lecture no. 1-aupdate
TRANSCRIPT
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Bridge Engineering
Lecture 1 A
Planning of Bridges
Dr. Shahzad Rahman
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Bridge Planning
Traffic Studies
Hdrotechnical Studies
!eotechnical Studies
En"ironmental #onsiderations
Alternati"es for Bridge T$e
Economic %easi&ilit
Bridge Selection and Detailed Design
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Traffic Studies
Ri"er
#it #enter
'e( Bridge
'e( Road Lin)
E*isting 'et(or)
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Traffic Studies
Traffic studies need to &e carried out toascertain the amount of traffic that (illutilize the Newor WidenedBridge
This is needed to determine Economic
%easi&ilit of the Bridge %or this Ser"ices of a Trans$ortation
Planner and or Traffic Engineer are
Re+uired Such Studies are done (ith hel$ of TrafficSoft(are such as TransCAD, EMME2 etc.
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Traffic Studies
Traffic Studies should $ro"ide follo(ing
information, Traffic on Bridge immediatel after o$ening
,Amount of traffic at "arious times during life of the
Bridge
, Traffic -i* i.e. num&er of motorcars &uses hea"
truc)s and other "ehicles
, Effect of the ne( lin) on e*isting road net(or)
, Predominant /rigin and Destination of traffic that (illuse the Bridge
, Strategic im$ortance of the ne(0im$ro"ed Bridge
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Hdrotechnical Studies
A thorough understanding of the ri"er andri"er regime is crucial to $lanning of Bridgeo"er a ri"er
Hdrotechnical Studies should include
To$ogra$hic Sur"e 2)m u$stream and2)m do(nstream for small ri"ers includingLongitudinal section and 34sections
%or &ig ri"ers 5)ms 60S and 2)ms D0Sshould &e sur"eed
Navigational Requirements
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Hdrotechnical Studies
Scale of the to$ogra$hic ma$
, 12777 for small ri"ers
, 15777 for large ri"ers
The High %lood Le"els and the
/&ser"ed %lood Le"el should &eindicated ma$
Sufficient 'um&er of *4sections
should &e ta)en and H%L and
/%L mar)ed on them
Ri"er Bed sur"eing (ould re+uire
soundings
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Hdrotechnical Studies
#atchment Area -a$
Scale recommended, 157777 or
, 125777
-a$ can &e madeusing !T Sheetsa"aila&le from Sur"eof Pa)istan
All Reser"oirs Rain!auges Stns. Ri"er!auge Stns. should&e mar)ed on ma$ Catchment of River Indus
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Hdrotechnical Studies
Ri"er #atchment Area
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Hdrotechnical Studies
River Catchment Boundaries with Tributaries
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Hdrotechnical Studies
River Catchment Boundaries with Sub-Basin Boundaries
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Hdrological Data
%ollo(ing Hdrological Data should &ecollected
Rainfall Data from Rain !auge Stations inthe #atchment Area
8sohetal -a$ of the #atchment Areasho(ing contours of Annual Rainfall
Hdrogra$hs of %loods at Ri"er !auge
Stations %lo( 9elocities
Sediment Load in Ri"er %lo( during floods
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Hdrologic Data
Example of an ISOHET!" #!$
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Hdrologic Data
Example of River H%dro&raph
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Hdrologic Data
Example of a River H%dro&raph
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Design %lood Le"els
AASHT/ !i"es %ollo(ing !uidelines for Estimating
Design %lood Le"els
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Design %lood Le"els
AASHT/ !i"es %ollo(ing !uidelines for Estimating
Design %lood Le"els
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Design %lood Le"els
#A'AD8A' -8'8STR: /% TRA'SP/RTAT8/'
!i"es %ollo(ing !uidelines for Estimating Design %lood Le"els
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Design %lood Le"els
#A'AD8A' -8'8STR: /% TRA'SP/RTAT8/'
!i"es %ollo(ing !uidelines for Estimating Design %lood Le"els
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Design %lood Le"els
#A'AD8A' -8'8STR: /% TRA'SP/RTAT8/'
!i"es %ollo(ing !uidelines for Estimating %ree&oard Re+uirements
'REEBO!R( RE)*IRE#E+TS
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Estimating Design %lood
%lood Pea) Discharge at Stream or Ri"er Location
De$ends u$on #atchment Area #haracteristics
, Size and sha$e of catchment area
, 'ature of catchment soil and "egetation
, Ele"ation differences in catchment and &et(een catchmentand &ridge site location
Rainfall #limatic #haracteristics
, Rainfall intensit duration and its s$atial distri&ution
Stream0Ri"er #haracteristics, Slo$e of the ri"er
, Baseline flo( in the ri"er
, Ri"er Regulation %acilities0 Dams Barrages on the ri"er
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-ethods of Estimating Design %lood
1. Em$irical -ethods
2. %lood %re+uenc Analsis
;. Rational -ethod
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Em$irical -ethods of Pea) %lood Estimation
Em$irical %ormulae ha"e &een determined that
relate #atchment Area and other (eather orri"er $arameters to Pea) %lood Discharge
Po$ular %ormulae for 8ndo4Pa) are
, Dic)ens %ormula4/3
825AQ=< = Discharge in #usecs
A = #atchment Area in S+. -iles
, 8nglis %ormula
4
7000
+
=
A
AQ
, R"e>s %ormula 3/2ACQ=# = ?57 for areas (ithin 15 miles off coast
5@7 &et(een 15 , 177 miles off coast
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%lood %re+uenc Analsis -ethod
6sa&le at gauged sites (here ri"er
discharge data is a"aila&le for sufficient
time in $ast
%ollo(ing -ethods are commonl used
, 'ormal Distri&ution -ethod
, Log4'ormal Distri&ution
, Log4Plot !ra$hical -ethod
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%lood %re+uenc Analsis -ethod
'ormal Distri&ution -ethod
, Based on Assum$tion that e"ents follo( thesha$e of Standard 'ormal Distri&ution #ur"e
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'ormal Distri&ution -ethod
)
pro
babilit%
QTrMP KQQ +=
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E*am$le of Pea) %lood Estimation %lood
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E*am$le of Pea) %lood Estimation %lood
1C2 1; 27 4;.1 C. 1 1; 7.5? 1.5
1C; 1? 15 4.1 @@.7 1 1? 7.5 1.1
1C? 15 ;5 11.C 1?1.7 1 15 7.@; 1.@7
1C5 1@ ?5 21.C ?.5 1@ 1@ 7.@ 1.57
1C@ 1 2; 47.1 7.7 1@ 1 7.1 1.?1
1C 1 1? 4C.1 ;.; 15 1 7.5 1.;;
1C 1C 12 411.1 12;. 15 1C 7.C 1.2@
1CC 27 1 [email protected] ;.5 15 27 7.; 1.271CC7 21 25 1.C ;.5 1? 21 7. 1.1?
1CC1 22 15 4.1 @@.7 1? 22 7.C2 1.7C
1CC2 2; 21 42.1 ?.5 1; 2; 7.C@ 1.7?
1CC; 2? 15 4.1 @@.7 12 2? 1.77 1.77
Sam$le Pts = n = 2?
-ean
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E*am$le of Pea) %lood Estimation %lood
8n$ut Return Period G:ears = Tr = 177 8n$ut 9alue
Pro&a&ilit = $ = 10 Tr 7.71%lood Estimate =
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Log4'ormal Distri&ution -ethod
"o& ) or "n )
pro
babilit%
QTrMP KQQ lnlnln +=
ln
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E*am$le of Pea) %lood Estimation %lood
Log4Plot -ethod
"o& $lot (ischar&e 8s Return $eriod
= 12.E2?LnG*H F 11.E;;
6
26
36
96
46
76
:6
;6
56
2 26 266Retun $eriod -rs/
(ischar&
e-cumec
/&ser"ed Discharge
Log. G/&ser"ed DischargeH
Trendline E
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Rational -ethod of Pea) %lood Estimation
Attem$ts to gi"e estimate of Design Discharge
ta)ing into account, The #atchment #haracteristics
, Rainfall 8ntensit
, Discharge #haracteristics of the #atchment
AICQ T=
< = Design Discharge
8T= A"erage rainfall intensit Gin0hr for some recurrence inter"al T
during that $eriod of time e+ual to Tc.Tc = Time of #oncentration
A = Area of the catchment in S+. miles
# = Runoff coefficientI fraction of runoff e*$ressed as a
dimensionless decimal fraction that a$$ears as surface runoff
from the contri&uting drainage area.
R ti l - th d f P ) %l d E ti ti
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Rational -ethod of Pea) %lood Estimation
Time of #oncentration can &e estimated using
Barns& Jilliams %ormula (hich is (idel used& 6S High(a Engineers
2.01.0
9.0
SA
LTc=
L = Length of Stream in -iles
A = Area of the catchment in S+. miles
S = A"erage grade from source to site in $ercent
R ti l % l R ff # ffi i t
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Rational %ormula , Runoff #oefficient
Area #haracteristic Run4off #oefficient #
Stee$ Bare Roc) 7.C7Stee$ Roc) (ith Joods 7.7
Plateau (ith light co"er 7.7
Densel &uilt4u$ areas 7.C7 , 7.7
Residential areas 7.7 , 7.57
Stiff #lae soils 7.57
Loam 7.?7 , 7.;7
Su&ur&s (ith gardens 7.;7Sand soils 7.1 , 7.27
Kungle area 7.17 , 7.25
Par)s La(ns %ields 7.25 4 7.57
! t h i l St di
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!eotechnical Studies
!eotechnical Studies should $ro"ide the
follo(ing 8nformation
The t$es of Roc)s Di$s %aults and
%issures
Su&soil !round Jater Le"el
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!eotechnical Studies
E*am$le !eological Profile
#ross section of the soil on the route of the Paris
The diagram a&o"e sho(s the crossing o"er the Seine "ia the Bir Ha)eim &ridge
and the limestone +uarries under Trocadro
! t h i l St di
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!eotechnical Studies
Example? Cross section of the @ansas RiverA west of Silver "a,eA @ansas
T$ical Borehole
S i i # id ti
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Seismic #onsiderations
Source? Buildin& Code of $a,istan
T t i S tti f th B id Sit
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Tectonic Setting of the Bridge Site
Source? eolo&ical Surve% of $a,istan
En ironmental #onsiderations
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En"ironmental #onsiderations
8m$act on %ollo(ing %eatures of En"ironment need toconsidered, Ri"er Ecolog (hich includes
-arine Life Jildlife along ri"er &an)s Ri"er&ed %lora and fauna along ri"er &an)s
, 8m$act u$on d(ellings along the ri"er if an, 8m$act u$on ur&an en"ironment if the &ridge in an
ur&an area, Possi&le im$act u$on archeological sites in "icinit
Bridge Economic %easi&ilit
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Bridge Economic %easi&ilit
Economic Analsis is Re+uired at
%easi&ilit Stage to Mustif e*$enditure of$u&lic or $ri"ate funds
A Bridge is the most e*$ensi"e $art of a
road trans$ortation net(or)
T$es of Economic Analses
, #ost Benefit Ratio Analsis
, 8nternal Rate of Return G8RR Analsis
Bridge Economic Analsis0
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dge co o c a s s0Life #cle #ost Analsis GL##A
Time
CostsStream
BenefitsStream
C
onstruction
S
ta&e
$roect "ife$roectStart
(a
te
$
roect"ife
E
nd
(ate
Salv
a&e
8alu
e
ProMect #ost Benefit Analsis
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ProMect #ost Benefit Analsis
The o&Mecti"e of L##A is to
, Estimate the costs associated (ith the ProMect during #onstructionan its ser"ice life. These include routine maintenance costs F-aMor Reha& #osts
, Estimate the Benefits that (ill accrue from the ProMect includingtime sa"ings to road users &enefits to &usiness acti"ities etc.
, Bring do(n the costs and &enefits to a common reference $t. intime i.e. Must $rior to start of $roMect Gdecision ma)ing time
, %acilitate decision ma)ing a&out economic feasi&ilit &calculating +uantifia&le ardstic)s such as Benefit to #ost RatioGB#R and 8nternal Rate of Return G8RR
'ote Sal"age 9alue ma &e ta)en as a Benefit
This includes cost of the Right4of4Ja and su&structure
Jhat is Life #cle #ostN
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Jhat is Life #cle #ostN
An economic analsis $rocedure that uses
engineering in$uts
#om$ares com$eting alternati"es
considering all significant costs
E*$resses results in e+ui"alent dollars
G$resent (orth
Time Period of Analsis
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Time Period of Analsis
'ormall e+ual for all alternati"es
Should include at least one maMor
reha&ilitation
'eeded to ca$ture the true economic
&enefit of each alternati"e
Bridge design toda is &ased on a
$ro&a&ilistic model of 177 ears
Bridge Economic Analsis0
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g Life #cle #ost Analsis GL##A
Time
Cos
tsStream
Be
nefitsStream
Construction
Sta&e $roect "ife$
roect
Start(ate
$roect
"ife
End
(ate
S
alva&e
8
alue
Costs and Benefits Chan&e over the life of the $roect
!mount of #one%1Benefit accrued some time in future is worth less interms of Toda%Ds mone%
Same is the case with the benefits accrued over time
The $roblem now is as to How to find the orth of a 'inancial !mount in'uture in terms of Toda%Ds #one%
This is accomplished b% usin& the instrument of F(ISCO*+T R!TEG
$roblem?
Bridge Economic Analsis0
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g Life #cle #ost Analsis GL##A
(ISCO*+T R!TE?
The annual effective discount rate is the annual interest divided b% the capitalincludin& that interestA which is the interest rate divided b% 266 plus theinterest rate. It is the annual discount factorto be applied to the future cashflowA to find the discountA subtracted from a future value to find the valueone %ear earlier.
'or exampleA suppose there is an investment made of >7 and pa%s 266 in a
%earJs time. The discount rate accordin& the &iven definition is?
%0.5100
95100=
==dRateDiscount
%26.595
95100 === iRateInterest
Interest Rate is calculated as >7 as Base
Interest Rate and (iscount Rate are Related as 'ollows
2
1
ii
i
idRateDiscount
+
==
Discount Rate
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_factor -
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Discount Rate Thus Discount Rate is that rate (hich can &e
used to o&tain the Present 9alue of -one that
is s$ent or collected in future
+et $resent value of Cost incurred 0 Co 0 2 - d/nCn
In ear n
+et $resent value of Cost incurred 0 Bo 0 2 - d/nBn
In ear n
Time
Costs
Stream
Benefits
Stream
$roect
"ife
$roect
Start(ate
ear nCn
Bn
Cost1 Benefit $roectedBac,ward
Bo
Co
Jhat Discount Rate to 6seN
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Jhat Discount Rate to 6seN
A first estimate of a$$ro$riate Discount ratecan &e made as follo(s
Estimate of
Discount Rate = %ederal Ban) Lending Rate , A"erage Long4term 8nflation Rate
+ote? B% subtractin& the Inflation Rate in arrivin& at a (iscount Rate theeffect of Inflation can be removed from consideration durin&
Economic !nal%sis
The (iscount Rate after subtractin& the Inflation Rate is alsoReferred to as the Real Discount Rate
Govt. of Pakistan uses a Discount Rate of 6-7% for
econoic anal!sis
"sian Develo#ent $ank uses a Discount rate of 2% for
evaluation of #ro&ects
Discount Rate is less t'an t'e Real interest Rate as Governents
(o not take a #urel! coercial vie) of an infrastructure #ro&ect
#ost #onsiderations
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#ost #onsiderations
Maintenance andInspectionCost
Initial Cost
Costs
Present Worth
Years
Rehabilitation Cost
Salvage Value
Salvage Costs
#ost Benefit Ratio
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#ost Benefit Ratio
%ormula for #ost
Benefit Ratio
Benefit To Cost Ratio 0
=L
n
Ln
Cnd
Bnd
0
0
)1(
)1(
CostsofValuePresent
BenefitsofValuePresent
Jhere L = Life S$an of the ProMect in :ears
d = Discount Rate
Bn = Benefit in ear n #n = #ost incurred in ear n
'et Present Jorth0 9alue
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'et Present Jorth0 9alue
'et Present Jorth0 9alue = 'PJ or 'P9
is defined as follo(s
+$ 0 +$8 0 $resent 8alue of Benefits K $resent 8alue of Costs
+ote? If a +umber of alternatives are bein& comparedA the alternativethat has the hi&hest +et $resent orth is the preferable one andwill also have the hi&her Benefit to Cost Ratio
Jhat is 8nternal Rate of Return G8RR
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Jhat is 8nternal Rate of Return G8RR
8RR ma &e defined as that Discount Rate
at (hich the Benefit to #ost Ratio GB#Rof a ProMect &ecomes e*actl 1.7
8t is a &etter measure of economic "ia&ilit
of a $roMect com$ared to Benefit to #ostRatio
8t is a good indicator of ho( much inflation
increase and interest rate hi)e a $roMectcan tolerate and still &e "ia&le
Present Jorth %actor
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Present Jorth %actor
pwf = Present Worth Factor for discount rate d and year nd = Discount rate
n = Number of year when the cost/ benet will occur
n
dpwf )1( =
!lternate 'ormula *suall% !dopted/
( ) ndpwf
+=
1
1
Present Jorth Analsis
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Present Jorth Analsis
Discounts all future costs and benets to the
present:
t=LPW = F ! pwf "#!$!F%!&' ! pwf "(' t=)
PW = Present Worth/ *alue of the Pro+ect F = First ,$nitial- ost
t = .ime Period of nalysis ,ran0es from ) L-# = #aintenance osts$ = $nspection ostsF% = Future %ehabilitation osts
& = &sers osts( = (al1a0e *alues or ostspwf = Present Worth Factor
Time Period of Analsis
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Time Period of Analsis
'ormall e+ual for all alternati"es
Should include at least one maMor reha&ilitation
, 'eeded to ca$ture the true economic &enefit of each
alternati"e
Bridge design toda is &ased on a $ro&a&ilistic model of
177 ears
-aintenance #osts
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-aintenance #osts
Annual cost associated (ith the u$)ee$ of the
structure 8nformation is difficult to o&tain for a gi"en
$roMect
#ost "aries on the &asis of size of the structure
Gs+ft Best !uess 9alues
, %re+uenc 4 Annual
, #oncrete 7.75 O of 8nitial #ost, Structural Steel 7.75 O of 8nitial #ost
8ns$ection #osts
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8ns$ection #osts
Should &e ta)en for all alternati"es $refera&l
e"er t(o ears #ost "aries on the &asis of size of the structure
Gs+ft and & construction material
Best !uess 9alues, %re+uenc 4 Biannual
, #oncrete 7.15 O of 8nitial #ost
, Structural Steel 7.27 O of 8nitial #ost
%uture Painting #osts
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%uture Painting #osts
/nl a$$lies to structural steel structures &ut
e*cludes (eathering steel Should occur e"er 27 ears
#ost "aries on the &asis of size of the structure
Gs+ft Best !uess 9alues
, %re+uenc , e"er 27 ears
, #oncrete 7.7 O of 8nitial #ost
, Structural Steel .7 O of 8nitial #ost
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%uture Reha&ilitation #osts
The fre+uenc is not onl a function of time &ut also thegro(ing traffic "olume and the structural &eam sstem
#ost "aries on the &asis of size of the structure Gs+ft andstructural &eam sstem
Best !uess 9alues
, %re+uenc
%irst occurrence , #oncrete ?7 ears
%irst occurrence , Structural Steel ;5 ears
Annual traffic gro(th rate .5 O Gshortens reha&ccles
, #oncrete 27.7 O of 8nitial #ost
, Structural Steel 22.7 O of 8nitial #ost
Sal"age 9alue0#osts
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Sal"age 9alue0#osts
/ccurs once at end of life of structure
Difference &et(een
, Remo"al cost
,Sal"age "alue
Best !uess 9alues
, Remo"al cost 17 O of 8nitial #ost
, Sal"age 9alue , #oncrete 4 7 O of 8nitial #ost, Sal"age 9alue , Structural Steel 4 2 O of 8nitial #ost
Benefits from a Bridge
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Benefits from a Bridge
-onetiza&le Benefits
Time sa"ings to road users
!ro(th in economic acti"it
Sa"ing of 9ehicular (ear and tear
Reduction of accidents if a$$lica&le
/ther 'on4-onetiza&le Benefits Strategic Benefits
E*am$le of Economic Analsis
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E*am$le of Economic Analsis
Carr% out an Economic !nal%sis of a $roposed Brid&e &iven the followin& (ata?
Estimated A"erage Annualized Dail Traffic is = 12777 9ehicles $er Da
Jith the %ollo(ing -i* of Traffic
#ars = 17777
Truc)s = 1777
Buses = 1777
Assume that the Traffic !ro(th Rate = 1.2 O
is !eometric o"er theLife S$an of the Bridge
Bridge Life S$an = 7 ears
The #onstruction #ost is = 277.7 -illion Rs.
s$read o"er 2 ears
The Trade and economic &enefits are = 17.7 -illion Rs. $er ear
estimated to &e
Annual !ro(th Rate of Trade Benefits = 2.7 Ois !eometric at the rate of o"er the
Life S$an of the Bridge
The Bridge (ould Result in Time Sa"ing of = 1 hour
to Road 6sers
A"erage Time 9alue of Single Road 6ser = 57.7 Rs. Per Hour
E*am$le of Economic Analsis
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E*am$le of Economic Analsis
Assume that the Bridge (ould re+uire1
Annual -aintenance = 7.7; O of #onstruction #ost
-aMor Reha&ilitation after e"er ;7 ears = 27.7 O of #onstruction #ost
Sal"age 9alue of Piers and A&utments = 25 O of #onstruction #ost
Sal"age #ost is assumed to &e = 7.7 O
A"erage /ccu$anc /f a Single #ar = ;.7 Passengers
A"erage /ccu$anc /f a Single Truc) = 2.7 Passengers
A"erage /ccu$anc /f a Single Bus = 57 Passengers
Calculate the $resent EorthA +et $resent EorthA
Benefit to Cost Ratio of the Brid&e at (iscount Rate = @.7 O
Calculate the Internal Rate of Return of the Brid&e
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Benefits in Time Savin& *pon Brid&e Openin&
8ehicle
T%pe *u+er ,ccu#anc! ie aving ie /alue $enefit
(ersons! ("rs! (Rs.#er $our! (Rs.!#ars 17777 ;.7 1.7 57.7 1577777
Buses 1777 57.7 1.7 57.7 2577777
Truc)s 1777 2.7 1.7 57.7 177777
Total Benefit $er ear 0 4A266A666
Assumed to then !ro( at !eometricall at
the Rate of 1.2O $er ear
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!ctual ear ear +o.
$resent orth
'actor -$'/
ons ruc on
#aintenance
Cost Rehab Cost Total Costs
ene ?
Time
Savin&
ene ?
Trade1
Economic
Salva&e
Benefit
Total
Benefits
o a
(iscounted
Costs
o a
(iscounted
Benefits +et Benefit
G14dn GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs. GRs.
2717 7 1.7777 177777777 177777777 4 4 177777777 4 G177777777
2711 1 7.C?77 177777777 177777777 4 C?777777 4 G177777777
2712 2 7.;@ @7777 @7777 ?177777 17777777 1?177777 5;71@ 12?5@7 1?7?7777
271; ; 7.;7@ @7777 @7777 ?1?C277 17277777 1?;?C277 ?C;5 11C121@ 1?2C277271? ? 7.7 @7777 @7777 ?1C?77 17?77777 1?5C?77 ?@?5 11;C@@ 1?5;?77
2715 5 7.;;C @7777 @7777 ?2?@77 17@77777 1??@77 ??7;? 17C@1; 1?@77
271@ @ 7.@CC @7777 @7777 ?2C@77 1777777 157C@77 ?1;C2 17?1?2@ 157;@77
271 7.@?5 @7777 @7777 ?;?@777 11777777 15;?@777 ;C7C CC515; 152@777
271 7.@7C@ @7777 @7777 ?;C5277 11277777 155C5277 ;@5? C57@;57 155;5277
271C C 7.5;7 @7777 @7777 ?????77 11?77777 15???77 ;?;7 C75C 15??77
2727 17 7.5;@ @7777 @7777 ??C;@77 11@77777 1@7C;@77 ;2;1 @@25@ 1@7;;@77
2721 11 7.57@; @7777 @7777 ?5?277 1177777 1@;?277 ;7; 2?;;7 1@2277
2722 12 7.?5C @7777 @7777 ?5C2777 12777777 1@5C2777 2555 C@?7 1@5;2777
272; 1; 7.??? @7777 @7777 ?@?1277 12277777 1@?1277 2@?2 5;?1@5 1@1277
272? 1? 7.?275 @7777 @7777 ?@C7?77 12?77777 17C7?77 252;1 1@C17 17;7?772725 15 7.;C5; @7777 @7777 ?;C@77 12@77777 1;;C@77 2;1 @5?272 12C@77
272@ 1@ 7.;1@ @7777 @7777 ?77 1277777 1577 222C? @5;55?@ 15277
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!ctual ear ear +o.
$resent orth
'actor -$'/
Construction1
#aintenance
Cost Rehab Cost Total Costs
Benefit?
Time
Savin&
Benefit?
Trade1
Economic
Salva&e
Benefit
Total
Benefits
Total
(iscounted
Costs
Total
(iscounted
Benefits +et Benefit
G14dHPn GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H
272 1 7.;?C; @7777 @7777 ?;777 1;777777 1;777 27C5 @2;7?5? 1777
272 1 7.;2; @7777 @7777 ?277 1;277777 17277 1C@CC 5C;??5 172277
272C 1C 7.;7@ @7777 @7777 ?C;@?77 1;?77777 1;;@?77 151 5@5C7? 12@?77
27;7 27 7.2C71 @7777 @7777 ?C5@77 1;@77777 155@77 1?7@ 5;C1CC 1525@77
27;1 21 7.22 @7777 @7777 57;?77 1;77777 1;?77 1@;@2 51;@2? 1?77
27;2 22 7.25@; @7777 @7777 57?777 1?777777 1C7?777 15;7 ?C1C52 1C72?777
27;; 2; 7.2?17 @7777 @7777 51;;277 1?277777 1C;;;277 1??5 ?@5?2 1C2;277
27;? 2? 7.22@5 @7777 @7777 512?77 1??77777 1C52?77 1;5C7 ??;5?1@ 1C522?77
27;5 25 7.212C @7777 @7777 52;1@77 1?@77777 1C;1@77 125 ?222;?C 1C1@77
27;@ 2@ 7.2771 @7777 @7777 52777 1?77777 277777 1277 ?712 2772777
27; 2 7.11 @7777 @7777 5;;7777 15777777 27;;7777 112 ;2?@;7 2727777
27; 2 7.1@ @7777 @7777 5;C277 15277777 275C277 17@17 ;@;C221 2751C277
27;C 2C 7.1@@2 @7777 @7777 5?2?77 15?77777 272?77 CC? ;?@22C2 27@?77
27?7 ;7 7.15@; @7777 ?7777777 ?77@7777 5?@77 15@77777 217@77 @25C@77 ;2C;?C; G1C2?7727?1 ;1 7.1?@C @7777 @7777 552@77 1577777 21;2@77 1; ;1;2?@ 212@@77
27?2 ;2 7.1;1 @7777 @7777 55@777 1@777777 215@777 2? 2CC?; 2151@777
27?; ;; 7.12C @7777 @7777 5@25277 1@277777 2125277 2;25?C 21@5277
27?? ;? 7.1227 @7777 @7777 5@??77 1@?77777 227??77 ;27 2@C2CC 2271??77
27?5 ;5 7.11? @7777 @7777 52;@77 1@@77777 22;2;@77 @1 255CCC5 222@;@77
27?@ ;@ 7.17 @7777 @7777 5277 1@77777 225277 @?@ 2?;;25 2251277
27? ; 7.171; @7777 @7777 522777 1777777 2222777 @77 2;1251? 22@2777
27? ; 7.7C52 @7777 @7777 51277 1277777 2;71277 515 21C?CC 2;711277
27?C ;C 7.7C5 @7777 @7777 5C27?77 1?77777 2;;27?77 5;2 27C@1 2;2@7?77
2757 ?7 7.7?2 @7777 @7777 5C@C@77 1@77777 2;5@C@77 5757 1C;@5@ 2;57C@77
2751 ?1 7.7C1 @7777 @7777 @7177 177777 2;177 ?? 1?;51 2;577
2752 ?2 7.7?? @7777 @7777 @7@777 1777777 2?7@777 ??@2 1C22 2?77777275; ?; 7.7@CC @7777 @7777 @11277 1277777 2?;1277 ?1C? 1@CC5; 2?25277
275? ?? 7.7@5 @7777 @7777 @1@@?77 1?77777 2?5@@?77 ;C?; 1@1?2;@ 2?57@?77
2755 ?5 7.7@1 @7777 @7777 @215@77 1@77777 2?15@77 ;7@ 15;2? 2?55@77
275@ ?@ 7.751 @7777 @7777 @2@?77 177777 257@?77 ;?? 1?552@ 2577?77
275 ? 7.75?@ @7777 @7777 @;1?777 1C777777 25;1?777 ;25 1;15@7 2525?777
275 ? 7.751; @7777 @7777 @;@;277 1C277777 255@;277 ;7 1;11?51 2557;277
275C ?C 7.7?2 @7777 @7777 @?12?77 1C?77777 2512?77 2C; 12??2 2552?77
27@7 57 7.7?5; @7777 @7777 @?@1@77 1C@77777 2@7@1@77 227 111;C1 2@771@77
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a $ e o co o c a s s
27@1 51 7.7?2@ @7777 @7777 @51777 1C77777 2@;1777 255E 112112@ 2@25777
27@2 52 7.7?71 @7777 @7777 @5@7777 27777777 2@5@7777 2?7; 17@;?7 2@577777
27@; 5; 7.7;EE @7777 @7777 @@7C277 27277777 2@7C277 225C 177C;C; 2@E?C27727@? 5? 7.7;5? @7777 @7777 @@5?77 27?77777 2E75?77 212? C5E@?C 2@CC?77
27@5 55 7.7;;; @7777 @7777 @E7E@77 27@77777 2E;7E@77 1CC@ C7?7 2E2?E@77
27@@ 5@ 7.7;1; @7777 @7777 @E5@77 2777777 2E55@77 1E@ @1E@? 2E?C@77
27@E 5E 7.72C? @7777 @7777 @7@777 21777777 2E7@777 1E@? 1E;? 2EE?@777
27@ 5 7.72E@ @7777 @7777 @55277 21277777 2755277 1@5 EE522E 2ECC5277
27@C 5C 7.72@7 @7777 @7777 @C7??77 21?77777 2;7??77 155 E;51@ 22???77
27E7 @7 7.72?? @7777 ?7777777 ?77@7777 @C5;@77 21@77777 255;@77 CE7C @CE15C G1157@?77H
27E1 @1 7.72;7 @7777 @7777 E77277 2177777 27277 1;EE @@17?C 2E?277
27E2 @2 7.721@ @7777 @7777 E752777 22777777 2C752777 12C? @2@E@2 2CC2777
27E; @; 7.727; @7777 @7777 E171277 22277777 2C;71277 121E 5C?217 2C2?1277
27E? @? 7.71C1 @7777 @7777 E157?77 22?77777 2C557?77 11?? 5@;;7 2C?C7?77
27E5 @5 7.71EC @7777 @7777 E1CC@77 22@77777 2CECC@77 17E5 5;;CE5 2CE;C@77
27E@ @@ 7.71@ @7777 @7777 E2?77 2277777 ;77?77 1711 57@1;? 2CC7727EE @E 7.715 @7777 @7777 E2C777 2;777777 ;72C777 C57 ?ECE12 ;72;777
27E @ 7.71?C @7777 @7777 E;?E277 2;277777 ;75?E277 C; ?5?@; ;7?E277
27EC @C 7.71?7 @7777 @7777 E;C@?77 2;?77777 ;7EC@?77 ;C ?;7?@ ;7E;@?77
277 E7 7.71;2 @7777 @7777 E??5@77 2;@77777 ;17?5@77 EC ?72E2 ;7C5@77
271 E1 7.712? @7777 @7777 E?C?77 2;77777 ;12C?77 E?2 ;@5@ ;12;?77
272 E2 7.711@ @7777 @7777 E5??777 2?777777 ;15??777 @CE ;@@5?1 ;1??777
27; E; 7.717C @7777 @7777 E5C;277 2?277777 ;1EC;277 @55 ;?E2E7 ;1E;;277
27? E? 7.717; @7777 @7777 E@?2?77 2??77777 ;27?2?77 @1@ ;2CC; ;1C2?77
275 E5 7.77CE @7777 @7777 E@C1@77 2?@77777 ;22C1@77 5EC ;11@5 ;22;1@77
27@ E@ 7.77C1 @7777 @7777 EE?777 2?77777 ;25?777 5?? 2C5227 ;2?777
27E EE 7.775 @7777 @7777 EEC7777 25777777 ;2EC7777 512 2EC@;2 ;2E;7777
27 E 7.777 @7777 @7777 E;C277 25277777 ;;7;C277 ?1 2@?51 ;2CEC277
27C EC 7.77E5 @7777 @7777 E?77 25?77777 ;;2?77 ?52 257; ;;22?7727C7 7 7.77E1 @7777 @7777 EC;E@77 25@77777 ;;5;E@77 ?25 2;E55; ;;?EE@77
27C1 1 7.77@E @7777 @7777 EC@77 2577777 57777777 ;E@77 ;CC 55E@ ;E2@77
Total 363A264A2>5 3:2A72:A253
!ctual ear ear +o.
$resent orth
'actor -$'/
Construction1
#aintenance
Cost Rehab Cost Total Costs
Benefit?
Time
Savin&
Benefit?
Trade1
Economic
Salva&e
Benefit
Total
Benefits
Total
(iscounted
Costs
Total
(iscounted
Benefits +et Benefit
G14dHPn GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H GRs.H
Total (iscounted Costs 0 363A264A2>5 Rs.
Total (iscounted Benefits 0 3:2A72:A253 Rs.
$resent orth 0 363A264A2>5 Rs.
+et $resent orth 0 7>A422A>54 Rs.