lecture marine heterotrophic protists - kocwcontents.kocw.net/kocw/document/2016/chungnam/... ·...
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Lecture Marine Heterotrophic Protists
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Protistan Groups
Ciliates
Sarcodines
Apicomplexans
Flagellates
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Protistan Anatomy
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Alveloates• The alveolates (meaning "with
cavities") - the presence of cortical alveoli, flattened vesicles packed into a continuous layer supporting the membrane, typically forming a flexible pellicle.
• In dinoflagellates they often form armor plates.
• Ciliates – very common protozoa with many short cilia arranged in rows, and two nuclei
• Dinoflagellates – mostly marine flagellates many of which have chloroplasts
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• Some lack chlorophyll and are only heterotrophic, but are bioluminescent –Noctiluca = “night light”. Ingests particulate matter through phagocytosis.
• Some are parasitic on invertebrates, vertebrates and other protozoans.
Noctiluca
Dinoflagellates
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Immobilising and eating metazooplankton.
Karlodinium armiger ganging up and munching on a polychaete larva (Berge et al. 2012)
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Phylum Ciliophora • Ciliates, a large varied group of
protists, are named for their use of cilia to move and feed
• Multinucleate– Macronucleus – controls
metabolism, synthesis of organic molecules and development of the organism
– Micronucleus – function in sexual reproduction (conjugation) and give rise to the macronucleus after sexual reproduction.
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Phylum Ciliophora • feeds on organisms via a
cytostome• Defensive and predatory
adaptations– Trichocysts – defensive– Toxocysts – toxic to
paralyze prey– Mucocysts
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Tintinnids
• Bell animals• Planktonic ciliates• Common in open ocean• Ring of cilia surround
mouth (locomotion & catching food).
• Hard shell of protein.
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Cytostome• A cytostome (from cyto-, cell and stome-, mouth) or
cell mouth is a part of a cell specialized for phagocytosis
• Food is directed into the cytostome, and sealed into vacuoles.
• ciliates and excavates have cytostomes.
• cytostome only constitutes the opening of the invagination at the surface of the cell. The rest of the invagination is classified as the cytopharynx
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Ciliophoran Reproduction
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Perkinsus olseni
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Rhizaria• having no clear morphological distinctive
characters, but for the most part they are amoeboids with filose, reticulose, or microtubule-supported pseudopods.
– Cercozoa – Various amoebae and flagellates, usually with filose pseudopods and common in soil
– Foraminifera – Amoeboids with reticulose pseudopods, common as marine benthos
– Radiolaria – Amoeboids with axopods, common as marine plankton
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Cercozoans and radiolarians - have threadlike pseudopodia
• A newly recognized clade, Cercozoa, contains species among the organisms called amoebas
• Amoebas were formerly defined as protists that move and feed by means of pseudopodia
• Cercozoans are distinguished from most other amoebas by their threadlike pseudopodia
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Polystomella strigillata
Bolivina subaenariensis – planktonic foraminifera approximately 1mm long.
Foraminiferans• are named for
porous, generally multi-chambered shells, called tests
• Pseudopodia extend through the pores in the test
• Foram tests in marine sediments form an extensive fossil record
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero
20 µm
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Facts about Forams
• Shell made of Calcium carbonate. Individuals secrete multi-chambered tests, generally made of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
• Pseudopodia project out through holes in shell.
• Feed on diatoms & other protozoans.
• Secrete digestive juices onto their food to dissolve it!!!
• Waste expelled through body surface.
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Radiolarians
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/radiolarians/radiohead.jpg
- have tests fused into one delicate piece, usually made of silica- phagocytose microorganisms with their pseudopodia- pseudopodia, known as axopodia, radiate from the central body
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Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint Lectures for Biology, Seventh Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero200 µm
Axopodia
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Kinetoplastids• A kinetoplast is a network
of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside a large mitochondrion that contains many copies of the mitochondrial genome.
• Bodo is a typical genus within kinetoplastida and including various common free-living species which feed on bacteria.
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Choanoflagellatges• Flagellates
• Propelled by a flagella
• Whip like
• Colonial, live attached to bottom.
• Collar filters particles from the water.
• the closest living relatives of the animals.
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Some marine protists
Rhynchomonas nasuta
Parvicorbicula sp.Plagioselmis prolonga
Bodo saliens
Copyright ©, Mats Kuylenstierna & Bengt Karlson
Mesodinium rubrum5µm
5µm
Heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)
Ciliates
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Paradigm change of the ocean’s food web
(Sherr and Sherr 2009)
(Zobell 1946)
(Pomeroy 1974)
“Microbial loop” – by Azam et al. 1983-Transfer of organic carbon from dissolved fraction to higher trophic levels in food chain via bacteria, nanoflagellates, and ciliates
sloppy feeding
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Marine Microbial Foodweb