Lecture Notes in Computer Science 5233Commenced Publication in 1973Founding and Former Series Editors:Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen

Editorial Board

David HutchisonLancaster University, UK

Takeo KanadeCarnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Josef KittlerUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, UK

Jon M. KleinbergCornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Alfred KobsaUniversity of California, Irvine, CA, USA

Friedemann MatternETH Zurich, Switzerland

John C. MitchellStanford University, CA, USA

Moni NaorWeizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

Oscar NierstraszUniversity of Bern, Switzerland

C. Pandu RanganIndian Institute of Technology, Madras, India

Bernhard SteffenTU Dortmund University, Germany

Madhu SudanMicrosoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA

Demetri TerzopoulosUniversity of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Doug TygarUniversity of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

Gerhard WeikumMax Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany

Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.)

NetworkPerformanceEngineering

A Handbook on ConvergentMulti-Service Networks andNext Generation Internet

13

Volume Editor

Demetres D. KouvatsosUniversity of BradfordSchool of ComputingInformatics and MediaRichmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UKE-mail: d.kouvatsos@bradford.ac.uk

ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349ISBN 978-3-642-02741-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-02742-0DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-02742-0Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926418

CR Subject Classification (1998): C.2, H.3.5-7, H.4.3, H.5.1

LNCS Sublibrary: SL 5 – Computer Communication Networks and Telecommuni-cations

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Preface

Over recent years a great deal of progress has been made in the performancemodelling and evaluation of the Internet, towards the convergence of multiser-vice heterogeneous networks, supported by internetworking and the evolutionof diverse access and switching technologies. Performance modelling, evalua-tion and prediction of such networks are of crucial importance in view of theirever-expanding usage and the multiplicity of their component parts and thecomplexity of their functioning.

However, many important and challenging performance-engineering issuesneed to be addressed and resolved, such as those involving heterogeneous networkarchitectures and technology integration, traffic modelling and characterization,management, congestion control, routing and quality-of-service (QoS). The ulti-mate goal is the establishment of a global and wide-scale integrated broadbandnetwork infrastructure for the efficient support of multimedia applications withdifferent QoS guarantees. Of particular interest and challenge is the design andengineering of the next- and future-generation Internets, such as those based onthe convergence of heterogeneous wireless networks enabled by internetworkingand wireless mesh networking technologies. Moreover, of vital interest is the cre-ation of generic evaluation platforms capable of measuring and validating theperformance of networks of diverse technology and multi-service interoperability.In this context, robust quantitative methodologies and performance modellingtools are needed, such as those based on queueing network models (QNMs), inorder to provide a sound theoretical underpinning of application-driven researchleading to credible and cost-effective algorithms for the performance evaluationand prediction of convergent heterogeneous networks under various traffic han-dling protocols.

The principal objective of the Network Performance Engineering handbookis to bring together technical contributions and future research directions in theperformance engineering of heterogeneous networks and the Internet by eminentresearchers and practitioners from industry and academia worldwide. The hand-book consists of 44 extended and revised chapters, which were selected followinga rigorous international peer review. These chapters were drawn from selectedlectures and tutorials of the recent six HET-NETs International Working Con-ferences and associated EU PhD courses on the ‘Performance Modelling andEvaluation of Heterogeneous Networks’. These events took place in Ilkley, UK(July 2003 – 2005, September 2006), Karlskrona, Sweden (February 2008) andZakopane, Poland (January 2010) and were staged under the auspices of theEU Networks of Excellence (NoE) Euro-NGI and Euro-FGI (c.f., Work-packageWP.SEA.6.1) and with the collaboration of EU academic and industrial consor-tia and other international organizations. Moreover, this handbook is part of the

VI Preface

Final Deliverables of NoE Euro-NGI and Euro-FGI to the European Commission(c.f., Deliverable D.SEA.6.1.6c).

The chapters of the handbook constitute essential introductory material forfurther research and development in the performance modelling, analysis, designand engineering of heterogeneous networks and of next- and future-generationInternets. They aim to unify relevant material already known but dispersed inthe literature, introduce the readers to unfamiliar and unexposed research areasand, generally, illustrate the diversity of research found in the high-growth fieldof convergent multiservice heterogeneous networks and the Internet. Moreover,the theoretical themes of the handbook, such as those focusing on traffic mod-elling, quantitative network methodologies and associated performance engineer-ing tools, are also of relevance to the design and development of other types ofdiscrete flow systems such as flexible manufacturing systems and transportationnetworks.

The chapters of the Networks Performance Engineering handbook are broadlyclassified into 12 parts covering the following topics: ‘Measurement Techniques’,‘Traffic Modelling and Engineering’, ‘Queueing Systems and Networks’, ‘Ana-lytic Methodologies’, ‘Simulation Techniques’, ‘Performance Evaluation Studies’,‘Mobile, Wireless and Ad Hoc Networks’, ‘Optical Networks’, ‘QoS Metrics andAlgorithms’, ‘All IP Convergence and Networking’, ‘Network Management andServices’ and ‘Overlay Networks’.

In Part 1, ‘Measurement Techniques’, Popescu and Constantinescu investi-gate Kleinrock’s independent assumption by carrying out measurements, per-formance modelling and analysis of end-to-end delay in a chain of IP (Inter-net Protocol) routers represented by a tandem queueing system with correlatedtraffic flows. Arlos discusses some of the fundamental aspects of performancemeasurements with particular focus on the application-level measurements forthe estimation of the network’s performance properties. Fiedler et al. assess theimpact of application-perceived throughput on the performance of networkedapplications and focus on the process of user-perceived throughput in GPRS(General Packet Radio Service) and UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephone Sys-tem) systems over small averaging intervals and active measurements of stream-ing applications. In Part 2, ‘Traffic Modelling and Engineering’, Markovich andKrieger provide a common methodology for the statistical characterization ofpeer-to-peer packet traffic arising from passive VoIP (voice over IP) and videomeasurements, and consider applications using individual Skype flows and theaggregated flow of video packets exchanged with a mobile peer in an overlay net-work. Nogueira et al. discuss the suitability of MMPP (Markov Modulated Pois-son Processes), and evaluate the credibility of parameter-fitting procedures forthe characterization of Internet packet traffic flows incorporating self-similarityand long-range dependence over multiple time scales. Iovanna et al. propose anadaptive traffic management system in MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)networks operating on short timescales, and employ an economics-based figureof merit for the relocation of bandwidth. Fretwell and Kouvatsos present thebatch renewal process for modelling both LRD (long range dependent) and SRD

Preface VII

(short range dependent) traffic flows in both discrete and continuous time do-mains, and present applications in the analysis of simple queues and queueingnetwork models. Larijani reviews LAN (Local Area Network) technologies withself-similar and long-range dependent traffic processes, and highlights some mod-elling methods with particular emphasis on pseudo self-similar models. Lianget al. undertake measurements and analytic studies of IP traffic in a WLAN(Wireless Local Area Network) environment, and carry out an investigation intothe characterization on protocol distribution and the modelling of IP packetinter-arrival times. In Part 3, ‘Queueing Systems and Networks’, Walraevens etal. present analytical techniques for the study of discrete-time two-class trafficqueueing systems with priority scheduling disciplines, and determine related per-formance measures via the probability generating functions approach. Balsamohighlights exact and approximate algorithms for the quantitative evaluation ofopen and closed queueing networks with finite capacity, and reviews equiva-lence properties amongst different blocking mechanisms as well as applicationsinto communication networks and distributed computer systems. Anisimov re-ports on asymptotic investigations and a new methodology for the analysis ofqueueing systems and networks with heavy traffic, based on the limit theoremsof the averaging principle and diffusion approximation types. Levy et al. dis-cuss the fundamental principles and properties related to queue fairness fromthe perspective of the relevant applications and carry out a comparative studywith some emphasis on computer communications networks. In Part 4, ‘AnalyticMethodologies’, Pagano provides a heuristic interpretation of basic concepts andtheorems of LDT (Large Deviation Theory) and highlights its applications intothe analysis of single queues and network dimensioning as well as rare eventsimulation. Thomas and Bradley use the Markovian process algebra PEPA tospecify and analyze non-product form parallel queues, which are decomposed intotheir components to obtain, with some degree of confidence, a scalable solution.Harrison and Thomas use the reversed process, based on the RCAT (ReversedCompound Agent Theorem), to derive expressions for the steady state proba-bility distribution of a class of product-form solutions in PEPA for generalizedclosed, queueing networks with multiple servers, competing services and func-tional rates within actions. Kouvatsos and Assi undertake an exposition of the‘classical’ EME (Extensive Maximum Entropy) formalism and generalised NME(Non-extensive Maximum Entropy) formalism in conjunction with their applica-bility to the analysis of queues with bursty and/or heavy tails often observed inperformance evaluation studies of heterogeneous networks and the Internet ex-hibiting traffic burstiness, self-similarity and LRD. Ferreira and Pacheco addressthe usual and level-crossing stochastic ordering of semi-Markov processes, andcarry out comparisons against simulation of processes with a given distributionby employing the sample-path approach. Mitrani applies the spectral expansionmethod to obtain exact solutions for a large class of state-dependent queueingmodels, and illustrates their applicability in the fields of computing, communi-cation and manufacturing systems. Czachorski and Pekergin present the methodof diffusion approximation for the modelling and analysis of single queues and

VIII Preface

networks of stations with general service times and transient states in the pres-ence of general bursty traffic streams such as multimedia transfers in moderncommunication networks. In Part 5, ‘Simulation Techniques’, Dhaou et al. adoptthe ‘Cross Layer’ concept to implement a dynamic simulation tool for the perfor-mance optimisation of network models composed of evolving MANETS (MobileAd Hoc Networks) and Satellites, which can be often reduced to smaller sub-models by decomposition or aggregation methods. M. Vill’en-Altamirano andJ. Vill’en-Altamirano present RESTART, an accelerated simulation techniquefor estimating rare-event probabilities in queueing networks and ultra-reliablesystems, based on the choice of the importance function of the system stateused for determining when simulation retrials are made. In Part 6, ‘PerformanceEvaluation Studies’, Krieger considers a hierarchical algebraic description of aWeb graph with host-oriented clustering of pages, and proposes a computationof the stationary distribution of the underlying Markov chain of a random surfer,based on aggregation/disaggregation procedures and algebraic multigrid meth-ods. Pagano and Secchii address the widespread diffusion of TCP (TransmissionControl Protocol) over the Internet, and introduce simple approaches to describethe dynamics of an individual source over a simplified network model and de-tailed techniques for modelling the behaviour of a set of TCP connections overan arbitrary complex network. Mkwawa et al. analyze an open queueing net-work model (QNM) representing the functional units and application servers ofan IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)-based testbed architecture implemented byNokia-Siemens as part of the EU IST (Information Society Technologies) VITALproject and assess the handover process of SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) mes-sages between WLAN and GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)access networks. Do and Chakka suggest Markovian queueing models, based ongeneralizations of QBD (Quasi Birth and Death) processes and devise steady-state solutions assessing the impact of burstiness and autocorrelation of trafficflows of packets for the performance evaluation of next-generation networks.Chakka and Do present an analytic methodology for the steady state solutionof a complex multi-server Sigma-type queue and its applicability to the perfor-mance evaluation of an optical burst switching multiplexer. Wang et al. presenta detailed review of various handover schemes proposed in the literature andfocus on an analytic model developed for a DGCS (Dynamic Guard ChannelScheme), which manages adaptively the channels reserved for handover calls.Shah et al. employ simulation and analytic methodologies for the performancemodelling and optimisation of DOCSIS (Data-over-cable service interface speci-fication) 1.1/2.0 HFC (hybrid fibre coax) networks with particular focus on thecontention resolution algorithm, upstream bandwidth allocation strategies, flow-priority scheduling disciplines, QoS provisioning and TCP applications. In Part7, ‘Mobile, Wireless and Ad Hoc Networks’, Casares-Giner et al. deal with mo-bility aspects of wireless mobile telecommunication systems and provide somebasic frameworks for mobility models as applied to the performance evaluationof relevant mobility management procedures, such as handover and location up-date. Remondo reviews some of the main enabling technologies of wireless Ad

Preface IX

Hoc networks, including physical and medium access control layers, networking,transport issues and dynamic routing protocols, and discusses proposals thataim at maintaining service level agreements in ad hoc networks either in iso-lation or connected to fixed networks. Popescu et al. present ROMA, a newmiddleware architecture implemented at the application layer, enabling seam-less handover in wireless networks with dynamic combinations of services andunderlying transport substrates (overlay and underlying networks). Mkwawaand Kouvatsos review some current broadcasting methods in MANETs for thecontrol and routing information of multicast and point-to-point communicationprotocols in conjunction with recommendations on how to improve the efficiencyand performance of tree- and cluster-based methods. Popescu et al. report onsome recent developments and challenges focusing on seamless handover, sup-ported by several components such as mobility and connectivity management aswell as Internet mobility, under the auspices of the recent EU research projectsMOBICOME and PERIMETER, based on IMS technology standards. In Part8 ‘Optical Networks’, Atmaca and Nguyen review the infrastructure and evo-lution of MANs (Metropolitan Area Networks) towards OPS (Optical PacketSwitching) networks and highlight performance issues in optical networking inmetropolitan areas in terms of optical packet format, MAC (medium access con-trol) protocol, QoS and traffic engineering issues. Castel-Taleb et al. focus onpacket aggregation mechanisms on the edge router of an optical network andpresent an efficient aggregation mechanism supporting QoS requirements of IPflows. Moreover, analytical models based on Markov chains are devised in or-der to assess the packetization efficiency (filling ratio) and determine its meantime for each class. Mouchos et al. review the traffic characteristics of an opticalcarrier’s OC-192 link, based on the IP packet size distribution, traffic bursti-ness and self-similarity. Under optical burst switching (OBS), a performanceevaluation is undertaken involving the dynamic offset control (DOC) and JustEnough Time (JET) allocation protocols. Moreover, parallel generators of opti-cal bursts are implemented and simulated using the Graphics Processing Unit(GPU) and the Compute Unified Device Architecture. In Part 9, ‘QoS Metricsand Algorithms’, Belzarena and Simon address the estimation of QoS parametersin the Internet using traffic traces, end-to-end active measurements and statis-tical learning tools, and determine the admission control problem from resultsof the many sources and small buffer asymptotics. De Vuyst et al. employ thesupplementary variables approach in the transform domain to analyze a discrete-time single-server queue at equilibrium with a new type of scheduling mechanismfor the control of delay-sensitive and delay-tolerant classes of packet arrivals. InPart 10, ‘All IP Convergence and Networking’, Sun presents an overview of thefundamental concepts and research issues of IP networking with particular em-phasis on the current and next-generation Internets, including some importantmechanisms to control and manage diversity and network resources towards theenhancement of network performance and QoS. Popescu et al. report, in thecontext of the NoE Euro-NGI project ROVER, on some recent advances inthe research and development of multimedia distribution over IP and suggest

X Preface

routing in overlay routing as an alternative solution for content distribution. InPart 11, ‘Network Management and Services’, Akhlaq et al. carry out a per-formance evaluation study of NIDS (Network Intrusion Detection Systems) oncommodity hardware by employing evasive and avoidance strategies on a suit-able test bench, and they implement techniques to simulate real-life normal andattack-like traffic flows. In Part 12, ‘Overlay Networks’, Dragos and Popescuintroduce fundamental concepts of unicast QoS in overlay networks and reportperformance evaluation results by adopting the ORP (Overlay Routing Protocol)developed at BTH (Blekinge Institute of Technology) in Karlskrona, Sweden. Fi-nally, Mkwawa and Kouvatsos review some graph-theoretic-based methods forthe selection of a set of topologically diverse routers towards the provision ofindependent paths, and propose a graph decomposition-based approach for themaximization of path diversity without degrading network performance in termsof latency.

I would like to end this preface by expressing my deepest thanks to the fol-lowing organizations for their support of the HET-NETs International WorkingConferences over the recent years: NoE Euro-NGI and Euro-FGI (EU Com-mission), INFORMS - The Applied Probability Society (USA), EPSRC – TheEngineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (UK), The British Com-puter Society (UK), IEE – The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers(UK), The ACATS Forum - ATS Network Consortium Proprietary (EU) andthe EU IST Consortium ‘VITAL’ consisting of Telekom Austria AG (Austria),Siemens AG, Solinet GmbH & Alcatel SEL (Germany), Teletel SA, Voiceglobesprl, Keletron & University of Patras (Greece), Telefonica I+D (Spain) andthe University of Bradford (UK). Thanks are also extended to the membersof the Advisory Boards and Program Committees of the HET-NETs Interna-tional Working Conferences, as well as to the expert referees worldwide for theirinvaluable and timely peer reviews. Thanks are also due to Is-Haka Mkwawa,University of Plymouth (UK), for his expert technical support and kind up-loading of the Network Performance Modelling handbook to the Springer FTPServer.

January 2011 Demetres D. Kouvatsos

External Reviewers

Samuli AaltoRamon AgustiSohair Al-HakeemEitan AltmanJorge AndresVladimir AnisimovLaura AspirotSalam Adli AssiTulin AtmacaZlatka AvramovaFrank BallSimonetta BalsamoIvano BartoliAlejandro BecceraMonique BeckerPablo BelzarenaAndre-Luc BeylotAndreas BinzenhoeferJozsef BiroPavel BocharovSem BorstNizar BouabdallahRichard BoucherieChristos BourasOnno BoxmaChris BlondiaAlexandre BrandwajnGeorge BravosOliver BrunHerwig BruneelAlberto Cabellos-AparicioPatrik CarlssonFernando CasadevallVicente Casares-GinerHind CastelLlorenc CerdaEduardo CerqueiraMohamad ChaitouRam Chakka

Meng ChenStefan ChevulTom CoenenDoru ConstantinescuMarco ContiLaurie CuthbertTadeusz CzachorskiKoen De TurckDanny De VleeschauwerStijn De VuystAlexandre Delye MazieuxLuc DeneireFelicita Di GiandomenicoManuel DinisTien DoJose Domenech-BenllochRudra DuttaJoerg EberspaecherAntonio ElizondoKhaled ElsayedPeder EmstadDavid ErmanMelike ErolJose Oscar Fajardo PortilloFatima FerreiraMarkus FiedlerJean-Michel FourneauRod FretwellWilfried GangstererPeixia GaoAna Garcia ArmadaDavid Garcia-RogerGeorgios GardikisVincent GauthierAlfonso GazoXavier Gelabert DoranLeonidas GeorgiadisBart GijsenJose Gil

XII External Reviewers

Cajigas GillermoStefano GiordanoJose GonzalesRuben Gonzalez BenitezAnnie GraveyKlaus HackbarthSlawomir HanczewskiGuenter HaringPeter HarrisonHassan HassanDan HeGerard HebuterneBjarne HelvikRobert HinesEnrique HernandezHelmut HlavacsAmine HouyouHanen IdoudiIlias IliadisDragos IliePaola IovannaAndrzej JajszczykLorand JakabSztrik JanosRobert JanowskiTerje JensenLaszlo JerebMikael JohanssonHector Julian-BertomeuAthanassios KanatasTamas KaraszJohan KarlssonStefan KoehlerDaniel KofmanVangellis KolliasHuifang KongKimon KontovasilisRob KooijGoerge KormentzasIvan KotuliakHarilaos KoumarasDemetres KouvatsosTasos KourtisUdo KriegerKoenraad Laevens

Samer LahoudJaakko LahteenmakiJuha LeppanenAmaia LestaHanoch LevyWei LiYue LiFotis LiotopoulosRenato Lo CignoMichael LogothetisCarlos LopesJohann LopezAndreas MaederTom MaertensThomas MagedanzSireen MalikLefteris MamatasJose Manuel Gimenez-GuzmanMichel MarotAlberto MartinJim MartinSimon MartinIgnacio Martinez ArrueJose Martinez-BausetMartinecz MatyasLewis McKenzieMadjid MerabtiBernard MetzlerGeyong MinIsi MitraniNicholas MitrouIs-Haka MkwawaHala MokhtarMiklos BodaSandor MolnarEdmundo MonteiroIoannis MoscholiosHarry MouchosLuis MunozMaurizio NaldiVictor NetesPal NilssonSimon OechsnerSema OktugMohamed Ould-Khaoua

External Reviewers XIII

Antonio PachecoMichele PaganoZsolt PandiPanagiotis PapadimitriouStylianos PapanastasiouNihal PekerginIzaskun PellejeroRoger PeplowPaulo PereiraGonzalo PereraJordi Perez-RomeroRubem PerreiraGuido PetitMaciej PiechowiakMichal PioroJonathan PittsVicent PlaNineta PolemiDaniel PopaAdrian PopescuDimitris PrimpasDavid Remondo-BuenoDavid RinconRoberto SabellaFrancisco SalgueroSebastia SallentWerner SandmannAna SanjuanLambros SarakisWolfgang SchottRaffaello SecchiMaria SimonSwati Sinha DebCharalabos SkianisAmaro SousaDirk StaehleMaciej StasiakPanagiotis StathopoulosBart SteyaertZhili Sun

Kannan SundaramoorthyRiikka SusitaivalJanos SztrikYutaka TakahashiSotiris TantosLeandros TassiulasLuca TavantiSilvia TerrasaGeraldine TexierDavid ThornleyFlorence TouvetPhuoc Tran-GiaChia-Sheng TsaiThanasis TsokanosKrzysztof TworusRui ValadasRob Van der MeiVassilios VassilakisVasos VassiliouSandrine VatonTereza VazaoSperos VelentzasDominique VercherePablo VidalesNguyen Viet HungManolo Villen-AltamiranoBart VinckJorma VirtamoKostas VlahodimitropoulosJoris WalraevensXin Gang WangWemke WeijSabine WittevrongelMehti WitwitMichael WoodwardGeorge XilourisMohammad YaghmaeeBo ZhouStefan ZoelsPiotr Zwierzykowski

Table of Contents

Measurement Techniques

On Kleinrock’s Independence Assumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Adrian Popescu and Doru Constantinescu

Application Level Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Patrik Arlos

Measurements and Analysis of Application-Perceived Throughput viaMobile Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Markus Fiedler, Lennart Isaksson, and Peter Lindberg

Traffic Modelling and Engineering

Statistical Analysis and Modeling of Peer-to-Peer Multimedia Traffic . . . 70Natalia M. Markovich and Udo R. Krieger

Markovian Modelling of Internet Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Antonio Nogueira, Paulo Salvador, Rui Valadas, andAntonio Pacheco

Multi-timescale Economics-Driven Traffic Management in MPLSNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Paola Iovanna, Maurizio Naldi, Roberto Sabella, and Cristiano Zema

Modelling LRD and SRD Traffic with the Batch Renewal Process:Review of Results and Open Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Rod J. Fretwell and Demetres D. Kouvatsos

Local Area Networks and Self-similar Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174Hadi Larijani

Characterisation of Internet Traffic in Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Lei Liang, Yang Chen, and Zhili Sun

Queueing Systems and Networks

Performance Analysis of Priority Queueing Systems in Discrete Time . . . 203Joris Walraevens, Dieter Fiems, and Herwig Bruneel

Queueing Networks with Blocking: Analysis, Solution Algorithms andProperties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Simonetta Balsamo

XVI Table of Contents

Switching Queueing Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Vladimir V. Anisimov

Principles of Fairness Quantification in Queueing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Hanoch Levy, Benjamin Avi-Itzhak, and David Raz

Analytic Methodologies

Large Deviations Theory: Basic Principles and Applications toCommunication Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Michele Pagano

Analysis of Non-product Form Parallel Queues Using MarkovianProcess Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Nigel Thomas and Jeremy Bradley

Product-Form Solution in PEPA via the Reversed Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 343Peter G. Harrison and Nigel Thomas

Generalised Entropy Maximisation and Queues with Bursty and/orHeavy Tails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

Demetres D. Kouvatsos and Salam A. Assi

Stochastic Ordering of Semi-Markov Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393Fatima Ferreira and Antonio Pacheco

Spectral Expansion Solutions for Markov-Modulated Queues . . . . . . . . . . 423Isi Mitrani

Diffusion Approximation as a Modelling Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447Tadeusz Czachorski and Ferhan Pekergin

Simulation Techniques

Cross Layer Simulation: Application to Performance Modelling ofNetworks Composed of MANETs and Satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477

Riadh Dhaou, Vincent Gauthier, M. Issoufou Tiado,Monique Becker, and Andre-Luc Beylot

The Rare Event Simulation Method RESTART: Efficiency Analysisand Guidelines for Its Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

Manuel Villen-Altamirano and Jose Villen-Altamirano

Performance Evaluation Studies

An Algebraic Multigrid Solution of Large Hierarchical MarkovianModels Arising in Web Information Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548

Udo R. Krieger

Table of Contents XVII

An Introduction to Modelling and Performance Evaluation for TCPNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Michele Pagano and Raffaello Secchi

Performance Modelling and Evaluation of a Mobility ManagementMechanism in IMS-Based Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594

Is-Haka M. Mkwawa, Demetres D. Kouvatsos,Wolfgang Brandstatter, Gerhard Horak, Alfons Geier, andChristoforos Kavadias

Generalized QBD Processes, Spectral Expansion and PerformanceModeling Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Tien Van Do and Ram Chakka

Some New Markovian Models for Traffic and Performance Evaluationof Telecommunication Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642

Ram Chakka and Tien Van Do

Modelling and Analysis of a Dynamic Guard Channel Handover Schemewith Heterogeneous Call Arrival Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665

Lan Wang, Geyong Min, Demetres D. Kouvatsos, andXiangxiang Zuo

On the Performance Modelling and Optimisation of DOCSIS HFCNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682

Neelkamal P. Shah, Demetres D. Kouvatsos, Jim Martin, andScott Moser

Mobile, Wireless and Ad Hoc Networks

Mobility Models for Mobility Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716Vicente Casares-Giner, Vicent Pla, and Pablo Escalle-Garcıa

Wireless Ad Hoc Networks: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746David Remondo

Broadcasting Methods in MANETS: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767Is-Haka M. Mkwawa and Demetres D. Kouvatsos

ROMA: A Middleware Framework for Seamless Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784Adrian Popescu, David Erman, Karel de Vogeleer,Alexandru Popescu, and Markus Fiedler

Seamless Roaming: Developments and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795Adrian Popescu, David Erman, Dragos Ilie, Markus Fiedler,Alexandru Popescu, and Karel de Vogeleer

XVIII Table of Contents

Optical Networks

Optical Metropolitan Networks: Packet Format, MAC Protocols andQuality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808

Tulin Atmaca and Viet-Hung Nguyen

Performance of Multicast Packet Aggregation in All Optical SlottedNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835

Hind Castel-Taleb, Mohamed Chaitou, and Gerard Hebuterne

Performance Modelling and Traffic Characterisation of OpticalNetworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859

Harry Mouchos, Athanasios Tsokanos, and Demetres D. Kouvatsos

QoS Metrics and Algorithms

The Search for QoS in Data Networks: A Statistical Approach . . . . . . . . . 891Pablo Belzarena and Marıa Simon

Transform-Domain Analysis of Packet Delay in Network Nodes withQoS-Aware Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

Stijn De Vuyst, Sabine Wittevrongel, and Herwig Bruneel

All IP Convergence and Networking

IP Networking and Future Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951Zhili Sun

Content Distribution over IP: Developments and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . 979Adrian Popescu, Demetres D. Kouvatsos, David Remondo, andStefano Giordano

Network Management and Services

Implementation and Evaluation of Network Intrusion DetectionSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 988

Monis Akhlaq, Faeiz Alserhani, Irfan Awan, John Mellor,Andrea J. Cullen, and Abdullah Al-Dhelaan

Overlay Networks

Unicast QoS Routing in Overlay Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1017Dragos Ilie and Adrian Popescu

Overlay Networks and Graph Theoretic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039Is-Haka M. Mkwawa, Demetres D. Kouvatsos, and Adrian Popescu

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055