lecture 7
TRANSCRIPT
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WELCOME EVERYBODY !!
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Today’s Lecture Topic:
PROCESSES 2:Change of Pattern
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What you learnt last time:
1. Abiotic Causes of Landscape Patterns2. Biotic Causes of Landscape Patterns3. Succession4. Disturbances
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What’s to be learned today
1. Types of human caused Changes2. Effects of Human Footprints3. History of the Human Footprint4. Examples of Wildlife Effects
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Human-caused changes of patterns
-hunters and gatherers-agriculture-forestry-fishery-industrialization-urbanization-management regimes-americanization/globalization
=> culture!
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Jon Janosikhttp://www.natureartists.com/jon_janosik.asp
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Natural Evolution of Pattern
10% of the world is ‘unchanged’
(only 4% is truly protected)
…but all is affected by Climate Change by now…
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Human caused changes of patterns
The Human Footprint
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Human caused changes of patterns
The detectable ‘Human Footprint’ started in the holocene, and increased thereafter
~10,000 BP : first settlements in Greece~ 5,000 BP : oxen cart~ 3,000 BP : plow~ 100 years ago : industrial oil development …
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1.Occurrence2.Density3.Innovation…
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Giant Ground Sloth. Now extinct. Lived formerly in South America(Photo taken from S. Bridgewater 2012)
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Glyptodon. Now extinct. Lived formerly in Central America(drawing taken from WWW)
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Human caused changes of patterns: Hunters and gatherers
-harvest of wildlife and plants
(habitat change to ease harvest, e.g. fire, ‘bird ovens’, buffalo jumps, caribou drives)
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Human caused changes of patterns: Hunters and gatherers
-harvest of wildlife and plants
(habitat change to ease harvest, e.g. fire, ‘bird ovens’, buffalo jumps, caribou drives)
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World- Italy North American Alaska wide Prairies (selected examples)
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Human caused changes of patterns: Forestry a)
-harvest of timber
-harvest of side-products, e.g. gravel
-infrastructure, e.g. trials, roads
-spread of ‘peculiar business concepts’
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Human caused changes of patterns: Forestry b)
Example of Traditional Effects of Forestryon Contiguous Forest Cover:
-perforation-dissection-fragmentation-shrinkage-attrition
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=>Sustainability of Landscapes(Functions, Patterns & Processes) ?!
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The performanceof two managementregimes over time
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Human caused changes of patterns: Agriculture
Goal: yearly harvest of crops
=>Modification of land, e.g. forest coverÞ Crop circulationÞ WateringÞ NutrientsÞ Access, e.g. roads and housingÞ Interactions
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Human caused changes of patterns: Agriculture
Some advanced issues:
-introduction of ‘rubber’-automobilization, e.g. soil compression-interactions with housing, forestry, roads-organic farming-nutrient wash-off-globalization
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Fall
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Spring
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Crop and Harvest Types
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Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
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Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
Original~1950
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Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
1987 Original
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Aral Lake: Change of Waterlevel…
25 June 1987 Landsat TM 5 August 1999 Landsat ETMData Source:
1987Original
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Originally,a very productiveriver delta/estuary
1999
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Human caused changes of patterns: Fishery
Goal: Yearly harvest of crops
=>Modification of Fish Composition=>Modification of Seafloor=>Modification of Coastal Regions=>Housing/Harbour Patterns=>Fuel Consumption
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Human caused changes of patterns: Industrialization
Goal: Running an industry to provide income
=> Modification of land, e.g. Industrial Parks=> Modification of water bodies=> Pollution=> Access, e.g. roads and housing=> Housing
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Acid Rain +Nitrogen Input
Chronic OilPollution
Garbage
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Human caused changes of patterns: Urbanization
Goal: provide housing/living for humans
=>Modification of land, sub-zoning=>Related to Agriculture, Forestry, Fishery, Industry=>Access=>Infrastructure, planes, harbors, trains, parks
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1917
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2003
San Diego today…
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Calgary PopulationPopulation of Calgary
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Year
Num
ber
of
peop
le
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Historical and Future Projected Growth of Calgary Population
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year
Hum
an P
opn
Historical
2.0% Growth
2.5% Growth
3.0% Growth
Historical & Projected Growth of Calgary’s Population
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Historical and Projected Growth of Calgary (km2)
Historical and Future Projected Growth of Calgary Area (km2)
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060Year
Cal
gary
Are
a (k
m2)
Historical
2.0% Growth
2.5% Growth
3.0% Growth
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1924
~7 mi2
~18 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1949
~15 mi2
~38 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1957
~30 mi2
~77 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1969
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
~55 mi2
~140 km2
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1976
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
~80 mi2
~205 km2
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1989
~135 mi2
~345 km2
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Calgary, 1998
Box belowBox belowrepresentsrepresents
1 mi1 mi22
or 2.56 kmor 2.56 km22
~154 mi2
~395 km2
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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19981998198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924
Historic Trends of Calgary Growth
10 mi10 mi16 km16 km
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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20502050204020402030203020202020
Historic and Future Simulated Growth of Calgary
(based on an annual area growth rate of 3%)
2010201019981998
MD RockyViewMD RockyView
OkotoksOkotoks
His
tori
cH
isto
ric
Pro
ject
edP
roje
cted
198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924
CochraneCochrane
Redwood Redwood MeadowsMeadows
AirdrieAirdrie
LangdonLangdon
Kan
anas
kis
Bor
der
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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205020502040204020302030
Historic and Future Simulated Growth of Calgary
(based on an annual area growth rate of 4.5%)
202020202010201019981998
MD RockyViewMD RockyView
OkotoksOkotoks
His
tori
cH
isto
ric
Pro
ject
edP
roje
cted
198919891976197619691969195719571949194919241924
CochraneCochrane
Redwood Redwood MeadowsMeadows
AirdrieAirdrie
LangdonLangdon
Kan
anas
kis
Bor
der
Credit: Brad Stelfox, ALCES
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Human caused changes of patterns: Americanization/Globalization
Goal: (Equal) Opportunities for the Global Village
=>Free Trade=>Infrastructure=>Tourism=>Sub-Zoning=>Access, e.g. roads and housing=>Interactions
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Roads in Landscapes
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Idaho Roads…
(credit GAP project, Erica Craig)
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Zoom in:
Idaho Roads…
(credit GAP project, Erica Craig)
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Alaskan airports (land)…
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The world from space …(some well-used airline routes)
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Some general effects by humans on landscapes
-change in plant abundance-change in plant structure (3d)-change in plant ranges-invasive species-soil nutrients altered-landscape mosaic alteration-road effects-watershed & ocean decay
Examples: Polynesians, Massai, Spanish Invasion, Europeans…
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Starling ‘Invasion’into North America
Indicators ofLandscape Change
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House Finches wereintroduced 1940 on Long Island(credit A.Dobson)
Indicators ofLandscape Change
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An example:Approximate area of virginOld-growth forest in theContiguous United States1620, 1850 and 1920
=> Causes ?!
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e.g. Servheen (1990)
=> Habitat Concern
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…people are everywhere these days, mostly at the coast, affecting Wildlife,Habitats and Ecological Services
The Earth at night…
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Huettmann (2011)
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GLOBIO: Global Methodology for Mapping Human Impacts on the Biosphere. by UNEP/Nairobi http://www.globio.info/
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Human Footprint in the Ocean (Halpern et al. 2008)
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Pacific Sea Otter (and Fur Seals)
1. Hunted traditionally2. 1700-1800 century intense fur/pelt hunt3. By 1911 population down to 500-1000 individuals4. By 1913 Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals and Sea Otters became federal law; but still poached5. Population increase by 1950s6. Re-introduction programs
(taken from www)
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Pacific Sea Otter
(taken from www)
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“Recent” Extinctions and population bottlenecks:
Passenger Pigeon, Great Auk, Labrador Duck, American Chestnut Tree, Heath Hen, Sage Grouse,Black-footed Ferret, California Condor, Sea Otter,Buffalo, Sea Otter, Fur Seal, Eastern White Pine…
=> A relationship with (human) Landscape Change ?
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What you should know
1. Types of human caused Changes2. Effects of Human Footprints3. History of the Human Footprint4. Examples of Wildlife Effects
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The End for Today
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