SAR: sodium adsorption ratio
Where: Na, Ca, and Mg concentrations must be expressed as meq/l
2
Mg+Ca
Na = SAR
++++
+
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Generalized Classification of Salt-Affected Soils
pHSAREC (ds/m)Classification
˂ 8.5˂ 13˃ 4.0Saline
˃ 8.5≥ 13˂ 4.0Sodic
˂ 8.5≥ 13˃ 4.0Saline-Sodic
˃ 7.8˂ 13˂ 4.0High pH
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Specific Ion Concerns and Toxicities
Sodium (Na+)
Soil – sodicity
– Crusting
– Reduced infiltration
– Lower hydraulic conductivity
– Higher pH impacting nutrient uptake
Plant
– Stunted plants
– Toxicity and leaf burn potential
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EC and SAR
The hazard of irrigation water sodium
on soil infiltration mustbe determined
from the SAR/EC interaction.
As EC increases relative to SAR,
infiltration problems are reduced.
Rainfall or sprinkler irrigation with
non-saline water on soils previously
irrigated with sodic water can
increase the infiltration problem.
Ayers and Westcott, 1985
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Chloride (Cl-)
Contributes to EC
Essential in low amounts
Sensitive crops affected at high concentration
Leaf burn potential under sprinkler
Burn higher with daytime irrigation
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Chloride tolerance criteria
Effect on cropChloride (mg/l)
Generally safe for all plants< 70
Sensitive plants show injury70-140
Moderately tolerant plants show injury141-350
Can cause sever problems> 350
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Degree of restriction Potential irrigation problem unit
None Slight to
moderate
Sever
Salinity
EC
TDS
ds/m
mg/l
< 0.7
< 450
0.7-3
450-2000
> 3.0
> 2000
Permeability
SAR= 0-3 and EC =
3-6
6-12
12-20
20-40
ds/m
> 0.7
> 1.2
> 1.9
> 2.9
> 5.0
0.7-0.2
1.2-0.3
1.9-0.5
2.9-1.3
5.0-2.9
< 0.2
< 0.3
< 0.5
< 1.3
< 2.9
Specific Ion toxicity
Sodium
Surface irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Chloride
Surface irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
SAR
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
< 3
< 70
< 140
< 100
3-9
> 70
140-350
> 100
> 9
> 350
Miscellaneous effects
pH
Residual chlorine (overhead
sprinkler only)
mg/l
Normal range 6.5-8.4
< 1.0 1-5
> 5.0
The Guidelines for the use of effluent waste water quality in irrigation (Takashi,
1990)
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Saline sites: plant adaptations- screening for salt tolerance of avocado
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Field Diagnosis
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Boron (B) Toxicity in treated effluent
Essential in low amounts (alfalfa)
Toxic to sensitive crops (>1.0 to 2.0 ppm)
Fertility Sufficient in low concentrations
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Country/Organization Drinking Water (mg/l)
WHO 2.4
EU 1
Canada 5
Australia 0.3
Oman 0.5
Drinking water quality concerning Boron concentration according to many
countries
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Tolerance CropsVery sensitive (<0.5 mg/l) Lemon , Blackberry
Sensitive (0.5-0.75 mg/l)
Avocado, Grapefruit , Orange, Apricot, Peach, Cherry,
Plum, Persimmon, Fig, kadota, Grape, Walnut, Pecan,
Cowpea, Onion
Sensitive (0.75-1.0 mg/l)
Garlic, Sweet potato, Wheat, Barley, Sunflower,
Bean, mung, Sesame, Lupine, Strawberry, Artichoke-
Jerusalem, Bean- kidney, Bean-lima, Groundnut-
Peanut
Moderate sensitive (1.0-2.0 mg/l)Pepper- red, Pea, Carrot, Radish, Potato,
Cucumber
Moderate tolerant (2.0-4.0 mg/l)
Lettuce, Cabbage, Celery, Turnip, Bluegrass-
Kentucky, Oats, Maize, Artichoke, Tobacco, Mustard,
Clover-sweet, Squash, Muskmelon
Tolerant (4.0-6.0 mg/l)Sorghum, Tomato, Alfalfa, Vetch-purple,
Parsley, Beet-red, Sugarbeet
Very tolerant (6.0-15.0 mg/l) Cotton, Asparagus
Effects of boron in plants:
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Boron injury in citrus leaves
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B toxicity - soybean
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Boron concentration in irrigation water from Sheikh Ejleen and Al Mawasi
Master thesis: Abu Daba’an, 2017
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Boron concentration in the leaves of Lemon irrigated by fresh and treated effluent at Sheikh Ejleen and Al Mawasi location
Master thesis: Abu Daba’an, 2017
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Factors affecting amount of B adsorbed in the soil are:
There are many several factors influence the amount of- B adsorbed by soils. These
include pH, texture, wetting and drying, temperature. Ionic composition of the soil
solution, management practices such as liming and so on.
Soil pH:
Soil pH is one of the most important of these factors. It has been reported by several
investigators that increasing pH enhances B adsorption by soils, showing a maximum in
the alkaline pH range.
clay content :
The type of clay minerals and exchangeable ions in the soil. Generally, soils with low clay
content will adsorb less B than those with higher clay content. The greater the ability of
the soil to adsorb B, the lower the B content in the soil solution.
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Clay Sand
mg
Bo
ron
/ kg
DM
So
ilBoron Accumulation in the Soil in Sheikh Ejleen (Clay) and El-
Mawasi (Sand)
Master thesis: Abu Daba’an, 2017
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Catego
ry
Reuse condition Exposed group Intestinal
nematodes (arithemetic
mean no. of eggs
per litre)
Fecal coliform (geometric mean no.
per 100 ml)
A Irrigation of crops likely to be
eaten uncooked, sports fields,
public parks
Workers,
consumers public
< 1 < 1000
B Irrigation of cereal crops,
industrial crops, fodder crops,
pasture and tries
Workers < 1 No standard
recommended
C Localize irrigation of crops in
category B if exposure of
workers and the public does not
occur
None Not applicable Not applicable
Recommended microbiological quality guidelines for wastewater use in
agriculture
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Parameter Palestinian Standards
Irrigation Recharge
BOD (mg/l) 20-60 20
TSS (mg/l) 30-90 30
TDS (mg/l) 1500 1500
EC (ms/cm) - -
T-N (mg/l) 45 100
Na (mg/l) 200 230
Cl (mg/l) 500 600
SAR 9 -
B (mg/l) 0.7 1
F. Coliform (MPN/100ml) 200-1000 200-1000
Nematodes (ovum/l) <1 <1
Palestinian Standards for irrigation and groundwater recharge