lecture 7 - example 2.3 (van seters)
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Lecture 7 - Example 2.3 (Van Seters)TRANSCRIPT
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Evaluation of Eurocode 7Example 2.3 PILE IN CLAYpETC 10
Adriaan van SetersFugro Ingenieursbureau BV
The Netherlands
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Introduction in example Introduction in example SLS-design source of parameters Characteristic values of Cu profile Characteristic values of Cu profile SLS required pile length ULS shaft friction / endbearing computationULS shaft friction / endbearing computation Design Approaches used Load/strength/resistance factorsLoad/strength/resistance factors ULS computed pile length Conclusions
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Pile in Clay Outline of problemPile in Clay Outline of problem
W TW.T.
Soil data: boreholes 13,14SPTs borings 11, 12, 14 -17CPTPressuremeter tests PM2, PM3Triaxial UU borings 11, 12, 14 -17
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Soil Conditions0 3 to 4 m Man made ground, clayey sand, gravelBelow 3 to 4 m London CLAY Cu: 30 230 kPaBelow 34 m SAND
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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All data - design profileg p
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Questions asked
1st Question 17 Respondents from D UK PT PL IT:
Questions asked
1 Question 17 Respondents from D, UK, PT, PL, IT: Permanent load 300 kN, variable load 150 kN
downwarddo a d SLS maximum settlement 20 mm SLS-State required pile length?q p g ULS-State required pile length?
2nd Question 7 Respondents: Repeat the exercise using the given Cu design
values (red lines)
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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General Results
Observations:
General Results
Observations: 13 (of 17) have designed more than 3 piles in clay 15 (of 17) are confident in a sound EC7 design 15 (of 17) are confident in a sound EC7 design 9 used an average of all tests 8 used nearest test results, took location into8 used nearest test results, took location into
account 13 (of 14) assumed a linear/bilinear/stepped pp
variation of Cu or E with depth
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Parameters used for SLS-designg
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Qc-CPT SPT-N UU-Cu Plim Eund E'drain PoissonNu
M th ibl !More than one answer was possible!
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Relation E d and OCR Duncan et al Relation Eund and OCR, Duncan et al Cu = 4.5 N SPT, Stroud Adhesion factors Tomlinson Adhesion factors, Tomlinson DIN 1054 Correlations UU and qc, KempfertCorrelations UU and qc, Kempfert Transform functions for bored piles, Gwizdala et al EA PfahleEA Pfahle Correlation Cu and Plasticity Index, Duncan et al. Relation E/N60 (SPT), Stroud/ ( ),
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Answer No Comments
By eye 9
Linear regression 3
Existing standard 2 DIN 1054, EN1997-1
bl h d l dPublished correlation 2 CIRIA, SPT-Stroud
Other 5Other 5
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Characteristic values for SPT N CPT Pli d T i i l C
Questions 11- 13 (qc Plim SPT-N) not answered
SPT-N, CPT-qc, Plim and Triaxial CuQuestions 11 13 (qc, Plim, SPT N) not answered Only characteristic values CU-value (Q14)
Each participant converted test result back to
Cu - Triaxial versus depth
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Not many
esu t bac toCu-value
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ydifferences between countriesVariation /: 0,2
-5
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0 50 100 150 200 250 300
E
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Cu - value [kPa]
Average Average - st dev Average + st dev
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Method of calculation Pile settlement
No method from the national Annex (Annex F is N A )
Method of calculation Pile settlement
No method from the national Annex (Annex F is N.A.) German standard DIN 1054, Annex B EA-Pfahle German method EA Pfahle, German method Wide range of handbooks, references:
Linear elastic solution T-z, q-z curves, Fellenius Transform functions method T-z curves Reese & Wang (1990)T z curves Reese & Wang (1990) Poulos and Davis (1980) Randolph and Clancy (1993) Piglet Randolph Piglet, Randolph Tomlinson
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Q17 Which length is needed in SLS state?
12 Answers received
Q17 Which length is needed in SLS state?
12 Answers received
Average pile length is 14 m Average pile length is 14 m
Standard deviation of 2.8 m variation 20 %Standard deviation of 2.8 m variation 20 %
All countries in the same rangeAll countries in the same range
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Tests used for ULS Pile design
Tests used for ULS Pile design
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Qc-CPT SPT-N UU-Cu Plim
Soil tests
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Correlations for ULS designCorrelations for ULS design
Wide range of correlations: DIN 1054 Cu = 4 5 N (SPT) or f1 * N (SPT) Stroud Cu = 4.5 N (SPT) or f1 N (SPT), Stroud Tomlinson, adhesion factor a for piles Kempfert et al, Correlation from UU-test to cone resistance
P li h ili d PN B 02482 Polish piling code PN-B-02482 German code EA-Pfahle Cone qc = Cu * Nc + v0 CPT cu correlation Meigh (1987, CIRIA) DIN 4094-1: 2002-06 (CPT) Baguelin et al 1978 (pressuremeter) Baguelin et al, 1978 (pressuremeter)
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Characteristic values of Unit Shaft Resistance
Characteristic values of Unit Shaft Resistance20
15
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D
] Q_shaft,k at 7 m OD
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O Countries:
D, I, PL, PT 55 kPa
0
5
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a
UK 80 kPa
-50 50 100 150 200
Sh ft f i ti [kP ]Shaft friction [kPa]
Average qs qshaft + s qshaft - s
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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20
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Q_base,k at -3 m OD
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10
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Countries:
D, I, PL, PT 1750 kPa
0
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UK 700 kPa
-50 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Unit End Bearing [kPa]
(UK applies a model factor of 1.4 in achieving at characteristic values)
Average qb qbase + s qbase - s
characteristic values)
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Use of Design Approaches
Use of Design ApproachesDesign Approaches - ULS Design
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DA1 - C1.1 + C1.2 DA1 - C1.1 DA1 - C1.2 DA2/DA2* DA3
Design approaches GermanyOthers
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Use of Partial Safety Factors in ULS-checkLoad factors All participants: DA1 - Comb. 1, DA2 G = 1.35 Q = 1.5All participants: DA1 Comb. 1, DA2 G 1.35 Q 1.5
DA1 Comb. 2 G = 1.0 Q = 1.3
Partial factors on strength Generally no partial factors on Cu (DA3) were applied
Partial factors on shaft/base friction acc Nat Annexes: Partial factors on shaft/base friction acc Nat Annexes: DA1 - Comb. 1 shaft = 1.0 base = 1.0 (PL/PT: 1.25) DA1 - Comb. 2 shaft = 1.3/1.45/1.6 base = 1.6/1.7/2.0 DA2 shaft = 1.1/1.4 base = 1.1/1.4 -factors: 4 (9x) 1.135 to 1.7, 3 (2x) 1.45
Partial model factor UK / PT partial model factor of 1.4 / 1.5 on Cu
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Results of the Analyses ULS Pile length
16 answers received
Results of the Analyses ULS Pile length
16 answers received
Average pile length is 15 1 m (SLS 14 0 m) Average pile length is 15.1 m (SLS 14.0 m)
Standard deviation of 2.7 m (SLS 2.8 m)Standard deviation of 2.7 m (SLS 2.8 m)
UK pile length 12.5 mUK pile length 12.5 m Italy pile length 17.5 m Others pile length ca. 15 mp g
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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17 participants from 5 countries!All l d il d C l i All answers translated soil data to Cu-value using many correlations!Variation of Characteristic values of Cu (no anomalies Variation of Characteristic values of Cu (no anomalies, below level + 7 m) within 10 %.
Many SLS-methods less ULS-methods (all based on Cu) Many SLS methods, less ULS methods (all based on Cu) Good agreement load factors + Design load (630 kN) Spread in h ft and b in DA1- Comb 2 (and DA2?)Spread in shaft and base in DA1 Comb 2 (and DA2?) Use of partial model factor? Variation computed pile length (SLS and ULS) ca. 20 %Variation computed pile length (SLS and ULS) ca. 20 %
Thanks for all contributions!Thanks for all contributions!
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010
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Is EC7 - Design Conservative? Comparison EC7 with previous designg
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More conservative About the same Less conservative
2nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 20102nd International Workshop on Evaluation of Eurocode 7, Pavia, Italy, April 2010