Lecture 8AAPUSH – Chapters 23, 24, 25

“Every man that tried to destroy this nation was a Democrat. …The man that assassinated Abraham Lincoln was a Democrat. …Soldiers, every scar you have on your heroic bodies was given you by a Democrat!”

- Republican campaigner, 1876 election

The End of Reconstruction1872-1877

President Ulysses S.

GrantReconstruction fades over

the course of the two terms of the Grant

administration

The Force Acts

President Grant throws full support behind:

The Enforcement Act, 1870

The Second Enforcement Act, 1871

The Third Enforcement Act (a.k.a., Ku Klux Klan Act),

1872

Duration of Republican Rule in the Ex-Confederate StatesFormer Confederate States

Readmission to the Union under Congressional Reconstruction

Democrats (Conservatives) gain control

Duration of Republican rule

Alabama June 25, 1868 November 14, 1874 6 ½ yearsArkansas June 22, 1868 November 10, 1874 6 ½ yearsFlorida June 25, 1868 January 2, 1877 8 ½ yearsGeorgia July 15, 1870 November 1, 1871 1 yearLouisiana June 25, 1868 January 2, 1877 8 ½ yearsMississippi February 23,

1870November 3, 1875 5 ½ years

North Carolina June 25, 1868 November 3, 1870 2 yearsSouth Carolina June 25, 1868 November 12, 1876 8 yearsTennessee July 24, 1866* October 4, 1869 3 yearsTexas March 30,

1870January 14, 1873 3 years

Virginia January 26, 1870

October 5, 1869 0 years* Admitted before the start of congressional reconstruction

The Supreme Court &

Reconstruction

Court rulings in the 1870s play a role in weakening

northern support for Reconstruction

The Slaughterhouse cases1873

The Supremes weigh in on the 13th and 14th amendments

Further dismantling of Reconstruction by the

Supremes Ex parte Milligan (1866): Special military courts to enforce

the Supplementary Freedman’s Bureau Act doomed U.S. v. Reese (1876): the 15th Amendment did not “confer

the right of suffrage upon anyone” U.S. v. Cruikshank (1876): the 14th Amendment prohibited

the encroachment on individual rights by a state, not by other individuals

1883: The Civil Rights Act of 1875 and the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 invalidated

“We are in a very hot political contest just now, with a good prospect of turning out the carpetbag thieves by whom we have been robbed for the past six to ten years.”

- A Mississippi planter in a letter to his daughter, 1875

Redemption in the South

The Presidential Election of

1876Republican Rutherford B.

Hayes v. Democrat Samuel J. Tilden

The Compromise of 1877Hayes takes the White House; U.S. troops are withdrawn from the

South; Democrats gain control of southern states

Voting Restrictions for African Americans in the

South, 1889-1950’s

Homer Adolph Plessy(Note: He was “7/8 white”)

1896: Plessy v. Ferguson- The doctrine of “separate but equal” -

South’s Backlash1

0 to 2020 to 6060 to 100100 to 200200 or more

Lynchings of Whites/Blacks

JC laws/mapSegregated1% of Blacks integrated Less than 5% integrated

25% or more integrated

Consider the dismantling of Reconstruction and “redemption” of the South in the years following the Civil War, and their consequences for southern African Americans. If you could capture the main ideas/themes in one headline, what would it say?

Craft a headline with a partner, and be prepared to share.

Turn & Talk

The Gilded Agec. 1865-1890

The title of Mark Twain’s 1873 novel captures the essence of the decades followingthe Civil War’s end

The Gilded Age Political aspects Economic aspects Social aspects

Gilded Age Politics1870s & 1880s

Shapers of American Politics

Geography Ethnicity Economic interests Myriad state and local

issues

Major Issues

The nature and size of the money supply

Civil-service reform

Political Machines in the Gilded Age

The epitome: William M. “Boss” Tweed of New York City, who ran Tammany Hall

“Waving the bloody shirt”

President Ulysses S. Grant

Republican1869-1877

End of Reconstruction

The Panic of 1873

Political scandals, corruption

Panic of 1873

Grant is portrayed as an acrobat held aloft by the "Whiskey Ring" and Navy Ring" while carrying his cronies with a strap marked "corruption." Appeared in Puck magazine, 1880, artist: Joseph Ferdinand Keppler

Grant Administration and Republican Party scandals …Crédit Mobilier scandal the most notorious – VP Schuyler Colfax embarrasses the White House

Two Republican FactionsKey issue: Distribution of patronage jobs

“Stalwarts” Opposed to easing up

on the South; “traditional”

Opposed civil service reform

Led by Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York

Half-Breeds More moderate

regarding the South; “liberal”

Supported civil service reform

Led by Senator James G. Blaine of Maine

The Political Parties in Cartoons

Thomas Nast, cartoonist

President Rutherford B. Hayes, Republican

1877-1881

Compromise of 1877

Restored respect for the presidency

President James Garfield

Republican1881

The new president was assassinated by office-seeker Charles J. Guiteau only two

months after the inauguration

President Chester Arthur

Republican1881-1885

Garfield’s Vice President ascends to the presidency following Garfield’s death

Supports civil service reform, much to the Stalwart’s

surprise

Pendleton Civil Service Act, 1883

Created a professional civil service in the U.S. federal government

Initially, only about 12% of federal civil service positions affected

Applicants were required to be assessed for their knowledge, competence, and qualifications for civil service jobs (as opposed to being given a position simply because of political favors, etc.)

Government workers could not make campaign contributions (political parties became more dependent upon corporate donors as a result)

President Grover Cleveland, Democrat1885-1889 & 1893-

1897

New York’s Democratic reform-minded governor

Pursued lower tariffs

Challenged the GAR and big business

Of Note: Cleveland gains Republican “Mugwump” support in 1884 election

An American Veterans Interest Group:The GAR

“Grand Army of the Republic”

President Benjamin Harrison, Republican

1889-1893

GAR pension rolls increased from 670,000 to nearly a

million

First “Billion-Dollar Congress”

Silver Purchase Act, 1890

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 1890

McKinley Tariff, which pushed rates to an all-time high,

1890

Harrison in cartoons

President Grover Cleveland, Democrat1885-1889 & 1893-

1897

Panic of 1893; depression would last until 1897

Drain of U.S. Treasury’s gold reserve; repeal of Silver

Purchase Act

Bankers’ loans end drain on gold reserve, but at a price

In 1894, “Coxey’s Army” marches on Washington, D.C.

Cleveland uses federal troops to quell 1894 Pullman strike

The Populists shake the 1896 election

The third party takes over the Democrats, and divides the vote

President William McKinley, Republican

1897-1901

If you could sum up the political aspects of the Gilded Age in three words or three phrases, what would they be?

Think about it, write your three items down, and be prepared to share with a partner.

Turn & Talk

The Gilded Age Political aspects Economic

aspects Social aspects

Six Features of Modern Industrial America, post 1865

Exploitation of immense coal deposits, as a source of cheap energy The rapid spread of technological innovation and the factory

system The need for enormous numbers of new workers who could be

carefully controlled The constant pressure on firms to compete tooth-and-nail by

cutting costs and prices, as well as to eliminate rivals and create monopolies

The relentless drop in price levels The failure of the money supply to keep pace with productivity,

which drove up interest rates and restricted the availability of credit

The Railroads Boom

The Railroads Lead the Way

The Railroads Introduce Time Zones

Pretend you’ve been hired by railroad magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt in the 1880s to promote the benefits of the railroads to Americans. What advertising or campaign slogan would you propose to educate people about the contributions railroads have made to American life?

Write down an idea, and be prepared to share it with a partner.

Turn & Talk

Cornelius Vanderbilt

Jay Gould

Railroad Giants

Laissez-faire vs. Government RegulationAn uneasy balance