lecture notes in anatomy pharmacy students; november 24 th 2011 rev. prof. seth ayettey
TRANSCRIPT
LECTURE NOTES IN ANATOMYPHARMACY STUDENTS; NOVEMBER 24TH
2011REV. PROF. SETH AYETTEY
OBJECTIVES• KNOW THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM• KNOW THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM– THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
– SOMATIC– VISCERAL (AUTONOMIC)
– THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM– BRAIN– SPINAL CORD
• KNOW ABOUT MAJOR RECEPTORS• KNOW ABOUT NEURONS AND NEUROGLIA• KNOW THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
ROLE OF NERVOUS SYSTEMPERCEIVE & RESPOND TO CHANGES IN
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTINTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
TRANSPORT INFORMATION FROM PERIPHERY TO THE SPINAL CORD AND BRAIN
PROCESS INFORMATION FOR LEARNINGRESPOND TO INFORMATION TO PROTECT
THE ORGANISMFUNCTION WITHIN NORMAL PHYSIOLOGIC LIMITSNORMAL GROWTH
SURVIVAL
MAJOR PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
BRAIN (FORE; MID; HIND)SPINAL CORD
CERVICAL SEGMENTS (C1-C8) THORACIC SEGMENTS (T1-12) LUMBAR SEGMENTS (L1-5) SACRAL SEGMENTS (S1-5) COCCYGEAL (1)
MAJOR PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 2PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
SOMATIC 12 CRANIAL NERVES (PAIRS) 31 SPINAL NERVES (PAIRS)
VISCERAL (AUTONOMIC) SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
RECEPTORS
THE NEURONBASIC UNIT OF NERVOUS SYSTEMTYPES (FUNCTIONAL)
SENSORYMOTORINTEGRATIVE
TYPES (MORPHOLOGY)UNIPOLARBIPOLARMULTIPOLAR
NEURONAL PARTSBODY; AXONAL HILLOCKDENDRITES
RECEPTIVE FIELDPERIPHERAL PROCESS
AXONSCONDUCTS IMPULSE AWAYCENTRAL PROCESSCOLLATERALS
AXON - CONTINUEDMYELINATION
MYELINATED SCHWANN SHEATH (PNS) OLIGODENDROCYTES
UNMYELINATEDSIZE (DIAMETER)
0.2u – 20uSPEED OF CONDUCTION
(M/SEC) 5X DIAMETERGROWTH RATE - 1 mm/day
THE NEUROGLIA: OLIGODENDROCYTES
LOCATED IN BOTH GREY AND WHITE MATTER
RESPONSIBLE FOR MYELIN SHEATH FORMATION
CONTRIBUTE TO IMPULSE PROPAGATION
EQUIVALENT TO SCHWANN CELLS IN PNS
SUPPORTING CELLS (NEUROGLIA)CNS
ASTROCYTESOLIGODENDROCYTESMICROGLIAEPENDYMAL CELLS
PNSSCHAWNN CELLS
CELLS OF THE CNS: NEUROGLIA
ASTROCYTESOLIGODENDROCYTESMICROGLIAEPENDYMAL CELLS
RECEPTORS 1EXTEROCEPTORS (SUPERFICIALLY
LOCATED)PAIN (FREE NERVE ENDINGS)TEMPERATURE (ENCAPSULATED
RECEPTORS)PRESSURE (ENCAPSULATED)VISION (RETINA)OLFACTION (OLFACTORY CELLS)HEARING (COCHLEA)TASTE (TASTE BUDS)
RECEPTORS 2PROPRIOCEPTORS (LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM)
POSITION/BALANCE/MOVEMENT (VESTIBULAR APPARATUS)
STRETCH (MUSCLE SPINDLES)TENSION (TENDON ORGANS)PRESSURE/VIBRATION (PACINIAN
CORPUSCLES)
RECEPTORS 3INTEROCEPTORS
ASSOCIATED WITH VISCERA (INTERNAL ORGANS)
CONNECTED TO THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
LOCATED IN MUCOUS MEMBRANES WALLS OF VESSELS/TUBULAR STRUCTURES CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF VISCERA
TYPES FREE NERVE ENDINGS ENCAPSULATED MODIFIED EPITHELIAL CELLS
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMRECEPTORSAFFERENT NEURONSSPINAL CORDEFFERENT NEURONEFFECTOR ORGANCONNECTION WITH THE CNS
ORGANIZATION OF CNS 1FOREBRAIN
CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES (THE TELENCEPHALON) RECOGNITION PROCESSING INTEPRETATION STORAGE OF INFORMATION MODIFICATION OF INFORMATION RECALL UTILIZATION
ORGANIZATION OF CNS 2DIENCEPHALON
THALAMUS FINAL RELAY STATION TO CEREBRAL
HEMISPHEREHYPOTHALAMUS
REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
ORGANIZATION OF CNS 3MID BRAIN
SITUATED BETWEEN FORE AND HIND BRAINS
CONNECTS FORE AND HIND BRAINS FUNCTIONALLY
HIND BRAINPONS MEDULLA CEREBELLUM
ORGANIZATION OF CNS 4SPINAL CORD
SIMPLEST FORM OF CNSINNER GREY MATTER
DORSAL HORN (SENSORY) VENTRAL HORN (MOTOR) LATERAL HORN (T1-L1-2) SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW
OUTER WHITE MATTER DESCENDING TRACTS ASCENDING TRACTS
DIVISIONS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM – SPINAL CORDSPINAL CORD SEGMENTS
CERVICAL C1-8THORACIC T1-T12LUMBAR L1-5SACRAL S1-S5COCCYGEAL 1
ORGANIZATION OF PNSCRANIAL (12 PAIRS OF CRANIAL
NERVES)SPINAL
DORSAL ROOTS (SENSORY)VENTRAL ROOTS (MOTOR)SPINAL NERVES (MIXED)DORSAL RAMIVENTRAL RAMIDORSAL HORN (SENSORY)
VENTRAL HORN (MOTOR) LATERAL HORN (T1-L1-2) SYMPATHETIC OUTFLOW PLEXUSES
CERVICAL; BRACHIAL; LUMBAR; SACRAL