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Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein (pages 173 to 203) Guest Lecturer for 2104 Shannan Grant, MSc, RD, PhD Candidate

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Page 1: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein (pages 173 to 203)

Guest Lecturer for 2104Shannan Grant, MSc, RD, PhD Candidate

Page 2: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

TheChemist’sViewofProteins• A protein is a compound composed of carbon (C),  hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) atoms. 

• Proteins are like carbohydrates (CHO) and lipids.BUT

• Proteins also contain a N atom.

• Amino acids:  the building blocks of proteins.• Amino group• Acid group• H atom• Distinctive side group

Page 3: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

AminoAcidStructure(FIG6.1)

Page 4: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ExamplesofAminoAcids(FIG6.2)

Page 5: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

GettingtoKnow…AminoAcids• Essential Amino Acids

• cannot make at all or cannot make enough • 9 essential amino acids exist • must be supplied by the diet (dietary) • NOTE: Table 6.1. (text) lists essential amino acids

• Non‐essential Amino Acids• can make as long as the following ingredients are present: 

• Nitrogen (amino group) • Fragments from carbohydrate and fat (rest of the structure) 

• Conditionally Essential Amino Acids• What do you think? 

There are 20 amino acids

Page 6: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

HowdoAminoAcidsFormProteins?

Figure 6.3. Formation of Dipeptide

Condensation

Page 7: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinStructure:UnravelingtheMystery• Primary structure

• Sequence of amino acids or chemical bonds• Secondary structure 

• Electrical attractions within the polypeptide• Shape  The chain can twist into a helical shape• Shape give the protein strength

• Tertiary structure • A side group can be hydrophilic or hydrophobic• The resulting “tangles” provide stability

• Quaternary structure • Two or more polypeptides• Example (Figure 6.5. The Structure of Hemoglobin)

• 4 associated polypeptide chains 

Shape => Function

Page 8: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinsintheHumanBody

Page 9: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinSynthesis• We are unique because our proteins are unique.

• Amino acids sequence  determined by genes

• Diet plays a role• Adequate intake• Nutri‐genomics or Nutritional Genomics 

• Are we what we eat? Can we modify our risk with lifestyle? http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/Health/20111012/fruit‐vegetable‐diet‐genetic‐heartdisease‐111012/

• “Highlight 6” (Pages 198 to 199 only; including definitions)

Page 10: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinSynthesiscontinued• Transcription 

• Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) => template to make Messenger Ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

• mRNA carries the code/”message” to ribosome• Ribosomes are “protein factories “; moves along mRNA

• Translation • mRNA specifies sequence of amino acids (“manager”)• Transfer (tRNA); amino acid specific

• Sequencing Errors  Communication break‐down• Example: Sickle Cell Anemia; Valine replaced Glutamic  Acid 

Know Figure 6.7. Protein Synthesis

Page 11: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

RolesofProteins• Structural (e.g. collagen)

• Building blocks for most body structures• Replacement of dead or damaged cells

• Enzymes (e.g. proteases, lipases) • Break down, build up, and transform substances • Catalysts for reactions

Figure 6.9. Enzyme Action

Page 12: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

RolesofProteins– continued…• Hormones (e.g. insulin, parathyroid hormone, table 6.2.) 

• Messenger molecules; transported in blood to target tissues• Regulators of fluid balance  

• When inadequate; Edema• Acid‐base regulators

• Tight control of bloods acid‐base balance• Prevention on acidosis and alkalosis

• Transporters (e.g. glucose transporters, hemoglobin) • Active transport system (Fig. 6.10: An example of transport protein)

• Antibodies (e.g. immunoglobin)• Defend body against disease

• Gluconeogenesis• Insufficient dietary intake of energy and carbohydrate• Energy and glucose at the expense of lean body tissue

Page 13: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or
Page 14: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

DietaryProtein• Protein Quality

• Two factors influence protein quality:1. Digestibility

• Source (Flesh foods, type of plant foods etc.)• Other foods eaten 

2. Amino acid composition• 9 essential amino acids, N‐containing amino groups and energy• Limiting amino acid  we cannot make partial proteins

• High Quality Protein (sometimes called “complete”)• A dietary protein containing all the essential amino acids that humans require. • Animal proteins (flesh foods), soy protein

Quality and Quantity are both important!

Page 15: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

DietaryProteincontinued• Limiting Amino Acids

• An essential amino acid found in the shortest supply relative to the amounts needed for protein synthesis in the human body. Four amino acids are the most likely to be limiting: Lysine, Methionine (soy is lacking), Threonine, Tryptophan. 

• Complementary ProteinsFigure. 6.15. 

Vegetarian/vegan diets can provide more than 

enough protein

Page 16: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinDigestionandAbsorption• Mouth and Salivary Gland

• Crushed and moistened in the mouth

• Stomach• Protein Hydrolysis (break‐down) 

• Hydrochloric (HCl) acid uncoils the protein and converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Protein ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐> Smaller polypeptides

Key definitions to know: Hydrolysis, denatures,  pro‐enzyme, and digestive enzymes (Page 177).

Pepsin and HCl

Page 17: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinDigestionandAbsorption• Several pancreatic and intestinal proteases (Fig 6.6) hydrolyze polypeptides passed from the stomach.

Polypeptides ‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐> Tri‐peptides Di‐peptides

• Enzymes on the surface of the small intestinal cells hydrolyze these peptides so that the intestinal cells can absorb the amino acids. 

• When absorbed proteins are either: used for energy, synthesis (structure, facilitate, regulate) or transported to the liver. 

See Fig. 6.6. Protein Digestion in the GI Tract

Intestinal “‐ases”

Page 18: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinQuantity• How do we know if we are getting enough? 

• Canadian Food Guide/ Dietary Reference Intakes• Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

Ref: Institute of Medicine

IOM; DRI for Protein: http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309085373Health Canada; DRI for Protein: http://www.hc‐sc.gc.ca/fn‐an/nutrition/reference/index‐eng.php

Page 19: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

FadDiets• Manipulation of the macronutrient distribution

• Most high protein diets are in fact low carb diets and in turn low in fibre and B vitamins and high in cholesterol.

Examples: Atkins, The Zone Diet, Protein Power…

FAD: A phenomenon that becomes popular for a very short time. 

Page 20: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

Malnutrition• Malnutrition 

• Exists in developing and non‐developing countries • No longer a malady of the starving

• Absorptive, hyper‐caloric diets

• Protein‐Energy Malnutrition (PEM)• Deprived of energy, protein or both• Acute PEM  wasting• Chronic PEM  Stunting

Page 21: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ClinicalClassificationofPEM• Marasmus

• Chronic PEM• Clinical presentation  skin and bones• results from severe deprivation, or impaired absorption, of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals.

• Kwashiorkor• Acute PEM• Clinical presentation  edema (swollen belly)• results from inadequate protein intake and infections 

Treatment: rehydration and personalized nutritional intervention  or medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

Page 22: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

DietaryProteinandHumanHealth• Can one have too much of a good thing?Yes…?

• Heart disease, cancer, osteoporosis, overweight and obesity and kidney disease

OR• Have diets high in saturated and/or overall fat, low in fibre, low in antioxidants, high in salt have been implicated?

• Substituting vegetable protein and lean flesh products may improve clinical indicators of the above conditions. 

Clinicians must learn how to critically appraise literatureFoods and nutrient perspective  

Page 23: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

DietaryProteinandHumanHealthContinued(Page191‐192)

• Overweight and Obese• Low carbohydrate diets

• Adequacy?• Satiety

• Osteoporosis• ↑ protein intake results in increased excretion of Ca• Ratio of protein to Ca may be important• Is animal protein more detrimental? 

Page 24: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

Howmuchshouldyouhave?• Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)

• AMDR• Cautionary note

• RDA/ AI*• 0.80 g/kg body weight/ day

• Currently no Tolerable Upper Intake

• RDA = recommended dietary allowance,  AI = Adequate intakes (see the end of the text for more information on DRIs). 

• Know how to calculate recommended protein intakes (page 193).

Page 25: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

Areyougettingenough?• Canadian Food Guide • Space on Your Plate• Food Labels• Registered Dietitian

• http://www.dietitians.ca/

• Canadian Nutrient File • http://webprod3.hc‐sc.gc.ca/cnf‐fce/index‐eng.jsp

Page 26: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinSupplements• Protein powders

• Often used by athletes and “dieters” • Work builds muscle, not supplements• A balanced healthy diet is sufficient

• Energy needs will ↑ as activity/ demand ↑• Intake beyond needs will be stored

Example: Whey ProteinA by‐product of cheese production; the watery part of the milk that separates from the curds. 

Page 27: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

ProteinSupplements‐ continued• Amino acid supplements

• Single amino acids do not occur naturally in food• May be harmful

• Side effects may include: diarrhea, deficiency, toxicity

Example: Branched‐chain amino acids are leucine, isoleucine, and valine; falselyPromoted as supplements for exercisingmuscles. 

Page 28: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

APreviewofProteinMetabolismThe following concepts will be key to your understanding of protein metabolism in chapter 7:• Protein Turnover• Amino acid pool• Nitrogen balance/ imbalance• Deamination

• Keto acid

Page 29: Lecture 6A/ Chapter 6 Protein - Cape Breton Universityfaculty.cbu.ca/ebarre/lecture 2104-6sg(forwww).pdf · • Building blocks for most body structures • Replacement of dead or

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!Questions, please.