Lecture: Alternatives to the ‘Classical Liberal’ Order: Really-Existing Socialism

3:30 of audio in this slide; 20:45 in this slide group

The Great Depression broke the “classical liberal” “laissez-faire” order:• All thought that the world should get back to

1870-1913—or what people imagined what 1870-1913 had been like—was now a non-starter

• What would replace that order? Three possibilities:

• On the right, some form of fascism…

• In the center, somehow shore up the system…

• On the left, some form of “socialism”

• Let’s look at socialism first…

• And let’s look at really-existing socialism

• For there was no worked-out blueprint for what socialism should be that Lenin had in the back of his file cabinet…

Where Marx Went Wrong

4:00 of audio in this slide

The business class had created a most revolutionary age:• Bringing accumulation, productivity, and wealth to the

world

• But they could not distribute it equitably

• Hence the moral necessity of socialism

• And, since the arc of the universe bends toward justice because only the rational can be truly real…

• …socialism would come

• That was Marx’s fervent belief

• He put himself under a geas to demonstrate how it would—must—happen

• But ever-increasing degrees of immiserization simply did not happen

• Inequality rose to 1900, but the upward leap in economic growth meant that wages rose rapidly after 1870—and inequality began to fall after 1900

Marx the Prophet

2:45 of audio in this slide

Marx thought he was a moral philosopher:• But his self image was false: he was at least as much a

prophet

• And his writings became the sacred texts of a revealed religion

• Similarities with the Book of the Apocalypse of St. John the Divine

• Lenin and company took Marx very seriously: they BELIEVED:

• And they tried to build his utopia

• Based on the destruction of the market economy as a prerequisite

• It was real, it was existing…

• …but was what Lenin and his successors built socialism?

• Marx would probably have denied that it was…

Forming Lenin’s Régime

4:00 of audio in this slide

How did Lenin win the Russian Civil War?:• Lenin’s was a small party staging a coup

• How did it survive to rule Russia?

• The Czar was overthrown… & a Constituent Assembly elected…

• But those who believed in constitutions, process, and democracy are not ruthless

• Lenin had:

• Trotsky to organize the Red Army

• Peasants who hated the Whites

• Feliks Dzerzhinsky to organize the secret police

• A lot luck

• Still, it is remarkable

• A counterexample to the belief that successful political movements represent powerful forces in society

• An example of contingency in history

• An example of the power of modern states—and their data files, and their police

War Communism & New Economic Policy

2:15 of audio in this slide

Lenin’s cadre had never run anything but a newspaper• “War Communism”—attempting to run the

country as a military hierarchy

• Nationalization of industry

• Conflicts with the peasantry

• Step back to private property and market exchange with the “New Economic Policy”

• By 1927 the Soviet Union was back in 1914

• In life expectancy

• In industrialization

• And without the deadweight of the Czarist aristocracy

• Hence life was considerably better for the non-aristocrats

• A popular regime

How Could the System Work?

4:15 of audio in this slide

How do you run a planned economy?• Control a few hundred key commodities and their flows

through material balances • Impose semi-military discipline • Make the rest of it factory managers’ problems

• Hence they have to beg, borrow, buy, barter, and steal resources other than those tracked by material balances

• Highly inefficient, highly corrupt • Exchange, barter, blat, and plan—understood as a

desire to accomplish the organization’s primary goals—in a mixture

• Note that this is not that different from the internal workings of a capitalist corporation in a market economy

• The big difference is that efficiency is incentivized because a capitalist firm is always facing the make-or-buy decision

• And a capitalist firm has a hard budget constraint: input and output prices govern its decisions

• Thus really-existing socialism mammothly inefficient