lecture 7 3 gd (1 may 12)
TRANSCRIPT
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Water & Risk Management
Week 7
Assoc. Professor Seungho Lee
Graduate School of International Studies1 May 2012
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Introduction
Historical Background
Specifications
Dam Politics & Critical Issues
Concluding Remarks
Seminar
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Historical roots of construction of 3GD
Specifications of 3GD
Dam politics & critical issues including resettlement issues
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Early Stage◦ First suggested by Sun Yat-sen in 1919 – potential
for a large scale hydroelectricity generation◦ Feasibility Study by US in the 30s & Soviet Union in
1955
Consensus building in the 1950s-1970s◦ On-going debates on feasibility Great Leap
Forward (1958-1961) & Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) discussion halted
◦ Gezhouba Dam – a testing ground for resolving technical issues Construction 1970-75 planned completed in 1989
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Reform period (1978~)◦ More electricity for development required
US Bureau of Reclamation study in the early 1980s
◦ Opposition – Political Consultation Committee, ‘No’ & unfavourable public views (Dai Qing)
Breakthrough in Tiananmen Square in 1989
◦ Emblematic event – opposition died, strong
censorship on the media, big flood events in 1991
◦ Endorsed in 1992
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Primary purposes◦ Flood control One of the most flood-prone areas
◦ Hydro-electricity generation Essential for central & eastern China, substituting 40
million tons of coal/year
◦ Enhancement of inland navigation Golden Waterway – accounting for 80% of China’s
waterborne traffic
Further project details◦ China Three Gorges Corporation Webpage
http://www.ctgpc.com.cn/en/index.php
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Items Contents
Construction period 1994-2009
Location Sandouping near Yichang, Hubei Province
Total Cost* RMB 200 billion (US$ 24 billion)
Size of reservoir 600 km long
Height 175 m
Generation capacity 18.2GW (World No.1)
No. of resettlement 1.4 million
* Financing – 3 ways1) 3GD Construction Fund, collected by levying RMB 0.015/kw of
electricity sold annually2) Revenue from Gezhouba Dam3) Domestic loans – the China Construction Bank
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Big ships (10,000 tons)
Small ships (3,000 tons)
East
West
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Three Gorges Dam
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Political significance◦ Undemocratic decision-making Little access to & manipulation of information Lack of freedom of speech (Dai Qing’s arrestment)
◦ Approval in midst of fierce opposition ◦ Favorable conditions – 1989, flood in 1991, Li Peng
Leadership & actors◦ Central government institutions – 3GD Construction
Committee under the State Council◦ 3GD Development firm, 3G Project Office – allocation of
funds & construction◦ Relationship between office & localities Responsibility of treating wastewater local governments Financially poor, bankrupt (Wanzhou)
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The State Council
3GD Project Construction Committee
3GD Project Development Corporation
3GD Project Office
3GD Resettlement Office
3GD Project Ecological & Environmental Protection Coordinating Small Group
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Critical issues◦ Human impacts – 1.4 million resettlement, more?◦ Engineering concerns – alternative option, small dams?◦ Cost over-run? – US$ 24 billion planned, more?◦ Environmental effects – siltation, toxic
wastes, earthquakes, rare species (white river dolphins)◦ Water pollution – urban wastewater, toxic wastes
(discharged from Chongqing Municipality, 40 million)◦ Disease risks – malnutrition for relocatees, lack of
medical services
Wenchuan Earthquake, May 2008◦ 7.9 Richter scale earthquake, perhaps caused by the
Zipingu Dam, 5.5km away ◦ 80,000 people killed, 5 million homes lost◦ Three Gorges Dam?
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Present state of 3GD Project◦ 1st Phase: 1994-1997, 2nd Phase : 1998-2003◦ 3rd Phase: 2004-2009 (November)◦ Water level reached full capacity (175 m), 26 Oct
201026 generators to produce 84.7 bil kw/h, annually (6
more generators installed)
Government audit in early 2006◦ No corruption so far but resettlement problem
acknowledged later◦ By end of 2003, misuse of US$ 7 million of funds
for relocation, US$ 5.38 million retrieved
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Wushan, village affected by 3GD◦ Many not received compensation, Yunyang county, RMB
20,000 planned to allocated to each family, eventually only 10,800
◦ Less job creation – laid off from SOEs ◦ Tourism – stinky & stagnated pool of water◦ Landslide – moving the resettled up to hills in 99 & 03◦ Many farmers forced to use their life savings on mortgages
to pay for the new homes with US$ 25/month
Challenges since its operation (as of Oct 2010, AFP)◦ Landslides & mudflows: forced relocation of additional
28,000 people, caused by rising water◦ Layers of trash & debris building up in the reservoir
threatening to jam the dam200,000 m3 of rubbish collected per annum 80 Olympic
size pools, discharged by over 150 million people upstream
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3GD – Engine for modernization?◦ Flood control, hydroelectricity generation &
navigation
◦ Critical issues
Dam politics◦ Water flows uphill to power & money
◦ Sanctioned discourse
Hydraulic Mission◦ Not reached the post-modernism yet
◦ More development for the next stage against all odds?
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Dams for China◦ Negative environmental impacts – developed countries
decommissioning dams, i.e. US
◦ Hydropower/flood control – essential for China’s modernization?
Yangtze drought (Guardian, 25 May 2010)◦ Jan-April drought, Hubei worst hit 40% less than average
◦ Damage to crops, threatening wildlife, qustions on viability of SNWT Project
◦ A release of 5 bil m3 water from 3GD
◦ Sacrifice of hydroelectricity for irrigation, drinking water & ecosystem protection (finless porpoise)
Why drought? Ma Jun, due to 3GD!
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Three Gorges Dam (Discovery Channel, 2007)◦ 1998 Flood event: justification of 3GD
◦ Three Gorges Dam – specifications
◦ Energy (hydroelectricity), Coal, CO2
◦ Tourism & inland navigation
◦ Resettlement issues: 1.13 mil, 4,000 villages
◦ Dam safety: siltation, earthquakes
Essential for China’s future?