Global Energy Crisis

ENV200

Environmental Studies

Lecture Slides

Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources

• Perpetual/Continuous resources are those that remain available in the same measure for an indefinitely long time e.g. Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Wave power

• Renewable resources can be replenished over fairly short spans of time, such as months, years or decades. E.g. Biomass energy, biofuels, Hydroelectric power generation

Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate, e.g. All fossil fuels like coal, oil, natural gas; uranium, thorium (nuclear fuel)

World Energy Usage: By Source

Lecture 1TOTAL: 487 x 1018 J

Energy Consumption

• Energy Information Administration, 2005: • 86% of primary energy production in the world came

from burning fossil fuels, • Hydroelectric 6.3%, • Nuclear 6.0%, • Other (geothermal, solar, wind and wood waste)

0.9 percent.

• Energy consumption worldwide is increasing at an alarming rate

Past and Projected Global Energy Use, 1900-2030

actual projected

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA)

200019941988198219761900

TP

ES

(m

illio

ns o

f to

ns o

f oi

l equ

ival

ent)

World marketed energy use

1990-2035 (quadrillion Btu)http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/highlights.pdf

By fuel type

Fossil fuels

• Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that may be used as a fuel found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust.

• Coal, oil and gas are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals

• Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt.• Oil and gas can be burnt directly.

How it works

Advantages of Fossil Fuels

• Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using coal, fairly cheaply.

• Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.

• Gas-fired power stations are very efficient. • A fossil-fuelled power station can be built

almost anywhere, so long as you can get large quantities of fuel to it

Why do we have a Global Energy Crisis?• Humanity has a near total dependence on fossil fuels and other

unsustainable sources for its energy needs.• Consequent global climate change, environmental pollution,

health problems—irreversible damage to Earth’s ‘life support system’.

• The known sources of energy incl. oil, gas, coal and nuclear fuel are exhaustible (some already severely depleted)

• Energy consumption is increasing at an alarming rate—exacerbating the social and environmental impacts and accelerating depletion.

• The renewable energy technologies are not techno-commercially mature as yet.

How do we get fossil fuels?

• Coal—mining• Petroleum and natural gas—oil wells

• Crude oil (called "petroleum") is easier to get out of the ground than coal, as it can flow along pipes. This also makes it cheaper to transport

• Natural gas provides around 20% of the world's consumption of energy, and as well as being burnt in power stations, is used by many people to heat their homes.

• It is easy to transport along pipes, and gas power stations produce comparatively little pollution

Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction

Petroleum and Natural Gas Extraction

• an average well in the US produces only 11 barrels / day

• In Saudi Arabia an average produces 9600 barrels /day well

Oil Drilling Platform

Cook Inlet, Alaska

PEAK OIL

• When will world production peak? • Optimists : 25-35 years• Pessimists: 5-15 years

• Most computer studies:

• Peak between 2010 & 2020

• Prices will then rise

PEAK OIL

• Geopolitics of oil OPEC decides production levels, hence price Market speculation is also pushing the price

up Middle East production will peak soon,

prices will then soar !

Tue, July 24, 2008 AM220 Lecture 6

http://www.energycrisis.org/images/peakoilproduction2008.png

OIL DEMAND AND SUPPLY

• Current world demand:25 billion barrels/year and rising!

• Current new discoveries12 billion barrels/year and declining!

• Production1859 - 1969 (110 years) :

Total 227 billion barrels• First 50% over 100 years (1859-1958)• Next 50% over 10 years (1959-69)

OIL DEMAND AND SUPPLY(contd..)• If China starts consuming at US levels:

• 80 million barrels / day• 10 million more than entire world production in

1997

• If China & India reach even South Korean consumption levels• 120 million barrels / day• 50% more than total world demand in 2000

HOW MUCH OIL IS THERE?

• Estimated recoverable reserves: 2000-3000 billion barrels

• 1500 major oil fields• 400 large ones account for 60-70%

• Discovery of new big fields• Peaked in 1962• Only 40 since 1980• No big ones to discover

The End of Oil?

• The spikes are at work! …• population spike, consumption spike and

extinction spike

• Depletion of oil• will not appear as a complete stop• lower & lower returns on exploration efforts

(Hubbert Curve)• concentration on Middle East• will peak and decline gradually

End of Oil?

• USA • 50% of oil reserve used up • production peaked in 1970, now declining• Alaska keeps things going

• Oil • Demand and supply• Sources and prices• Impact of use:

• Pollution • Global warming

If OIL is running out, why not use COAL?

Surely, there’s plenty of it.

Advantages of Coal

• World reserves are relatively more plentiful• Technology is old and established• High energy content. • Solid fuel is easy to transport. • New technologies such as clean coal

technology, gasification, reforming etc. are coming up.

Coal Mining

• A coal mine in Bihar, India.

Emission of gases

Fossil fuels and CO2 Emissions

• The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 bi. tonnes of CO2/yr

• Natural processes can only absorb about 50% of that amount,

• So there is a net increase of 10.65 bi. tonnes of atmospheric CO2/yr.

Massive Increase in Fossil Fuel Use and CO2 emissions.

Disadvantages of coal

• Being a C-based fuel, causes greenhouse emissions. Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2 in the air.

• Will run out in 56 years (in 2065) if current acceleration in its use continues.

• Extensive land degradation and pollution due to mining.• 100s of mi. tons of waste products (fly ash, bottom ash,

flue gas desulfurization sludge) containing mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, and other heavy metals

• Acid rain from high sulfur coal • Interference with groundwater and water table levels

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal#Environmental_effects

Disadvantages of coal

• Contamination of land and waterways and destruction of homes from fly ash spills.

• Dust nuisance • Coal-fired power plants without effective fly ash capture

are one of the largest sources of human-caused background radiation exposure

• Diseases caused by coal-fired power plants~24,000 lives/yr in USA

Methods to control the pollution

• Clean coal technology to burn coal more efficiently and will lesser toxic pollutants emitted.

• Flue gas desulphurisation: removes the acid rain-producing sulphur oxides from the flue gas

• Yet combustion of coal invariably leads to CO2 emissions and global warming

Alright, coal looks quite awful.

But what about Natural Gas?

That’s supposed to be pretty clean, right?

Natural Gas

• Natural gas (mostly CH4) is more potent as a greenhouse gas than its combustion product, CO2.

• Was once wasted during oil drilling. • Often simply flared from an oil well.• More recently it has been put to use.• Methane does not get liquefied upon

compression at room temperature: CNG is used in public transportation and private vehicles.

Natural Gas

• Low energy density• Burns cleaner than petrol/diesel.

• NOx emissions continue to remain a problem.

• World gas reserves: Will last 60 yrs. at current rate of consumption.—Dr. Anthony Hayward CCMI, chief executive of BP 2009.

Effects of Fossil fuels• Global warming and climate change due to emissions

from burning• Mining, extraction and refining processes are

themselves highly energy consuming, and polluting and disrupt human and natural habitats in the vicinity.

• Reduced biodiversity due to impacts on environment. • Adverse effects on land surface and groundwater. • Contamination of water bodies, heavy toll on marine

ecosystems, due to pollution and oil spills

OK, forget about Fossil Fuels. They all seem bad.

Let’s GO NUCLEAR!

Enormous quantities of cheap energy with no emissions!

Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear Energy is energy released due to the splitting (fission) or merging together (fusion) of the nuclei of atom(s).

• Nuclear power is most commonly generated using uranium, which is a metal mined in various parts of the world.

• Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plants for engines

Nuclear Energy

• Nuclear power: 4-largest source of electricity in India. • As of 2010, India has 19 nuclear power plants in operation

generating 4,560 MW while • 4 others under construction and are expected to generate an

additional 2,720 MW.• In France 79% of electricity comes from nuclear

reactors

Nuclear power Diablo Canyon - California

Advantages

• Nuclear power costs about the same as coal, so it's not expensive to make.

• Does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

• Produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of fuel.

• Produces small amounts of waste.• Nuclear power is reliable.

Disadvantages

• It is very, very dangerous• Nuclear power is reliable, but a lot of

money has to be spent on safety - if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident can be a major disaster.

• Small quantities of spent fuel wastes: huge disposal issue.

Come on, the safety issue is exaggerated!

Don’t nuclear power plants follow strict safety regulations?

Accidents, if at all might have happened in the past and that too in only in the Soviet

Union.

International Nuclear Event Scale

7 – Major Accident

6 – Serious Accident

5 – Accident With Wider Consequences

4 – Accident With Local Consequences

3 – Serious Incident

2 – Incident

1 – Anomaly

0 – Deviation (No Safety Significance)

Nuclear Accidents WorldwideEvent Scale

Designation Example

7Major

AccidentChernobyl disaster, 26/4/1986. 56 dead; 4,000 cancer

fatalities, 600,000 exposed to elevated doses of radiation.

6Serious Accident

Kyshtym disaster at Mayak, Soviet Union, 29/9/1957. 70-80 tons of highly radioactive material into the

environment. Impact on local population is not fully known.

5Accident

With Wider Consequen

ces

• Windscale fire (UK), 10/10/1957. Radionuclide released , 200-240 thyroid cancer cases expected.

• Three Mile Island accident (US), 28/3/1979Some radioactive gases were released into the atmosphere.

• Goiânia accident (Brazil), 13/9/1987. An unsecured caesium chloride radiation source left in an abandoned hospital was recovered by squatters unaware of its nature and sold at a scrapyard. 249 people contaminated; 4 died.

Nuclear Accidents WorldwideEvent Scale

Designation Example

4Accident With

Local Consequenc

es

• Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 5 incidents 1955 to 1979[3]

• SL-1 Experimental Power Station (United States) - 1961, reactor reached prompt criticality, killing three operators

• Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant (France) - 1980, partial core meltdown

• Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983, criticality accident during fuel rod rearrangement killed one operator and injured 2 others

• Jaslovské Bohunice (Czechoslovakia) - 1977, contamination of reactor building

• Tokaimura nuclear accident (Japan) - 1999, three inexperienced operators at a reprocessing facility caused a criticality accident; two of them died

Nuclear Accidents Worldwide

• 63 accidents have occurred at nuclear power plants.

• 21 of these have occurred since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster.

• 71% of all nuclear accidents (45 out of 63) occurred in the United States.

• Cumulative loss: USD 16.765 bi. (2006 value)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents

• 63 nuclear reactor accidents world-wide is not a big deal! It shows how safe the technology is!

• Auto accidents happen in millions.

• Think so?• Radioactivity-related accidents/leaks can

lay waste contaminated land for thousands of years.

• Affects exposed persons and future generations (mutations, birth defects).

Radioactive Waste Disposal

• Radioactive wastes can remain a concern for at least 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. Some nucleotides can have half lives of millions of years.

• The wastes may remain dangerous for several half lives. • The possible health impacts for such periods should be

examined critically.• Practical studies only consider up to 100 years as far as

effective planning and cost evaluations are concerned. • Long term behavior of radioactive wastes remains a

subject for ongoing research projects.

Illegal Dumping—Mafia• Ndrangheta mafia clan accused of trafficking and illegally

dumping nuclear waste. • A manager of the Italy’s state energy research agency

“Enea” paid the clan to get rid of 600 drums of toxic and radioactive waste from Italy, Switzerland, France, Germany, and the US, with Somalia as the destination, where the waste was buried after buying off local politicians.

• Enea employees are suspected of paying the criminals to take waste off their hands in the 1980s and 1990s.

• Ndrangheta claim to have been paid to sink ships with radioactive material for the last 20 years.

International Women’s Day-March 8

OK, just stop!

Let’s forget about nuclear.

What about plain and simple Hydroelectric Power?

There couldn't possibly be any problem with it!

Water generated – HydroelectricShasta dam in California

                                                

Hydroelectric Power: Advantages

• Low running costs• No waste or pollution.• High reliability, continuous generation. • Electricity can be generated constantly• Easy to step up or step down generation to

meet peak demand. • Allied benefits related to creation of

reservoirs such as irrigation, flood control, recreation.

Hydroelectric Power: Disadvantages

• High initial costs• Huge areas submerged: displacement of thousands

of people and habitat destruction.• Deforestation in the catchment• Loss of fertile riverbed land in catchment• Loss of fertile land downstream due to water

logging• Greenhouse gas emissions from submerged and

waterlogged land

Well…then it looks like we cannot depend on any of the conventional energy sources.

But there are alternative forms of energy right?

Why can't we use them?

Future Outlook

• All the major sources of energy that we currently use have unacceptably high environmental and social impacts.

• Rapid transition to environmentally benign technologies is necessary to avert imminent disaster.

• Immediate and drastic reduction in energy use is essential.

Outline

• Units and Terms• Energy Resources, Depletion and Risks• Renewable Options• Towards a Solution

• Reduce consumption, improve efficiency and augment with renewable energy

• Industry, Transport, Residential…sectors.

• Reduction in Consumption—Individual Perspective

What Are the Renewable Options?• Solar• Wind• Biomass• Geothermal• Wave, tidal

Compared to fossil fuels, all suffer from one or more of the following disadvantages:

• Expensive, long payback periods• Intermittent, unreliable or unpredictable• Technology not mature• Limited or localized availability

How much energy do we need?

Yearly Solar fluxes & Human Energy Consumption

Solar3,850,000 EJ 

Wind 2,250 EJ

Biomass 3,000 EJ

Primary energy use (2005) 487 EJ

Electricity (2005) 56.7 EJexawatt (1018 watts) exajoule (1018 joules)

Lecture 1

petawatt (1015 watts)

Solar Energy: The Ultimate Renewable Resource

How Much Energy Do We Need?

Lecture 1

• All human energy and fuel needs, supplied by black spots of solar cell areas

• At conversion efficiency of 8%; cloud cover accounted for.• Colors show the local solar irradiance averaged over three years

from 1991 to 1993 (24 hours a day)• http://www.ez2c.de/ml/solar_land_area/

Sun—In Ancient Cultures

Sun Temple, Konarka

Lecture 1

Hindu Sun-god, Surya

Egyptian Sun-god, Ra

Introduction to Solar Energy• Solar energy has greatest potential of all the sources

of renewable energy .• Energy comes to the earth from the sun.• The solar power where sun hits atmosphere is 1017

watts, whereas the solar power at the earth’s surface is 1016 watts.

• Total world-wide power demand of all needs of human civilization is 1013 watts.

• Therefore, the sun gives us 1000 times more power than we need.

Sun: The Source of Solar Energy• Diameter: 1.39x10 9 m (120 x greater than

earth)• Distance from earth = 1.495x1011 m (93

million miles) ± 1.7%• Center: Density 100 x density of water ≅

and T > 1x106 K• Powered by hydrogen fusion• Composed of layers. The outer layer is the

photosphere• Effective blackbody temperature of 5777 K

Structure of the Sun

1. Core2. Radiative zone3. Convective zone4. Photosphere5. Chromosphere6. Corona7. Sunspot8. Granules9. Prominence

Lecture 1

Lecture 1

What is Solar Energy?

• Originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.

• Represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).

The Solar Spectrum

The entire spectrum is not available to single junction solar cell

Applications of Solar Energy

• Heating and cooling of residential building.• Solar water heating.• Solar cookers• Solar engines for water pumping.• Food refrigeration• Solar furnaces• Solar electric power generation by solar ponds,

reflectors with lenses.• solar photovoltaic cells, which can be used for

conversion of solar energy directly into electricity.

Advantages

• All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun

• Running costs are low.• No carbon dioxide emissions to add to the

Greenhouse Effect• No sulphur dioxide emissions to cause acid

rain.• Only pure radiant energy reaches the

Earth.

• Energy reaching the earth is incredible: 30 days of sunshine = the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused!

Solar powered station, California

Advantages

Overcoming Disadvantages• Solar energy is available intermittently:

dependent on weather conditions and the time of day

• 70% of energy demand is during daytime hours. At night, traditional methods can be used to generate the electricity.

• The goal is to decrease our dependence on fossil fuels.

Overcoming Disadvantages• Solar energy is a diffuse source. • To harness it, we must concentrate it

into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.

• Addressed by approaching the problem through:

1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.

• Mitigates the effects of acid rain, carbon dioxide, and other impacts of burning coal and counters risks associated with nuclear energy.

• pollution free, indefinitely sustainable.

Solar reflector used for cooking

Overcoming High Cost• High initial cost of solar cells• Cost of electricity from coal-burning plants is

anywhere b/w 8-20 cents/kWh, while photovoltaic power generation is anywhere b/w $0.50-1/kWh.

• Does not reflect the true costs of burning coal and its emissions to the nonpolluting method of the latter.

• Underlying problem is weighing efficiency against cost.• Crystalline silicon-more efficient, more

expensive to manufacture• Amorphous silicon-half as efficient, less

expensive to produce.

Overcoming Low Efficiency• Efficiency of solar cells is far lass than the

77% of solar spectrum with usable wavelengths.

• 43% of photon energy is used to warm the crystal.

• Efficiency drops as temperature increases (from 24% at 0°C to 14% at 100°C.)

• Light is reflected off the front face and internal electrical resistance are other factors.

• Overall, the efficiency is about 10-14%.

• Solar energy in use in a mobile home in Arizona. • The solar panels convert the solar energy into electrical energy. • The use of solar cells are also supplemented by the use of wind

turbines

Go Solar!!!

We use the Solar energy

Electricity

water Heaters

Driving vehicles

Solar water heating

• Solar water heating, where heat from the Sun is used to heat water in glass panels on your roof.

• A mature and cost-effective technology already

• Passive solar design for space heating in higher latitudes. • The light and heat from the inclined winter sun enter the

house and warm it.

Solar Furnaces

• use a huge array of mirrors to concentrate the Sun's energy into a small space and produce very high temperatures.

• Odellio, in France, used for scientific experiments. (3500°C)

• .

Wind power

•

Advantages

• Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel. • Produces no waste or greenhouse gases. • The land beneath can usually still be used for

farming. • Wind farms can be tourist attractions. • A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.

Limitations

• The wind is not always predictable - some days have no wind.

• Can kill birds - migrating flocks tend to like strong winds.

• Can affect television reception if you live nearby.

• Can be noisy.

Bioenergy

• Bioenergy is the inclusive term for all forms of biomass and biofuels • Biomass: refers to the use of biodegradable

matter as a source of renewable heat or electricity

• Biofuels: are renewable transport fuels including:• Bioethanol• Biodiesel• Biogas• Biobutanol

main sources of bioenergy

• Woodfuels e.g. short rotation coppice (SRC) and short rotation forestry (SRF), forest residues and low grade timber

• Perennial grass crops e.g. Miscanthus• Conventional annual crops e.g. sugar beet,

cereal crops, sorghum, oil seed rape, linseed and sunflowers

• Waste e.g. cow and pig slurry, poultry litter and wood waste

Rapeseed

Miscanthus

SRC plantation

Existing bioenergy use

Electricity and Heat Transport

Perennial Grasses Conventional CropsWasteWood Based Fuels

Tue, July 24, 2008 AM220 Lecture 6

Bioenergy Technologies used

• Direct combustion• Pyrolysis:

• solid (char) fuel briquettes • liquid fuel (pyrolysis oil)…may need upgradation

• Biomass gasification: synthesis gas (CO + H2)

• Steam reformation: producer gas (CO + H2)

• Biodiesel (transesterification of bio-derived) oils• Biodigestion/Fermentation

• Biogas• Bioethanol

Wood Based Fuels

Electricity and Heat Transport

Perennial Grasses Conventional CropsWaste

but with second generation biofuels…..

Advantages

• It makes sense to use waste materials where we can.

• Largely carbon neutral• The fuel tends to be cheap.• Less demand on the Earth's resources

Disadvantages• Collecting the waste in sufficient quantities can be

difficult. • Segregation of mixed waste may be necessary• Inconsistent quality of feedstock can be a problem. • Some waste materials are not available all year

round.• Diversion of prime agricultural land and precious

water resources for fuel production can seriously jeopardize the food and water security of the country.

• Acceptable only when marginal land is used, is un-irrigated or irrigated with wastewater and does not depend on fertilizer inputs.

Tidal Power

•

                                                            

• uses the gravitational pull of the moon on our oceans to drive turbines

• The ebb and flow of the tides can be used to turn a turbine

                                        

Advantages

• Once you've built it, tidal power is free. • It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste. • It needs no fuel. • It produces electricity reliably. • Not expensive to maintain. • Tides are totally predictable.

Limitations

• Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is actually moving in or out.

Wave energy

•

                                            

Advantages

• The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced.

• Not expensive to operate and maintain. • Can produce a great deal of energy.

Disadvantages

• Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy, sometimes nothing.

• Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong.

• Some designs are noisy. • Must be able to withstand very rough weather.

• An estuary is a semi-enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea

Hydroelectric power

• Conversion from potential energy of water to electric energy is at 80 – 90% efficiency

• Hydroelectric projects in the United States have rated capacities from 950 – 6480 MW

• The use of water power is much greater in some other countries.Norway obtains 99% of its electricity from water power. Nepal, Brazil, and New Zealand are close seconds.

Geothermal Energy

• The word geothermal comes from the Greek words geo (earth) and therme (heat). So, geothermal energy is heat from within the earth.

• We can use the steam and hot water produced inside the earth to heat buildings or generate electricity.

Geo Contd….

• Geothermal energy can sometimes find its way to the surface in the form of:

• volcanoes and fumaroles (holes where volcanic gases are released)hot springs and geysers.

• Most of the geothermal activity in the world occurs in an area called the Ring of Fire.

Geo Advantages

• Geothermal energy does not produce any pollution, and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect.

• The power stations do not take up much room, so there is not much impact on the environment.No fuel is needed.

• Once you've built a geothermal power station, the energy is almost free. It may need a little energy to run a pump, but this can be taken from the energy being generated

Disadvantages

• The big problem is that there are not many places where you can build a geothermal power station. .

• sometimes a geothermal site may "run out of steam", perhaps for decades.

• Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from underground, and can be difficult to safely dispose of.

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

• uses temperature differences between different depths of ocean water to drive a heat engine.Working fluid is ammonia which is gas at room temperature

Outline

• Units and Terms• Energy Resources, Depletion and Risks• Renewable Options• Towards a Solution

• Reduce consumption, improve efficiency and augment with renewable energy

• Industry, Transport, Residential…sectors.

• Reduction in Consumption—Individual Perspective

Reduction in Energy Use

• Which countries consume more energy and emit more greenhouse gasses than others?

• Need to analyze the energy consumption by source (coal, oil, etc.) and sector (industry, residential, etc.)

• Energy conservation and efficiency efforts must focus on the most energy-intensive end-uses to obtain maximum benefit.

World Marketed Energy Consumption

• Current OECD member: United States, Canada, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and Chile (not reflected in above graph).

2007-2035 (quadrillion Btu)

World energy-related CO2 emissions

2007-2035 (billion metric tons)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/highlights.pdf

Tue, July 24, 2008 AM220 Lecture 6

Tue, July 24, 2008 AM220 Lecture 6

Tue, July 24, 2008 AM220 Lecture 6

Extreme Imbalance

• Huge disparity in the per capita energy consumption between industrial and developing nations.

• There is also a similar disparity in the consumption between the richest and the poorest consumers within any country.

• World’s richest people consume on average 25 times more energy than world’s poorest.

• Who should sacrifice what?

Who Should Sacrifice What?

• The cumulative fossil fuel use (depletion) and greenhouse gas emissions have been largely caused by developed nations pursuing a luxurious and consumptive lifestyle.

• There are insufficient resources and unacceptable social and environmental costs for all nations and people to emulate this consumptive lifestyle.

• Underdeveloped nations are entitled to improve their quality of life.

• But developed nations continue to impoverish and exploit poor nations due to business and political interests.

Who Should Sacrifice What?• Developed nations should drastically reduce their

consumption and transition to environmentally benign technologies, notwithstanding the short term economic setbacks

• They must leave financial and political interests aside and enable technology transfer, entrepreneurship development and infrastructure development in poor countries to improve their quality of life.

• Poor countries must focus on improving quality of life without extravagant energy consumption.

• They should favor socially and environmentally appropriate technologies.

Steps Towards a Solution…

• Research, development, implementation and commercialization of renewable energy must be done simultaneously with reduction of wastage, improving efficiency.

• Replacement or augmentation with techno-commercially viable renewable technologies (wind and solar thermal) must be done even in existing energy infrastructure, industry, residential and transportation.

Which Human Activities Consume More Energy Than Others?

• Most energy-intensive activities must be identified.

• Economical and environmentally benign technologies (solar, wind) should be used to replace or augment these activities.

World Energy Usage: By Sector 2009

S. No.

Sector(Trillion BTU)

Primary

Total % of Total

1. Industrial 18571 28199 29.1

2. Residential 6606 21207 22.4

3. Transportation 26950 27033 28.5

4. Commercial 3974 18147 19.1

5. Electric Power Sector

38304

TOTAL 94578 100

Primary energy: Energy in the form that it is first accounted for in a statistical energy balance, before any transformation to secondary or tertiary forms of energy.  For example, coal can be converted to synthetic gas, which can be converted to electricity; in this example, coal is primary energy, synthetic gas is secondary energy, and electricity is tertiary energy. 

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/merquery/mer_data.asp?table=T02.01

Energy Consumption by Sector Overview: World

http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/pdf/pages/sec2.pdf

1Does not include the fuel ethanol portion of motor gasoline—fuel ethanol is included in "Renewable Energy."2Excludes supplemental gaseous fuels. 3Includes less than 0.1 quadrillion Btu of coal coke net imports. 4Conventional hydroelectric power, geothermal, solar/PV, wind, and biomass. 5Includes industrial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and industrial electricity-only plants. 6 Includes commercial combined-heat-and-power (CHP) and commercial electricity-only plants. 7Electricity-only and combined-heat-and-power (CHP) plants whose primary business is to sell electricity, or electricity and heat, to the public. Note:  Sum of components may not equal 100 percent due to independent rounding. Source:  U.S. Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy Review 2008, Tables 1.3, 2.1b-2.1f , 10.3, and 10.4.

For USA

http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/pdf/pages/sec2.pdf

World Delivered Energy Consumption

• http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/pdf/highlights.pdf

2007-2035 (quadrillion Btu)

Industrial Sector

Energy in everything we buy

Manufacturing:• Large share of global energy use goes to manufacturing

our vehicles, buildings, appliances, and even our food and clothes.

• Embodied energy: energy invested in a particular thing during its lifetime, from cradle to grave.

• Much of the energy embodied in an item is that required to produce it.

• Buy products with low embodied energy, high durability and only when necessary.

• Reuse or recycle old products.

Manufacturing Energy Consumption (USA)Manufacturing Group ( Data for 2002) Energy (trillion Btu)Petroleum and Coal Products 6799Chemicals 6465Paper 2363Primary Metals 2120Food 1123Nonmetallic Mineral Products 1059Transportation Equipment 429Fabricated Metal Products 388Wood Products 377Plastics and Rubber Products 351Textile Mills 207Computer and Electronics Products 201Machinery 177Electrical Equipments, Appliances and Components 172

Beverage and Tobacco 105Printing and Related Support 98

http://www.eia.doe.gov/aer/pdf/pages/sec2.pdf

Energy Use: Chemical Industry

• The chemical industry is complex; production of ~ 50,000 chemical compounds.; US chemical industry is the largest.

• ~7% of global income and 9% of international trade (WEC, 1995). 11% of total manufacturing value added in the U.S.

• 20% of total manufacturing primary energy use and CO2 emissions in 1994.

• Between 1985 and 1994 emissions have grown at an annual rate of 2.9% during that period, while value added has increased at a of 4.6%.

http://ies.lbl.gov/iespubs/44314.pdf

Energy Use: Chemical Industry

• Share of Primary Energy Use, Shipments, Value Added, CO2

• Emissions, for Selected U.S. Chemicals Subsectors, 1994. Source: EIA (1997); EIA (1996); BEA, (1998); BOC (1998).

http://ies.lbl.gov/iespubs/44314.pdf

Energy Use: Chemical Industry

Within the chemical industry: Where does the bulk of the energy used go?

• Oil and natural gas as feedstock.• Process heating/cooling, steam generation

—can be easily met with solar thermal.

312

370875

606

902

1655

89

602

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/sector.html

Fuel Energy Consumption by Sector Within the Chemical Industry – 1998

Chemical Industry: Feedstock

• Over 50% of the fuel (energy) is used as feedstock—raw material for conversion to chemical products.

• E.g. liquefied petroleum gases (a mixture of gases such as ethylene, ethane, propane, propylene) serve as feedstocks for the manufacturing of polyethylene, polypropylene, and a host of other products.

• Also, natural gas is used to produce ammonia, a raw material used in the production of many fertilizers.

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/fuel_consumption.html

Heat & Power Consumption by End Use Within Chemical Industry—1998

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/fuel_consumption.html

Heat & Power Consumption in the Chemical Industry by End Use – 1998• Total Heat & Power = 3704 trillion Btu• Feedstocks not included. • The largest use of fuel energy for heat and power (35%)

is in boilers used to produce steam to drive chemical reactions and perform product separation and finishing operations.

• Other process heating and cooling accounts for about 25% of energy use.

• Electricity is used to power equipment and drive electrochemical processes, as well as to heat, light, and cool industry facilities. [MECS 1998]

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/mecs/iab98/chemicals/fuel_consumption.html

Solar Energy for Heating/Cooling

• Solar thermal energy is a mature and cost-competitive technology

• Steam generation or process heating using concentrating solar technology

• Will require a backup conventional heating module due to intermittence of solar energy.

• Solar energy for cooling can be a viable option. Two approaches:• Pair a photovoltaic array with a standard compression cycle

based chillers.• Pair a solar thermal collector with an absorption chiller

Heat Integration

• Using the waste (or excess) heat from one product stream to heat another stream.

• HE is a heat exchanger.

60°C

40°C50°C

100°CH1

C1HE

HE

Heat Integration

• Typical energy saving 15 – 45 %• Very general – easily applicable in Power

generation, Oil refining, Petrochemicals, Food and Drink Industry, Pulp & Paper, hospitals etc.

• Typical pay-back periods from a few weeks to 16 months (decision made by the client)

• Considerably contributes to Emissions Reduction including CO2

http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=2&ved=0CB0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpi.umist.ac.uk%2Feminent%2FConfidential%2Fmeeting%2FRigaMeeting%2FRiga%2520Workshop%2FMarch%252008%2520Jiri%2520Klemes.ppt&ei=0shkTI6tJM-jcdGf8N4K&usg=AFQjCNHWPipjaJj_Uy4LGn57slZj3-fnZQ&sig2=KOve0TJ9NsWdy_p-O2li2A

Energy that moves us

Transportation:• The world’s fastest growing form of energy

use

• Largely due to the rise of the private car

Rise of the Private Car

Numbers:• 540 million private vehicles around the world • Numbers rising: 10 million more each year

Size and weight:• More than 50% of vehicles bought in the US

are SUVs or other light trucks.

Distances travelled:- Around the world, we are taking more trips and

travelling greater distances.

• Automobiles based on hydrogen fuel cells, hybrid power trains, battery-electric are still too futuristic…still need a lot more R&D.

• Public transportation is a highly feasible option. • Generally cheaper than private vehicles• Highly energy efficiency and less polluting• No stress of driving• No parking problems• Opportunity to interact with fellow passengers

Value of Public Transportation

Disadvantages of Public Transportation

• No point-to-point transportation possible• Average travel time is high• Dependence on different modes of transportation—

different schedules and wait times.• Lack of flexibility in timings and routes—cannot have a

short break.• Poor comfort and hygiene: bus and train station

facilities, bus and train compartments and seats.• Highly crowded busses and trains• The last mile problem: need autorickshaws or taxis. High

cost, non-standard and non-uniform fares; cheating.

Energy where we live and work

Building Trends:

• Energy use in buildings is rising rapidly.

• International Energy Agency predicts that world

electricity demand will double between 2000 and

2030, with most rapid growth in people’s homes.

Residential Sector

http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/9/1241/1600/ACcurve.gif

http://entropyproduction.blogspot.com/2005/10/solar-thermal-cooling.html

Air Conditioning• Air conditioning uses ~15 % (even greater on peak days in hot

states) of annual US electricity.• Supplying peak power is very expensive for utilities because

they must build the infrastructure to cover peak demand which otherwise sits around underutilized.

• Solar cooling has potential for peak shaving • The introduction of net metering with variable electricity prices

could also provide an impetus. • In the current environment of fixed rate electricity the consumer

has little reason to purchase such a system.• There are two practical approaches:

• Pair a photovoltaic array with a standard air conditioning unit.• Pair a solar thermal collector with an absorption chiller.

Radical Views to Avert Crisis

Ecologist William Rees believes:

“ To avoid a serious energy crisis in coming decades, citizens in the industrial countries should actually be urging their governments to come to international agreement on a persistent, orderly, predictable, and steepening series of oil and natural gas price hikes over the next two decades. ”

Outline

• Units and Terms• Energy Resources, Depletion and Risks• Renewable Options• Towards a Solution

• Reduce consumption, improve efficiency and augment with renewable energy

• Industry, Transport, Residential…sectors.

• Reduction in Consumption—Individual Perspective

What Can I Do?• Minimize the purchase of new appliances and gadgets,

clothes, and products. Repair and reuse old ones.• Avoid air conditioners. Prefer fans or desert coolers. • Build an ecohouse: green materials and architecture,

daylighting, passive heating/cooling concepts, integrated energy systems, rainwater harvesting, water recycling, dry composting toilets, backyard/terrace/balcony food gardens

• Use cloth bags and old containers for shopping. Avoid disposable plastic bags.

• Use reusable plates, cups and silverware. Avoid paper/plastic

What Can I Do?

• Walk or use bicycles for short distances and public transportation or two-wheelers for longer distances.

• Avoid air travel and purchasing private cars. • Purchase essential products grown/produced in the 5, 50,

100 km radius. Low product miles and low embodied energy.

• Calculate your carbon and ecological footprint and try to minimize it.

• Adopt alternative medicines (e.g. homeopathy) for minor ailments.

What Can I Do?

• Be vegetarian! Avoid processed foods.• Minimize the use of paper• Minimize waste of electricity by turning of

lights (CFL/LED) , fans and appliances, (unplug when not in use)

• Keep computer in shutdown or hibernate modes when not in use.

• Conserve LPG while cooking. • Use solar heaters to heat water.

Point # 1

The end of cheap oil is not far off.

So, I have to get used to using less energy ?

Point # 2

Global warming is occurring.The Arctic is melting.So are many glaciers.

Small islands are disappearing.

So, the wolf is at the door ?

Point #3

• Simultaneously pursue two objectives: • R&D and commercialization of renewable energy • Reduction of wastage, improving efficiency.

• Most energy-intensive activities must be identified.

• Economical and environmentally benign technologies (solar, wind) should be used to replace or augment these activities.

My father rode a camel.I drive a car.

My son flies a jet plane.His son will ride a camel.

 A saying in Saudi Arabia

Manufacturing Energy Consumption for All Purposes, 2002Manufacturing Group Energy

Petroleum and Coal Products 6799

Chemicals 6465Paper 2363Primary Metals 2120Food 1123Nonmetallic Mineral Products 1059

Transportation Equipment 429

Fabricated Metal Products 388

Wood Products 377Plastics and Rubber Products 351

Textile Mills 207Computer and Electronics Products 201

Machinery 177Electrical Equipments, Appliances and Components

172

Beverage and Tobacco 105Printing and Related Support 98

Miscellaneous 71Furniture and Related Products 64

Textile Product Mills 60Apparel 30Leather and Allied Products 7

Total Manufacturing 22666

http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/ene3_2005.pdf

World Resources Institute. 2007. EarthTrends: Environmental Information. Available at http://earthtrends.wri.org. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/data_tables/ene3_2005.pdf

World Resources Institute. 2007. EarthTrends: Environmental Information. Available at http://earthtrends.wri.org. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

Energy Expenses in Agriculture (USA)

S. No. Year Energy use % of farm cash expenses

Remarks

1. 1910 5 Low energy inputs2. 1980 17 High energy inputs3. 2003 11 Improved efficiency and stable

energy prices4. 2005 14* Increased energy and agrochemical

prices5. 2006 15* Increased energy and agrochemical

prices

* Estimatedhttp://www.usda.gov/documents/Farmbill07energy.pdf

Energy Inputs in AgricultureUSA (2005)

Energy Input Expenses (billion USD) PercentageFertilizer 12.8 46.7%Fuels and oils 11.2 40.9%Electricity 3.4 12.4%Total energy expenses

27.4 100%

http://www.usda.gov/documents/Farmbill07energy.pdf