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Lecture Notes in Mathematics A collection of informal reports and seminars Edited by A. Dold, Heidelberg and B. Eckmann, Z(Jrich 2 4 0 Adalbert Kerber Mathematisches Institut der Justus Liebig-Universit~it Giessen/Deutschland Representations of Permutation Groups ! $ Springer-Verlag Berlin-Heidelberg- N ew York 19 71

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8/3/2019 (Lecture Notes in Math, No 240)Adalbert Kerber-Representations of Permutation Groups Representations of Wreath Products and Applications to the Repres…

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L e c t u r e N o t e s i n

M a t h e m a t i c sA col lect ion of informal reports and seminars

Edited b y A. Dold, Heidelberg and B. Eckm ann, Z(Jrich

240

Adalbert KerberMathematisches Inst i tut der Justus Liebig-Universi t~i t

Giessen/Deutschland

Representat ions of

Permutat ion Groups !

$Springer-Verlag

B e r l i n - He ide lbe r g - N ew York 19 71

8/3/2019 (Lecture Notes in Math, No 240)Adalbert Kerber-Representations of Permutation Groups Representations of Wreath Products and Applications to the Repres…

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AM S Subjec t Class if ica t ions (1970 ) : 20C 30

ISBN 3-540-05693-9 Springer-Vedag Ber l in . H eide lberg - N ew Yo rk

ISB N 0-387-05693-9 Springer-Verlag N ew Yo rk • H eid elb erg . Berl in

Th is work is subject to copyright. All r ights are reserved, wheth er the w hole or par t of the ma terial is concerned,

specifical ly those of t ran slat ion, reprint ing, re-use of i l lus trat ions , broadcast ing, reprod uct ion by pho tocop ying mac hineor s im ilar means , and s torage in data banks .

Un der § 54 of the G erm an Copyright Law where c0 pi ~ ace made for othe r than private use, a fee is payable to the publ isher,the am ount of the fee to b e de te rmined by agreement wi th the publ i sher .

@ by Sptinser-Verlag Berl in : Heidelb erg 1971. Librm of Congress Catalog Card Nu m be r 72-1839~ Printe d in Germany.

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P r e f a c e

A s a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f p e r m u t a t i o n

g r o u p s t h e t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f f i n i t e

g r o u p s i s d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s f i r s t p a r t w i t h s u b s e q u en t a p p l i c a t i o n s

t o t h e t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s .

T h e i n t e n t i o n i s to g i v e a n e w d e s c r i p t i o n a n d a f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t

o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f s y m m e tr i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a n d

t h i s w i l l b e c a r r i e d o n i n t h e f o l l o w i n g pa r t s . T h i s s e e m s d e s i r a b l e

s i n c e f o l l o w i n g t h e a p p e a r a n c e o f t h e o n l y c o m p r e h e n s i v e t r e a t m e n t o f

t h i s t h eo r y , n a m e l y G . d e B . R o b i n s o n ' s b o o k " R e p r e s e n t a t i o n T h e o r y o f

t h e S y m m e t r i c G r o u p " ( T o r o n t o 1 9 61 ) a n u m b e r o f p a p e r s h a v e b e e n

p u b l i s h e d w h i c h c o n t i n u e d t h i s w o r k . M o r e o v e r s o m e of t h e s e p a p e r s

c o n t a i n r e s u l t s w h i c h a l l o w g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s w h i c h c o n n e c t t h i s t h e o r y

m o r e c l o s e l y w i t h t h e g e n e r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f f i n i t e g ro u p s .

T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y of s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s i s

s11mmarized as far as is need ed here, while a kno wle dge of the mai n

r e s u l t s o f t h e g e n e r a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f f i n i t e g r o u p s o v e r

f i e l d s i s a s su m e d .

T h e r e s u l t s o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p w h o s e

p r o o f s a r e o m i t t e d h e r e w i l l b e t r e a t e d i n d e t a i l i n t he f o l l o w i n g

parts.

I w o u l d e x p r e s s m y s i n c e r e s t t h ~ n k s t o P r o f . H . B o e r n e r , P r o f . H . K .

F a r a h a t , D r . M .H . P e e l a n d P ro f . G . d e B . R o b i n s o n t o w h o m I a m

g r e a t l y i n d e b t e d f o r v e r y h e l p f u l d i s c u s s i o n s a n d s t i m u l a t i n g

e n c o u r a g e m e n t .

A d a l b e r t K e r b e r

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Con t en t s

I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

C H A P T E R I: W r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @

I. P e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2 . W r e a t h p r o d u c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

3, W r e a t h s w i t h s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 9

C H A P T E R I I: R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s . . . . . . . . . . 5 9

@ . T h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e s y m m e tr i c

g r o u p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0

5. R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9

C H A P T E R I I I: A p p l i c a t i o n t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f

s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 @

6 . S y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s o f i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6

7. B l o c k - s t r u c t u r e a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f s y mm e t r i c a n d

a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 0

8 . G e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f s y m m e tr i c a n d a l t e r n a -

t i n g g r o u p s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 8

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8ubJect-Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . 82

. . . . . . . . 191

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I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s

p r o v i d e s a n i c e e x a m p l e o f t h e u t i l i t y o f C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y o f

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f g r o u ps w i t h n o r m a l d i v i s o r s.

A p p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s t h e o r y to t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f s y m -

m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a r i s e f r o m t h e fa c t, t h a t c e n t r a -

l i z e r s o 3 el e m e n t s , n o r m a l i z e r s o f c e r t a i n s u b g r o u p s , S y l o w - s u b -

g r o u p s a s w e l l a s d e f e c t g r o u p s a r e a l l d i r e c t p r o d u c t s o f w r e a t h

p r o d u c t s . T h u s f o r e x a m p l e t h e t h e o r y o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o -

s i t i o n n u m b e r s a s w e l l a s t h e t h e o r y o f s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o -

d m o t s o f i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s

c a n b e d e s c r i b e d w i t h t h e a id o f t h i s t h e o r y .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d, r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s w i t h s y m -

m e t r i c g r o u p s c a n b e d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l b y u s i n g t h e t h e o r y o f

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o up . B u t n e v e r t h e l e s s t h i s i s

n o v i c i o u s c i r c l e, s i n c e t h e d e g r e e s m o f t h e s y m m e t r i c f a c t o r s

S of the applie d wre ath products G~S satis fy m<n, if n is the

d e g r e e o f t h e c o n s i d e r e d s y m m e t r i c g r o u p S . T h u s o n t h e c o n t r a r y

t h e s e a p p l i c a t i o n s p r o v i d e i n t e r e s t i m g r e c u r s i o n p r o c e s s e s .

B e s i d e s t h i s d e s c r i p t i o n o f r e p r e s e n t a t i on s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s

a n d s o m e o f t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n s s o m e n e w r e s u l t s o n th e m o d u l a r

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a r e

c i t e d o r p r o v e d e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e t h e o r y o f d e c o m -

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p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s .

I t s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d t h a t w r e a t h p r o d u c t s a r e i n v o l v e d i n s o m e

c o m b i n a t o r i a l a n d g r a p h - t h e o r e t i c a l d e v i c e s a n d t h e n e w i n t e r e s t

o f p hy s i c i s t s s h o u l d n ' t b e f o r g o t t e n ( s ee t h e r e f e r e n c e s ) .

T h e f i r s t e x a m p l e s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s c a n b e f o u n d i n A . C a u c h y ' s

I . H 9" E x e r c i s e s d ' a n a l y s e e t d e p h y s i q u e m a t h e m a t l q u e ( v o l I II , 18 4 4 )

i n E . N e t t o ' s " S u b s t i t u t i o n e n t h e o r i e u n d i h r e A n w e n d u n g e n a u f d i e

A l g e b r a " a n d in A . R a d z i g ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n e n t i t l e d " D i e A n w e n d u n g

d e s S y l o w ' s c h e n S a t z e s a u f d i e s y m m e t r i s c h e u n d d i e a l t e r n i r e n d e

G r u p p e " ( 1 8 95 ) . W r e a t h p r o d u c t s a r i s e i n t h e s e c a s e s i n c o n n e c t i o n

w i t h t he c o n s t r u c t i o n o f S y l c w - s u b g r o u p s o f t h e c o n s i d e r e d s y m m e -

t r i c g r o u p .

T h e f i r s t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n - t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f w r e a t h p r o -

d u c t s w a s g i v e n b y A . Y o u n g , w h o a p p l i e d h i s m e t h o d o f d e r i v i n g

t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p t o t h e s o - c a l l e d

h y p e r o c t a h e d r a l g r o u p i n 1 9 3 0 ( Y o u n g C I~ ). I n m o d e r n n o t a t i o n t h e

h y p e r o c t a h e d r a l g r o u p i s a w r e a t h p r o d u c t $ 2 ~ S n . W . S p e c h t c o n -

s i d e r e d w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f t h e m o r e g e n e r a l f o r m G ~ S n ( G a f i n i t e

g r o u p ) i n h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n ( S p e c h t C I ~, 1 9 3 2) a n d d e s c r i b e d t h e i r

o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y w h i c h h e g e n e r a l i z e d t o p r o d u c t s

o f t h e f o r m G ~ H ( G c o m p l e t e l y r e d u c i b l e , H a s u b g r o u p o f S ) i n

1 9 3 3 ( S p e o h t E 2 ~ ) .

S u c h g r o u p s h a d a l r e a d y a p p e a r e d i n p a p e r s o f A . L o e w y ( L o e w y E I~ ,

1 9 2 7 ) , A. S c h o l z ( S c h o l z ~ I~ , 1 9 3 0) a n d B . N e u m a n n ( N e u m a n n ~ I ~ ,

1 9 32 ) . I n h i s p a p e r " K o m b i n a t o r i s c h e A n z a h l b e s t i m m u n g e n f G r G r u p -

p e n , G r a p h e n u n d c h e m i s c h e V e r b i n d u n g e n " G . P o l y a s u g g e s t e d f o r

G ~ H t h e n a m e " G - K r a n z u m H" , o f w h i c h " G - w r e a t h a r o u n d H " i s a

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3

t r a n s l a t i o n . W r e a t h p r o d u c t s G ~ S w e r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d b y O . O r e

(Ore [1 ] ) and by R. Pz~oh t (~zmch t [1 ] ) i n 1942.

S i n c e t h e n n u m e r o u s p a p e r s o n t h e s e g r o u p s a s w e l l a s o n t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f s p e c i a l c a s e s h a v e b e e n p u b l i s h e d ( s ee

t h e p a p e r s o f O e i m a, P u t t a s w a m a i a h , K e r b e r ) $ r e f e r e n c e s t o s o me

a p p l i c a t i o n s t o c o mb i n a t o r i c s , g r a p h t h e o r y a n d p h y s ic s m a y be

f o u ~ a t t h e en d o f t h e s e n o t e s.

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C h a p t e r I

W r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f gr o u p s

I n t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n , b y w a y o f f i x i n g t h e n o t a t i o n , w e g i v e

r e s u l t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p S ( ~ C l } ~ S ~ S n ~ C l ] )

a n d t he a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p A ( ~ [ I ] ~ n ~ A n ~ [ 1 ] ) . I n t h e s e c o nd

s e c t i o n g e n e r a l w r e a t h p r o d u c t s G ~ H a r e i n t r o d u c e d a n d i n th e

t h i r d s e c t i o n a t t e n t i o n i s r e s t r i c t e d t o w r e a t h p r o d u c t s G ~ H w i t h

H = S n a n d G a f i n i t e g r o u p .

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I. P e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s

A b i j e c t i v e m a p p i n g o f a s e t 6 o n t o i t s e l f i s c a l l e d a p e r m u t a t i o n

o_~f 6 . I f a s e t o f p e r m u t a t i o n s o f a s e t 6 t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o m -

p o s i t i o n m u l t i p l i c a t i o n i s a g r o u p, w e c a l l t h i s g r o u p a p e r m u -

t a t i o n g r o u p o n G . T he g r o u p S G o f a l l t h e p e r m u t a t i o n s o f 6 i s

c a l l e d t h e s , y mm e tr i c g r o u p o n 6 .

T h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s o n t w o f i n i t e s e t s 6 ' a n d 6 " o f t h e s a m e

o r d e r n = 1 6' I = I G " I a r e o b v i o u s l y i s o m o r p h i c . H e n c e w e m a y d e -

n o t e t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s o f f i n i t e s e t s 6 o f o r d e r I~I = n b y

S a n d a s s u m e t h a t 6 = ~ 1 , . . . , n ~ . T h e e l e m e n t s o f 6 a r e c a l l e d

s y m b o l s .

T h e o r d e r o f S

1.1

is

I S n l = n !

a s i s w e l l k n o w n . S u b g r o u p s o f S a r e c a l l e d p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s

o f d e ~ r e e n; t h e i r e l e m e n t s a r e c a l l e d p e r m u t a t i o n s o f d e g r e e n .

A p e r m u t a t i o n ~ E S ( o n 6 = ~ 1 , . . . , n ~ ) i s w r i t t e n d o w n i n f u l l

b y p u t t i n g t h e i m a g e s ~ ( i ) i n a r o w u n d e r t h e s y m b o l s i E G , f o r

e x a m p l e

f o r s h o r t :

1 n

( i l=

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I n a c c o r d w i t h t h e n o t a t i o n ~ ( i) f o r t h e i m a g e o f t h e s y m b o l i

u n d e r t h e p e r m u t a t i o n ~ , p r o d u c t s o f p e r m u t a t i o n s h a v e t o b e re a d

f r o m t h e r i g h t t o t h e l e f t :

: = .

F o r s u b s e t s ~ ' E Q l e t

: = I

A p e r m u t a t i o n o f t h e f o r m

( ix i2 "'" ir-X i r ir+1 "ii in )

i i ..- i i Jr + I - i

i s c a l l e d c y c l i c o r a c y c le . T o e m p h a s i z e t h e n u m b e r o f s y m b o l s

w h i c h a r e m o v e d b y t h i s c y c l e , w e c a l l i t a n r - c y c l e . M o r e b r i e f l y

w e w r i t e

( i l . . - i ) ,

w h e r e t h e l - c y c l e s ( J r + l ), . . . , ( in ) o n t h e s y m b o l s w h i c h r e m a i n

f i x e d h a v e b e e n o m i t t e d .

T h e i d e n t i t y e l e m e n t o f S n, t h e p e r m u t a t i o n w h i c h c o n s i s t s o n l y

o f l - c y c l e s w i l l b e d e n o t e d b y I o r b y I Sn .

T h e f o l l o w i n g i s o b v i o u s l y v a l i d :

1 . 2 ( i l . . . i r ) = ( i 2 . . . i r i I ) . . . . . ( i r i l . . . i r _ I ) •

T h i s m e a n s t h a t a c y c l e w h i c h a r i s e s f r o m a g i v e n o n e b y c y l i c a l -

l y p e r m u t i n g t h e s y m b o l s d e s c r i b e s t h e s a m e p e r m u t a t i o n .

2 - c y c l e s , i .e . p e r m u t a t i o n s w h i c h m o v e e x a c t l y t w o s y m b o l s o f ~,

a r e c a l l e d t r a n s p o s i t i o n s .

T h e o r d e r o f a c yc l e , i . e. t h e o r d e r o f t h e g e n e r a t e d c y c l i c

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s u b g r o u p < ( i l . . . i r ) > ~ S n, i S e q u a l t o i t s l e n g t h :

1 . 3 l < ( i l . . . i r ) > I = r .

T h e i n v e r s e o f t h i s c y c l e i s

1 . 4 ( i l . . . i r ) - I = ( i r i r _ 1 . . . i I ) •

D i s j o i n t c y c l e s ( i .e . t h e s e t s o f r e a l l y m o v e d s y m b o l s a r e d i s -

j o in t ) d e s c r i b e c o ~ u t i n g p e r m u t a t i o n s . E a c h p e r m u t a t i o n c a n b e

w r i t t e n i n c y c l e - n o t a t i o n , i . e . a s a p r o d u c t o f p a i r w i s e d i s j o i n t

c y c l e s , w h i c h a r e u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e a - a s p e r m u t a t i o n s ( cf . 1 . 2)

- u p t o t h e i r e r d e r o f o c c u r e n c e .

B e c a u s e o f

1 . 5 ( i l . . . i r ) = ( i l i r ) ( i l i r _ 1 ) . . . ( i l i 2 )

e a c h c y c le , a n d t h e r e f o r e e v e r y p e r m u t a t i o n , t o o , c a n b e w r i t t e n

a s a p r o d u c t o f t r a n s p o s i t i o n s . H e n c e S i s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e

t r a n s p o s i t i o n s .

S i n c e

1 . 6 ( l j , i k + 1 ) = ( i k , i k + 1 ) ( i j i k ) ( i ~ , i ~ + ~ )

S i s g e n e r a t e d e v e n b y t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n s o f s u c c e s s i v e s y m b o l s .

A n o t h e r s y s t e m o f g e n e r a t o r s o f S i s ~ ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 . . . n ) S , f o r

1 . 7 ( 1 . . . n ) r ( s 2 ) ( 1 . . . n ) - r = ( r + 1 , r + 2 ) , 0 _( r( n- 2 .

H e n c e

! ~ S = ( ( 1 2 ) , ( 2 3 ) , . . . , ( n - l , n ) ) = ( ( 1 2 ) , ( I . . . n ) ~ .

( F o r f u r t h e r r e s u l t s o n s y s t e m s o f g e ne r a t o r s c o m p a r e O o x e t e r /

M o s e r K I S, P i c c a r d C I S - C 3 S. )

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W e w o u l d l i k e n o w t o d e s c r i b e t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s o f S n .

T h e o r d e r e d l e n g t h s a l, . .. , a ( ~ j ~ j + 1 ) o f t h e c y c l i c f a c t o r s o f

E S ( w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c y c l e - n o t a t i o n o f ~ a n d i n c l u d i n g th e

l e n g t h s o f l- c y c l e s ) f o r m a p a r t i t i o n

1 . 9 P ~ : = ( a l , . . . , e h ) =

o f n , i . e. t h e y s a t i s f y

1 . 1 0 ~ ~ i = n , ~ i E ~ , a j A a j + I ( 1 ~ j < n - S ) .

IP ~ i s c a l l e d t h e p a r t i t i o n o f ~ .

I f ~ i s t h e p a r t i t i o n o f ~, t h e n w e o b t a i n f r o m 1 . 3 t h a t t h e o r -

d e r of t h e g e n e r a t e d s u b g r o u p < ~ > ~ S i s e q u a l t o t h e l e a s t c o m -

m o n m u l t i p l e o f t h e e l e m e n t s a o f ~:

1 . ! 1 P ~ = ( ~ l , . . . , a h ) ~ I <~ >I = I c m ~ i "

T h u s w e h a v e a c r i t e r i o n w h e t h e r ~ i s p - r e g u l a r , p r s i n g u l a r o r a

p - e l e m e n t w i t h r e s p e c t t o a p r i m e n u m b e r p ( i . e. w h e t h e r p t I < ~> I,

P I I<~>l or I<~>I is a po we r of p):

I f P ~ = ( ~ 1 , . . . , ~ n ) :

( i) ~ i s p - r e g u l a r o

( i i) ~ i s p - s i n g u l a r

( i i i ) ~ i s a p - e l e m e n t o

Vi: p t ~i '

~i: p I a ,

V i : ~ i s a p o w e r o f p .

N o w w e w i s h t o s h o w t h a t e a c h s u b s e t o f S c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e p e r -

m u t a t i o n s w i t h a c e r t a i n p a r t i t i o n ~ f o r m s a c o n j u g a c y c l a s s o f

S n . T o p r o v e t h i s w e n o t i c e f i r s t t h a t

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i ) (

1 .1 3 ~ , ~ - 1 = ( ~( ~) ) ( ~ ' ( i ) ) ( ~ ) = ' ~ ' ( i ) ) •

T h i s m e a n s, t h a t w e o b t a i n ~ , ~ - 1 f r o m ~' b y a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f

to the symbol s in the cycl e-no tati on of ~', e.g.

(12 3)(3 5)( 123 ) -1 = (15) •

T h i s a p p l i c a t i o n o f ~ o b v i o u s l y d o e s n ' t d i s t u r b t h e l e n g t h s o f t h e

cycli c factors of ~' so that we have

p ~ , ~ - 1 = p ~, .

H e n c e a c o n j u g a c y c l a s s c o n s i s t s o f p e r m u t a t i o n s o f e q u a l p a r t i -

tions.

On the other hand, if we are given ~" E S wit h P~" = P~', there

o b v i o u s l y ex i s t p e r m u t a t i o n s ~ w h i c h f u l f i l ~ , - I = ~ ., n a m e l y

a l l t h e p e r m u t a t i o n s ~ w h i c h m a p t h e s y m b o l s o f ~ ' o n t o t h e s y m -

b o l s o f ~ " a s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e . T h e r e f o r e d e n o t i n g b y ,N, ' t h a t t h e

t w o p e r m u t a t i o n s a r e c o n j u g a t e s w e h a v e

~i N ~" o P~' = P~" .

B e c a u s e o f 1 . 4 w e h a v e P ~ = p ~ - 1 s o t h at e v e r y p e r m u t a t i o n i n

S i s a c o n j u g a t e of i ts i nv e r s e . G r o u p s i n w h i c h e v e r y e l e m e n t

i s a c o n j u g a t e o f i t s i n v e r s e a r e c a l l e d a m b i v a l e n t . H e n c e :

I _ ~ S i s a m b i v a le n t .

T h e u s e o f a s e c o n d n o t a t i o n f a c i l i t a t e s t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f th e

o r d e r o f a c o n j u g a c y c l a s s. ~ o r i = 1 , . . . , n l e t a i b e t h e n u m b e r

of elem ents ~j of ~ = P~ wit h ~j = i, i.e. the num ber of i-cycle s

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1 0

a m o n g t h e c y c l i c f a c t o r s o f ~. T h i s e s t a b l i s h e s a o n e - t o - o n e c o r -

r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i t i o n s P ~ = • a n d t h e ( 1 × n ) - m a t r i c e s

1 . 1 6 T ~ : = ( a l , . . . , a n ) = a , O < a i E Z , E i a i = n .-- i

T ~ i s c a l l e d t h e t y p e o f ~ .

H e n c e w e m a y d e s c r i b e t h e c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s o f S w i t h t h e a i d

o f s u c h n - t u p e l s , t o o : L e t C a = C a d e n o t e t h e c l a s s o f t h e p e r m u -

t a t i o n s o f S c o n s i s t i n g o f h c y c l e s o f t h e l e n g t h s ~ 1 ' " ' '' m h

r e s p e c t i v e l y c o n s i s t i n g o f a i i - c y c l e s f o r i = 1 , . . . , n .

B e c a u s e o f 1 .1 3 a n d 1 . 2 , f o r ~ ' a n d ~" c u t o f C w e h a v e e x a c t l y

a i1.17 ~ i ai!

p e r m u t a t i o n s ~ w h i c h s a t i s f y ~ , ~ - I = ~,,. H e n c e 1 . 1 7 is t h e o r d e r

o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r C S n ( ~ ' ) o f ~ ' i n S a n d w e h a v e :

a i a iI c = o a l : n , l ( ~ i a l , ) , l % n ( : ' ~ C a ) l : ~ i a , .

A s a n e x a m p l e w e c o n s i d e r S 3 ( f o r n ~ 3 , S i s n o t a b e l i a n ) :

S 3 = { I , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , ( 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 ) 3 .

T h i s g r o u p c o n s i s t s o f 3 c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e

p a r t i t i o n s ( 3 ), ( 2 , 1 ) a n d ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) = : (I 3 ) r e s p e c t i v e l y t o t h e

t y p e s ( O , O , 1 ) , ( 1 , 1 , 0) a n d ( 3 , 0 , 0 ) . T h e s e c l a s s e s a r e

c ( 1 3 ) = c ( 3 , o , o ) = { i ] ,

0 ( 2 ' 1 ) = 0 ( 1 ' 1 ' 0 ) = { ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , ( 2 3 ) 3 ,

c (3) = o (°,°,1) = { (1 23) , (1 32) ] .

W e s h a l l c o n s i d e r t h e g r o u p - t h e o r e t i c a l s t r u c t u r e o f t h e c e n t r a -

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11

l i z e r s l a t e r o n .

O t h e r s u b g r o u p s o f i m p o r t a n c e a r e t h e a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s A n -

A n ~ S c o n s i s t s o f t h 8 p e r m u t a t i o n s ~ E S , w h i c h d o n ' t c h a n g e

t h e s i g n o f t he d i f f e r e n c e - p r o d u c t

~ n ' = 1 7 ( J - i ) ,l< i< j <_n

i . e .

1 . 1 9 A n ' = [ = ~ S n I ~ n : = 1 " I ( ~ ( J ) - ~ ( i ) ) = a n ]l ~ i < j < . . n

( I t is e a s y t o s e e t h a t ~ A n = ~ n ) . R e c a l l t h a t t h e e m p t y d i f f e -

r e n c e - p r o d u c t A I is I b y c o n v e n t i o n s o t h at

A I = A 2 = [1] .

P e r m u t a t i o n s ~ E S n \ A n , i . e. p e r m u t a t i o n s s a t i s f y i n g ~ A n = - A n ,

a r e c a l l e d o d d p e r m u t a t i o n s , t h e e l e m e n t s o f A n a r e c a l l e d e v e n

p e r m u t a t i o n s .

I t i s o b v i o u s , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t o f t w o e v e n p e r m u t a t i o n s i s e v e n,

h e n c e A n i s a s u b g r o u p . T h u s e v e r y p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p P ~ S c o n -

t a i n s a s u b g r o u p P + c o n s i s t i n g o f i t s e v e n e l e m e n t s :

1 .20 P + == P Q A •

D e p e n d i n g o n ~ , l e f t c o a s t s ~ P + c o n s i s t e i t h e r o f e v e n o r of od d

p e r m u t a t i o n s . S i n c e t h e l e f t c o s e t P + i n c l u d e s a l l t h e e v e n p e r -

m u t a t i o n s w e o b t a i n f o r t h e i n d e x o f P + i n P :

1 ~ I P = P * I ~ 2

H e n c e P + i s a n o r m a l d i v i s o r o f P i n a n y c a s e : P + d P.

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12

P o r m ~ 2 S c o n t a i n s t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n ( 12 ) , w h i c h i s o d d, t h u s w e

o b t a i m a s a s p e c i a l c a s e o f 1 . 2 1:

1 2 2 I A n l = n , / 2 , v

S i n c e 1 . 5 i s v a l i d , a c y c l e i s e v e n i f a n d o n l y i f i t s l e n g t h r

is odd. E. g.

A 3 = [1 ,( 12 3) ,( 13 2) 3 4 S 3 .

H e n c e a n i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p a r t i t i o n o r o f th e t y p e o f ~ a l l o w s

o n e t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r ~ b e l o n g s t o A n o r t o S n \ A . H e n c e t h e

c o n j u g a o y c l as s e s o f S - l e t ' s c a l l t h e m ~ n - c l a s s e s - b e l o n g to

A n o r t o S n \ A i n f u l l . T h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s , w h i c h o f t h e S n - c l a s -

s e s s p l i t i n t o ~ n - c l a s s e s .

T h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a n e v e n p e r m u t a t i o n ~ i n A n i s

(~) = = ( ~ ) G A n •C A n C S n ( ~ ) + O S

H e n c e w e o b t a i n f r o m 1 . 2 1 :

V ~ E A n : e i t h e r C A n ( ~ ) = O S n ( ~ ) o r I C S n ( ~ ) : C A n ( ~ ) I = 2 .

T h u s w e h a v e f o r t h e o r d e r s o f t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s ( w h i c h a r e

e q u a l t o t h e i n d e x o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f e a c h o f t h e i r e l e m e n t s ) :

¥ ~ E A n : e i t h e r I O S (~ ) I = 2 1 c A ( ~ ) I o r C S ( ~ ) = c A ( ~ ) .

H e n c e t h e S n - c l a s s o f ~ E A s p l i t s - a n d t h e n i n t o t w o A n - c l a s s e s

o f t h e s a m e o r d e r - i f a n d o n l y i f

C A ( ) = C a n •

W e p r o v e a l i t t l e b i t m o r e :

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13

F o r n ~l e x a c t l y t h o s e S n - c l a s s e s s p l i t ( a nd t h e n i n t o t w o

c l a s s e s o f e q u a l o r d e r ) , t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f w h o s e e l e m e n t s

f u l f i l

C S n ( ) = c A n ( ) •

T h e s e a r e e x a c t l y t h e c l a s s e s t h e p a r t i t i o n s o f w h o s e e l e -

m er it s a r e o f t h e f o r m m = ( ~ 1 , . . . , ~ h ) w i t h p a i r w i s e d i f f e -

r e n t a n d o d d e l e m e n t s m i "

P r o o f : I t r e m a i n s t o p r o v e t h e s e c o n d p a r t o f t he s t a t e m e n t .

a ) A p e r m u t a t i o n ~ c o m m u t e s w i t h e a c h o f i t s c y c l i c f a c t o r s .

H e n c e i f t h e c l a s s o f ~ s p l i t s , ~ c a n n o t h a v e a n o d d c y c l i c

f a c t o r ( of e v e n l e n g t h ) .

A n a l o g o u s l y w e s e e t h a t ~ c a n n o t h av e t w o c y cl i c f a c t o r s

(il...ir) and (i~...i~) of the same odd len gth r, for this

w o u l d i m p l y t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a n o dd p e r m u t a t i o n i n t h e c e n -

t r a l i z e r :

S n \ A n 9 ( i l l ~ ) . . . ( i r i ~ ) E C S n (~ ) •

I t f o l l o w s t h a t a t m o s t t h o s e c l a s s e s s p l i t w h o s e p e r m u t a t i o n

h a s p a i r w i s e d i f f e r e n t a n d o d d e l e m e n t s a i .

b ) T h a t t h e s e c l a s s e s r e a l l y s p l i t w e d e r i v e f r o m t h e o dd o r d e r

~ i o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f t h e i r e l e m e n t s w h i c h i m p l i e s

+ •

C g n = C S n

q . e . d .

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1 4

I f t h e S n - c l a s s C = 0 s p l i t s w e s h a l l deno t e b y C = G ~ t h e

t w o A n - c l a s s e s a n d f i x C a + = C a + b y

( 1 . . . a l ) ( a l + l . . . a l + a 2 ) . . . ( . . . n ) E C a + = C a + ..24

T h o u g h

0 ( 3 ) + = [ ( 1 2 3 ) } , 0 ( 3 ) - = { ( 1 3 2 ) ] ,

i t i s n o t t r u e i n g e n e r a l t h a t O a - c o n s i s t s o f t h e i n v e r s e s o f

t h e e l e m e n t s o f C a + . E . g .

( 2 5 ) ( 3 4 ) ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 3 4 ) = ( 1 5 4 3 2 ) = ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) - 1 ,

s o t h a t ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) a s w e l l a s ( 1 2 3 4 5 ) - 1 b e l o n g t o C ( 5 ) + c A 5 .

W e p r o v e t h a t ( B e r g g r e n [ 1 ] ) :

I ~ A 1 = _ A 2 = [ 1 ] , A T , A 6 , A I O a n d A 1 4 a r e t h e o n l y a m b i v a l e n t

a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u ps .

P r o o f : B e c a u s e o f 1 . 1 5 a n d 1 . 2 3 w e n e e d o n l y c o n s i d e r A n - C l a s s e s

C a ± o f p a r t i t i o n s ~ = ( a l , . . . , C h ) w i t h p a i r w i s e d i f f e r e n t a n d

odd S1~mmELnds a i. E a c h o f t he o t h e r A n - c l a s s e s c o n t a i n s w i t h a n

e l e m e n t i t s i n v e r s e .

L e t

= ( i l . . . i r ) . . . ( j l . . . J s)

b e a p r o d u c t o f d i s j o i n t c y c l e s o f o d d l e n g t h s . W e c a n f o r m

: = ( i 2 i r ) ( i 3 i r _ S ) . . . ( J 2 J s ) ( J 3 J s _ 1 ) . . . ,

t h e s t a n d a r d - ~ o n j u ~ a t o r o f ~ w h i c h s a t i s f i e s

-1 -1 (p ~ p = ~ •

W e n o t i c e , t h a t p i s a n o dd p e r m u t a t i o n i f a n d o n l y i f t h e h u m -

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15

h e r o f c y c l i c f a c t o r s o f ~ w h o s e l e n g t h i s c o n g r u e n t 3 m o d u l o @

is odd.

a) I f t h e s t a n d a r d - c o n j u g a t o r p f o r s u c h a n e l e m e n t ~ o ut o f a

s p l i t t i n g c l a s s i s o d d, t h e n t he c o n s i d e r e d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p

A c a n n o t b e a m b i v a l e n t . P o r if a E A a n d a ~ - I = - I e q u a t i o n

( I) w o u l d i m p l y ( a - l p ) ~ ( a - l p ) - 1 = ~, w h i c h i s i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n

t o C S n ( ~ ) = C A n ( ~ ) s i n c e a - l p E S n \ A .

b ) I t r e m a i n s t o s h o w t h a t e x a c t l y f o r t h e n a t u r a l n u m b e r s

n ~ [ 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 4 ] t h e r e a re p a r t i t i o n s w i t h p a i r w i s e d i f f e -

r e n t a n d o d d s u m m a n d s u i a n d s o t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f u i s a t i s -

fy in g ui ~ 3 (4) is odd.

( i ) T h e o n l y p a r t i t i o n s u o f t he n E [ 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 4 ] w i t h p a i r w i s e

d i f f e r e n t a n d o d d e l e m e n t s = i a r e a s f o l l o w s :

n = 1 : ( 1 ) ; n = 2 : ~ ; n = ~ ,: ( 5 ) ; n ~ , 6 , : ( 5 , 1 ) ; n = 1 0 : ( 9 , 1 ) ,

(7,3); n = 14: (13,1), (11,3), (9,5),

i n e a c h of w h i c h t h e n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t s c o n g r u e n t 3 m o d u l o 4

i s 0 o r 2 a n d t h e r f o r e e v e n . H e n c e t h e s t a n d a r d - c o n j u g a t o r

i s e v e n i n e v e r y c a s e s u c h t h a t t h e s e a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a r e

a m b i v a l e n t .

( i i ) L e t u s n o w l o o k a t t h e n ~ { 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 4 ] .

W e d i s t i n g u i s h t h e n a t u r a l n u m b e r s n w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r

r e s i d u e c l a s s e s m o d u l o 4.

I . n = 4 k , k E ~ : F o r n = 4 w e h a v e t h e p a r t i t i o n ( 3 , 1 ) a n d

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f o r k >l t h e p a r t i t i o n ( 4 k - 3 , 3) w i t h a n o d d n u m b e r o f e le -

m e n t s c o n g r u e n t 3 m o d u l o 4 .

2 . n = 4 k + I : B e c a u s e o f t h e a m b i v a l e n c y o f A I a n d A 5 w e a s s u m e

k ~ 2 . ( 4 k - 3 , 3 , 1 ) f u l f i l s t h e c o n d i t i o n .

3 . n = 4 k + 2, k A 4 ( A 2 , A 6 , A S O , A 1 4 a r e a m b i v a l e n t ) : ( 4 ( k - I ) - 3,

5 , 3 , 1 ) .

4. n = 4 + 3: (n) = (4k + 3) has o ne ele men t, and th is o ne is

c o n g r u e n t 3 m o d u l o 4.

T h u s e a c h o f t h e a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s A n w i t h n ~ ( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 4 S

p o s s e s s e s a c o n j u g a c y c l a s s w h i c h d o e s n o t c o n t a i n t h e i n v e r s e o f

e a c h o f i t s e l e m e n t s a n d h e n c e t h e s e a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a r e n o t

a m b i v a l e n t .

q . e . d .

~ r o m t h e p r o o f o f 1 . 2 5 w e g e t :

1 . 2 6 T h e t w o A n - c l a s s e s C ~ i n t o w h i c h t h e S n - c l a s s t o t h e p a r t i -

t i o n a = ( ~ l , .. . , ~ h ) w i t h p a i r w i s e d i f f e r e n t a n d o dd e l e m e n t s

~ i s p l i t s ( s u p p o s e n > 1 ) a re a m b i v a l e n t i f a n d o n l y i f t h e

n u m b e r o f e l e m e n t s ~ i o f ~ w i t h ~ i ~ 3 ( 4) i s e v e n .

W e s h a l l c o m e b a c k t o th e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f e l e m e n t s w h e n w e h a v e

s a i d s o m e t h i n g a b o u t w r e a t h p r o d u c t s , s i n c e t h e y a r e d i r e c t p r o -

d u c t s o f c e r t a i n w r e a t h p r o d u c t s .

T o c o n c l u d e t h i s s e c t i o n l e t u s l o o k a t t h e d o u b l e c o s e t s o f d e r

c e r t a i n s u b g r o u p s w h i c h w i l l b e o f u s e l a t e r o n.

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A . J. C o l e m a n h a s p o i n t e d t o t h e s e d o u b l e c o s e t s ( C o l e m a n [ I S ) a s

e l u c i d a t i n g t h e g r o u p - t h e o r e t i c a l b a c k g r o u n d o f t h e a p p a r e n t l y

p u r e l y c o m b i n a t o r i a l i n t r o d u c t i o n t o th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y

of the symmet ric gr oup (cf. secti on 4).

For a par tit ion ~=(~1, ...,~ h) of n, let gV, ..., ~ be pair wise

d i s j o i n t s u b s e t s o f o r d e r s l ~ I = ~ i of t h e s e t ~ = [ 1 , . . . , n } o f

s y m b o l s o n w h i c h S a c t s .

S u b g r o u p s o f t h e f o r m

1.2 7 S~ := S~I × ... × S~ h = ×i S~ i ~ Sn

( S a i th e s u b g r o u p o f t h e a i! p e r m u t a t i o n s f i x i n g t h e s y m b o l s o u t

o f ~ \ G ~ , 1 ~ i~ h ) a r e c a l l e d Y o u n g - s u b g r o u p s i n h o n o u r o f

A . Y o u n g ( 1 8 7 3 - 1 9 4 0 ) t o w h o m w e a r e i n d e b t e d f o r t h e t h e o r y o f

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t he s y m m e t r i c g r o u p i n w h i c h s u c h s u b g r o up s

p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e ( cf . s e c t i o n 4 ) .

I f w e a r e g i v e n t w o p a r t i t i o n s , s a y ~ = ( ~ l , . . . , ~ h ) a n d ~ =

( ~ 1 , . . . , ~ k ) , o f n a nd t w o Y o u n g - s u b g r o u p s S ~ = × S a i a n d S ~ =

× S ~j , ~ a n d ~ * o u t o f S , w e w a n t t o s h o w t h e f o l l o w i n g ( C o l e -

ma n [1 ]) :

P r o o f :

(i) If ~ = ~'~*~'~, ~' E Sa, ~" E S~, we hav e ~ = ~ ' ~ * ~ , Vj.

~ i N ~ Q = ( Q i N ~ * a ), V i , j .

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1 8

(ii) I ~ n ~ 1 = I ~ i n ~ * ~ I , v i , j , implies t h a t t h e s u b s e t s

~ i N ~ Q a s w e l l a s t h e s u b s e t s ~ N ~ * ~ f o r m f o r f i x e d j

t w o c o m pl e t e d i s s e c t i o n s o f g ~ i n t o p a i r w i s e d i s j o i n t s u b s e t s

~ * g ~ ) o fh i c h c a n b e c o l le c t e d i n to p a i r s ( ~ N ~ ' ~ i N

s u b s e t s o f e q u a l o r d e r .

H e n c e f o r e a c h i t h e r e i s a ~ E S a i s a t i s f y i n g

, a ~ g ~ ) = g ~ N ,~ i ( D i G ~ * g ~ V J .

M u l t i p l y i n g t h e s e ~ t o g e t h e r w e h a v e f o r t h e r e s u l t i n g

~' ~ = ~ . . . ~ ~ s ~

T h u s t h e r e i s a ~ " £ S ~ s u c h t h a t ~ = ~ , - I ~ . ~ , , a s s t a t e d .

q . e . d .

H e n c e w e h a v e a l - I - c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e t o f d o u b l e c o -

s e t s S u ~ S ~ o f S ~ a n d S ~ a n d t h e s y s t e m

o f r a t i o n a l i n t e g e r s s a t i s f y i n g

h k

1. 3 0 ~ zi j = -JS~' ~ O<zi~j E Z .i=I j=1 zij = ~i' --

W e n o t i c e t h a t

1 . 31 S ~ N ~ S ~ - I = x S < S ,i,j ij -

i f S z i j i s t h e s u b g r o u p o f t h e zi j! p e r m u t a t i o n s o f S f i x i n g

t h e e l e m e n t s o f G \ ( g ~ G ~ Q ~ ) , S : = { I ] ~ S .

T h e n u m b e r o f s u c h s y s t e m s [ zi j } w h i c h f u l f i l 1 . 3 0 i s o b v i o u s l y

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e q u a l t o t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f

: = X l " ' " ~ t ~ 1

in

h , k

i,~=I (1-xiYj)-1

oo

( x i , Y j i n d e p e n d e n t i n d e t e r m i n a t es ) ; f r o m w h i c h i t f o l l o w s t ha t :

The number of distinct• double c osets.. S~S~ of S and S~ in

S is equal to the coefficien t of x~y ~ in ~ (1-xiY~) -1.L

W e n o t i c e t h a t d u r i n g t h e s e g r o u p - t h e o r e t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s t h e

~ ( 1 - x i Y j ) -I m a k e t h e i r a p p ea r a nc e , w h i c h p l a y ano l y n o m i a l s

i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e c h a r a c t e r t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p

a n d i n t h e t h e o r y o f t h e s o - c a l l e d S - f u n c t i o n s ( c f . L i t t l e w o o d

[2], 5.2, 6.4).

S p e c i a l d o ub l e c o s et s S ~ S ~ a r e t ho s e c o r r e s p o nd i n g to s o l u t io n s

[ zi j o f 1 . 3 0 w h i c h s a t i s f y O ~ z i j~ 1 , i . e . ( c f . 1 .3 1 )

fl ~ S ~ -1 = [1].S

P o r t h e i r n u m b e r w e g e t f r o m 1 . 3 2:

T h e n u m b e r o f d o u b l e c o s e t s S a ~ S ~ w i t h t he p r o p e r t y

S N ~ S ~ -1 = [1} is equal to the coeff icient of xay ~ in

7 T ( 1 + x i y -

O o n c l u d i n g t h i s s e c t i o n w e c o n s i d e r c e r t a i n p a i rs ( u , ~ ) o f p a r -

t i t i o n s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h i s n u m b e r o f c e r t a i n d o u b l e c o s e t s .

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2 0

A p a r t i t i o n 5 = ( 5 1 , . . . , ~ h ) o f n c an b e i l l u s t r a t e d b y a Y o u n g -

d i a g r a m [ 5 ] c o n s i s t i n g o f n n o d e s i n h r o w s , w i t h 5 n o d e s i n t h e

i - t h r o w a n d a l l t h e h r o w s s t a r t i n g i n t he s a m e c o l u m n . E . g . t h e

p a r t i t i o n ( 3 , 2 , 1 , 1) = : ( 3 , 2 , 1 2 ) c a n b e i l l u s t r a t e d b y

[ 3 , 2 , 1 2 ] : •

O n a c c o u n t o f t h e c o n d i t i o n ~ j ~ a j + I (l ~j <_ n- 1) i t m a k e s s e n s e t o

s p e a k o f c o l u m n s o f th e d i a g r a m [ a ] , a n d o f t h e l e n g t h ~ o f t h e

i - t h c ol u m n . H e n c e t o t h e p a r t i t i o n ~ t h e r e c o r r e s p o n d s t h e

p a r t i t i o n

1 . 3 4 ' := ~) 1a' := ( ~ , . . . , ~ , = a l ) , ~ i j : ~ > i

~' i s c a l l e d t h e a s s o c i a t e d p a r t i t i o n o f ~, [ ~' ] t he Y o u n g -

d i a g r a m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h [ ~ ] w h i c h a r i s e s b y i n t e r c h a n g i n g t h e

r o w s a n d c o l u m n s , e . g .

[ 3 , 2 , 1 2 ' ] = [ 4 , 2 , 1 ] :

@

P a r t i t i o n s ~ a n d Y o u n g - d i a g r a m s [ 5] w i t h t h e p r o p e r t y ~ = ~ '

r e s p . [ 5] = [ 5' ] a r e c a l l e d s e l f a s s o c i a t e d , a n d i t w i l l a p p e a r

i n s e c t i o n 4 , t h at t h e f o l l o w i n g l e m m a i s c r uc i a l :

1 . 3 5 Y o u n g - s u b g r o u p s S ~ a n d S a , p o s s e s s e x a c t l y o n e d o u b l e c o s e t

$ 5 ~ S ~ , w i t h t h e p r o p e r t y t h a t S ~ 0 ~ S ~ , ~ - 1 = { 1 ].

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P r o o f : W e w a n t t o u s e 1 . 3 3 a n d h e n c e w e p r o v e b y i n d u c t i o n w i t h

r e s p e c t t o h , t h a t

c o e f f , o f x ~ y ~ ' i n ( l + x i Y j ) ] = I .i , ~ = I

( i) h = 1 : O b v i o u s l y

[ c o e f f . o f x I ~ Y i i n j ~l = ( 1 + x l Y j ) ~ = I .

( i i ) I f w e a s s u m e t h a t ~ h = r , t he i n d u c t i o n h y p o t h e s i s i s

h -1 ~ i ~ - I ~ '- I ~' ~ , h - ~ h '

i~_ r r+l in .TT. +x iy j ]=1coeff. of ( = xi )Yl "''Yr Yr+l "''Yh' i,j

r

M u l t i p l y i n g b o t h s i d e s w i t h J~1= x h y j g i v e s

h ~ h ' ) ~ i xh Y~ c o e f f . o f x ~ y ~ ' i n i , j - 1 ( 1 + x i Y j = J ) = I .

~wS i n c e ~ h = r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f x ~ y i s t h e s a m e i n

h ~ h ' ri,~=I (l+x iYj) j~=lXhYj

a s i ~

( + x i Y j ( x h Y ji,J-1 =

a s w e l l a s ( s i n c e a ~ < _ h- 1 f o r j > r) i n

h ~ ' h '= g I

i,'J~l ~ ~ j=l ~ ~ i~J ~l

T h i s t o g e t h e r w i t h 1 . 3 3 y i e l d s t h e s t a t e m e n t.

q . e . d .

T h e d o u b l e c o s e t 8 ~ 8 ¢ , w i t h S ¢ n ~ S ¢ , ~ - I = [ 1 ] m a y b e i l l u s t r a -

t e d b y a s o- c a l l ed Y o u n g - t a b l e a u w h i c h a r i s e s fr o m t he Y o u n g - d i a -

g r a m [ a] b y r e p l a c i n g t h e n o d e s b y t h e s y m b o l s 1 , . . . , n o f G . E . g .

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3 5 1

4 6

2

7

i s a t a b l e a u w i t h d i a g r a m [ 3 , 2 , 1 2] .

a a t

If gi' gJ are the sets of symbol s in the i-th row, j-th col,lmn

o f t h e t a b l e a u T a , t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e Y o u n g s u b g r o u p s S = x S a i

r e s p . S ¢ , : X S ~ ( S ~ i r e s p . S a ~ f i x i n g t h e e l e m e n t s o f . \ ~

r e s p. ~ \ Q ) a r e c a l le d h o r i z o n t a l p e r m u t a } i o n s r e s p. v e r t i c a l

per mut @ti ons of T a. The gr oups o_~f ll the hori zon tal resp. all t he

ver tic al permutatlions of T a are indic ated by

H ~ resp. V a .. 36

T h e y s a t i s f y

1.37~ n v ~ = {I} .

T h e r e f o r e t h e t a b l e a u T i l l u s t r a t e s t h e d o u b l e c o s e t S a l S a ,

wi th S O ~Sa,~-1 = [I] in the fol low ing sense: If S := H u

a n d i f w e a r e g i v e n S a , ~ S n, t h e n T m i l l u s t r a t e s p e r m u t a t i o n s

p ( n a m e l y t h e p w i t h p S a , p - I = V a ) w h i c h s a t i s f y S ~ N p S ~ , p - 1 = [ S } .

T h e s e a r e t h e r e s u l t s o n s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s w e

w i s h e d t o s u m m a r i z e f i r s t .

P r o m n o w o n w e s h a l l u s e t h e c i t e d r e s u l t s o n t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p

a n d i t s c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s t o d e f i n e a n d e x a m i n e w r e a t h p r o d u c t s .

W e s h a l l r e t u r n i n s e c t i o n 4 t o d o u b l e c o s e t s t o c o n s t r u c t i d e m -

p o t e n t e l e m e n t s o f t h e g r o u p a l g e b r a of S w h i c h g e n e r a t e m i n i m a l

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l e f t i d e a l s a f f o r d i n g i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S o v e r t h e

f i e l d o f c o m p l e x n u m b e r s .

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2 4

2. W r e a t h p r o d u c t s

W e d e f i n e t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t o f t w o g r o u p s a s f o l l o w s ( s e e e. g .

H u p p e r t [ I] , I § 1 5 ) :

I f G i s a g r o u p , H a p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p o n t h e s e t o f

s y m b o l s ~ = { S , . . . , n ] , t h e s e t

{ ( f ; ~ ) I f m a p p i n g ~ i n t o G , ~ 6 H }

t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e c o m p o s i t i o n l a w

( f ; ~ )( f , ; ~, ) : = c ~ f , , ~ , )

i s c a l l e d t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t G ~ H o f G w i t h H ( s o m e -

t i m e s G - w r e a t h w i t h H ) .

I n c l u d e d t h a t t o f : G ~ G a n d ~ E H t h e m a p p i n g f ~ : g - G i s d e -

f i n e d b y

f ( ~ ( i ) ) := f C i ) , V i ~ ~ ,

a n d f o r t w o m a p p i n g s f , f ' : G ~ G t h e i r p r o d u c t f f ' : ~ - G b y

f f ' ( i ) : = f ( i ) f ' ( i ) , V i ~ ~ ,

G ~ H i s a g r o u p a s c a n b e s e e n e a s i l y . W h i l e c h e c k i n g t h i s o n e

n o t i c e s , t h a t

2 . 2 ( f ) ~ , = ~ , ~ , V f , ~ , ~' ,

s i n c e p r o d u c t s o f p e r m u t a t i o n s h a v e t o b e r e a d he r e f r o m r i g h t

t o l e f t .

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2 5

I f w e d e no t e b y e : ~ ~ G t h e m a p p i n g w i t h t h e v a l u e s

e(i ) = 1 , v i E ~,

a n d i f w e d e f i n e t o f : Q ~ G t h e m a p p i n g f - l : ~ ~ G b y

f - 1 ( i ) : = f ( i ) - I , V i E Q ,

w e h a v e f o r t h e i d e n t i t y e l e m e n t o f G ~ a n d f o r t he i n v e r s e o f

( f ; ~ ) :

2 . 3 1 G ~ = ( e ; 1 H ) , ( f ; ~ ) - I = ( f - 1 1 ; ~ - 1 ) _

( ( f ~ _ 1 ) - 1 = ( f - 1 ) ~ _ 1 = : f -1 _1 "

T h e o r d e r o f t h i s g r o u p i s

2.4 I Q ~ I = l a i n l ~ l .

E o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s e g r o u p s

w h i c h w e a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n , t h e f o l l o w i n g n o r m a l d i v i s o r i s v e r y

i m p o r t a n t =

2 . 5 G * : = [ ( f ; 1 H ) ] f : Q ~ G ] = G1 X . . . x Gn ~ G~ H .

G * i s c a l l e d t h e b a s i s g r o u p o f G ~ . I t i s t h e d i r e c t p r o d u c t o f

n c o p i e s G i o f G :

2 . 6 G i : = ( ( f ; 1 H ) I f( J) = 1 , V j + i] ~ G .

T h e s u b g r o u p

2 . 7 H ' : = [ ( e ; ~ ) I ~ E H I ~ H

i s th e c o m p l e m e n t o f G * a n d i s o m o r p h i c t o H , i . e .

2 . 8 G ~ = G * H ' , G * ~ G ~ , G * N H ' = I G ~ = ( e ;1 H ) •

L e t u s n o w l o o k f o r e x a mp l e s . W e s h a l l r e c o g n i z e s o m e s u b g r o u p s

o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p a s p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f c e r -

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t a i n w r e a t h p r o d u c ts . L o o k i n g f o r t h e s e e x a m p l es w e m a y f o l l o w

t h e h i s t o r i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s e i de a s .

S u c h p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s a r o s e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a

p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p , e v e n b e f o r e S y l o w

p r o v e d h i s f a m o u s t h e o r e m s i n 1 87 2 .

T h e f i r s t d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s p r o b a b l y g i v e n b y

A . 0 a u c h y i n t h e t h i r d v o l u m e o f h i s " E x e r c i s e s d ' a n a l y s e e t d e

p h y s i q u e m a t h ~ m a t i q u e " w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n 1 8 4 4 ( cf . a l s o t h e

s e c t i o n s 3 9 a n d 4 0 o f E . N e t t o ' s " S u b s t i t u t i o n e n t h e o r i e u m d i h r e

A n w e n d u n g e n a u f d i e A l g e b r a " ( 1 88 2 ) a s w e l l a s A . R a d z i g ' s d i s -

s e r t a t i o n " D ie A n w e n d u n g d e s S y l o w ' s c h e n S a t z e s a u f d i e s y m m e t -

r i s c h e u n d d i e a l t e r n i r e n d e G r u p p e " ( 1 8 9 5 )) .

L e t u s d e n o t e b y e p ( m) t h e e x p o n e n t o f t h e m a x i m a l p o w e r o f a

p r i m e n u m b e r p d i v i d i n g m . I f w e a s s u m e t h a t p S ~ n , p S + S ) n a n d

a s p S < n ( O < a s <P ) , b u t ( a s + 1 ) p S > n , t h e n s i n c e

n! = 1 . 2 ' . . . . p S ( p S + 1 ) . . . 2 p S . . . a s p S ( a s p S + 1 ) ' ' ' ( a s p S + ( n - a s p s) )

w e c a n c o n c l u d e t h a t

e p ( n ! ) = a s e p ( p S ! ) + e p ( ( n - a s p S ) ! ) .

n o w a s _ I p s - 1 < n - a ss , _ ( a s _ 1 + 1 ) p S - 1 > n - a s p s, t h e n i n t h e s a m e w a yf

ep(n~ ) • a s _ s e p ( p s -1ase p(p s,) + !)

a n d s o o n.

H e n c e t h e p r o b l e m o f c o n s t r u c t i n g a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S c a n

b e r e d u c e d t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f s y m -

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m e t r i c g r o u p s S p r of p - p o w e r - d e g r e e s p r.

T h e m a x i m a l p o w e r o f p i n p r , i se p ( p r : p 1 + p + p 2 + . . . + p r -1 p ( 1 + p + . . . + p r - 2 ) p P

p ---- _--

2.9 ep(p -1 !)P

= p P ,

h e n c e e v e r y p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p p r o f S r h a s t h e o r d e r

P

2 . 1 0 I r l = I p r - l l p p ,

i f p r - 1 i s a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f 8

pr-1"

T h e r e f o r e i t w o u l d b e d e s i r a b l e t o c o n s t r u c t w i t h t h e a i d o f

p r - 1 _ w h i c h i s a p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p o f d e g r e e p r- 1 _ a p e r m u t a -

tion group of degree pr and of order I r-11 p P. On accou nt of

2 . 1 0 t h e r e s u l t w o u l d b e a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S p r .

T h a t t h i s m i g h t b e d o n e b y c o n s t r u c t i n g a f ai t h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f p r - 1 ~ C p ( C p : = < ( 1 . . . p ) > _ ( S p ) i s s u g g e s t e d b y

a c o m p a r i s o n o f 2 . 4 a n d 2 . 1 0 .

M o r e g e n e r a l l y : f r o m t w o p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s G an d H o f th e d e -

g r e e s m a n d n c o n s t r u c t a p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p o f d e g r e e m n a n d o f

t h e o r d e r I G I n lH I .

W e p r o v e f i r s t :

2.11 If

G

i s a p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G o n t h e s et o f s y m b o l s

r = { 1 , . . . , m } t h e n

( f ; ~ ) ( i , j ) : = ( f ( ~ ( j ) ) ( i ) , ~ ( j ) ) , V ( i ,j ) E 2 × 9 ,

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y i e l d s a p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H o n Fx~ .

T h i s p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H is f a i t h f u l i f t h e

p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G i s f a i t h f u l , a n d i t i s t r a n -

s i t i v e i f b o t h G ( o n F ) a n d H ( o n G ) a r e t r a n s i t i v e .

P r o o f : a ) I t i s e a s y t o v e r i f y , t h a t

C f ; ~ ) C C f ' ; ~ ' ) C i , j ) ) = C f f ~ ; ~ ' ) C i , j ) , v f , f ' , ~ , ~ ' , i , j .

A n d f r o m

C f ; ~ ) C i , j ) = C f ; ~ ) C i ' , j ' )

w e g e t

( f C ~ C j ) ) C i ) , ~ C J ) ) = C f C ~ C j ' ) ) C i ' ) , ~ C j ' ) ) •

i s a p e r m u t a t i o n , h e n c e t h i s i m p l i e s j = j' , s o t h a t w e h a v e

f C ~ ( j ) ) ( i ) = f C ~ C j ) ) ( i ' ) °

f C ~ ( j ) ) i s a p e r m u t a t i o n , t o o , h e n c e i = i ' .

T h u s w e h a v e o b t a i n e d a p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H a s

c l a i m e d .

b ) I f ( f ; ~ ) i s i n t h e k e r n e l w e h a v e

C i , j) = ( f ; ~ ) C i , J ) = ( f C ~ C j ) ) C i ) , ~ ( j ) ) , v i , j .

I f t h e g i v e n p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G i s f a i t h f u l t h i s

i m p l i e s f ( j ) = IG , V j , a n d h e n c e i n t h i s c a s e f = e , s o t h a t

t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H i s f a i t h f u l , t o o .

c ) F i n a l l y i f G is t r a n s i t i v e o n F , H t r a n s i t i v e o n ~ , a n d ( i , j )

a n d ( i ' , j ' ) a r e t w o s y m b o l s o u t o f Fx G , t h e r e i s a ~ E H a n d a

g E G su ch t hat ~(j) = j' and g (i) = i'.

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I f w e c h o o s e a n f : g - G s o t h a t f ( j ' ) = g , t h e n

( f ; ~ ) ( i , j ) = ( f ( ~ ( j ) ) ( i ) , ~ ( j ) ) = ( f ( j ' ) ( i ) , j ' ) = ( i ' , j ' ) ,

a n d t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G % H i s t r a n s i t i v e a s w e l l .

T h i s c o m p l e t e s t h e p r o o f .

q . e . d .

T h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H g i v e n in 2 . 11 i s o f d e g r e e

I rx ~J = mn . T w o p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s G I a n d G 2 o n G 1 a n d ~ 2 a r e

c a l l e d s i m i l a r , i f t h e r e i s a b i J e c t i v e m a p p i n g ~ o f G I o n t o ~ 2

a n d a n i s o m o r p h i s m ~ o f G I o n t o G 2 s o t h a t

2 . 1 2 E ( g ( i ) ) = ~ ( g ) ( e ( i ) ) , V i E g f, g E G 1 •

W e w o u l d l i k e t o d e s c r i b e a s u b g r o u p o f S m n s i m i l a r t o t h e p e r m u -

t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ g i v e n b y 2 . 11 .

F o r s u c h a n E : F x ~ ~ A = { 1 , . . . , m n ] w e c h o o s e t h e b i j e c t i o n d e -

f i n e d b y

2 . 1 3 E ( i , j ) : = ( j - 1 ) m + i , 1 ~ i ~ m , l ~ j ~ n .

T o d e s c r i b e a n i s o m o r p h i s m o f t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

G ~ H i n t o S mn w e f i r s t d i v i d e t h e s e t A o f t h e s y m b o l s o n w h i c h

S m n a c t s i n t o n p a i r w i s e d i s j o i n t s u b s e t s A i of o r d e r m , s a y

2 . 1 4 A = { 1 , . . . , m , m + 1 , . . . , 2 m , . . . , ~ n - 1 ) m + l , . . . , n ~ } •

A 1 A 2 ... A

N o w l e t e b e a p e r m u t a t i o n w h i c h p e r m u t e s t h e A i c y c l i c a l l y , s a y

2 . 1 5 a := ( 1 , m + 1 , . . . , ( n - 1 ) m + 1 ) ( 2 , m + 2 , . . . ) . . . ( m , 2 m , . . . , n m ) .

W i t h t h e a i d o f a w e n o w d e f i n e a n i s o m o r p h i s m ~ o f t h e p e r m u -

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3 O

r a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H i n t o S m n a s f o l l o w s . W e d e f i n e f i r s t

t h e i m a g e s o f t h e v a l u e s f ( i ) o f f b y

2 . 1 6 ~ ( f ( i ) ) : = a i - l f ( i ) a I - i = : ~ i '

s o t h a t ~ i a c t s o n A i , a n d

2 . 1 7 ~ ( f ; 1 H ) : = ~ i ~ i •

N o w l e t

2 . 1 8 ~ ( e ; ~ ) = : ~ *

b e d e f i n e d a s f o l l o w s :

2 . 1 9 ~ * ( ( j - 1 ) m + i ) : = ( ~ ( j ) - 1 ) m + i , 1 ~ i <_ m , 1 ~ j ~ n ,

s o t h a t

2 . 2 0 ~ * A i = A ~ ( i ) "

T h i s m e a n s , t h a t t h e i m a g e o f ( e ;~ ) u n d e r ~ i s t h e p e r m u t a t i o n

o f t h e A c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p e r m u t a t i o n ~ o f t h e s y m b o l s i

o f ~ = [ 1 , . . . , n ) . A s c a n e a s i l y b e s e e n , t h i s m a p p i n g @ d e f i n e d

b y

2 . 21 ~ ( f ; ~ ) : = ~ l . . . ~ n ~ *

i s a n i s o m o r p h i s m o f t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H

d e s c r i b e d i n 2 . 11 i n t o Sm n . T h e i m a g e o f t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n i s o b v i o u s l y

2 . 2 2 ( G I x . . . x G n ) H ' ~ S m n ,

w i t h G I e q u a l t o t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G an d

2 . 2 3 G i = ~ i - l G l a l - i •

H ' i s t h e p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p a c t i n g o n t h e s u b s e t s A i o f A a s H

a c t s o n t h e s y m b o l s i o f ~ ; H ' i s a s u b g r o u p o f th e s u b g r o u p

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S'n - S m n w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f t h e n'. p e r m u t a t i o n s o f t h e A .

T o p r o v e t h e s i m i l a r i t y w e h a v e t o v e r i f y , t h a t 2 . 1 2 i s v a l i d .

S t a r t i n g w i t h t h e l e f t h a n d s i d e o f 2 . 1 2 w e o b t a i n

¢ ( ( f | ~ ) ( i , j ) ) = ¢ ( f ( ~ ( j ) ) ( i ) , ~ ( j ) ) = ( ~ ( j ) - 1 ) m + f ( ~ ( j ) ) ( i ) .

A n d o n t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e w e h a v e

@ ( f | ~ ) ( ~ ( i , j ) ) -- ~ l . . . ~ n ~ * ( ( J - 1 ) m + i)

= ~ l . . . ~ n C ( ~ ( j ) - l ) m + i) = ( ~ ( J ) - l ) m + f ( ~ ( j ) ) ( i ) .

T h u s w e h a v e p r o v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g :

2 . 2 5 T h e m a p p i n g s E a n d ~ d e f i n e d b y 2 . 1 3 - 2 . 2 1 m a p t h e p e r m u t a t i o n

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H d e s c r i b e d b y 2 .1 1 o n t o a s i m i l a r s u b -

g r o u p o f S m n .

I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o se e , t h a t t h e s e g r o u p s a r e t h e p e r m u t a t i o n

g r o u p s u s e d b y C a u c h y a n d N e t t o t o c o n st r u c t S y l o w - s u b g r o u p s o f

t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p a n d w h i c h a r o s e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f th e d e -

v e l o p m e n t o f t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t o f g r o u p s . A

s k e t c h o f t h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

2 ~ A f a i t h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f d e g r e e m u o f t h e

w r e a t h p r o d u c t o f t w o p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s G ( o n F = ~ 1 , . . . , m ~ )

a n d H ( o n G = ( 1 , . . . , n ) ) c a n b e o b t a i n e d a s f o l l o w s :

D i v i d e t h e s e t A = ~ 1 , . . . , m n ~ o n w h i c h S t u n a c t s i n t o d i s -_..

j o i n t s u b s e t s A I = F , A 2 , . . ., A o f o r d e r m. ~ o r m t h e d i r e c t

p r o d u c t o f G = G I ( o n A t = F ) w i t h t h e s u b g r o u p s G i ( o n t h e

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s u b s e t s A i ) w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d t o G 1 ( 2_ (i _( n) a n d m u l t i p l y

G I x . . . x G w i t h t h e s u b g r o u p H ' c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o H a n d

a c t i n g o n t h e s u b s e t s A i a s H a c t s o n t h e s y m b o l s i o f 9.

T h e r e s u l t

( G I x . . . X G n ) g '

i s t h e d e s i r e d f a i t h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H

a n d i t i s t r a n s i t i v e i f b o t h G ( o n F ) a n d H ( o n 9 ) a r e

t r a n s i t i v e .

A s i m p l e e x a m p l e i s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S 2 % S 2 = C 2 % C 2 ( i f w e

d e n o t e b y C t h e c y c l i c g r o u p of o r d e r n ):

C2%02 = { ( 1 , 1 ; 1 ) , ( 1 , ( 1 2 ) ; 1 ) , ( ( 1 2 ) , 1 ; 1 ) , ( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 ) ; 1 ) , ( 1 , 1 ; ( 1 2 ) ) ,

( 1 , ( 1 2 ) ; ( 1 2 ) ) , ( ( 1 2 ) , 1 ; ( 1 2 ) ) , ( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 ) ; ( 1 2 ) ) 3

( ( f ;~ ) w r i t t e n i n t h e e x p l i c i t f o r m ( f ( 1 ) , f ( 2 ) ; ~ ) ) i s s i m i l a r t o

( [ 1 , ( 1 2 ) ] X { 1 , ( 3 4 ) ] ) [ 1 , ( 1 3 ) ( 2 4 ) ]

= { 1 , ( 1 2 ) , ( 3 # ) , ( 1 2 ) ( 3 ¢ ) , ( 1 3 ) ( 2 4 ) , ( 1 ¢ ) ( 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 4 ) , ( 1 4 2 3 ) 3 .

T h i s i m a g e o f C 2 % 0 2 i s a 2 - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S 4 .

C o m i n g b a c k t o t he p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p s w e g e t f r o m t h e s e c o n s i d e r a -

t i o n s :

p r I o n F = { 1 .. pr-1. 2 6 I f p r - 1 i s a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S _ , ., 3 ,

a n d i f C p = < ( 1 . . . p ) > < S p , t h e n t h e s u b g r o u p o f S r s i m i l a r

t o p r - 1 % C p a s d e s c r i b e d i n 2 . 2 5 i s a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p .

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U s i n g t h i s r e s u l t w e c a n c o n s t r u c t a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S .

I ft

n = ~ ai i , O_(ai<p,i = 0

t h e n as c a n b e s e e n f r o m c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a b o v e t h e e x p o n e n t o f

t h e m a x i m a l p o w e r o f p d i v i d i n g n ! i s

2 . 2 7

e p ( n !) = a I + a 2 ( 1 + p ) + . . . + a t ( 1 + p + . . . + p t - l )

= a l e p ( p ! ) + a 2 e p ( p 2 ! ) + . . . + a t e p ( p t ! ) •

L e t u s n o w d i v i d e t h e s e t G = [1 , . . . , n ] o n w h i c h S a c t s i n t o

p a i r w i s e d i s j o i n t s u b s e t s a s f ol l o w s . W e d i v i d e ~ i n t o t h e s u b -

s e t G o : = [ 1 ' ' ' ' ' a o ] o f o r d e r a o , i n t o t h e a I s u b s e t s ~ 11 : =

[ a o + 1 , . . . , a o + P ), . . . , ~ 1a I : = [ a o + ( a 1 - 1 ) p + 1 , . . . , a o + a l P 3 o f o r d e r

p , . . . , a t s u b s e t s ~ t 1 ' ' ' ' ' Q t a t o f o r d e r p t . O n e a c h o f t h e s e

" - o f . ( r e g a r d e d a su b s e t s ~ i J f o r m a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p p l I~ C p S p I

s u b g r o u p o f S n ) . A n d n o w t a k e t h e i r d i r e c t p r o d u c t

ta i

( p i - l ~ O p ) ) ~ Sx ( xi=I

a × . . . x p i - 1 ~ O p ( a ix ( p i - 1 ~O p ) : = p i - 1 ~ O p f a c t o r s ) ) .

e ~ ( n ! )

T h e r e s u l t i n g s u b g r o u p i s o f o r d e r p ~ a n d h e n c e a p , S y l o w -

s u b g r o u p o f S . T h u s w e h a v e d e r i v e d t h e w e l l - k n o w n c o n s t r u c t i o n

o f p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p s f i r s t g i v e n b y C a u c h y ( f o r t h i s a n d o t h e r

r e s u l t s c o n c e r n i n g p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s cf .

a l s o t h e p a p e r s o f L . K a l o u j n i n e a n d t h e p a p e r o f W e i r ( s e e t h e

r e f e r e n c e s ) ) :

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2 , 2 8 I f n = Z a i p i ( O ~ a i < P) , t h e n e v e r y p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S

a i ( p i - 1 % C p ) )i s o f t h e f o r m × ( x

i

T h i s a s w e l l a s 2. 2 6 g i v e s a r e c u r s i o n f o r m u l a f o r t h e c o n s t r u c -

t i o n o f a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p . B e c a u s e o f t h e a s s o c i a t i v i t y o f t h e

w r e a t h p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n t h i s c an b e w r i t t e n e x p l i c i t l y:

2 . ~ L e t G , H an d I b e p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s o n F , G a n d A. T h e n

( G % H ) % I and G % ( H %I ) a r e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p e r m u t a t i o n g r o up s ,

i f w e i d e n t i f y ( F × G ) x A a n d F × ( ~ × A ) a c c o r d i n g t o

( ( i , j ) , ~ ) = C i , C J , ~ ) ) •

P r o o f : L e t ( f ;= ) b e a n e l e m e n t o f ( G x H ) % I s o t h a t f( i ) =

( f i ; ~ i ) E G % H , i E A . A n d l e t ( f * ; ~ * ) b e a n e l e m e n t o f G % ( H % I )

w i t h ~ * = ( f ' ; ~ ) E H ~ I s o t h a t f ' ( i ) = ~ i a n d f * ( i , j ) = f j ( i ) .

T h e n o n th e o n e h a n d

( f ~ ) ( C i , J ) , k ) = ( ( f c k ) ; ~ C ~ ) ) ( i , j ) , ~ ( ~ ) )

= ( C f ~ c ~ ) C ~ c ~ ) C J ) ) C i ) , ~ ( ~ ) ( j ) ) , ~ ( k ) ) •

A n d o n t h e o t h e r h a n d

C f * ; ~ * ) C i , C j , ~ ) ) = C f * C C f ' ; ~ ) C J , ~ ) ) C i ) , C f ' ; ~ ) C j , k ) )

= ( f * C f ' C ~ C k ) ) C J ) , ~ C ~ ) ) C i ) , C f ' ( ~ ( k ) ) ( J ) , ~ ( k ) ) )

= C f ~ c ~ ) C ~ c ~ ) C ~ ) ) C i ) , ( ~ C ~ ) C j ) , ~ ( ~ ) ) •

T h u s ( f I ~ ) a c t s a s ( f * ; ~ * ) i f w e i d e n t i f y t h e s y m b o l s a s d e s -

c r i b e d .

q . e . d .

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A c o r o l l a r y i s

2 . 3 0 I f O p : = < ( 1 . . . p ) > ~ S p , t h e n e v e r y p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S r

i s s i m i l a r t o t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t

r

0 p : = O p ~ . . . ~ 0 p ( r f a c t o r s ) .

E v e r y p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S ( n = Z a l P i , O ~ a i <P ) i s s i m i l a r

t o

a r

x(xi( Op))i

A s w e h a v e s e e n , S y l o w - s u b g r c u p s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s a r e d i r e c t

p r o d u c t s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s . I n t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n w e c l a i m e d , t h a t

t h i s i s a l s o v a l i d f o r t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f e l e m e n t s i n S .

T o s h o w t h i s , w e s t a r t w i t h a s p e c i a l c a s e , n a m e l y t h e c e n t r a l i -

z e r o f t h e p e r m u t a t i o n

= ~ 1 . . . ~ n : = ( 1 . . . m ) ( m + 1 , . . . , 2 m ) . . . ( . . . n m ) E Stun •

T h e c e n t r a l i z e r ( ~) o f t h i s p e r m u t a t i o n i sC S I Im

2.51 °Smn(~) = (<~I >'" <~ n> )S ~ "

T h a t m e a n s ( x) i s t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e s u b g r o u p g e n e r a t e d b yC S I Im

t h e c y c l i c f a c t o r s ~ i o f ~ w i t h t h e s u b g r o u p S ~ o f t h e n! p e r m u -

t a t i o n s o f S m n W h i c h p e r m u t e t h e se t s of sy m b o l s i n t h e c y cl i c

f a c t o r s o f ~ a s t h e y s t a n d .

F o l l o w i n g t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s p r e c e e d i n g 2 . 2 4 a n d 2 . 25 w e s ee ,

t h a t t h i s s u b g r o u p i s a p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f C m ~ S n -

A n d a p p l y i n g t h i s t o t h e s u b s e t s o f c y c l i c f a c t o r s o f t h e s a m e

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l e n g t h i n a g e n e r a l p e r m u t a t i o n w e h a v e :

2 . ~ I f ~ E S n i s.....f t y pe T ~ = ( a l , . . . , a n ) , t h e n t h e c e n t r a l i z e r

o f ~ i n S i s a f a i t h f u l p e r m u % a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

x ( c i ~ S a i )i

( c i ~ s o : = [ I ] , c i : = < ( i . . . i ) > _ ( s ) .

( R e m a r k : P r o m t h i s w e c a n d e r i v e a t o n c e t h e r e s u l t 1 . 2 3 a b o u t

t h e s p l i t t i n g o f S n - c l a s s e s i n t o A n - C l a s s e s . ) A n a l o g o u s l y , w e

h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t w h i c h w i l l b e o f u s e l a t e r on :

I f S m n i s t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p o n G = { 1 , . . . , m n } , t h e n t h e

n

n o r m a l i z e r N S m ( × S ) o f t h e s u b g r o u p

nX S : = S X . . . × S ( n f a c t o r s )

( i - t h f a c t o r S o n g i : = { ( i - 1 ) m + 1 , . . . , i m ] ) i s t h e f a i t h -................

f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S m ~ S n d e s c r i b e d i n 2 . 2 4

a n d 2 . 2 5 .

T h e s e t h r e e e x a m p l e s , t h e p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p s , t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s

n

o f e l e m e n t s a n d t h e n o r m a l i z e r s o f s u b g r o u p s o f t h e f o r m x S

i n s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s s h o w , h o w u s e f u l t h i s c o n c e p t o f t h e w r e a t h

p r o d u c t i s. M o r e o v e r t h e y g i v e a h i n t a s t o h o w t h e r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s m a y b e a p p l i e d t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p .

T h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f p - e l e m e n t s a s w e l l a s t h e p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p s

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o f th e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f p - r e g u l a r e l e m e n t s p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e

i n t h e p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f f i n i t e g r o u p s . O n t h e

o t h e r h a n d i t i s k n o w n , t h a t t h e s o - c a l l e d s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r

p r o d u c t s o f t w o i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S a n d S a r e r e -

p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S m n i n d u c e d b y c e r t a i n i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a -

n

t i o n s o f N S m ( x S m ) .

T h e o t h e r w a y r o u n d w e m a y a s k h o w t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f

t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p c a n b e a p p l i e d t o d e r i v e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

t h e o r y o f c e r t a i n w r e a t h p r o d u c t s .

A b o u t 1 9 3 0 A . Y o u n g a p p l i e d h i s m e t h o d s t o t he s o - c a l l e d h y p e r -

o c t a h e d r a l g r o u p s . I n o u r n o t a t i o n t h e s e a r e g r o u p s o f t h e f o r m

S 2 ~ S n , a n d t h e y a r i s e b y r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e e l e m e n t s o f S b y p e r -

m u t a t i o n m a t r i c e s a n d a l l o w i n g no t o n l y +I a s n o n v a n i s h i n g e n -

tries but also -I (cf. Yo ung [I]).

P o l l o w i n g a s u g g e s t i o n o f I . S c h u r , W . S p e c h t t h e n c o n s i d e r e d

i n h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n s u c h g r o u p s w h e r e n o t o n l y ~1 a r e a l l o w e d

a s n o n v a n i e h i n g e n t r i e s b u t e v e n t he e l e m e n t s o f a g r o u p G i f

t h e m a t r i x m u l t i p l i c a t i o n i s d e f i n e d a p p r o p r i a t e l y ( S p e c h t [ 11 ).

T h e s e g r o u p s a r e o b v i o u s l y o f t h e f o r m G ~ S n . I n a f o l l o w i n g

p a p e r ( S p e c h t [ 2~ ) h e c o n s i d e r e d t h e g e n e r a l c a s e G ~ H, H a

f i n i t e p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p . H e s h o w e d t h a t e s p e c i a l l y t h e o r d i n a r y

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f t h e f o r m G ~ S n c a n b e

l a r g e l y d e r i v e d w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f S .

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38

N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r y o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s t o t he r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c

g r o u p i s n o t a v i c i o u s c i r c le . F o r t h o s e w r e a t h p r o d u c t s G ~ S

w h o s e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w e s h a l l a p p l y t o S s a t i s f y m < n , s o t h a t

o n t h e c o n t r a r y t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n p r o v i d e s a n i n t e r e s t i n g r e c u r s i o n

p r o c e s s .

I n o r d e r t o d e ri v e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f

t h e f o r m G ~ n i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o e x a m i n e s u c h g r o u p s m o r e c l o s e l y.

T h i s w e s h a l l d o i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n .

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3 9

3 . W r e a t h s w i t h s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s

W e s h a l l n o w c o n s i d e r w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f th e f o r m G~ S n, - w r e a t h s

w i t h s ~, -e tr ic ~ . F o r t he t im e b e in g l et G d en ot e a f in it e

g r o u p .

S i n c e @ ~ S n m a y a r i s e a s d e s c r i b e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e l a s t s e c t i o n

b y i n s e r t i n g e l e m e n t s o f G f o r th e n o n v a n i s h i n g e n t r i e s o f p e r m u -

t a t i o n m a t r i c e s r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e e l e m e n t s o f Sn , t h e g r o u p G ~ S n

i s s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d t h e c o m p l e t e m o n o m i a l g r o u p ( o f d e g r e e n ) o f

G. O. Ore call ed it symm etr y (of degree n) of G (Ore [I]).

W r e a t h s O m ~ S n o f c y c l i c g r o u p s w i t h s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s h a v e b e e n

call ed ~ ene ral ize d s~,~,-etric grou ps by M. O sim a (Osima [I]), and

a n a l o g o u s l y t h e g r o u p s C m ~ A w e r e c a l le d g e n e r a l i z e d a l t e r n a t i n g

g r o u p s ( P u t t a s w a m a i a h [ I ]) . A s h a s b e e n m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h e

s p e c i al c as e 0 2 ~S i s c a l le d a h y p e r o c t a h e d ra l ~ .

L e t u s f i r s t c o n s i d e r t h e c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s o f G ~ S n , w h i c h h a v e

b e e n c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y W. S p e c h t ( S p e c h t [ 1] ).

S i n c e [ I ~ S n ~ S t h i s c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n p r o v i d e s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n

o f t he c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t he c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s o f s y m m e t r i c

g r o u p s b y t h e i r c y c l e d e c o m p o s i ti o n . W e c h o o s e t h e n o t a t i o n s o

t h a t w e s h a l l a b t a i n a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n b y

t h e t y p e o f t h e p e r m u t a t i o n .

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I n t h e s p e c i a l c a s e s = 1 , i . e . i n c a s e ~ I ] ~ S n = Sn , w e h a v e t h e

r o w ( a l , . . . a n ) a n d h e n c e 3 . 2 i s a g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f t he d e f i n i t i o n

1 . 1 6 o f t h e t y p e o f a p e r m u t a t i o n .

W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w t h a t a s i n 1 . 1 4 / 1 . 1 6 , t w o e l e m e n t s o f

G ~ S n b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s i f a nd o n l y i f t h e y a r e

o f t h e s a m e t y p e .

B e f o r e w e c a n p r o v e t h i s w e n e e d s o m e p r e l i m i n a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .

A t f i r s t w e n o t i c e , t h a t t h e e n t r i e s a i k o f t h e t y p e ( a i k ) o f a n

e l e m e n t ( f ;~ ) E G ~ S n , w i t h ~ o f t y p e ( a l , . . . , a n ) , s a t i s f y t h e

f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n s:

3 . 3 0 ( a i k E ~ , E a i k = a , Z k a i k = n .-- i i , k

T o e a c h ( s x n ) - m a t r i x ( a ik ) w h o s e e n t r i e s s a t i s f y 3 .3 , t h e r e a r e

e l e m e n t s i n G ~ S n , w h i c h a r e o f t h i s t y pe , s i n c e f r a n g e s o v e r a l l

t h e m a p p i n g s o f g in t o G.

S i n c e w e ar e m e r e l y i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e t y pe , w e n e e d o n l y d e t e r -

m i n e a c y c l e p r o d u c t u p t o c o n j u g a t i o n i n G . T h e r e f o r e w e s h o w

f i r s t , t h a t t h e c o n v e n t i o n t h a t t h e s y m b o l j i n 3. 1 i s t h e l e a s t

s y m b o l o f th e c o n s i d e r e d c y c l e i s u m n e c e s s a r y , i .e . t h a t

f . . . f r C J ) ~ f . . .f r C S C j )) , v s • .

P r o o f : W e c a n a s s u m e O ~ s( _ r. T h e n

f . . .f r ( ~S ( j) ) = f ( s ( j ) ) . . . f ( ~ ( j ) ) f ( j ) . . . f ( ~ s + 1 ( j ) ) . (I)

I f

a := f ( s ( j ) ) . . . f ( ~ ( j ) ) , b := f ( j) f ( - 1 ( j ) ) . . . f ( s + 1 ( j ) ) ,

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4 2

then ab is the right hand side of the equation (1) , and ba is the

cyclepro duct to (j ... r(~)) wi th respec t to f (cf . 3.1). But

ab - ha: a-lab a = ha.

q.e.d.

respect to f,ff~-l.

Using 3.4 we obtain

g ' ~ f ~ , ( f ~ , ) ~, ~, -l "' '( f~ ')~, r ,-1(~'(J))

= f ~ , f ~ , ~ . . . f r C ~ ' C J ) ) = g .

And for g" we have

g, = f,ff, -lf,f f,T1...f, f f,-I (j)

A n o t h e r u s e f u l r e m a r k i s

3 . 5 T ( f ~ ) = T ( e; ~ ' ) (f ; ~ ) (e ; ~ ' ) -I

= ~ ( f , ; 1 ) C f ~ ) C f , ~ l ) - 1 ' Y f , f ' , ~ , ~ ' .

Proof: We have

( e ; ~ , ) ( f ; ~ ) ( e ; ~ , ) - I = ( f , ; ~ , ~ , - 1 ) ,

(fVll)(f;~)(f,;1)-1 = (fvff~-l|~).

Henc e it suffices to prove, th at the right hand sides of these

two equations are elements of type T(f;~).

To decide this, it suffices to show, that the cycle produc t g to

the cyclic factor (j...~r(j)) of ~ with r espect to f is conjugate

to the follow ing two cycleproducts: the cycleproduct g' belon ging

to the cyclic factor (~,(j)...~,~r(j)) of ~, ~, -I with respect to

f~, and the cyclepro duct g" associated wit h (j ... r(j)) wit h

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= z , t ~ j g f , ~~ ' - ' - - " ~ g •

q . e . d .

A l a s t l e m m a b e f o r e w e p r o ve , t h a t t he ty p e c h a r a c t e r i z e s a c o n J u -

g a c y c l a s s :

3 ~ 6 I f T ( f ; ~ ) = T ( f ' ; ~ ' ) , t h e n t h e r e i s a ~ " E S s a t i s f y i n g

= ~ , ~ , ~ . - I a n d w i t h t h e p r o p e r t y , t h a t f o r e a c h c y c l i c

f a c t o r o f ~ t h e t w o c y c l e p r o d u c t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o f a n d w i t h

r e s p e c t t o f' a r e c o n j u g a t e s .~N

P r o o f : I f T ( f ; ~ ) = T ( f ' ; ~ ' ) w e o b t a i n f r o m 3 . 3 : ~ ~ ~' . H e n c e

t h e r e i s a ~ E S , w h i c h s a t i s f i e s

= ~ , ~ - 1 .

T h e s e t o f a l l t h e s e ~ f o r m s a r i g h t c o s e t o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f

~ . S i n c e

( e ; ~ ) ( f ' ; ~ , ) ( e ; ~ ) - 1 = ( f ' ; ~ ) ,

3 . 5 i m p l i e s

T h e c y c l e p r o d u c t t o t h e f a c t o r ( j .. . r ( j ) ) o f ~ w i t h r e s p e c t t o

t h e m a p p i n g f i s

a n d w i t h r e s p e c t t o f ':

f . . . f r ( J ) ,

f, ...f, (j) •r ~

S i n c e ( I) i s v a l i d , t h e r e i s a ~ * f r o m t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f ~ ,

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4 4

w h i c h y i e l d s , i f i t i s a p p l i e d t o f' :

f' .... f' r -(J) ~ f' '' f r (j) "

T h u s ~ " := ~ * ~ f u l f i l s t h e s t a t e m e n t .

q . e . d .

N o w w e a r e r e a d y t o c h a r a c t e r i z e t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s ( S p e c h t ~ I ~ ):

3 . 7

P r o o f :

a ) I f ( f ; ~ ) N ( f ' ; ~ ' ) , t h e n t h e r e a r e f " a n d ~ " s o t h a t

C f. ;~ ,, )C f; ~) Cf ,, ;n ,, ) I = ( f , , ; 1 ) C e ; ~ , ) C f ; ~ ) C e ; ~ " ) - l c f " ; 1 ) - I

= ( f ' ; ~ ' ) ,

a n d u s i n g 3 . 5 w e o b t a i n T ( f ; ~ ) = T ( f ' ; ~ ' ) a s c l a i m e d .

b ) I f t h e o t h e r w a y r o u n d T ( f ; ~ ) = T ( f ' ; ~ ' ) , t h e n b y 3 . 6

t h e r e i s a ~ " E S s a t i s f y i n g ~ = ~ ,~ ,~ ,, -I . N o w

( e ; ~ , , ) ( f , ; ~ , ) ( e ; ~ , ) - 1 = ( f ~ , , ; ~ , ~ , ~ , - 1 ) = ( f ~ , ; ~ )

B e c a u s e o f 3 . 5 , t h i s i m p l i e s T ( f ' ; ~ ' ) = T(f~,,' ' ~) . A n d s i n c e

t h e s e t w o e l e m e n t s a r e c o n j u g a t e s , i t s u f f i c e s t o s h o w, t h a t

~•

C 2 3

W e a s s u m e n o w t h a t ~ " h a s b e e n c h o s e n i n s u c h a w a y , t h a t f o r

e a c h c y c l i c f a c t o r ( j . .. r ( j ) ) o f

f ' - - Z r C J ) ~

( c f . 3 . 6 ) .

L e t g j b e a n e l e m e n t o f G s u c h t h a t

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4 5

o e ! ! •. f r ( J ) -- g j ( f ~ n . . . f r ( j ) l g ~ 1

H a v i n g c h o s e n s u c h a gj a n d s t a r t i n g w i t h u = 0 w e o b t a i n

f r o m t h e e q u a t i o n s

f ( - u ( j ) ) f ' ( ~ - u ( j ) ) g - l u I ( 2)g~-u( j) ~" - - (j)

e l e m e n t s g - u - 1 ( j ) ' w h i c h a r e u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e d (1 _(u_ (r), i f

gj = i s f i x e d .g ~ - o ( j )

H a v i n g d o n e t h i s f o r e v e r y c y c l i c f a c t o r o f ~ w e d e f i n e t h e

m a p p i n g f * : G ~ G b y

f*(i ) = gi' V i E ~ •

A n d t h i s m a p p i n g s a t i s f i e s

( f . ; l l ( f & . ; ~ ) ( f . ; l ) - I -- ( f . f & . f ~ - l ; ~ ) -- ( f; ~ )

( t h e l a s t e q u a t i o n f o l l o w s f r o m ( 2 )) , w h i c h p r o v e s ( I) •

q . e . d .

H e n c e G ~ S n c o n t a i n s e x a c t l y a s m a n y c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s a s t h e r e

a r e t y p e s , i . e . ( s × n ) - m a t r i c e s ( a ik ) w h o s e e n t r i e s s a t i s f y 3 .3 .

F o r t h e n u m b e r o f t y p e s o r c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s w e p r o v e n o w

( S p e c h t [ I ] ) :

~ 8 I f p ( m ) i s t he n u m b e r o f p a r t i t i o n s o f m f o r m E N a n d

p ( O ) : = I , t h e n u m b e r o f c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s o f G ~ S n i s

Z P ( n l ) . . . p ( n s ) ,( n )

i f t he s u m i s t a k e n o v e r a l l t h e s - t u p e l s ( n ) = ( n l , . ° . , n s )

( s = n u m b e r o f c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s o f G ) w i t h Z n i = n , 0 <_ n E 7 .

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P r o o f : F o r a t y p e ( a i k ) w e d e f i n e n i : = ~. k a i k . T h e n ( n 1 , . . . , n s )k

i s s u c h a n s - t u p e l , a n d a l l t h e s - t u p e l s o c c u r i n t h i s w ay . n i

i s t h e s u m o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f th e i - t h r o w o f ( ai k ) w e i g h t e d w i t h

t h e i r c o l u m n n u m b e r . T h e r e f o r e i f t h e o t h e r r o w s a r e f i x e d, t h e r e

a r e e x a c t l y P ( n i ) p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r t h e i - t h r o w t o b e t h e r o w o f

a t y p e. A n d t h i s p r o v e s t h e a s s e r t i o n .

q . e . d .

I f w e w i s h t o d e r i v e t h e o r d e r o f s u c h a c o n J u g a c y c l a s s, s a y o f

t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s o f G ~ S n w h i c h i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e t y p e

a : = T a i k , l < k < n .

T h e n t h e r e a r e

e l e m e n t s o f t y p e ( a 1 , . . . , a n ) i n S . W e c h o o s e o n e o f t h e m , s a y ~ .

T h e a c y c l i c f a c t o r s o f ~ w h i c h a r e o f l e n g t h k c a n b e d i s t r i b u -

t e d i n t o t h e s c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s o f G in

1 .... .

a l k l ~ " '" \ a s k = a l k ! . . . a s k !

w a y s w h i c h a r e in a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e c o n s i d e r e d t y p e ( a i k ) .

T, t f : G ~ G b e a m a p p i n g w h i c h y i e l d s s u c h a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e

c y c l e p r o d u c t s . I t r e m a i n s t o s h o w, w h a t f r e e d o m o f c h o i c e i s l e f t

f o r c h o o s i n g t h e v a l u e s o f f .

T o a s s u r e t h a t

( a i k ) , w e s e t

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f.. .f k_1(j) E C i

w e m a y c h o o s e t h e v a l u e s f ( j) , f ( ~ -1 ( j ) ) , . . . , f ( - k + 2 ( j ) ) a t

w i l l a n d c a n c h o o s e a n f ( ~ - k + 1 ( j ) ) E G s o t h a t t h e c o m p l e t e p r o -

d u c t i s a n e l e m e n t o f O i ~ G . H e n c e t h e r e e x i s t

akla l k ! . . . a s k ! = ( l e l k - l l c i l ) ~

m a p p i n g s f : ~ ~ G w h i c h d i s t r i b u t e t h e a k - c y c l e s o f ~ a s th e

c o n s i d e r e d t y p e ( a i k ) p r e s c r i b e s .

W e h a v e t o m u l t i p l y t h i s n u m b e r o f m a p p i n g s w i t h t h e n u m b e r o f

e l e m e n t s o f t y p e ( a l , . . . , a n ) a n d t a k e t h e p r o d u c t o v e r a l l i a n d

k t o o b t a i n t h e o r d e r o f t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s o f G ~ S n w h i c h i s

c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e c o n s i d e r e d t y p e ( a i k ) . T h u s w e h a v e ( 8 p e c h t

[ 1 ] ) ,

3 ~ T h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s o f G ~ S n c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e e l e m e n t s o f

t h e e l e m e n t s o f t y p e ( a ik ) h a s t h e o r d e r

t Q n l / T r a i k ! ( k l a l / I c i l ) a i ki , k

T h e r e f o r e t h e o r d e r o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a n e l e m e n t o f t y p e

(aik) is

i ~ a i k ! ( k l G l /I c i l ) a i k

B e f o r e w e c a n d e s c r i b e t h i s c e n t r a l i z e r i n de t a i l w e h a v e t o

c o n s i d e r t h e o r d e r s o f t h e e l e m e n t s .

A t f i r s t w e n o t i c e , t h a t f o r u E N :

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4 8

3 . 1 o ( f ; ~ ) u = ( f f ~ . . . f u _ 1 ~ u ) ,

w h a t i m p l i e s , t h a t t h e o r d e r o f ( f ;~ ) i s a m u l t i p l e o f t h e o r d e r

o f ~. T h e o r d e r o f ~ is t h e l e a s t c o m m o n m u l t i p l e o f t h e l e n g t h s

o f t h e c y c l i c f a c t o r s o f ~ ( of . 1 . 1 1 ) .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d w e l e t u E N b e a m u l t i p l e o f t he l e n g t h o f

e v e r y c y c l i c f a c t o r o f ~. I f i E ~, t h e n t h e r e i s s u c h a v _ >O t h a t

i = ~ v ( j ) a n d j i s t h e l e a s t s y m b o l o f t h e c y c l i c f a c t o r o f

w h i c h i n c l u d e s t h i s s y m b o l i. L e t g b e t h e c y c l e p r o d u c t a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h t h i s c y c l e a n d w i t h r e s p e c t t o f . T h e n w e h a v e

f . . . f u _ 1 ( i ) = f C ~ V ( j ) ) f ( ~ v - I C j l ) . . . f C ~ v - u + 1 ( j ) )

3.11= f Q ~ v ( j ) ) . . . f ( ~ ( j ) ) g . f ( ~ ( j ) ) - 1 . . . f t ~ v t j ) ) - 1 .-- . . - - - - . . . . . . - . . . g W ,

i f u = w r f o r t h e l e n g t h r o f t h e c y c l e i n c l u d i n g i .

T h e o r d e r o f ( f ; ~) i s t h e m i n i m a l u E N so t h a t u = I S n a n d

f . . . f u _ 1 ( i ) = IG , V i E S , i . e . f ' ' ' f ~ u - 1 = e. H e n c e f r o m

3 . 1 1 w e o b t a i n

5 . 1 2 T h e o r d e r o f ( f ; ~) ( o f t y p e ( a i k )) i s t h e l e a s t c o m m o n m u l -

t i p l e o f t h e p r o d u c t s k m i o f t h e l e n g t h s k o f t h e c y c l i c

f a c t o r s o f ~ w i t h t h e o r d e r s w i o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c y c l e -L , ,

p r o d u c t s w i t h r e s p e c t t o f:

l < ( f ; ~ )> l = 1 . c . m . { k . i ] .

i , k : a i k > O

H e n c e ( f ;~ ) i s p - r e g u l a r ( i . e. p ~ l < ( f ; ~ ) > l ) i f p d o e s n o t d i -

v i d e a n y o n e o f t h e s e p r o d u c t s k w i. We h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g c o r o l -

l a r y :

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3 ~ T h e p - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s o f G ~ S n a r e e x a c t l y t h e c o n j u g a c y c l as -

s e s b e l o n g i n g t o t y p e s ( a i k) w h e r e n o n v a n i s h i n g e n t r i e s o c c u r

o n l y i n r o w s t o p - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s C i o f G a n d c o l u m n s w i t h

p - r e g u l a r n u m b e r s k .

T h e p - c l a s s e s c o r r e s p o n d t o t h o s e t y p e s ( a ik ) w h e r e o n l y i n

c o l u m n s w i t h p - p o w e r - n u m b e r s k a n d o n l y i n r o w s b e l o n g i n g t o

p - c l a s s e s C i o f G d o v a n i s h i n g e n t r i e s o c c u r .

T h e r e m a i n i n g C y p es b e l o n g t o p - s i n g u l a r c l a s se s .

3 . 1 2 a n d 3 . 1 3 a re g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s o f 1 .1 1 a n d 1 . 1 2 : f o r G = { 1 } ,

i . e . f o r o n e - r o w e d t y p e s w e o b t a i n 1 .1 1 an d 1 . 1 2 a t o n c e .

A s i s w e l l - k n o w n , t h e n u m b e r o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f a f i n i t e g r o u p

o v e r t h e f ie l d o f c o m p l e x n u m b er s w h i c h h a v e r e a l c h a r a c t e r i s

e q u a l t o t h e n u m b e r o f a m b i v a l e n t c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s ( i. e. c l a s s e s

c o n t a i n i n g t h e i n v e r s e o f e a c h o f i t s e l e m e n t s ) . A s w e h a v e s e e n

i n s e c t i o n 1 , e a c h c o n j u g a c y c l a s s o f a s y m m e t r i c g r o u p i s a m b i -

v a l e n t , w h i l e o n l y t h e a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s A t , A 2 , A 5, A 6 , A I O a n d

A 1 4 a r e a m b i v a l e n t ( cf . 1 . 1 5 / 1 . 2 5 ) . T h i s i m p l i e s t h a t a l l t h e o r -

d i n a r y c h a r a c t e r s o f S a n d a l l t h e o r d i n a r y c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e s e

s i x a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a r e r e a l . W e s h o w, t h a t t h i s i s th e c a s e

for G~Sn, too, if it is val id fo r G (Kerber [7]):

~ . 1 5 I f G i s a m b i v a l e n t , t h e n G ~ S n i s a m b i v a l e n t .

P r o o f : T h e r e i s o b v i o u s l y a 1 - 1 - c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e c y c l e s

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5O

( j . . . r ( j ) ) o f ~ a n d ( j .. . - r ( j ) ) o f - 1 .

L e t g b e t h e c y c l e p r o d u c t t o ( j. . . r ( j ) ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o f.

T h e n t h e o y c l e p r o d u c t t o ( j. . . - r (j ) ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o f - ~ 1 i s

( r e c a l l t h a t ( f ; ~ ) - 1 = ( f - 1 1 | ~ - I ) )-

I f n o w G i s a n a m b i v a l e n t g r o u p , t h e n g ~ g -l , y g E G , w h a t i m -

p l i e s , t h a t i n t h i s c a s e

A n d t h i s p r o v e s t h e a s s e r t i o n s i n c e t w o e l e m e n t s o f t h e s a m e t y p e

a r e c o n j u g a t e s ( o f. 3 . 7 ) .

q . e . d .

A s p e c i a l c a s e i s

V m , n : S m ~ S n i s a m b i v a l e n t .

3 . 1 4 / 3 . 1 5 g e n e r a l i z e a r e s u l t o f B e r g g r e n ( B e r g g r e n [ 1] ). H e

p r o v e d t h e a m b i v a l e n c y o f G ~ S 2 a s s u m i n g t h a t G i s a m b i v a l e n t .

U s i n g t h i s a n d t h e a s s o c i a t i v i t y o f t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i -

c a t i o n h e sh o w e d , t h a t t h e 2 - S y l o w - e u b g r o u p s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s

a r e a m b i v a l e n t . A n d t h i s i m p l i e s, t h a t e v e r y 2 - g r o u p c a n b e e m -

b e d d e d i n a n a m b i v a l e n t 2 - g r o u p .

C y c l i c g r o u p s C p o f o r d e r p a r e n o t a m b i v a l e n t i n g e n e r a l , t h e r e -

f o r e t h a t n o t e v e r y p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f S i s a m b i v a l e n t i s i m -

p l i e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g :

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5 1

T h e a m b i v a l e n c y o f G ~ H i m p l i e s t h e a m b i v a l e n c y o f G a n d t h e

a m b i v a l e n c y o f H .

P r o o f : I f G ~ H i s a m b i v a l e n t , t h e n f o r e v e r y ( f ; ~ ) E G ~ H t h e r e i s

a n ( f ' ; ~ ' ) s o t h a t

( f , ; ~ , ) C f ; ~ ) C f , ~ , ) - 1 = ( f , f , f , - 1, ~ , _ 1 ; ~ ' ~ ' - I) = ( f- 11 1~ -I ). (I )~ _

T h i s i m p l i e s , t h a t e v e r y ~ E H i s c o n j u g a t e t o i t s i n v e r s e ,

i . e . H is a m b i v a l e n t .

A n d i f w e c h o o s e a c o n s t a n t f : ~ ~ G , s a y

f( i) = g, ¥ i E G,

t h e n f o r ~ = I w e o b t a i n f r o m ( I ), t h a t t h e r e i s a n f' s o t h a t

f , f f , - 1 = f - 1 w h a t i m p l i e s g N g - 1 . G h a s t o b e a m b i v a l e n t a s w e l l .

q . e . d .

U s i n g 1 . 2 5 w e h a v e t h e c o r o l l a r y :

A i ~ S m a n d S m ~ A i w i t h i E { 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 1 0 , 1 4 } a r e t h e o n l y a m b i -

v a l e n t w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f a l t e r n a t i n g w i t h s y m m e t r i c g r o up s .

B e f o r e w e c o n c l u d e t h i s s e c t i o n w i t h a n e x a m p l e l e t u s d e s c r i b e

t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a n e l e m e n t ( f ;~ ) E G ~ S n .

A s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a p e r m u -

t a t i o n i n S ( cf . s e c t i o n 2 , 2 . 3 1 / 2 . 3 2 ) w e s t a r t w i t h t h e c o n s i -

d e r a t i o n o f a s p e c i a l c a s e:

( f l ~ ) E e ~ s n , T ~ = ( 0 , . . . , 0 , I ) ,

i . e . ~ i s a c y c l e o f l e n g t h n .

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I n t h i s c a s e t h e t y p e ( a ik ) o f ( f ; ~) h a s e x a c t l y o n e n o n v a n i s h i n g

e n t r y , a I i n t h e l a s t c o l, ~m n.

S i n c e t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f c o n j u g a t e s a r e c o n j u g a t e s u b g r o u p s , w e

c a n a s s u m e , t h a t

(f;1) E G 1, i.e. f(i ) = 1 , V i ~ I, f(1 ) E C i,

i f a i m i s t h i s o n l y n o n v a n i s h i n g e n t r y o f ( a i k ).

A s u b g r o u p o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f (f ; ~) i s t h e c y c l i c s u b g r o u p

< ( f ; ~ ) > ~ G % S n , g e n e r a t e d b y ( f; ~ ) i t s e l f . B u t ( f ; ~ ) c o m m u t e s

a l s o w i t h t h e e l e m e n t s ( f '; 1 ) E G * w h o s e m a p p i n g s f ' a r e c o n s t a n t

o n g a n d s o t ha t t h e i r v a l u e i s a n e l e m e n t o f t he c e n t r a l i z e r

o f f ( 1 ) i n G :

f ' : f ' ( i ) = g E C G ( f ( 1 ) ) , V i E ~ -

T h i s f o l l o w s f r o m

( f ' ; 1 ) ( f ; ~ ) ( f ' ; 1 ) - 1 = ( f , ff ~ - 1 ;~ ) = ( f , f f , - 1 ) = ( f; ~) •

T h e s u b g r o u p o f t h e s e ( f ' ;1 ) i s t h e d i a g o n a l o f t h e b a s i s g r o u p

o f t h e s u b g r o u p C G ( f ( 1 ) ) ~ S n ~ G ~ S n :

{ ( f ' ; 1 ) } = d i a g ( G G ( f ( 1 ) ) * ) ~ G G ( f ( 1 ) ) * ~ G * .

L e t u s m u l t i p l ~ t h e s e t w o s u b g r o u p s o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r a n d w e

o b t a i n

3 . 1 8 d i a g ( G G ( f ( 1 ) ) * ) < ( f ; ~ ) > .

W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w, t h a t t h i s i s a s u b g r o u p a n d o f t h e s a m e

o r d e r a s C G ~ S n ( f ; ~ ) a n d h e n c e e q u a l t o t h i s c e n t r a l i z e r .

I f ( f ' ; 1 ), ( f " ;1 ) E d i a g ( C G ( f ( 1 ) ) * ) , w e h a v e f o r r, s E Z :

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( f , ; 1 ) ( f ; ~ ) r ( ( f . ; 1 ) ( f ~ ) s ) - I = ( f , ; 1 ) ( f ; ~ ) r - s ( f . - 1 ; 1 )

= ( f , f , , - 1 ; 1 ) ( f ; ~ ) r - s .

H e n c e t h i s s u b s e t 3 . 1 8 i s a s u b g r o u p .

I f w e n o w a s s u m e , t h a t

( f , ; 1 ) ( f ; ~ ) r = ( f . ~ 1 ) C f ~ ) s

w e h a v e

( f . - I f , ; 1 ) = ( f ; ~ ) s - r .

T h i s i s f u l f i l l e d o n l y i f s - r m 0 ( n ) .

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d w e h a v e

( f ; ~ ) n = ( ff . . . f n _ 1 ; ~ n ) = ( f ( 1 ) , . . . , f ( 1 ) ; 1 ) E d i a g ( C G ( f ( 1 ) ) . )

a n d h e n c e i f r m t ( n) t h e r e i s a n ( f ' ; 1 ) E d i a g ( C G ( f ( 1 ) ) * )

s a t i s f y i n g

( f ; ~ ) r = ( f , ; l l C f ; ~ ) t .

T h u s t h e o r d e r of t h is s u b g r o u p o f C G ~ S n ( f ; ~ ) i s

l a l a g C % ( f C 1 l l * l < C f ~ l > l = C I Q J / l c i l l n ,

a n d t h i s i s t h e o r d e r o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f ( f ; ~ ) , a s c a n b e

s e e n f r o m 3 . 9.

T h e r e f o r e w e h a v e p r o v e d t h e f o l l o w i n g f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s a

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a g e n e r a l e l e m e n t o f G ~S n

(O re [I ]) :

I f ~ i s a n n - c y c l e a n d ( f ; 1) E G I , t h e n t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f

( f ;~ ) i n G ~ S n i s t h e p r o d u c t o f t h e d i a g o n a l s u b g r o u p o f

t h e b a s i s g r o u p C G ( f ( 1 ) ) ~ o f C G ( f ( 1 ) ) ~ S n _( G ~ S n a n d t h e

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5 4

c y c l i c s u b g r o u p g e n e r a t e d b y ( f ; ~ ) , i .e .

C G ~ S n C f ; u ) = d i a g ( C G C f C 1 ) ) * ) < C f ; ~ ) >

i n t h i s s p e c i a l c a s e .

U s i n g t h i s w e w o u l d l i k e t o d e s c r i b e t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a g e n e r a l

e l e m e n t ( f ; ~ ) E G ~ S n .

Le t u s den ote by ~J k (1--<J--<aik) the ai k cyc lic fa ct ors of a who se

o y c l e p r o d u c t e w i t h r e s p e c t t o f a r e e l e m e n t s o f C _~ G ( i f a i k > O ) .

T, t ~i k b e the cyc le

3 . 2 0 ~ J k = ( r J ~ ( r J k ) . . . ~ k - X ( r J k ) )

s o t h a t riJ i s t h e l e a s t s y m b o l o f t h i s c y c l e .

W e n o t i c e t h a t

3.21 ~ = i,~ ,k ~Jik "

W i t h o u t l o s s o f g e n e r a l i t y w e c a n a s s u m e , t h a t f i s o f t h e f o l l o w -

i n g f o r m :

. . = f ( - k + 1 ( r j k ) ) I Q .. 2 2 f ( r ~ k ) E C , f ( ~ - l ( r ~ k ) ) = . =

I f w e n o w d e f i n e a m a p p i n g f Ji k: ~ ~ G b y

f ( r J k ) rJik

= = I i f s =

1G e l s e w h e r e ,

t h e n

3 . 2 4

a n d t h e s e f a c t o r s ( fJ . ~J ~i k' i k " a r e c o m m u t a t i v e s i n c e t h e y h a v e d i s -

j o i n t c y c l i c f a c t o r s i f w e l o o k a t t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

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55

of G~S .

R e g a r d e d a s e l e m e n t s o f s u b g r o u p s o f t h e f o r m

(G × G = ( r ) x . . . x G k _ l ( r ) ) S ~ ~ G~Sk

t h e n f a c t o r s f fJ - ~J ~ a r e e l e m e n t s o f t h e s p e c i a l f o r m w h o s eik' ik S

c e n t r a l i z e r s w e r e d e s c r i b e d i n 3 . 19 . U s i n g t h e s a m e a r g u m e n t a s

i n s e c t i o n 2 t o g e t t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a g e n e r a l p e r m u t a t i o n w e

obtai n from 3.19 and 3.24 (Ore [1]):

3 ~ I f T ( f ; ~ ) = ( a i k ) t h e n t h e c e n t r a l i z e r o f ( f ;~ ) i n G ~ S n i s

a s u b g r o u p c o n j u g a t e t o t he c e n t r a l i z e r

o f t h e s p e c i a l e l e m e n t 3 . 2 4 o f t h i s t y pe ( s e e 3 .2 0 - 3 . 2 4 ) .

It is easy to check, tha t this agrees wi th 3.9, and th at for

G = [1} we g et 2.32 .

E x a m p l e . T o c o n c l u d e t h i s s e c t i o n , w e c o n s i d e r a s u b g r o u p o f S 6 ,

w h i c h i s a f a i t h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S 3 %S 2 :

( [ 1 , ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , ( 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 ) ] x [ 1 , ( 4 5 ) , ( 4 6 ) , ( 5 6 ) , ( 4 5 6 ) , ( 4 6 5 ) ] )

• [ 1 , ( 1 4 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 3 6 ) ] ~ S6 •

W e w o u l d l i k e t o d e s c r i b e i t s c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s t o i l l u s t r a t e

3 . 7 a n d g i v e a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h es e

c l a s s e s . T h i s w e s h a l l d o a c c o r d i n g t o t h e o r d e r i n g

0 1 : = [ 1 3 , C2 := [ ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 3 ) , ( 2 3 ) ] , C3 := [ ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 3 2 ) ]

o f t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s o f S .

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5?

c l a s s o f S 3 % S 2 .

B e c a u s e o f 3 . 9 t h e o r d e r o f t h i s c l a s s i s

7 2 / ( 3 ! / 1 ) 1 ( 3 : / 3 ) 1 = 6 .

( i i i ) ( ( 1 2 3 ) , I ; I ) i s o f t y p e . A r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e l e m e n t o f

t h i s c o n J u g a c y c l a s s i s ( 12 3) E S a s c a n b e s e e n a n a l o g o u s l y6

t o ( i i) . T h e o r d e r o f t h i s c l a s s i s 4.

( iv ) ( 2 ), ( 12 ) ; ) i s o f t y p e . A p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t i n g

t h i s c o n J u g a c y c l a s s i s ( 1 2 ) ( 4 5 ) , t h e c l a s s i s o f o r d e r 9 .

( v) T ( ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; 1 ) = . h i s c l a s s i s o f o r d e r ¢ a n d r e -

p r e s e n t e d b y ( 12 3 ) ( 4 5 6 ) .

( v i ) ~ ( 1 , 1 ~ ( 1 2 ) ) = . ( 1 , 1 ~ ( 1 2 ) ) is mapped onto ( 1 4 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 3 6 ) ,

h e n c e t h i s p e r m u t a t i o n i s a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e e l e m e n t o f t h i s

c o n j u g a c y c l a s s o f o r d e r 6 .

( v i i ) T ( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; 1 ) = . h e i m a g e o f t h i s c l a s s o f $ 3 ~ S 2

c o n t a i n s ( 1 2 ) ( 4 5 6 ) , a n d i ts o r d e r i s 1 2 .

( v i i i ) T h e c y c l e p r o d u c t b e l o n g i n g t o t h e p e r m u t a t i o n o f ( ( 1 23 ) ,

( 1 2 3 ) ; ( 1 2 ) ) i s

( 1 2 ) ~ f ( 1 ) f ( 2 ) = ( 1 3 2 ) ,

h e n c e

T ( ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; ( 1 2 ) ) = l i ! ] "

T h e i m a ge u n d e r t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s

f ( 1 ) a f ( 2 ) o - 1 ( 1 2 ) * = ( 1 2 3 ) ( 4 5 6 ) ( 1 4 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 3 6 ) = ( 1 5 34 2 6 ) •

T h e o r d e r o f t h i s c l a s s i s 1 2.

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58

( ix ) T ( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; ( 1 2 ) ) = . h e i m a g e is ( 1 5 ) 6 2 6 3 ¢ ) , t h e o r-

der of the class is 18.

T h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s w i l l b e o f us e l a t e r o n f o r t he e v a l u a t i o n o f

t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e o f $ 3 ~ S 2. I t w i l l b e u s e f u l f o r t h e s e c a l c u -

l a t i o n t o o b s e r v e , t h a t t h e g r o u p s S m ~ S n p o s s e s s t w o n o r m a l d i v i -

s o r s o f i n d e x 2 : S m % S n + : = S m ~ S n G A m m a n d S m~ =~ . H a v i n g n o t i c e d

t h i s w e o n l y n e e d t o e v a l u a t e a s m a l l p a r t o f t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e

a n d t h e n u s e t h e s y m m e t r i e s a r i s i n g f r o m t h i s f a c t.

T h u s i t i s h e l p f u l t o h a v e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e c o n j u g a c y

c l a s s e s i n p e r m u t a t i o n a l f o r m a s w e l l a s i n t h e f o r m ( f ;~ ) a s i n

o u r e x a m p l e . W e s e e a t o n ce t h a t t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s d e s c r i b e d

in (i), (iii), (iv), (v) and (ix) are the clas ses co nsi sti ng of

p e r m u t a t i o n s a n d h e n c e t h e s e c l a s s e s f o r m $ 3 ~ $ 2 + . ~ o r e o v e rv e n

the class es (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and (vii) are the cla sse s

c o n s i s t i n g o f e l e m e n t s o f t h e f o r m ( f ;1 ) a n d h e n c e t h e y b u i l d u p

t h e n o r m a l d i v i s o r S 3 ~ A 2 = $ 3 ~ I ] = S ~ ~ S 3 x S 3 .

W e h a v e n o w f i n i s h e d s u m m a r i z i n g t h e g r o u p - t h e o r e t i c a l r e s u l t s

w h i c h w e n e e d t o d e s c r i b e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s ym -

m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a s w e l l a s o f w r e a t h p r o d u ct s .

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C h a p t e r I I

R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s

W e w o u l d l i k e t o d e s c r i b e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s ,

e s p e c i a l l y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s G ~ S n w i t h s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s .

A f i r s t s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s a p r e p a r a t o r y s ~ m m a r y o f t he o r d i n a r y

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f th e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p. T h e f o l l o w i n g

s e c t i o n c o n t a i n s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s

o f f i n i t e g r o u p s o v e r a n a l g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d f i e l d.

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6 O

4 . T h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f th e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p

T h e g r o u n d f i e l d i s t h e f i e l d C o f c o m p l e x n u m b e r s . S i n c e C i s a l -

g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d an d o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c z e r o, t h e n u m b e r o f i r -

r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S i s e q u a l t o t h e n u m b e r o f c o n -

j u g a c y c l a s s e s o f S n -

A s w e h a v e s e e n i n t h e f i r s t s e c t i o n , t h e r e i s a l - l - c o r r e s p o n -

d e n c e b e t w e e n th e c o n j u g ~ c y c l a s s e s o f S a n d th e p a r t i t i o n s

a = ( ~ 1 , . . . , ~ h ) , a E N , ~ j A a j + 1 ( 1~ j< _h -1 ), Z a i = n

o f n .

H e n c e i f w e c a n a s s o c i a t e w i t h e a c h of t h e s e p a r t i t i o n s a n

i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S s o t h a t r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a s s o -

c i a t e d w i t h d i f f e r e n t p a r t i t i o n s a r e i n e q u i v al e n t , w e h a v e a

c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S n -

H o w t h i s c a n b e d o n e w e s h a l l d e s c r i b e n o w . T h e p r o c e d u r e u s i n g

a c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f p r i m i t i v e i d e m p o t e n t s o f t h e g r o u p a l g e b r a i s

w e l l k n o w n , b u t a v e r y u s e f u l h i n t t o c l a r i f y t h i s p r o c e s s b y

u s i n g M e c k e y ' s i n t e r t w i n i n g n u m b e r t h e o r e m w e ow e to A . J. C o l e -

m a n ( C o l e m a n [ 1] , c f . a l s o B a y a r [ I ], B u r r o w [1 ] , [ 2 ] , G t h n d Gz a l p

[ 1] , M a l z a n [ I] , M u n k h o l m [ I] , a n d th e h i n t f o l l o w i n g 2 . 2 9 i n

R o b i n s o n [ 5] ).

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61

T o g e l h e r w i t h a p a r t i t i o n ~ w e c o n s i d e r t h e Y o u n g - d i a g r a m

.

. . . . . . . . . . a I o d e s

• . . . . . a n o d e s

[ a S :e e e e e e e e e e e e

. . . . . ~ h n o d e s

( cf . s e c t i o n I) a n d i t s f i r s t Y o u n g - t a b l e a u

I 2 .. . . . . . . . . . . a 1

a . ~ 1 + 1 ¢ 1 + 2 " ' " a l + a 24.1 T 1 .= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e e e e e e n

a n dt f o l l o w s f r o m t h e r e s u l t s o f s e c t i o n I, t h a t t h e g r o u p s H I

aV 1 o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l a n d v e r t i c a l p e r m u t a t i o n s o f T ~ a re Y o u n g

s u b g r o u p s w i t h t h e p r o p e r t y

4 . 2 H 1 n V ; = [ 1 } .

a a n d b ye t u s d e n o t e b y I H ~ t he i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f H I

a d e f i n e d b yV ~ t h e a l t e r n a t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f V 1 '

= = ( 1 ) , v

Va+.4. 3 (I) , V ~ E -I °= VI N A

:=

( - 1 ) , V ~ e - 1 " 1 "

I f I H ~ t S a n d A V ~ t S a r e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S i n d u c e d

b y I H ~ a n d A V e , t h e f o l l o w i n g i s t h e c r u c i a l t h e o r e m :

4 , 4 I H ~ ~ S a n d A V ~ t S h a v e e x a c t l y o n e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u -

e n t i n c o m m o n , i n e a c h c a s e w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y I.

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P r o o f : T h e a s s e r t i o n i s f u l f i l l e d i f a n d o n l y i f t h e i n n e r p r o -

d u c t ( I H ~ t S , A V ~ ~ S n) o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c h a r a c t e r sI H V t S A V ~ t S

X a n d X s a t i s f i e s

4 . 5 ( I H ~ t S n , A V ~ t S ) = 1

( s e e C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I] , E x . 3 1 . 1 ) . ~ o r t h e i n n e r p r o d u c t i s d e -

f i n e d b y

A ~( I H Sn, V 1 t S ) : =

Z x I H 1 t S n ( ~ ) A V 1 1 S n ( ~ - 1 )

a n d h e n c e 4 . 5 i m p l i e s t h e a s s e r t i o n b e c a u s e o f t h e o r t h o g o n a l i t y

r e l a t i o n s o f t h e i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t er s .

T o p r o v e 4 . 5 w e n o t i c e , t h a t t h i s i n n e r p r o d u c t i s t h e i n t e r t w i -

n i n g n u m b e r of t h e tw o i n d u c ed r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . H e n c e u s i n g

M a c k e y ' s i n t e r t w i n in g n u m b e r t h e o r e m ( C u r t i s ~ e i n e r [ I ], ( 44 . 5) )

w e o b t a i n

( I H ~ t S n , A V ~ t S ) = i ( I E ~ r S n , A V V r S n )

: ~ i ( I H ~ ~ E l n~ V l ~ - 1 , ( A V ~ ) ~ ~ l n ~ V l~ - I ) ,

H I ~ V 1

i f t h e s u m i s t a k e n o v e r a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f p a i r w i s e d i f f e r e n t

a ~ ~ ~n S n, i f "~ " m e a n s r e s t r i c t i o nd o u b l e c o s e t s H I ~ V I o f H I a n d V I

a n d i f w e d e n o t e b y ( AV e) ~ t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ( o f ~ V V ~ - I) c o n j u -

g a t e t o A V V a n d d e f i n e d b y

( A V ) ~ ( ~ ' x - I) : = A V ( ~' ), V ~ ' E V I •

N o w th e i n t e r s e c t i o n H ~ ~ ~ -I i s o b v i o u s l y a d i r e c t p r o d u c t o f

s y m m e t r i c s u b g r o u p s , s a y

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6 3

H I G ~ V - 1i , j 8 z i j

( cf . 1 . 3 1 ) . A n d t h e r e f o r e t h e r e s t r i c t i o n

I H ~ ~ ~ - ~ 1 . ~ V l -I = I ( H ~ N ~ V ~ - I )

i s e q u a l t o t h e r e s t r i c t i o n

( A V ~ ) ~ $ H I N ~ V I~ -I = A ( H ~ G ~ V ~ - I )

i f a n d o n l y i f z i j ~ 1 , V i , j , i . e . i f a n d o n l y i f

H ~ R ~ V ~ - 1 = [ 1 ] .

H e n c e

: 1~ -1

= { I, i f H I ~ V I ~ = {I ]

0 o t h e r w i s e .

F r o m 1 . 3 5 w e k n o w , t h a t t h e r e i s e x a c t l y o n e d o u b l e c o s e t

m ~ ~ -1H I ~ V 1 w i t h t h e p r o p e r t y H I N ~ V I ~ = [ I ] ( n a m e l y t h e d o u b l e c o s e t

H I~ V~ , s e e 4 . 2 ) . T h i s i m p l i e s 4 . 5 a n d t h e t h e o r e m i s p r o v e d .

q . e . d .

L e t u s d e n o t e b y [ ~] t h e e q u i v a l e n c e c l a s s o f t h is u n i q u e l y d e -

t e r m i n e d c o m m o n c o n s t i t u e n t :

[~] := IH~ t S n AV ~ t S •

S i n c e w i t h t h e n o t a t i o n (I n ) : = ( I , . . . , I ) w e h a v e

IH~ ln) = I{1] = AV~ n) ,

t h e i n d u c e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n I H~ l n) ~ S a s w e l l a s A V ~ n ) t 8 i s

t h e r e g u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n R S n o f 8 . T h u s

IH~ ln) ~ S O (AV~ ln) t S = AS n) = RS n G AS n = AS n,

(IH~n) ~ Sn = IS ) ~ AV~ n) ~ S = ISn O RS n = IS .

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6 4

U s i n g n o t a t i o n 4 . 6 w e g e t t h e r e f r o m:

~ - 7 I n ] = I s n , [ 1 n ] = A S n •

L e t u s d e n o t e b y " @" t h e o u t e r t e n s o r p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n

( f o l l o w i n g t h e n o t a t i o n o f O u r t i s / R e i n e r [ 1] , c f. % 4 3) a n d s u b s t l -

a a n d V ~ W e o b t a i nu t e 8 a n d 8 a, f o r t h e i s o m o r p h i c s u b g r o u p s H I

f r o m 4 . 7 :

4 .8 z s ~ = [ ~ 1 ] ~ ' " ~ [ % ] = ~ [ ~ i ] ,, i a'

A S a , = [ 1 a ' ~ ] , . . . @ [ 1 c r '~ ' ] = @ [ 1 3 . ] •i

T h e i n d u c e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w i l l b e d e n o t e d a s f o l l o w s :

V [ a i ] = [al ]''" [@h] := (~i ~i]) f Sn '

a ' a ' a :

" [ ~ [ 1 3 . ] = [1 1 ] . . . [ 1 a ] ~ ' ' ] : = ( @ [ l i 1 ] ) f S n •

T h e r e f o r e a s e c o n d f o r m u l a t i o n o f 4 . 6 is ( cf . R o b i n s o n [ 5 ] , 2 . 2 9 ):

4 , 1 0

~ I I[ a ] = [ a 1 ] . . . [ a l : l ] 13 [ 1 1 ] . . . [ 1 ~ h ' ] •

U s i n g a g a i n t h e n o t a t i o n o f C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I] w e d e n o t e b y " @ "

t h e i n n e r t e n s o r p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n . B y d e f i n i t i o n o f th e a l -

t e r n a t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n w e h a v e

[ 1 n ] ® [ 1 n ] = [ n ] .

H e n c e

[a'] = IS~, t S n AS a ~ S = (AS a,~S n n ISa ~S n) @ [In],

t h u s

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4.11 [ a ' ] = [ ~ ] @ [1 n ] •

T h i s m e a n s , t h a t th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ ~ ] and [ ~ ' ] d i f f e r o n l y o n

t h e o d d p e r m u t a t i o n s a n d t h e r e o n l y i n t h e s ig n .

4 . 6 c h a r a c t e r i z e s c e r t a i n i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f Sn ,

a n d we w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w t h a t t h e s y s t e m o f t he s e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

[ m] i s a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f p a i r w i s e i n e q u i v a l e n t i r r e d u c i b l e

C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ( o r o rd i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a s t h e y a r e a l s o

called) of S n-

~ o p r o v e t h i s i t s u f f i c e s - a s h a s b e e n s a i d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f

this sec tion - to show, th at for ~ + ~ [~] and [6] are in equi va-

l e n t . T o p r o v e t h i s w e c o n s i d e r m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l s o f t h e

g r o u p a l g e b r a C S o f S o v e r C , w h i c h a f f o r d t he r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

W e k n ow , t h a t t h e s i m p l e t w o - s i d e d i d e a l o f t h e g r o u p a l g e b r a

C G o f a f i n i t e g r o u p G c o n s i s t i n g o f m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l s a f f o r -

d i n g t h e i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G w i t h c h a r a c t e r C i s

g e n e r a t e d b y t h e c e n t r a l a n d u p t o a n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r i d e m p o t e n t

e l e m e n t

4 . 1 2 D C ( g - 1 ) g •

g E G

I f t h i s i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n w i t h c h a r a c t e r { i s o n e d i m e n -

s i o n a l, t h e n t h e s i m p l e t w o - s i d e d i d e a l i s a m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l

itself, since the num ber of the min ima l s1~mmands is equal to the

d i m e n s i o n o f t h e a f f o r d e d i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s i s w e l l

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66

k n o w n . I n t h i s c a s e, t h e e l e m e n t 4 . 1 2 i s e v e n a p r i m i t i v e i d e m p o -

t e n t ( u p t o a n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r ) . A p p l y i n g t h i s t o I H ~ an d A V ~ a n d| !

s e t t i n g

4 . 1 3~ ( I " = I ~ ~ . - ~

e p : = ~ I i f p i s a n e v e n / o d d p e r m u t a t i o n , w e o b t a i n :

a a A V ~ i s a f f o r d e d b y C V1 ?r ., 1 4 I H ~ i s a f f o r d e d b y C HI ]( I,

T h e s e e l e m e n t s ~ I a n d ~1 a r e u p t o a n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r p r i m i t i v e

i d e m p o t e n t s o f t h e s u b a l g e b r a s C H ~ a n d C V ~ o f CS . R e g a r d e d a s

e l e m e n t s o f C S t h e y a r e s t i l l i d e m p o t e n t u p t o a n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r

b u t o f c o u r s e i n g e n e r a l n o l o n g e r c e n t r a l e l e m e n t s o r p r i m i t i v e .

T h e l e f t i d e a l s g e n e r a t e d b y a f f o r d t h e i n d u c e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s :

4 , ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ o ~ o ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ s ~ • ~ ~ ,

- - C H 1

A V ~ ? S i s a f f o r d e d b y C S n~ ~ ~ CSn @ a C V ~ .- - CV I

A n d w e w o u l d l i k e t o s h ow , t h a t t h e p r o d u c t

~ ~ ~e I -= ~(

g e n e r a t e s a m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l o f C S a f f o r d i n g [ ¢] .

A t f i r s t w e n o t i c e , t h a t b e c a u s e o f H V G V I = { I} t h e c o e f f i c i e n t

o f 1 S n i n e ~ i s I a n d h e n c e

4 . 1 7 e ~ + o

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6 7

4 . 5 i m p l i e s , t h a t t h e C - d i m e n s i o n o f ~ C S n ~ r ~ i s I:

4 . 1 8 ¢z =( iC S n 1 = c ) = I

T h e r e f o r e w e o b t a i n w i t h 4 . 1 7 J o h n v o n N e u m a n n ' s l e m m a ( s e e B o e r -

h e r [ 2] , I V, t h e o r e m 2 . 9 ) :

c[ ~ C e ~4. 19 ~1 CSnlrl = "

A p p l y i n g t h i s t o t h e s p e c i a l e l e m e n t ~ 1 ~ I E C S n w e g e t

4 . 2 0 ( e ) 2 = ~ I = e , ~ E C .

I t r e m a i n s t o p r o v e , t h a t t h i s c o m p l e x n u m b e r ~ is u n e q u a l t o

¢ i s p r i m i t i v e .e r o a n d t h a t e

c a n b e e v a l u a t e d b y c a l c u l a t i n g i n t w o w a y s t h e t r a c e o f t h e

l i n e a r t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f C S n a f f o rd e d b y t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n o f

a f r o m t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e.S n w i t h e

A t f i r s t w e a s s u m e t h e b a s i s o f CS t o b e a d a p t e d t o t h e s u b m o d u l e

C S n e V , i . e . t h a t t h e f i r s t ( ¢ S n e ~ : C ) = : f ~ b a s i s v e c t o r s s p a n

C S n e V . W i t h r e s p e c t t o s u c h a ba s i s t h e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n w i t h e ~

i s d e sc r i b e d b y t h e m a t r i x

o n a c c o u n t o f 4 . 2 0 .

I f on t h e o t h e r h a n d w e c h o o s e t h e e l e m e n t s ~ o f S t o b e t he

b a s i s o f CS n , t h e t r a c e o f th e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n w i t h e ~ i s o b v i o u s -

i n e ~, w h i c h i s I a s w e h a v el y n ! - t i m e s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f I S n

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68

m e n t i o n e d a b o v e .

0 o m p a r i n g t h i s w i t h 4 .2 1 w e o b t a i n

n! n!

4 . 2 2 ~ = ( C S n e ~ , c ) = ~ .

H e n c e e 1 i s u p t o t h e n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r - 1 = f ~/ n' , a n i d e m p o t e n t

i s e s s e n t i a l l y i d e m p o t e n tleme nt of CS , e I

T o s h o w t h e p r i m i t i v i t y o f e ~ w e n o t i c e , t h a t

s ~ ~ ~ C S n ~ ) ( C S n ~ ~ ).

: C S n ~ 1 ~ I = (. 2 3 C nel _

T h e t w o f a c t o r s o f t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f 4 . 2 3 a r e d i r e c t s u m s o f

m i n i m a l l e f t i d e al s . S i n c e n o n i s o m o r p h i c m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a ls a n -

n i h i l a t e e a c h o t h e r , w e o b t a i n f r o m 4. 4, t h a t t h i s r i g h t h a n d

side of 4.23 is eith er the ideal {0} or a min ima l lef t idea l

w h i c h a f f o r d s [ ~ ].

B e c a u s e o f e V $ 0 t h e l e f t i d e a l C S n e V i s n o t t h e z e r o i d e a l a n d

h e n c e 4 . 1 0 i m p l i e s :

i s a p r i m i t i v e i d e m p o t e n t o f C S a n d t h e m i n i m a lf ~ / n ~ ) e I

a f f o r d s t h e i r r e d u c i b l ee f t i d e a l C S n e V g e n e r a t e d b y e I

C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ ~] o f S .

T o s h o w t h e c o m p l e t e n e s s o f t h i s s y s t e m o f i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s C ~S o f S i t t h e r e f o r e s u f f i c e s t o p r o v e t h e

f o l l o w i n g :

4.2 5 ~ ~ ~ ~ CSn e ~ ~ CS e1~ -

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6 9

W e s h a l l p r o v e t h i s w i t h t h e a i d o f a l e m m a . B e f o r e s t a t i n g t h i s

l e m m a w e o r d e r th e p a r t i t i on s , d i a g r a m s a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

a c c o r d i n g t o t h e r o w l e n g t h s m i " W e s a y t h a t m r e s p e c t i v e l y C a]

p r e c e d e s ~ r e s p e c t i v e l y C ~] ( a a n d ~ p a r t i t i o n s o f n ), f o r s h o r t :

C ~] ~ ~ ] , i f th e f i r s t n o n v a n i s h i n g d i f f e r e n c e a i - ~ i i s p o s it i v e .

N o w t h e l e m m a r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

4 , 2 6 I f [ ~] > [ ~ ] a n d T ~ , T ~ a r e Y o u n g - t a b l e a u x w i t h d i a g r a m s [ a ]

a n d C P~ , t h e n t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t t w o s y m b o l s w h i c h a p p e a r

i n T ~ i n t h e a a m e r o w a n d i n T 6 i n t h e s a m e c o l ~ m ~ .

P r o o f : I f t h i s w e r e n o t t h e e a s e , t h e a s y m b o l s o f t h e f i r s t

r o w o f T w o u l d a p p e a r i n d i f f e r e n t c o l u m n s o f T 6 s o t h a t

6 1 ~ a 1 . S i n c e a > 6 t h i s i m p l i e s ~ I = 6 1 "

A v e r t i c a l p e r m u t a t i o n - w h i c h d o e s n ' t d i s t u r b t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f t h e s y m b o l s i n t h e c o l u m n s o f T 6 - t r a n s f e r s t h e s e ~I s y m b o l s

t o t h e p l a c e s o f t h e f i r s t r o w o f T 6 . D i s r e g a r d i n g t h i s n e w f i r s t

r o w a n d u s i n g t h e s a m e a r g u m e n t a s a b o v e w e g e t a = ~ 2 a n d s o

o n, a r r i v i n g f i n a l l y a t ~ = 6 w h i c h i s a c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o t h e

a s s u m p t i o n ~ > ~.

q . e . d .

P r o 9 f o f 4 . 2 ~ : I f ~ ~ 6 w e c a n a s s u m e w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n t h a t

I f ~ E S , 4 . 2 6 i m p l i e s t h a t i n

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7 O

I )~ T ~ - -m o o o I ~ I o o m a o l o

t h e r e a r e t w o s y m b o l s , s a y s a n d t , a p p e a r i n g i n t h e s am e r o w o f

~ T~ a nd i n t h e s a m e c o lu m n o f T I~ . T h e i r t r a n s p o s i t i o n ( s t ) b e l o n g s

t o ~ j ~ - 1 , t h e g r o u p o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l p e r m u t a t i o n s o f ~ T ~ a s w e l l

as to VI~. Th us

( s t ) ~ -1 = ~ - I , , 1 ~ ( s t ) = _ , i~ ,

f r o m w h a t f o l l o ws , t h a t

e 1 ~ e ~ - I = - e1 ~( st )~ eV ~ - I = - e 1 ~ e ~ - I .

e 1 ~ e ~ - I = O , V ~ E S n , ~ e 1 ~ e ~ = 0 , V ~ E S n , ~ e 1~ xe ~ = O , V x E C S n .

A n d i t i s w e l l k n o w n , t h a t t h i s i m p l i e s t h e s t a t e m e n t ( cf . B o e r n e r

[ 2 ], I I I, t h e o r e m 3 . 8 ) .

q . e . d .

W e s ! i m m ~ r i z e , w h a t w e h a v e p r o v e d :

T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ a] d e f i n e d b y 4 . 6 f o r m a c o m p l e t e

s y s t e m

[ [ ~ ] : = I S ~ $ S n N A S ~ , ~ S n I a p a r t i t i o n o f n ]

o f p a i r w i s e i n e q u i v a l e n t a n d i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

of S n.

T h u s w e h a v e c o m p l e t e d t h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s a n e x p l i c i t d e -

s c r i p t i o n o f t he o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S .

T h e r e p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s t h e m s e l v e s w e r e g i v e n b y A . Y o u n g

( Y o u n g [ 2] ), w e s h a l l d e s c r i b e t h e d e r i v a t i o n i n d e t a i l i n a

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f o l l o w i n g p a r t . H e r e w e s h a l l o n l y s k e t c h t h e n e x t s t e p s b r i e f -

ly.

W e r e t u r n t o th e d e f i n i t i o n 4 . 1 6 o f t h e g e n e r a t i n g p r i m i t i v e i d e m -

5p o t e n t s . T o d e fi n e e w e h a v e u s e d o n l y t h e f i r s t Y o u n g - t a b l e a u

TIm w i t h Y o u m g - d i a g r a m [ ~] . T h e e l e m e n t

e I = ~i~1

a n d V ~ o f t h e h o r i z o n t a lc o n s t r u c t e d w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e g r o u p s H I

a g e n e r a t e s a m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l o u ta n d v e r t i c a l p e r m u t a t i o n s o f T I

o f t h e s i m p l e t w o - s i d e d i d e a l i n C S t o w h i c h t h e i r r e d u c i b l e o r -

d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ 51 c o r r es p o n ds .

T h i s s i m p l e t w o - s i d e d i d e a l i s a d i r e c t s u m o f f a = ( CS n e ~ : C )

m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l s w h i c h a r e i s o m o r p h i c t o £ S n e ~ . T h u s w e

a s k f o r e l e m e n t s g e n e r a t i n g t h e r e m a i n i n g m i n i m a l l e f t i d e a l s

o u t o f t h i s s i m p l e t w o - s i d e d i d e al .

P r e s u m a b l y s o m e o f t h e e l e m e n t s

e := ~i~ i

5c o n s t r u c t e d a n a l o g o u s l y t o e b u t w i t h t h e a i d o f o t h e r t a b l e a u x

aT i g e n e r a t e t h e s e l e f t i d e a l s .

T h i s i s a c t u a l l y t h e c a s e ( t h a t C S n e ~ ~ C S n e ~ i s t r i v i a l b y d e -

f i n i t i o n o f [ 5] ). O b v i o u s l y t h e r e a r e n ! d i f f e r e n t t a h l e a u x w i t h

Y o u n g - d i a g r a m [ 5] , n a m e l y t h e t a b l e a u x ~ T I , ~ E S . W e p i c k o u t

s o m e o f t h e m, t h e s o - c a l l e d s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u ~ , c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y

t h e p r o p e r t y , t h a t i n s u c h a t a b l e a u t h e s y m b o l s i n e a c h r o w a n d

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i n e a c h c o l n m n a r e i n i n c r e a s i n g o r d e r , i .e . t h a t t h e s y m b o l i n

t h e p o s i t i o n ( i ,j ) ( i - t h r o w , j - t h c o l n m n ) p r e c e d e s t h a t i n t h e

( k , 1 ) - p o s i t i o n i f i <_ k a n d j ~ l. E . g .

1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 3 4 1 3 5

4 5 3 5 3 4 2 5 2 4

a r e a ll t h e s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x w i t h Y o u n g - d i a g r a m [ 3, 2] .

L e t u s d e n o te b y f ~ th e n u m b e r o f s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x w i t h Y o u n g -

d i a g r a m [ a ]. I t w i l l a p p e a r , t h a t f a = f a = ( C S n e ? : £ ) .

W e a r r a n g e t h e s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x T i i n d i c t i o n a r y o r d e r, i .e .

i <j i f t h e f i r s t n o n v a n i s h i n g d i f f e r e n c e o f s y m b o l s l o c a t e d a t

~ ( c o m p a r i n g t h e s y m b o l s i n a r o w f r o mh e s a m e p l a c e i n T i a n d Tj

t h e l e f t to th e r i g h t a n d t h e r o w s d o w n w a r d s ) i s n e g a t i v e . T h e

a b o v e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e s t a n d a r d t a b l e a u x w i t h d i a g r a m [ 3 ,2 ]

p r o v i d e s a n e x a m p l e o f t h i s o r d e r i n g .

b e t h e g r o u p s o f t h e h o r i z o n t a l p e r m u t a t i o n s a n d ofe t H ~ a n d V i

t h e v e r t i c a l p e r m u t a t i o n s o f T ~ , l e t

~ .=4 . 2 8 E i : = ~ ' ~ ' ~ i

~ E H i

a n d

4 . 2 9

p E V i

: = ~ ~ a ~ ~ p ~ p , 1 ~ i < _ f ~ .

e ~ i ~ i = ~ E H i , P E ~ i

W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w , t h a t

4 . 3 0 ~ C S n e ~~ , i

i s a d i r e c t s u m a n d e q u a l t o C S . T h i s w o u l d i m p l y f ~ = f ~ a n d

t h a t $ C S n e ; i s t h e s i m p l e t w o - s i d e d i d e a l o f C Sn , w h o s e s 1~ m ma nd s

i

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C S n e ~ a f f o r d [ a ].

T h e f i r s t s t e p t o w a r d s a p r o o f o f 4 . 3 0 i s t he p r o o f o f

a

4.~I i < j ~ ej e i = O.

A n d t h i s w i l l b e s h o w n w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e f o l l o w i n g l e m m a :

I f i< j , t h e n t h e r e a r e a t l e a s t t w o s y m b o l s a p p e a r i n g i n t h e

s a m e r o w o f T i a n d i n t h e s a m e c o l u m n o f T .

P r o o f : L e t ( k , 1) b e t h e p l a c e o f t h e f i r s t n o d e o f [ a ] r e p l a c e d

a i < j i m p l i e sy d i f f e r e n t s y m b o l s , s a y b y s r e s p . t i n T i r e s p . T j .

s < t . W e a s k f o r t h e p l a c e ( m , o ) , w h e r e s a p p e a r s i n T ~ .

O n a c c o u n t o f t h e s t a n d a r d n e s s o f T ~ , t p r e c e d e s a l l t h e s y m b o l s

l o c a t e d a t p l a c e s ( p , q) w i t h p _ ~ k a n d q ~ l . S i n c e ( k ,1 ) i s t h e f i r s t

p l a c e o c c u p i e d b y d i f f e r e n t s y m b o l s , t h i s i m p l i e s m > k , o < l . T h u s

t h e p l a c e ( k , o ) i s o c c u p i e d b y t h e s a m e s y m b o l , s a y b y r , i n T .l

a s w e l l a s i n T ~. H e n c e r a n d s f u l f i l t h e s t a t e m e n t .

q . e . d .

D e n o t i n g b y r a n d s t w o s y m b o l s a p p e a r i n g i n t he s a m e r o w o f T i

a n d i n t h e s a m e c o l u m n o f T~., w e h a v e f o r t h e i r t r a n s p o s i t i o n

(rs) :

a ~ a -e~ (rs ) ~ a ~ ~ ~ 0rs) E Hi nV j ~ eje i = e = -ej e i ~ eje i = •

T h i s p r o v e s 4 . 3 1 .

T o p r o c e e d w i t h t h e p r o o f o f t h a t 4 . 3 0 i s a d i r e c t s u m a n d e q u a l

t o C Sn , w e c o n s i d e r a n e q u a t i o n

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a

a e = 0x l e I + . . . + x f a

( x i E C S n ) . I f w e m u l t i p l y b y e f r o m t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e , s i n c e

4 . 3 1 i s v a l i d , w e o b t a i n ~ x l e ~ = O , h e n c e x l e ~ = O . T h e n w e m u l -

a a n d g e ti p l y b y e x 2 e 2 = 0 a n d s o o n . T h i s p r o v e s , t h a t t h e

s u m 4 . 3 0 i s a d i r e c t s u m .

A c o m b i n a t o r i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n ( s e e B o e r n e r [ 2] , I V , ~ 7 ) s h o w s t h a t

4 . 3 3 Z ( f ~ ) 2 = n ! .

a

S i n c e 4 . 3 0 i s a d i r e c t s u m w e h a v e f u _> f ~, t o g e t h e r w i t h 4 . 3 3 w e

c o n c l u d e , t h a t f ~ = f a a n d t h i s c o m p l e t e s t h e p r o o f , s o t h a t t h e

f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d :

¢.34

f ~

C S n = • • £ S n e ~ .

a i = I

H e n c e

f ~

4 . 3 5 ~ C S n e ~i = 1

i s t h e t w o - s i d e d i d e a l t o w h i c h [ ~] b e l o n g s .

T h e t h e o r e m o f W e d d e r b u r n s a y s : ~ C S n e ~ is i s o m o r p h i c t o t h e r i n g

i

o f ( f a x f a ) - m a t r i c e s o v e r C . H e n c e a l l w h a t r e m a i n s t o c o n s t r u c t r e -

p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s t h e m s e l v e s i s t o f i n d a b a s i s o f e l e m e n t s

e ik ~ o f ~ C S n e ~ s a t i s f y i n gi

4 . 3 6 e ~i j e k l = G j k e i l

( G j k t h e K r o n e c k e r - s y m b o l : G j k = O i f j Sk , =I , i f j = k) .

T h u s t h e m a t r i c e s ( d ~ k ( ~ )) b u i l t f r o m t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f

f ~

4 . 3 7 ~ = ~ d " " e ~i k t ~ ; i k

i , k = 1

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a r e t h e e l e m e n t s o f ~ aS . P o r t h i s t h e r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d t o B o e r -

n o r C IS , C 2S . C o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h r e e w a y s o f c h o o s i n g t h e b a s i s

e l e m e n t s e i k t h e r e a r e t h r ee f o r m s o f t h e r e p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s :

Y o u n ~ ' s n a t u r a l f o r m ( d ~ k E Z ) , Y o u n g ' s s e m i n o r m a l f o r m ( d i k E Q )

a n d Y o u n g ' s c r t h o g o n a l f o r m ( d ~ k E R, t h e m a t r i c e s a r e o r t h o g o n a l ) .

T h e n a t u r a l f o r m i s d e r i v e d i n B o e r n e r ~ IS , t h e o r t h o g o n a l a n d

s e m i n o r m a l fo r m i n B o o m e r E 2S . w e s h a l l d e s c ri b e t h e se m i n o r m a l

f o r m n o w .

T o g e t t h e m a t r i c e s r e p r e s e n t i n g e l e m e n t s o f t h e s u b g r o u p S n _ I

S ( c o n s i s t i n g o f th e p e r m u t a t i o n s f i x i n g t h e s y m b o l n E ~ ) i n

r e d u c e d f o r m , i .e . w i t h t h e m a t r i c e s o f th e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i -

t u e n t s a l o n g t h e m a i n d i a g o n a l a n d z e r o s e l s e w h e r e , w e c h o o s e a n

o r d e r i n g o f t h e s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h is s y m b o l n :

f ~I T ~ o f t h e s t a n d a r d -o o b t a i n t h e l a s t l e t t e r s e q u e n c e T ~ , . .. ,

t a b l e a u x w i t h Y o u n g - d i a g r a m ~ S , w e t a k e a t f i r s t t he s t a n d a r d -

t a b l e a u x c o n t a i n i n g n i n t h e l a st r ow , t h e n t h e s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x

c o n t a i n i n g n i n t h e l a s t b u t o n e r o w a n d s o o n. T h e n w e o r d e r t h e

s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x c o n t a i n i n g n i n t he s a m e r o w w i t h r e s p e c t t o

n-S and so on. E.g.

4. 38 I 2 3 I 2 4 133 4 I 2 5 I 3 5

4 5 3 5 2 5 3 4 2 4

i s t h e l a s t l e t t e r s e q u e n c e o f t h e s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x w i t h Y o u n g -

d i a g r a m E 3 ,2 ~ . T o d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n t h e l a s t l e t t e r s e q u e n c e

i m a ya n d t h e d i c t i o n a r y o r d e r i n g w e h a v e e x c h a n g e d t h e i n d ic e s : T ~

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b e d i f f e r e n t f r o m T i -

B e f o r e w e c a n f o r m u l a t e t h e t h e o r e m w e h a v e t o i n t r o d u c e t h e a x i a l

i id i s t a n c e d ~ ( r , s ) o f t w o s y m b o l s r a n d s in T ~ : i f r is l o c a t e d a t

( i r , J r ) a n d s a t ( i s , J s ) , w e d e f i n e :

i4 . 3 9 d ~ ( r , s ) : = ( j r - J s ) + ( i s - i r ) .

d ~ ( r , s ) i s t h e n u m b e r o f s t e p s w e n e e d t o c o m e f r o m r t o s ,h u s

i f s t e p s t o t h e l e f t a n d d o w n w a r d s a r e c o u n t e d p o s i t i v e l y a n d

s t e p s t o t h e r i g h t a n d u p w a r d s a r e c o u n t e d n e g a t i v e l y .

N o w t h e t h e o r e m d e s c r i b i n g Y o u n g ' s s e m i n o r m a l f o r m o f [m ] r e a d s

a s f o l l o w s :

I fm4 . 4 0 I f T a, . . . , T ~ i s t h e l a s t l e t t e r s e q u e n c e o f t h e s t a n d a r d -

t a b l e a u x w i t h Y o u n g - d i a g r a m [ ~ ] , t h e n f r o m t h e m a t r i c e s

( d ~ k ( t , t + 1 ) ) r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e t r a n s p o s i t i o n s ( t , t+ 1 )

( l ~t <_ n -1 ) c a n b e b u i l t a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n e q u i v a l e n t t o [ ~ ]

i f w e s e t

~ i ( t , t + l ii ) d ) : = ! 1 , i f T ~ c o n t a i n s t a n d t +1 i n t h e s a m e

r o w / c o l ~ m n ,

( i i ) a n d f o r t h e s u b m a t r i x

d ~ i ( t , t + 1 ) d i j ( t , t + l d a ( , ~ + I ) - 1

k ~ : =d ~ i ( t , t + 1 ) d j j ( t , t + 1 I

if T a = (t,t+ 1)T and i<j,

( i i i ) d ~ j ( t , t + 1 ) : = 0 f o r a l l t h e o t h e r e n t r i e s .

11 - d i ( t , t + l ) -2 ~

JI

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L a t e r o n w e s h a l l u s e t h i s t h e o r e m f o r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f

e x a m p l e s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s . P o r t h is w e s h a l l

a l s o u s e s om e r e s u l t s a b o u t t h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s

o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p w h i c h w e s n m m a r i z e n o w .

A to o l o f g r e a t u t i l i t y i s t h e t h e o r e m , t h a t t h e c h a r a c t e r C o f

[ a] c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e d e t e r m i n a n t a l f o r m

a s a l i n e a r c o m b i n a t i o n ( w i t h r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l c o e f f i c i e n t s ) o f

c h a r a c t e r s i n d u c e d b y i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f Y o u n g s u b g r o u p s .

4 . 41 h a s t o b e u n d e r s t o o d a s f o l l o w s :

~ [ ~ i + ~ ( i ) - i ]4 . 4 2 ~ = ~ e ~ X ,

~ E S h

~ [ ~ i ]i f X d e n o t e s t h e c h a r a c t e r o f -- [ ~ i ] ( s e e 4 . 9 ) , i f ~ i ~ O , V i ,

~ [ ~ i ]a n d i f w e s e t X = O , i f o n e ~ i < O , a n d i f w e s e t i n t h e d e t e r -

m i n a n t a l e x p r e s s i o n 4 . 41 :

F o r e x a m p l e

[ 3 ]

[ 3 , 1 2 ] = t

0

[ 4 ] [ 5 ]

[ 1 ] [ 2 ]

w h a t m e a n s , t h a t

[ 0 ] : = 1 , [ m ] .- '- O , i f m < O

= [ 3 ] [ ~ ] [ , ] - [ 3 ] [ 2 ] - [ 4 ] [ ~ ] + [ 5 ] ,

c ( 3 , 1 2 ) = x [ 3 ] [ 1 ] [ ~ ] _ x [ 3 ] [ 2 ] _ x [ 4 3 1 1 ] + x [ 5 ]

A b o v e a l l i t i s r e m a r k a b l e , t h a t 4 . 41 l i k e 4 . 4 c a n b e p r o v e d u s i n g

t h e r e s u l t s a b o u t d o u b l e c o s e t s m e n t i o n e d i n s e c t i o n I a n d M a c k e y ' s

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intert wining numbe r theo rem (see Coleman [1] , of. also ettudGzalp

[ I ] ) so t h a t w e c a n g e t a h o m o g e n e o u s a n d l u c i d d e r i v a t i o n o f

t h e s e f u n d a m e n t a l a n d c l a s s i c a l r e s u l t s f o l l o w i n g G o l e m a n ' s h i n t

to use Mackey' s theorem.

A co rollar y of 4.41 is

C~ (~ ) = { (-1)r'o elsewhereif~]=[n-r,lr],o<r<_n-1.

~or the only You ng subgroup contain ing n-cycle s is S itself.

H e n c e a n n - c y c l e ~ h a s a n o n v a n i s h i n g c h a r a c t e r v a l u e C ~ ( ~) a t

most when [n] occurs in the deter minant al expressio n 4.41, and

this is obv ious ly the case only if [~] is of the for m [n-r,lr].

In this case we have

fin-r] [n-r+1] ... In -l ] In]

[ n -r 's r ] = I . . i . .. . ! ] ! . . . i ~ i . ! ~ ] ! . ! ~ !

I 0 0 . . . I1 ]

( 1 ) r [ n ] + . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

eaoh s~mm~na ~ In ]

hence 4.42 is valid.

To prove 4.41 we introduce the concept of a hook, whose impor-

tance was fir st noted by T. Nakayam a (Nakayama [1]).

v~ith the aid of this concept a very simple recurs ion formul a for

~a can be for mulated and a very simple equ ation for f~ can be

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7 9

g i v e n .

A h o o k w e c a l l e a c h F - s h a p e d a r r a n g e m e n t H ~ j o f n o d e s o u t o f a

Y o u n g - d i a g r a m [ ~] w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f t h e ( i , j ) - n o d e , t h e c o r n e r o f

t h e h o o k , a s w e l l a s o f t h e ( i , k ) - n o d e s , k > J , w h i c h f o r m t h e a r m

o f t h e h o o k , a n d t h e ( l , j ) - n o d e s , l > i , w h i c h f o r m t h e l e g o f t h e

h o o k H ~ j. ~ T h e ( i , a i ) - n o d e i s c a l l e d t h e h a n d o f t h e h o o k , t h e

.... H ~ .a ~ , j ) - n o d e i s c a l l e d t h e f o o t of i j "

: /

H i j

c o r n e r h a n d

. J . . . . . /

• I a r mi leg

, f o o t

T h e n u m b e r

4.43 hij := ~i - j + ~j - i + 1

o f n o d e s t h e h o o k H ~ j c o n s i s t s o f i s c a l l e d t h e ~ o f t h e

h o o k . T h e n u m b e r

aI i " = e ~ - i. 44 j •

i s c a l l e d t h e l e g - l e n g t h o f H i j .

a of the rim of [u]o H i j c o r r e s p o n d s t h e p a r t o f l e n g t h h aij

the han d and the arm of H~j~ in-o n s i s t i n g o f t h e n o d e s b e t w e e n

c l u s i v e . E . g .- @ ®

@ ®

®

@

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w h e r e t h e e n c i r c l e d n o d e s i n d i c a t e t h e p a r t o f t h e r i m w h i c h c o r -

res pon ds to the ho ok H(3'2'12)11 ~ [3'2' 12]"

T h i s a s s o c i a t e d R a r t o f t h e r i m w i l l b e d e n o t e d b y

R i j •

A n d i t i s i m p o r t a n t , t h a t t h e r e s u l t [ ~ ] \R ~ j o f r e m o v i n g R ~ j f r o m

[ a] i s a Y o u n g - d i a g r a m a g a i n o r e q u a l t o [ 0 ] ( w h a t i s s o m e t i m e s

c a l l e d t h e z e r o - d i a 6 r a m ) . E . g .

• i J ~ J

[ 3 , 2 , 1 2 ] \ R 1 3 ' 2 ' 1 2 ) - / f =1 ]1 = " "

/

/

U s i n g t h i s n o t a t i o n w e c a n f o r m u l a t ~ t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o v e r y i m p o r -

t a n t f o r m u l a e :

~ . 4 5 ( " M u r n a g h a n - N a k a y a m a - f o r m u l a " )

If ~ £ S is of type T~ = (al, ... ,a n) so that a ~ 0, and

~ * E S n _ k i s o f t y p e T ~ * = ( a l , . . . , a k _ 1 , a k - S , a k + 1 , . . . , a n ) ,

t h e n

C ~ ( ~) i , j : h i j = k

if we set C [0] .= I~

T h i s i s t h e r e c u r s i o n f o r m u l a f o r t h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e

c h a r a c t e r s o f S . T h e f o r m u l a f o r t h e d i m e n s i o n o f [ ~ ] w e o w e

t o F r a m e , R o b i n s o n a n d T h r a l l ( F r a m e / R o b i n s o n / T h r a l l [ I] ), a nd

i t i s o f f a s c i n a t i n g s i m p l i c i t y :

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$ . $ 6 T h e d i m e n s i o n o f [ ~ i s t h e q u o t i e n t o f n ! an d t h e p r o d u c t

o f a l l t h e h o o k - l e n g t h s :

= !n . l. T h i j -i , j

4.45 implies, that C~(~) = O if ~ conta ins a k-cycle but [a~ con-

t a i n s n o k -h o o k , a n d i t i m p l i e s 4 . 4 2 .

I t s h o u l d b e o b s e r v e d , t h a t t h e o r d e r o f r e m o v i n g t w o p a r t s o f

t h e r i m a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h o o k s i s i m m a t e r i a l , t h e r e s u l t i n g d i a -

g r a m w i l l b e t h e s a m e i n b o t h c a s es .

N o w w e h a v e m e n t i o n e d t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t s a b o u t t h e o r d i -

n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s . C e r t a i n a n a l o g u e s c o n c e r n i n g r e-

d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s c a n b e f o r m u l a t ed , w h i c h w i l l b e o f u s e

later on.

W e c o n s i d e r t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

[ ~ an i r reduc ib le rep resen ta t i on o f Sm, [~ an i r r edu cib le re-

p resen ta t i on o f Sn-

T h e r e i s a n a n a l o g u e t o 4 . 4 0 w h i c h d e s c r i b e s t h e r e p r e s e n t i n g m a -

t ri c es of C ~ .

T o f o r m u l a t e t h i s w e h a v e t o g e n e r a l i z e t h e n o t a t i o n o f t h e Y o u n g -

d i a g r a m . T o d o t h i s w e c o n s i d e r a d i a g r a m ~ a n d a d i a g r a m ~

w h i c h c a n b e s u p e r i m p o s e d u p o n C mS , u p p e r l e f t h a n d c o r n e r u p o n

u p p e r l e f t h a n d c o r n e r s u c h t h a t ~ i s c o n t a i n e d e n t i r e l y w i t h i n

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m .

T h e r e s i d u u m o f [ a ] n o t c o v e r e d b y l i B ] i s c a l l e d a s k e w - d i a g r a m

a n d d e n o t e d b y

E . g .

[ a ] - [ p ] .

[ v , 6 , 3 , 1 ] - [ ' z , 2 , 1 ] =

= [ 6 , 3 , 1 ] - [ 2 , 1 ]

( [ a ] - [ ~ ] i s b y n o m e a n s u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e d i n t e r m s o f [ a ] a n d

[ p ] ) .

S p e c i a l c a s e s o f s k e w d i a g r a m s c o n s i s t o f t w o d i s j o i n t d i a g r a m s :

C ~ P ] " = -

E . g .

[ 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ] - [ 2 2 ] = [ 2 , 1 1 2 , 1 ] = "

W e s h a l l c o n s i d e r o n l y t h e s e s p e c i a l c a s e s o f s k e w d i a g r a m s .

iT a b l e a u x a n d s t a n d a r d - t a b l e a u x T a ; ~ a r e d e f i n ed a s b e f o re •

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The number of standard-tableaux with Young-di agram [a; ~] is ob-

v i o u s l y

4 4 8 : ,

i.e . equal to the dimension of [a] [~] . The theore m analogous to

4.40 reads as follows (Robinson [5], 3.1):

1 fa;~..,T ^ (f~;~:=(m+n)!faf~/m!n!) is the last lette r4.49 If Tail,. a;p . . . . . .

sequence of the standard-tableaux wit h skew diag ram [~;~],

then we can buil d a representation equivalent to [~][~],

if we take for the entries of the matric es (d-'~(t,t+1))

repre senti ng the transpositions (t,t+1):

(i) d~l~(t,t+ 1 ) = ~I, if t and t+1 occur in the same rbw/

icolumn of T~;~,

(i i) [ d ~ ~(t 't+ 1) ~ijaa;(t 't +1 1~ . Id i~; (t,t+1)-I 1-d~;( t , t + 1 ) - ~ iI

[ d ~ ( t , t + 1 ) d ~ ( t , t + 1 1 d ~; ~( t, t+ 1) J

or := [ ~ 2 ]

Tf t and t+1 occur in ~;~ in the same diagr am consti-

tuent or not.

( i i i ) d ~ ( t , t + 1 ) = 0 f o r a l l t h e o t he r e nt r ie s .!

The formula analogous to the Murnaghan- Nakayama-for mula reads as

foll ows (Osi ma [I ]) :

4.50 If ~ E Sm+ is of type T~ = (al,...,am+ n) with a ~ 0 and if

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~ * E S m + n _ i s o f t y p e T ~ * = ( a l , . . . , a k _ 1 , a k - l , a k + 1 , . . . , a m + n ) ,

t h e n w e h a v e f o r t h e v a l u e X ~ ; ~ ( ~ ) o f t he c h a r a c t e r o f [ ~ ] [ ~]

o n ~

= (

i , j :hi~=k

if we set X [O] := I.

-1) l~ X

T h e f o l l o w i n g t h e o r e m ( s t a te d b y L i t t l e w o o d a n d R i c h a r d s o n a n d

p r o v e d f i r s t b y R o b i n s o n ) d e s c r i b es , h o w w e c a n ge t t h e i r r e d u c i b l e

c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ ~ ][ ~ ] :

4 .5 1 ( " L i t t l e w o o d - R i c h a r d s o n - r u l e " )

T h e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ ~ ] [ ~ ] a r e e x a c t l y t h e r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n s [ y] o f S m + n , w h o s e d i a g r a m s a r i s e b y a d d i n g t h e

n o d e s o f [ ~] to [ ~ ] a c c o r d i n g t o t he f o l l o w i n g r u l e s :

( i) T o [ ~ ] a d d t h e n o d e s o f t h e f i r s t r o w o f [ ~] . T h e s e m a y

b e a d d e d t o o n e r o w o r d i v i d e d i n t o s u b s e t s p r e s e r v i n g

t h e i r o r d e r a n d a d d e d t o d i f f e r e n t r o w s , t h e f i r s t s u b s e t

t o o n e r o w o f [ ~ ] , t h e s e c o n d t o a s u b s e q u e n t r o w , t h e

t h i r d t o a s u b s e q u e n t t o t h i s a n d s o o n . A f t e r t h e

a d d i t i o n s t h e r e s u l t i n g d i a g r a m m a y n o t c o n t a i n t w o a dd e d

n o d e s i n t h e s a m e c o l u m n .

( i i ) N e x t a d d t h e s e c o n d r o w o f [ ~ ] a c c o r d i n g t o t h e s a m e

r u l e s f o l l o w e d b y t h e r e m a i n i n g r o w s i n s u c c e s s i o n a n d

s u c h t h a t e a c h n o d e o f [ ~] a p p e a r s i n a l a t e r r o w o f

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t h e c o m p o u n d d i a g r a m [¥] t h a n t h a t n o d e i m m e d i a t e l y

above it in IriS.

A s p e c i a l a n d v e r y i m p o r t a n t c a s e i s t h e b r a n c h i n g t h e o r e m f o r t h e

i r r e d u c i b l e o d i n a r 2 r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S n :

4 . 5 2 [ ~ ] ~ S n _ I i ' j : h i J = 1

I t i s e a s i l y t o p r o v e t h i s u s i n g 4 . 51 a n d t h e r e c i p r o c i t y t h e o r e m

o f ~ r o b e n i u s . P o r 4 . 5 1 s a y s , t h a t t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ ~ ] $ S n + I

= [ ~ ] [ I] a r e e x a c t l y t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ ¥] o f S n + 1 , w h o s e d i a -

g r a m s a r i s e b y a d d i n g a n o d e t o [ ~] . T h u s b y F r o b e n i u s ' r e c i p r o -

c i t y t h e o r e m t h e d i a g r a m s o f t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ ~] ~ S n _ I a r i s e

b y s u b t r a c t i n g a n o d e i n a l l t h e p o s s i b l e w a y s .

C o n c l u d i n g t h i s s e c t i o n w e w o u l d l i k e t o c o n s i d e r t h e c o n n e c t i o n

b e t w e e n t he i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S a n d A n .

A f i r s t r e m a r k f o l l o w s i m m e d i a t e l y f r o m 4 . 11 :

4 . 5 3 [ ~ 2 ~ A ~ ~ [ ~ ' 2 ~ A n •

T h u s [ ~] a n d [ a ' ] a r e a s s o c i a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s in t he s e n s e o f

C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f g r o u p s w i t h n o r m a l d i v i -

s o r s ( C l i f f o r d [ 1] , c f. a l s o B o e r n e r [ 2 ] , I I I , ~ 13 ). B u t f r o m

C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y w e g e t m u c h m o r e :

4.5 4 (i) a + ~' ~ [~] ~ A = [~'] ~ A is irr edu cib le.

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( i i ) a = ~' ~ ( [ a ] = [ a ' ] ) ~ A n = [ ~ ] + + [ a ] - w i t h t w o i r r e d u -

o i b l e a n d c o n j u g a t e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ ~ o f A n ( i .e .

[ ~ ] + ( a ) i s e q u i v a l e n t t o [ m ] - , V a E S , i f

[ ~ ] + ( a ) ( a ~ a - 1 ) : = [ ~ ] + ( ~ ) , v ~ e A n ) .

H e n c e f o r t h e c h a r a c t e r s w e m a y u s e t h e M u r n a g h a n - N a k a y a m a - f o r m u l a

a g a i n i n t h e c a s e ~ ~ ~ ' . I f ~ = ~' d i f f i c u l t i e s a r i s e a l s o b e -

c a u s e o f t h e s p l i t t i n g o f t he S n - c l a s s e s . B u t w e h a v e ( s e e B o e r n e r

[ 2] ) a r e s u l t o f F r o b e n i u s :

( " F r o b e n i u s ' t h e o r e m " )

I f a = a' t h e c l a s s w i t h t h e p a r t i t i o n

: = ( h ~ 1 , h 2 2 , . . . , h k k )

i s a s p l i t t i n g S n - o l a s s C ~ = O ~ + U C ~ -. O n t h i s c l a s s C h a s

t h e v a l u e

C~ = ( - 1 ) ( n - k ) / 2 ,

a nd t h e v a l u e s o f Ce ~ o n C~ a r e

4 V~ r,= _ h i i )p + ~ ( C ~ + p

i f w e d e n o t e t h e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ ~] ~ A n i n t h i s

w a y . O n a l l t h e o t h e r c l a s s e s w i t h p a r t i t i o n s V $ ~, w e h a v e

5 +¢_ = ~ / 2 .

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W e r e c a l l t h e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f th e f i r st s e c t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e

a m b i v a l e n c y o f a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s ( cf . 1 . 2 5 ) a n d t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t ,

t h a t t h e a m b i v a l e n c y o f a g r o u p i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e r e a l i t y o f i t s

o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s . H e n c e t h e t a b l e s o f A I = A 2 = ( I ] ,

A 5 , A 6, A I O a n d A 1 4 a r e t h e o n l y c h a r a c t e r t a b l e s o f a l t e r n a t i n g

g r o u p s c o n t a i n i n g o n l y r e a l e n t r i e s , w h i l e e . g .

A 3 (3,0,0) (0,0,1) + (0,0 ,1)-

1 1 1

1 ( - 1 - q g ) / 2

1 ( 1 - i ~ ) / 2 ( 1 + i ~ ) / 2

[ 3 ]

[ 2 , 1 ] +

[ 2 , 1 ] -

is the chara cter table of A 3. The table of S is real for e ach n.

I t s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d , t h a t S n, A a n d t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f

t h e f o r m C p ~ S n ( p a p r i m e , n _~ 3) a r e N a 6 a o - g r o u p s , i . e . t h e y a r e

t h e o n l y g r o u p s w i t h t h e s e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e s ( s ee N a g a o [ I] , O y a m a

[ 1 ] , Y o ko nu m a [ 1 ] ) .

F o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f th e r e p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s s e e P u t t a s w a -

m a i a h [ I] a n d P u t t a s w a m a i a h / R o b i n s o n [ I] .

T h e s e t h e o r e m s c o n t a i n t h e r e s u l t s w e n e e d f r o m t h e o r d i n a r y r e -

p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f S a n d A n . B e l o w w e s h a l l s u m m a r i z e

t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e m o d u l a r t h e o r y . T h e r e s u l t s f r o m t h e o r d i n a r y

t h e o r y s u f f i c e t o g i v e a de t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e o r d i n a r y

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f G ~ S n . B u t b e f o r e d e r i v i n g t h i s t h e o ry ,

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w e w o u l d l i k e t o c o n s i d e r t h e m o r e g e n e r a l c a s e G~ H , t h e g r o u n d -

f i e l d w i l l b e a s s u m e d t o b e a l g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d .

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5 . R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s==

Let K denot~an al gebrai cally closed field, G a finite group and H

a permutati on group of degree n, i.e. a subgro up of S , the sym-

met ric gr oup on Q = [1,...,n].

W e w o u l d l i k e t o d e r iv e , h o w t h e i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

G~H can be constructed.

Fo r K = £,W. Spech t has done this in 1933 (Spe cht [2]) after ha-

vin g tre ated the special case G~S n (Specht [I]). Hi s res ults can

be generalized to groundf ields K of any characteristi c, if K is

assumed to be algeb raica lly closed. Using the theory of repres en-

t a t i o n s o f g r o u p s w i t h n o r m a l d i v i s o r s g i v e n b y A .H . C l i f f o r d i n

1937 (Clifford [I]) the deri vati on of the desire d results can be

shortened considerably (Kerber [2],[4]). We describe this

now.

W e a p p l y C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y t o t he n o r m a l d i v i s o r

G* = G I × ... × G _~ G~ H ,

the basis group of G~H, which is a direct product of n subgr oups

G i isom orphi c to G:

G = G i := ~(f;1 H) [ f: g ~ G, f(j) =1 G, V j$i} ~ G~ H

(cf. se cti on 2).

Since the groundfl eld K is assumed to be algebr aical ly closed,

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t h e i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G * a r e e x a c t l y t h e o u t e r t e n -

s o r p r o d u c t s

5 . 1 ~ * : = F 1 @ ' ' ' @ P n

o f i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s F i o f G w i t h t h e r e p r e s e n t i n g

m a t r i c e s

5 . 2 F * ( f ; 1 H ) : = F 1 ( f ( 1 ) ) x . .. x P n ( f ( n ) ) ( K r o n e c k e r p r o d u c t ) .

A t f i r s t w e h a v e t o d e r i v e t h e i n e r t i a ~ G ~J ~F . o f t h i s r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n F * , w h i c h i s d e f i n e d b y

5 .3 o ~ F . := C ( f ; ~ ) J F * ( ~ ; ~ ) ~ F * ~

( " ~" i n d i c a t e s e q u i v a l e n c y, F * ( f l g ) ( f ' ; 1 H ) : = P * ( f l ~ ) - 1 ( f ' l I g ) ( f ; ~ )

P * C f - ~ 1 f ' ~- l f~ - l; 1 H ) = F * ( c f - l f v f ) ~ - l ; 1 H ) )"

S i n c e G * ~ G ~ H F . t h i s g r o u p i s o b v i o u s l y a p r o d u c t

5 . 4 G ~ H F . = G * H ~ .

o f G * w i t h a s u b g r o u p H ~ . o f t h e c o m p l e m e n t H ' o f G* . H i . w i l l b e

c a l l e d t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r o f F * :

5 - 5 H ~ . = [ ( e1 ~ ) J F ( e ; ~ ) ~ F * ] .

W e n o t i c e , t h a t

5 . 6 F * ( e ; ~ ) ( f ; I H ) = F * ( e ; ~ ) - 1 ( f ; I H ) ( e ; ~ ) = F * ( f _ I ; I H) •

T o d e s c r i be t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r e x p l i c i t l y w e d i s t i n g u i s h t h e i r -

r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s 5 .1 w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r ty p e :

L e t P I , . . . , F r b e a f i x e d a r r a n g e m e n t o f th e r p a i r w i s e

i n e q u i v a l e n t K - r e p r e s e n t a t l o n s o f G .

W e c a l l F * = F I ~ . . . ~ P n t o b e o f t y p e ( n ) = ( n l , . . . , n r )

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( w i t h r e s p e c t t o th e a b o v e a r r a n g e m e n t ) , i f n j i s t he

n u m b e r o f f a c t o r s P i o f P * e q u i v a l e n t t o P J .

L e t F * b e o f t y p e ( n) a n d l e t S n j b e t h e s u b g r o u p o f S ( >_ H) c o n -

s i s t i n g o f t h e e l e m e n t s p e r m u t i n g e x a c t l y t h e n j i n d i c e s o f t he

n j f a c t o r s F i o f P * w h i c h a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o F j . W e s e t

5.8 Sin ) .-= S'nl ×. .. × S'nr wit h S'nj := [(e;~) I ~ E Snj ] •

W e w o u l d l i k e t o p r o v e , w h a t i s s u g g e s t e d b y 5 .6 :

5 . 9 = E ' n S i n )

P r o o f : 5 . 2 a n d 5 . 6 i m p l y

F * C e ; ~ ) C f ; I H ) = F l ( f C ~ C 1 ) ) ) x . . .X F n C f C ~ C n ) ) ) •

T h e q u e s t i o n i s, f o r w h i c h ~ t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s e q u i v a l e n t t o

F * . S i n c e P * a s w e l l a s p . ( e ; ~ ) a r e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ,

w e c a n u s e a c h a r a c t e r - t h e o r e t i c a l a r g u m e n t .

' Si ) I f ~ E H N ( n) ' t h e n t h e t r a c e o f F i ( f ( ~ ( i ) ) ) i s e q u a l t o t h e

t r a c e o f P ~ ( i ) ( f ( ~ ( i ) ) ) . T h u s

t r ' F * ( f ; I H ) = t r P * ( e ; ~ ) ( f ; I H ) , V f , ~ F *F , ( e ; ~ )

H ' n s I = >

( i i ) I f t h e o t h e r w a y r o u n d ( e ; ~) i s a n e l e m e n t o f t h e i n e r t i a

f a c t o r , w e h a v e

t r P * ( f ; 1 H ) = t r F * ( e ; ~ ) ( f ; 1 H ) = t r P * ( f _ I ; I H ) , V f .

I f w e c h o o s e ( f ;1 H ) E G s u c h t h a t f ( j ) = I , V j ~i , t h e n

i n t h i s s p e c i a l c a s e

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( j ~ i f j ) t r F i ( f ( i ) ) = ( j ~ ~ - l ( i ) f J ) t r F _ l ( i ) ( f ( i ) ) ( I)

w i t h t h e d i m e n s i o n s f J o f t h e f a c t o r s F j o f F * . A n d t h i s i s

v a l i d f o r e a c h f ( i ) E G .

L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e a s s o c i a t e d B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s ( i f c h a r K = p )

r e s p. t h e t r a c e s ( i f c h a r K = 0) i . W e a r e a l l o w e d t o s i m p l i f y

( I) s o t h a t w e o b t a i n

~ - I ( i )~ i ( f ( i ) ) f ~ - 1 ( i ) = ~ ( f ( i ) ) f i, V f(i) 6 G .

S i n c e t h e r o w s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e s a n d t h e B r a u e r c h a r a c -

t e r s of i r r e d u c i b l e m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a r e l i n e a r l y i n d e -

p e n d e n t , w e o b t a i n

i = ~ - 1 ( i ) ~ F i N F _ i (i ) ~ ~ E S ( n ) ' n S l n

q.e.d.

F r o m t h i s w e o b t a i n f o r t h e i n e r t i a g r o u p :

5 . 1 0 G ~ H ~ . = G * ( H Q S ( n ) ) ' = G ~ ( H Q S ( n )) .

~ o l l o w i n g C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y w e n o w h a v e t o e x t e n d F * t o a r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n o f i t s i n e r t i a g r o u p.

I t is n o t p o s s i b l e t o e x t e n d a l i n e a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a n o r m a l

d i v i s o r t o a l i n e a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e i n e r t i a g r o u p i n g e n e r a l .

W e c a n o f t e n e x t e n d i t t o a p r o j e c t i v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n . B u t i n o u r

c a s e h e r e , w h e r e G * , t h e n o r m a l d i v i s o r , i s a s e m i d i r e c t f a c t o r

o f t h e i n e r t i a g r o u p , w e a r e f o r t u n a t e l y a b l e t o e x t e n d ~ * t o a

l i n e a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H F. . H o w t h i s c a n b e do n e, S p e c h t h a s

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s h o w n ( S p e c h t [ ] ) .

W e c a n a s s u m e w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n , t h a t e q u i v a l e n t f a c t o r s P i o f

P * a r e n o t o n l y e q u i v a l e n t , b u t e v e n e q u a l:

Fj ~ Pk ~ Pi (f(i)) = Pk(f (i)) , V f(i) ~ G ..11

I f n o w

5 . 1 2 F * C f ; 1 H ) = ( f l p l C f C 1 ) ) . . . f n p n C f C n ) ) )

i s t h e m a t r i x r e p r e s e n t i n g ( f ; 1H ) , t h e n w e s e t f o r ~ E H n S ( n ) :

5 . 1 3 ~ * ( f ; ~ ) : = (f~l~ _1 (f(1 )).. .f~n ~ _I (f(n))) ,

(1) (n)

a n d i t i s e a s y ~ o v e r i f y , t h a t t h e s e m a t r i c e s f o r m a r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n ~ * o f G ~ H ~ . . S i n c e

~

5.14 F* G* = F* ,

t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s i rr e d u c i b le .

N o w l e t F " b e a n i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f H n S ( n ) ( i f H ' n S ! n )

i s t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r o f P * ) a n d F ' a c c o r d i n g t o

5.1 5 F'Cf; ) :=

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t he i n e r t i a g r ou p . M u l t i p l y i n g

t h e s e tw o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t o g e t h e r , t h e r e s u l t

5 . 16 ~ * ® F '

w i t h t h e r e p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s

5 . 1 7 ( ~ * @ P ' ) ( f ; ~ ) : = ~ * ( f ; ~ ) x F ' ( f ; ~ )

i s a n i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G~ J~ p, , a s c a n b e s e e n w i t h

t h e a i d o f C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y .

T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t i s, t h a t t he r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n d u c e d b y

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5 . 1 6 i s i r r e d u c i b l e :

~ P := ( ~* @ F ') ~ G ~ H i s i r r ed u c i bl e a nd e v er y i r r e du c i b le

K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H i s o f t h i s f or m .

I t r e m a i n s t o i n v e s t i g a t e , w h i c h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s F * a n d P ' r e s p .

F " h a v e t o r u n t h r o u g h s u c h t h a t F r u n s e x a c t l y t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e

s y s t e m o f p a i r w i s e i n e q u i v a l e n t a n d i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

of G~H.

U s i n g C l i f f o r d ' s n o t a t i o n , w e c a l l t wo i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f G ~ H a s s o c i a t e d ( w it h r e s p e c t t o G * ) , i f t h e i r re s t r i c t i o n s t o

G * h a v e a n i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t i n c o mm o n . F r o m C l i f f o r d ' s

t h e o r y w e k n o w , t h a t t h e r e i s a l - l - c o r r e s p o n d e n c e b e t w e e n t h e

c l a s s e s o f a s s o c i a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ H a n d t h e c l a s s e s o f

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G * w h i c h a r e c o n j u g a t e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o G~ H .

T w o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s F * a n d F * * o f G * a r e c o n j u g a t e s w i t h r e s p e c t

t_.o G~H, if t her e is an (f;~) E G~H so tha t

5.19 F* (f;~) N F** •

A n d t h i s c o r r e s p o n d e n c e i s as f o l l o w s : t h e r e s t r i c t i o n t o G * o f

e v e r y e l e m e n t o u t o f a c l a s s o f a s s o c i a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s i s

( u p t o i t s m u l t i p l i c i t y ) j u s t t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c l a s s o f c o n j u g a t e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s .

H e n c e i t s u f f i c e s , t h a t i n ~ t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n F * r u n s t h r o u g h

a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e cl a s s e s o f c o n j u g a t e

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r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G *. M o r e o v e r C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y yi e l d s , t h a t

a s s o c i a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s d i f f e r o n l y i n t h e f a c t or , w h i c h i s

a n i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r . H e n c e i t

s u f f i c e s , t h a t - w h i l e P * i s f i x e d - P ' r u n s t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e

s y s t e m o f i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f H ~ .. T h u s w e h a v e o b -

t a i n e d t h e f o l l o w i n g t h e o r e m :

5 . 2 0 T h e i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n F = ( ~* @ F ' ) t G ~ H r u n s

e x a c t l y t h r o u g h a c o m p l et e s y s t e m o f p ai r w i s e i n e q u i v a l e n t

a n d i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ H i f F * r u n s t h r o u g h

a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f p a i r w i s e n o t c o n j u g a t e b u t i r r e d u c i b l e

K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G * , an d , w h i l e P * i s f i x e d , F " r u n s

t h r o u g h a c o m p le t e s y s t e m o f p a i r w i s e i n e q u i v a l e n t K - r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n s o f H O S ( n ) .

I n t h e s p e c i a l c a s e H = S t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G * ar e c o n j u -

g a t e s i f a n d o n l y i f t h e y a r e o f t h e s a m e t y p e. H e n c e F r u n s

t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

G ~ S n i f P * r u n s t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n s w i t h p a i r w i s e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s a n d P " - w h i l e P * i s

f i x e d - r u n s t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f p a i r w i s e i n e q u i v a l e n t

a n d i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t l o n s o f S ( n ).

T h u s t h e n u m b e r o f i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~S n

i s

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5 .2 1 E p ( n . ) . . . p ( n s ) ," ' ( n ) '

i f s i s t h e n u m b e r o f c o n J u g a c y c l a s s e s o f G , p ( m) i s th e n u m b e r

of parti tio ns of m, p(O) := I, and if the sum is taken over all

the types (n) = (nl,...,ns).

T h i s a g r e e s w i t h 3 . 8, t h e n u m b e r o f c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s o f G ~ S n .

O f c o u r s e 5 . 21 y i e l d s a l s o t h e n u m b e r o f i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a -

t i o n s i f c h a r K = p d o e s n o t d i v i d e I G~ Sn l a s l o n g a s K i s a l g e b r a -

ical ly closed. If charK = p I IG~Snl we have for the numbe r of ir-

r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ S n:

Z p r ( n l ) . . . p r ( n t ) ,( n )

i f t i s t he n u m b e r o f p - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s o f G , p r ( m) i s t h e n u m b e r

o f p - r e g u l a r p a r t i t i o n s o f m ( i . e . p d o e s n ' t d i v i d e t h e e l e m e n t s

of the parti tion) , pr(0) := I, and the sum is taken over all the

types (n) = (nl,...,nt ).

A s a n e x a m p l e w e d e r i v e t h e i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e

n o r m a l i z e r o f $ 3× S 3 i n $ 6, w h i c h i s a f a i t h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e -

sent atio n of $3~S 2 (cf. sect ion 3):

( i ) T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e b a s i s g r o u p S ~, t h e i r t y p e s ° i n e r t i a

g r o u p s a n d i n e r t i a f a c t o r s :

S ~ ~ S 3 x S 3 h a s t h e f o l l o w i n g i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s :

[ 3 ] I [ 3 2 [ 3 2 ~ [ 2 , 1 ] [3 2 ~ [1 3 2 [ 2 , 1 2 ~ [ 3 ] [ 2 , 1 ] ~ [ 2 , 1 ]

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[ 2 ,1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ] [ 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 ] [ 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 , 1 ] [ 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 ] .

W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e a r r a n g e m e n t [ 3] , [ 2 , 1] , [ 1 3 ] o f t h e i r r e d u c i b l e

C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f $ 3, t h e t yp e s o f t h e s e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a r e

( 2 , 0 , 0 ) ( 1 , 1 , 0 ) ( 1 , 0 , 1 ) ( 1 , 1 , 0 ) ( 0 , 2 , 0 )

( 0 , 1 , 1 ) ( 1 , 0 , 1 ) ( 0 , 1 , 1 ) ( 0 , 0 , 2 ) •

H e n c e a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S

w i t h p a i r w i s e d i f f e r e n t t y p e s is

[ [ 3 1 1 1 1 3 ] , [ 3 1 1 1 1 2 , 1 ] , [ 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 ] , [ 2 , 1 ] 1 1 1 2 ,1 ] , [ 2 , 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 ] , [ 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 .

T h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n e r t i a g r o u p s ar e :

s 3 , , ~ 2 , s ~ , s ~ , s 3 , s 2 , s - ~ , s 3 ~ 2 ,

t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r s :

s t , , s . i , s ~ , s ~ , s ~ , s ~ .

( i i ) T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S 3 ~ $ 2 :

T h e i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S a r e [2 ] a n d [1 2] ,

t h e o n l y on e o f S i s [ I] . T h u s w e g e t f o r t h e i r r e d u c i b l e

c - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f $3 , $ 2:

[ 3 1 1 1 1 3 ] ® [ 2 ] , = [ 3 1 1 1 1 3 ] ,

[ 3 1 1 1 1 3 ] ® [ 1 2 ] ' ,

([311112,1] @ [1]'I t $3" S 2 = [3] #[2 ,1] ~ $ 3'~ 2 ,,

( [ 3 ] # [ i 3 ] ~ [ 1 ] , I I' s 3 - s 2 = [ 3 1 1 1 [ I 3 ] f s 3 - s 2 ,

[ 2 , 1 1 1 1 1 2 , 1 ] ® [ 2 ] ' = [ 2 , 1 ] # [ 2 , 1 ] ,

[ 2 , 1 ] ~ [ 2 , 1 ] ® [ 1 2 ] , ,

( [ 2 , 1 ] # [ I 3 ] ® [ I ] ' ) ~ ' 8 3 - 8 2 = [ 2 , 1 ] # [ 1 3 ] t 8 3 " S 2 ,

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[ 1 3 ] , [ 1 z ] ® [ 2 ] , = [ l Z ] , [ 1 3 ] ,

[ 1 3 ] ~ [ 1 3 ] @ [ 1 2 ] ' .

T h e i r d e g r e e s a r e 1 ,1 , 4 , 2 , 4 ,4 , 4 , 1 , 1 i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h

1 2 + 1 2 + 4 2 + 2 2 + 4 2 + 4 2 + 4 2 + 1 2 + 1 2 = 7 2 = I S 3 ~ $ 2 1 .

( i i i ) R e p r e s e n t i n 6 m a t r i c e s :

A s a n u m e r i c a l e x a m p l e w e s h a l l e v a l u a t e t h e m a t r i x o f

[ 2 , 1 ] ~ [ 2 , 1 ] @ [ 1 2] ' r e p r e s e n t i n g ( 1 4 ) ( 2 5 ) ( 3 6 ) , t h e i m a g e o f

( e ; ( 1 2 ) ) u n d e r t h e p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f $ 3 ~ S 2 . (T o

g e t a l l t h e e l e m e n t s o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i t s u f f i c e s t o e v a l u a t e

t h e m a t r i c e s r e p r e s e n t i n g g e n e r a t i n g e l e me n t s . F o r g e ne r a t o r s o f

w r e a t h p r o d u c t s S m % S " s e e N e u m a n n [ I] .)

F i r s t , u s i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f s e c t i o n 4 , w e o b t a i n t h e m a t r i x e f

[ 2 , 1 ] ~ [ 2 , 1 ] r e p r e s e n t i n g ( e ; 1 ) :

[ 2 , 1 ] ~ [ 2 , 1 ] ( e ; 1 ) =

12 13 45 463 2 6 5

[: : ] [ : :]

12 45 12 46 13 45 13 463 6 3 5 2 6 2 5

1 2 ( 1 ) ) .= ( f ~ 1 ~ 1 ( 1 ) f ~ 2 P 2

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99

=~ [ 2 , 1 ] I I [ 2 , 1 ] ( e ; ( 1 2 ) ) = ( f 1 1 ~ 2 ( 1 ) f 2 2 1 3 1 ( 1 ) ) = 0 11 0

O 0

(We have to permut e the second and third colllmn.)

O n a c c o u n t o f [ 1 2 ] ( 1 2 ) = ( - 1 ) w e o b t a i n t h e r e f r o m :

r 2 0 1 1 # r 2 , 1 1 r 2 1, o o 1 o

1 0 0

0 0 1

° °

0 - 1

- 1 0

0 0 -

x [ - 1 ]

T h i s i s a d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e x a m p l e R o b i n s o n g a v e ( R o -

binson [5], 3.515).

H a v i n g n o w g i v e n a c o m p l e t e a n d d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e

c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ H o v e r an

a l g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d f i e l d w e m a y n o w t u r n t o s p e c i a l c a s e s .

T h e p r o c e d u r e b e c o m e s m u c h s i m p l e r i f G i s a n a b e l i a n g r o u p . S p e -

c i a l c a s e s o f t h i s, n a m e l y w r e a t h p r o d u c t s o f t h e f o r m C m ~ S n r e s p .

C m ~ A o f c y c l i c g r o u p s w i t h s y m m e t r ic r e sp ° a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s

h a v e b e e n c o n s i d e r e d b y Y o u n g, R o b i n s o n , O s im a , P u t t a s w a m a i a h a n d

F r a m e ( s e e Y o u n g L I ], R o b i n s o n [ 1] , O s i m a [ I ] , [ 3] , P u t t a s w a m a i a h

[ 1 ] , [ 2 ], F r a m e [ I] ), w h o s e r e s u l t s c a n n o w b e g e n e r a l i z e d .

I f G i s a b e l i a n , E * i s o n e d i m e n s i o n a l s u c h t h a t

5 . 2 3 ~ * ( f; ~ ) = F* C f; 1 H ) = ~ F i C f C i ) ) -l

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1 0 0

I f ~ 1 , .. . ,~ i H: H fl S (n ) l i s a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

t h e l e f t c c s e t s o f t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r H Q S ( n ) o f F * i n H a n d F " i s

a n i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f H n S ( n ) w e d e n o t e ( s ee t h e n o t a t i o n

o f O u r t i s / R e i n e r [1 ]) :

I -( g* @ P ' ) ( f - 1 ; ~ i l ~ k )' i f

( ~ * ® F ' ) C f - 1 ; ~ 1 1 ~ Z k ) : = ~ i - 1~ i ~ i ~ k E S ( n )

0 e l s e w h e r e .

W i t h t h i s n o t a t i o n a n d 5 . 2 3 w e o b t a i n , i f G i s a b e l i a n :

F ( f; ~ ) = ( ( ~* @ F ' ) ( f _ 1 ; ~ [ 1 ~ k ))

= ( F * ( f _ ~ l u ) 9 " ( q 1 ~ k ) )~ i I

i f

" 1 { F " C ~ [ 1 ~ k ), i f ~ [ I ~ k E HG S ( n )

0 , e l s e w h e r e

S i n c e

w e h a v e o b t a i n e d

~ . 2 4 I f G i s a b e l i a n w e h a v e f o r t h e r e p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s o f

P = ( ~ * ® F ' ) ? Q ~ :

F ( f ; ~ ) = ( F * C f - 1 ; I H ) ' ~ " ( q l Q ) ,

i . e . t h a t t h e [ H : S ( n ) [ 2 s u b m a t r i c e s o f w h i c h t h i s m a t r i x

c o n s i s t s a r e u p t o t h e n u m e r i c a l f a c t o r s F * ( f - I ; 1 H )

~ i

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101

e q u a l t o t h e s u b m a t r i c e s o f w h i c h t h e m a t r i x ( F" t H ) ( ~ )

c o n s i s t s .

T h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e m a t r i c e s o f F " $ H h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d f o r

t h e s p e c i a l c a s e H = S i n 4 . 4 9 i n c a s e t h a t t h e r e a r e o n l y t w o

f a c t o r s , w h a t c a n e a s i l y b e g e n e r a l i z e d .

T h i s m e t h o d d e s c r i b i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m a t r i c e s o f t h e i r -

r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ f o r a n y a b e l i a n G g e n e r a l i z e s t h e

r e s u l t ~ o f P u t t a s w a m a i a h f o r C m ~ S n ( P u t t a s w a m a i a h [ 2] ) t o w r e a t h

p r o d u c t s G ~ S n, G a b e l i a n , a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f F r a m e o n C 2 ~ S n

(Frame [I]).

L e t u s r e t u r n t o 5 . 1 8 . T h i s t h e o r e m d e s c r i b e s , h o w w e c a n g et t h e

i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ H f r o m th e i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n s o f G a n d th e i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f c e r t a i n

s u b g r o u p s H N S ( n ) of H . T h u s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f S m ~ S n c a n

h e d e r i v e d t o a l a r g e e x t e n t w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

t h e o r y o f th e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p . T h i s w i l l b e s h o w n b e l o w , w h e r e

w e s h a l l c o n s i d e r e s p e c i a l l y t h e r e p e r c u s s i o n o f t hi s f a c t on t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p , f o r e x a m p l e o n t h e

t h e o r y of t h e s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s [ ~ ] Q [ ~ ] o f i r r e d u c i b l e

o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s L ~ a n d E ~] o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s .

T o g e n e r a l i z e t h i s t h e o r y o f s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s o f s y m m e -

t r i c g r o u p s w e p o i n t n o w t o c e r t a i n i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

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o f G ~ H w i t h t h e a id o f w h i c h w e s h a l l d e f i n e s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o -

d u c t s f o r a n y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f a n y p e r m u t a t i o n g r o u p s s u c h t h a t

[ a ] Q [ ~ ] i s a s p e c i a l ca s e.

A t f i r s t w e i n d i c a t e c e r t a i n i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~

b y a s p e c i a l n o t a t i o n : I f P * i s o f t y p e ( 0 , . . . , O , n , O , . . . , O ) , i . e.

i f a l l t h e f a c t o r s F i o f F * = ~ P i a r e e q u i v a l e n t t o a c e r t a i n i r -

r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G , s a y t o P J , t h e n w e d e n o t e t h i s b y

5 . 2 5 ( F S ; P ,,) : = ~ S ~ . . . ~ F j ® P ,

n(The ine rti a fac tor of F* ~ PJ is H' ' ', P"OS = H hen ce is an ir-

r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f H . )

T h e s p e c i a l c a s e o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ( a; ~) o f a s u b g r o u p S m ~ S n

o f S m n ( c f. 2 . 3 3 ) p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p . T h e i n d u c e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

( ~| ~) ~ S m u = : [ ~ ] G [ ~ ] a r e t h e s o - c a l l e d s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o -

d u c t s o f i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s ( of .

s e c t i o n 6 ). T h u s w e g e t i n a n a t u r a l w a y t h e f o l l o w i n g g e n e r a l i z a -

t i o n o f t h is c o n c e p t ( K e r b e r [ 4] ):

. ~ L e t G _K Sm , H<_S . T h e n w e c an i d e n t i f y G ~ w i t h a s u b g r o u p o f

S m n ( cf . 2 . 2 4 / 2 . 2 5 ) , a n d i f P G a n d F a r e a n y t w o K - r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n s o f G a n d H ( f o r a n y g r o u n d f i e l d K ) , t h e n w e c a l l

~ Q e F H : = ( F O ; F H ) t S tu n = ( ~ ~ a ) ® ~ ~ S t u n

t h e s 2 m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t o f F a n d F .

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A r u l e w h i c h is o b v i o u s f r o m t h e f o r e g o i n g c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i s: If

P H~ Z ~ k

k

i n d i c a t e s t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f P H i n t o i r r e d u c i b l e c o m p o s i t i o n

f a c t o r s , t h e n o b v i o u s l y P G ® P H h a s t h e s a m e d e c o m p o s i t i o n a s

z CFG® kl

k

H e n c e i n ca s e o f c o m p l e t e r e d u c i b i l i t y t h e s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o -

d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n i s a d d i t i v e o n th e r i g h t h a n d s i de :

5 . 2 7 I f H i s c o m p l e t e l y r e d u c i b l e o v e r K, t h e n

z .

k k

T h i s g e n e r a l i z e s a w e l l k n o w n r u l e f o r t h e s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e T pr o -

d u c t o f c - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s .

W e w o u l d l i k e t o c o n s i d e r t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f G ~ H f o r a m o m e n t t o

d e r i v e s o m e o f t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s w h i c h w i l l b e o f u s e l a t e r o n .

I f t h e f a c t o r F * o u t o f P = ( 9 * @ P ' ) ~ G ~ H i s o f t y p e ( n) = ( n I ,

. o , nr ) , t h e n o b v i o u s l y e v e r y e l e m e n t ( f ;~ ) w h o s e p e r m u t a t i o n ~ h a s

a p a r t i t i o n P ~ w h i c h i s n o t a s u b p a r t i t i o n o f t h e t y p e ( n) h a s

z e r o a s c h a r a c t e r v a l u e u n d e r F :

~ . 2 8 I f t h e f a c t o r P * o u t o f P = ( 9 * @ F ' ) ~ G ~ i s o f t y p e ( n ) =

( n l , . . . , n r ) , t h e n a l l t h e e l e m e n t s ( f ;~ ) h a v e 0 a s c h a r a c t e r

v a l u e u n d e r P w h o s e c o n J u g a c y c l a s s h a s a n e m p t y i n t e r s e c t i o n

w i t h S ( n .

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N o r u n d e r t h i s a s s u m p t i o n n o t a n y o n e o f t h e c o n j u g a t e s

C e ; ~ i ) - I C f ; ~ l C e ; ~ i ) -- ( f i I ; ~ I ~ i )

o f ( f ;~ ) i s c o n t a i n e d i n t he i n e r t i a g r o u p f r o m w h i c h P i s i n d u c e d ,

s i n c e f o r e ~ e r y i: ~ i 1 ~ i ~ H G S ( n ) . T h u s w e h a v e o n l y O - m a t r i c e s

a l o n g t h e l e a d i n g d i a g o n a l o f N ( f ; ~) .

q.e.d.

T h e d i f f i c u l t y o f g e t t i n g t he c h a r a c t e r s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s

e x p l i c i t l y , e x c e p t f o r s p e c i a l c a s es , a r i s e s f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t

t o p a s s f r o m N * ( f ; I H ) t o ~ * ( f ; ~ ) w e h a v e t o p e r m u t e t h e c o l u m n s

o f N * ( f ; I H ) s o t h a t t h e l e a d i n g d i a g o n a l w i l l b e d i s t u r b e d . N o r

a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s e c h a r a c t e r s t h e r e a d e r

i s r e f e r r e d t o L i t t l e w o o d [ 3] . A u s e f u l r e m a r k i s:

5 . 2 9 I f ~ i s a n n - c y c l e t h e n t h e c h a r a c t e r o f ( f; ~) v a n i s h e s u n d e r

a l l t h e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ H w h i c h a r e n o t o f

the form (PJ;P").

U n d e r ( P J ;P " ) t h e e l e m e n t ( e; ~) h a s t h e c h a r a c t e r v a l u e

C ( p J ; F , , ) ( e ; ~ ) ~ ¢ N " ( ~ ) ,

if f ~ is the dim ens ion of N j.

P r o o f : T h e f i r s t s t a t e m e n t f o l l o w s f r o m 5 . 28 .

F u r t h e r m o r e w e k n o w t h a t

(FJ;F") (e;~) = E x "(~) .

( n

A n d i n t h i s f i r s t f a c t o r o n th e r i g h t h a n d s i d e, w h i c h a r i s e s

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f r o m t h e ( f~ J) n- ro we d~ i d e n t i t y m a t r i x b y c e r t a i n c o l l m ~ e r m u t a t i o n s

t h e l e a d i n g d i a g o n a l c o n t a i n s , e x c e p t O ' s ~ a s m a n y 1 ' s a s is t h ep J F J

d i m e n s i o n o f P J , f o r e x a c t l y t h e e l e m e n t s f i i . . . f i i ( 1 ~ i ~ f F j )

r e m a i n i n t h i s l e a d i n g d i a g o n a l ( cf . 5 . 1 3 ) .

q . e . d .

W e w o u l d l i k e n o w t o d e r i v e s o m e r e s u l t s c o n c e r n i n g t h e m o d u l a r

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s ( cf . K e r b e r [ 21 ) w h i c h

w i l l b e o f u s e l a t e r o n i n a p p l y i n g t h i s t h e o r y t o t h e m o d u l a r

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p .

F i r s t w e c o n s i d e r t h e c a s e w h e r e G i s a p - g r o u p . T h e n G ~ c o n -

t a i n s w i t h i t s b a s i s g r o u p a n o r m a l d i v i s o r w h i c h i s a p - g r o u p

a s w e l l a s i t s c e n t r a l i z e r i f G $ ~ I ~ .

Fo r if (f;IH) E G i, f $ e, ~ $ I, we h ave

I $ (e; ~)( f;I H)( e;~ ) -1 = (f~;1 H) E G -I $ Gi -( i )

H e n c e t h e f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d :

5 . 3 O G ~ [ I~ ~ C Q ~ ( G * ) ~ G * .

T h u s w e c a n a p p l y a l e m m a o f B r a u e r ( B r a u e r [ 11 , l e m m a 2 ) w h i c h

s a y s , t h a t a g r o u p p o s s e s s e s e x a c t l y o n e p - b l o c k i f i t c o n t a i n s

a n o r m a l p - g r o u p w h i c h i n c l u d e s i t s o w n ce n t r a l i z e r . W e h a v e

o b t a i n e d :

5 . 31 I f G $ ~I ] i s a p - g r o u p , t h e n G ~ H p o s s e s s e s e x a c t l y o n e

p - b l o c k .

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1 0 6

F u r t h e r m o r e i n t h i s c as e th e o nl y i r r e d u c i b l e p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n o f G * i s t h e i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o t h a t e a c h p - m o d u -

l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H i s o f t h e f o r m

5.32 IG* @ F' = P' •

S i n c e G ~ H = G * H ' , t h e p - r e g u l a r e l e m e n t s a r e c o n t a i n e d i n H ' s o

t h a t a n o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H h a s th e sa m e

B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r a s i ts r e s t r i c t i o n t o H ' :

I f G i s a p - g r o u p , t h e n a p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h a n o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n P o f G ~ h a s th e

s a m e d e c o m p o s i t i Q n n u m b e r s a s F $ H ' .

I n c a s e t h a t G i s a n a b e l i a n p - g r o u p , t h e f a c t o r F * i s o n e d i m e n -

s i o n a l s o t h a t

~ * ( f ; ~ ) = F * ( f ; 1 H )

a n d th e a s s o c i a t e d p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i s t h e i d e n ti t y r e -

p r e s e n t a t i o n . H e n c e t h e f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d :

5 ~ I f G i s a n a b e l i a n p - g r o u p , t h e n a p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h th e o r di n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n F =

( ~ * @ F ' ) ~ G ~ H h a s t h e s a m e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s a s

p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F " ~ H .

A s a n e x a m p l e we w o u l d l i k e t o e v a l u a t e t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x

o f $ 2 ~ S 3 w i t h r e s p e c t t o p = 2 .

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1 0 8

I f o n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e o r d e r IGI o f G i s r e l a t i v e l y p r i m e t o p ,

t h e s i t u a t i o n i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t . F o r t h e n e v e r y p - m o d u l a r r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d t o ~ * i s i r r e d u c i b l e s i n c e ~ * ~ G * = F * i s

i r r e d u c i b l e a n d w e o b t a i n w i t h a l e m m a o f 0 s i m a ( O s i m a [ 3] ,

l e m m a 5 ) :

5.56 If (IGI,p) = 1 t h e p - b l o c k o f G a S t o w h i c h F = ( ~ * ® F ' ) $ G a S

b e l o n g s h a s t h e s am e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x a s t h e b l o c k o f

t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r t o w h i c h F " b e l on g s .

( ~ * ® P ~ ) t G a S a n d ( ~ * @ F ~ ) ~ G a S b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e b l o c k

o f G a S i f a n d o n l y i f F~ a n d P ~ b e l o n g t o t he s a m e b l o c k o f

t h e i n e r t i a f a c t o r H ' G S ( n ) of P * .

U s i n g t h i s a nd t h e w e l l k n o w n d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x

E2, ]

[ 1 3 ]

o f S w i t h r e s p e c t t o p = 3 w e o b t a i n a s d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f

8 2 % S 3 f o r p = 3 a n d t h e s a m e a r r a n g e m e n t a s i n 5 . 3 5 o f t h e r o w s :

1 0

1 1

0 1

5 . 3 7

1

1

1

1 0

1 1

0 1

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1 0 9

I t is m o r e d i f f i c u l t t o e v a l u a t e t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x i f

n e i t h e r G i s a n a b e l i a n p - g r o u p n o r ( I G I ,p ) = I. B u t s i n c e 5 . 1 8

i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w e c a n s o m e t i m e s p r o c e e d

u s i n g th i s f a c t . A s a n e x a m p l e w e e v a l u a t e t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a -

trix of S3%S 2 for p = 2.

[ 3] a n d [ 2 , i i a r e t h e 2 - m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S 3 ,

[2] is the only one of 8 . Hen ce

[ 3 ] ~ [ 3 ] ® [ 2 ] ' ,

( [ 3 ] @ [ 2 , 1 ] ® ( [ 1 ] @ [ 1 1 / ' / t 8 3% 8 2 = [ '3 " ] ~ [ 2 , i' ]" '~ S 3"vS2 ,

[ 2 , 1 1 1 1 1 2 , 1 ] ® [ 2 ] ,

a r e t h e 2 - m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S 3 % S 2.

T h e t a b l e o f B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s o f th i s g r o u p i s t h e r e f o r e

[ 3 1 1 1 1 3 ] ® [ 2 ] ,V

[2,1]II[2,1] ® [2] '

[ 3 ] ~ [ 2 , 1 ] t $ 3 '~ 2

( 1 , 1 ;1 1 ( ( 1 2 3 1 , 1 ; 1 1 ( ( 1 2 3 1 , ( 1 2 3 1 ; 1 1

1 1 1

4 - 2 1

4 1 - 2

P r o m t h i s i t f o l l o w s t h a t

( 3 ; 2 )( 3 ; 1 2 )(13;1 2 )

(13;2)

( 2 , 1 ; 2 1

5 . 3 8 ( 2 , 1 ; 1 2 )

[ 3 1 1 1 1 2 , 1 ] 1 ' s 3 % s 2[ 3 ] t t [ 1 3 ] 1' S 3 % 82

[ 2 , 1 1 t i [ 1 3 ] 1" 8 3 % 8 2

"1 0 01 0 0

1 0 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

2 0 0

0 0 1

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110

is the de compos ition ma trix of $3~S 2 for p = 2 (of. also the

character table of $3~S 2 in section 6).

Conclu ding this section we point once mere to the constru ction

of the irreducible represe ntatio ns of G~H.

I f w e k n o w h o w t o c o n s t r u c t t h e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G

and of the subgroups HnS( n ) of H we get the repre sentin g matrice s

P ( f ; ~) a s w e h a v e d e s c r i b e d a b ov e : F i r s t w e f o r m K r o n e c k e r

products of irreducible K-rep resen tatio ns of G (see 5.1/5.2), then

we have to permute the columns of these matri ces (see 5.13). Aft er

this we have to form Krone cker produc ts once more (see 5.17) and

at last we have to induce (see 5.18) to get P(f;~).

Hence the entries of P(f;~) have all the properties wh ich are pro-

perties of the entries of the irreducible repre senta tions of G

and HO S(n ) and w hich are invariant with respect to col~imn permu-

t a t i o n a n d t h e K r o n e o k e r p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a s we l l a s t h e

inducing process.

Prom this consid eration we get some results about spl itting

fiel ds (of. Ke rbe r [7]):

5.39 If S c K (K algebr aicall y closed) is a splittin g field for G

and the subgroups HNS(nl, then S is a splitting field for

G~H, too, i.e. every irreducible K-repres enta tion of G~H is

realizable in S.

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E . g . if a l l t he o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G a n d o f

t h e s u b g r o u p s H O S ( n ) a r e r e a l i z a b l e i n ~ ( r e s p. Q ), t h e n a l l t h e

o r d i n a r y i r r e d u z i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G ~ H ar e r e a l i z a b l e i n R

( r e sp . Q ) a s w e l l . T h u s f o r e x a m p l e a l l t h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S m ~ S n a r e r e a l i z a b l e i n Q a n d h e n c e e v e n i n N.

A w e a k e r a s s u m p t i o n w o u l d b e t h a t t h e o r d i n a r y c h a r a c t e r s o f G a s

w e l l a s o f t h e s u b g r o u p s H n S ( n ) a r e r e a l . B u t i t i s p o s s i b l e, t h a t

t h i s i s n o t c a r r i e d o v e r t o G ~ H s i n c e t h e l e a d i n g d i a g o n a l i s

d i s t u r b e d w h e n p a s s i n g f r o m F * ( f ; I H ) t o ~ * ( f ; E ) . W e k n o w t h a t t h e

r e a l i t y o f t h e o r d i n a r y c h a r a c t e r s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e a m b i v a -

l e n c y o f t h e g r o u p . A n d a s w e h a v e p r o v e d i n s e c t i o n 3 ( c f . 3 . 1 4 )

G ~ S n i s a m b i v a l e n t i f G i s a m b i v a l e n t . T h u s w e h a v e , t h o u g h t h i s

d o e s n ot f o l l o w f r o m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e m a t r i c e s ( K e r b e r [ 7 ] ~ :

5 . 4 0 I f t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f G a r e r e a l , t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f G ~ S n a r e

r e a l a s w e l l .

F r o m 3 . 1 6 w e g e t:

5 . 4 1 I f t h e ( o r d i n a r y ) c h a r a c t e r t a b l e o f G o r o f H i s n o t r e a l ,

t h e n t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e of G ~ i s c o m p l e x .

A f i n i t e g r o u p i s c a l l e d a n M - _ ~ , i f e v e r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n o v e r a n a l g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d f ie l d wh o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

d o e s n ' t d i v i d e I S l i s i n d u c e d b y a o n e d i m e n s i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

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112

o f a s u i t a b l e s u b g r o u p . A n o t h e r c o r o l l a r y t o 5 . 1 8 c o n c e r n i n g t h i s

c o n c e p t i o n i s ( S e i t z [ 1] , K e r b e r [ 61 ):

5 . 4 2 I f G a n d t h e s u b g r o u p s H G S ( n ) a r e M - g r o u p s , t h e n G ~ H i s a n

M - g r o u p .

P r o o f : I f K i s a l g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d a n d c h a r K ~ I G I , t h e n e v e r y

i r r e d u c i b l e K - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G a n d h e n c e a l s o o f G * i s e q u i v a -

l e nt t o a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n , w h o s e m a t r i c e s c o n t a i n i n e v e r y r o w a n d

i n e v e r y c o l u m n e x a c t l y o n e n o n v a n i s h i n g e n t r y . T h i s i s v a l i d f o r

F * a s w e l l a s f o r ~ " a n d t h i s i s a p r o p e r t y i n v a r i a n t u n d e r c o l u m n

p e r m u t a ti o n , K r o n e c k e r p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d t h e i n d u c i n g

p r o c e s s . H e n c e i t i s a p r o p e r t y o f F * a n d F " a n d ~ * ® F ' a n d

F = ( ~ * ® P ' ) t G ~ H . F r o m a w e l l k n o w n t h e o r e m ( s ee H u p p e r t [ I] ,

V, 18.9) it follows, that since E is irredu cible, ~ is induced

b y a o n e d i m e n s i o n a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a s u i t a b l e s u b g r o u p .

q.e.d.

E . C . D a d e h a s p r o v e d t h i s f o r t h e s p e c i a l c a s e H = C p = < ( 1 . . . p ) >

S p ( p a p r i m e n u m b e r , s e e H u p p e r t [ I] , V , 1 8 . 1 0 ) a s a n i m p o r t a n t

p a r t o f h i s p r o o f , t h a t e v e r y s o l v a b l e g r o u p c a n be i m b e d d e d i n

s a M - g r o u p ( s e e H u p p e r t [ 1 ] , V , 1 8 . 1 1 ) .

T h e l a s t 4 t h e o r e m s a r e c o r o l l a r i e s o f t he c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e

i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G ~ H w e h a v e g i v e n a b o ve . A n o t h e r

t h e o r e m c o n c e r n i n g g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s w i l l b e g iv e n

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113

i n s e c t i o n 8 .

W i t h t h e a i d o f t he r e s u l t s o f t h i s s e c t i o n w e w o u l d l i k e n o w t o

d e s o r i b e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s % o t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f s ym m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s.

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C h a p t e r I I I

A p p l i c a t i o n t o th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y

o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s

T w o e x a m p l e s , t h e t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s a n d t h e

t h e o r y o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s w i l l s h o w h o w t h e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s c a n b e a pp l i e d t o t h e r e -

p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g gr o u p s .

M o r e p r e c i s e l y w e a p p l y t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o -

d u c t s o f t h e f o r m G % S . I n th e f i r s t c a s e t h e u s e d s u b g r o u p s a r e

of the fo rm Sm%Sn, in the sec ond case of the fo rm Cm~S n.

A l t h o u g h t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f G % S h a s b e e n d e r i v e d w i t h

t h e a i d o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p , o u r ar -

g u m e n t i s n o t c i r c u l a r s i n c e f o r t h e a p p l i e d s u b g r o u p s G ~ S ~ S

w e h a v e m < n . H e n c e t h i s a p p l i c a t i o n i s a c t u a l l y a r e c u r s i o n p r o -

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115

t e s s . T h u s f o r e T a m p l e t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e ( s t r i c t l y ) g e n e r a l i z e d

d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f S i s r e d u c e d t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n of d e c o m -

p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s o f l o w e r d e g r e e s m < n .

T h e r e a r e p r o b a b l y o t h e r w a y s o f a p p l y i n g t h i s t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n s o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s t o t h e t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p .

P r e s u m a b l y w e c a n i l l u m i n a t e i n t h i s w a y t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e s o -

c a l l e d " s t a r - d i a g r a m " o r " p - q u o t i e n t " o f a Y o u n g - d i a g r a m s a t i s f a c -

t o r i l y , b u t t h i s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r t s o f

t h i s p a p e r .

T h e f i r s t s e c t i o n o f t h is c h a p t e r c o n t a i n s t h e t h e o r y o f t he s y m -

m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s o f i r r ed u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s . T h e n a s a p r e p a r a t i o n f o r t h e t h i r d s e c t i o n

w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e t h e o r y o f th e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x

of symm etri c and alt ern ati ng group s we s1~mmarize in the second

s e c t i o n s o m e k n o w n a n d s o m e n e w r e s u l t s a b o u t d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m -

b e r s o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o up s .

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1 1 6

6 . S y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s o f i r r e d u c i b l e

C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s

A c h a n c e t o a p p l y t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s t o

t h e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p a r i s e s

nf r o m t h e t r i v i a l f a c t , t h a t t h e n o r m a l i z e r N S m n ( × S ) o f a d i r e c t

n

produ c t × S m := S m×. . . ×S m (n f a c to r s ) o f n subgro ups i somo rph ic t o

nS a n d i n S m n l i e s b e t w e e n x S a n d S m n :

n n

6 . 1 X S _< g S m n ( x S ) -< S m n •

P o r a s w e h a v e s e e n i n s e c t i o n 2 ( of . 2 . 3 3 ) t h i s n o r m a l i z e r i s a

n

f a i t h f u l pe rmu ta t i o n re p r e se n t a t i o n o f S m '~ n wi th x S m a s i t s

b a s i s g r o u p .

H e n c e t h e p r o b l e m t o d er i v e t h e r e d u c t i o n o f th e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

n

[ a ] . . . [ ~ ] = [ ~ ] ~ . . . ~ [ ~ ] t S m n i n d u c e d f r o m × S c a n b e d i v i d e d

i n t o t wo p r o b l e m s . F o r u s i n g t h e t r a n s i t i v i t y o f t h e i n d u c i n g p r o -

c e s s a n d 6 . 1 w e o b t a i n :n

6 . 2 = f S m ( X S m ) f .

T h e f i r s t o n e o f t h e t wo r e m a i n i n g p r o b l e m s i s t o d e r i v e t h e r e -

d u c t i o n o f

n

6 . 3 [ ~ 3 ~ . . . ~ [ ~ 2 f N S m n (X S ) •

T h e s e c o n d o n e i s t h e p r o b l e m t o g i v e t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e r e p r e -

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117

s e n t a t i o n s o f S m n i n d u c e d b y t h e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f 6 .3 .

L e t u s f i r s t c o n s i d e r t h e r e d u c t i o n o f 6. 3.n

W e k n o w t h a t N S m ( x S ) i s a f a i t h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

S m ~ S n , h e n c e t h e p r o b l e m i s t o gi v e t h e r e d u c t i o n o f

n

6.4 ~ [~] $ Sm~ S n •

B u t w i t h t h e r e c i p r o c i t y t h e o r e m o f P r o b e n i u s a n d 5 . 1 8 w e h a v e a t

o n c e t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h i s p r o b l e m :

n

6.5 # [~] f Sm~.S = P. fP (e ;~ ),P

i f t h e s u m i s t a k e n o v e r a l l t h e p a r t i t i o n s o f n a n d i f f P d e n o t e s

t h e d i m e n s i o n o f [ p ].

A p p l i e d t o ou r s t a r t i n g p r o b l e m w e o b t a i n f r o m 6 . 5:

n

6 . 6 ~ [ = ] f S t u n = z f P C ( ~ ; P ) f S t u n ) ,P

T h u s w e h a v e r e d u c e d t h i s p r o b l e m t o t h e r e d u c t i o n o f t he

t r i z e d o u t e r p r q d u c t s ( cf . 5 . 26 )

6 . 7 [ ~ ] ® [ ~ ] : : ( ~ ; P ) t S m n •

G a t h e r i n g u p w e o b t a i n t h e e q u a t i o n

6 ~ s [ ~ 2 . . . [ ~ ] : z f P ( [ ~ ] ® [ p ] ) ,. p

w h i c h o r i g i n a l l y d i r e c t e d t h e a t t e n t i o n t o c e r t a i n i n g e n e r a l

r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S m n w h i c h w e r e c a l l e d s y m m e t r i z e d

o u t e r p r o d u c t s . A h i n t t o c l a r i f y t h e i r t h e o r y w i t h t h e a i d o f

t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s w e o w e t o R o b i n s o n

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1 1 8

w h o p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e y ar e i n d u c e d b y c e r t a i n i r r e d u c i b l e r e -

n

p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f N g m n ( x S ) ( s e e R o b i n s o n [ 3 ] , [ 4 ] , [ 5 ] , K e r b e r [ 4] ).

T o d e r i v e r e s u l t s o f t h e t h e o r y o f s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s i t

i s u s e f u l t o d e s c r i b e t h e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f S m ~ S n

i n m o r e d e t a i l . T h i s w e s h a l l d o n o w u s i n g t h e r e s u l t s o f t he

s e c t i o n s 4 a n d 5 . B u t w e s h a l l n o t o n l y c o n s i d e r t h e i r r e d u c i b l e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e f o r m ( ~ | ~ ).

P r o m t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e s e c t i o n s 4 a n d 5 w e o b t a i n , t h a t a l l t h e

i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S m ~ S n ar e o f t h e f o r m

( P ~ m ) [ ~ ] k ) ) $ S m %S n.9 P = (( ~ _[~]j) ® 'j=1 k=1

w i t h i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ ~] j o f S a n d [ ~ ]k o f S n k,

i f ~ [ ~] j i s o f t y p e ( n l , . . . , n p ( m ) ) .

T h e n u m b e r o f i r r e d u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S m % S n i s ( c f . 5 . 2 1) :

f ~ t Q Z P ( n l ) . . . p ( n p ( m ) ) ,( n )

i f th e s u m i s t a k e n o v e r a l l t h e p ( m ) - t u p e l s ( n) = ( n l , . . . n p ( m ) )

so that O~n i E S, Z n i = n.

W e h a v e g i v e n a n e x a m p l e f o r t he e v a l u a t i o n o f th e r e p r e s e n t i n g

m a t r i c e s i n t h e l a s t s e c t i o n .

p ( m ) p ( n ) o f t h e s e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s 6 . 9 a r e o f t h e s p e c i a l f o r m

C ~ ) .

T h e n e x t q u e s t i o n i s, h o w w e c a n e v a l u a t e t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e o f

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S m ~ S . O f c o u r s e w e c a n o b t a i n t h e c h a r a c t e r s b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e

m a t r i c e s f o r a c o m p l e t e s e t o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t he c o n j u g a c y

c l a s se s u n d e r e a c h i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a n d

c h e c k i n g t h e t r a c e s o f t h es e m a t r i c e s . B u t t h i s i s t h e m o s t c o m -

p l i c a t e d w a y t o g e t th e c h a r a c t e r ta b l e a nd i t c a ~ e s i m p l i f i e d

v e r y m u c h b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e m a t r i c e s o n l y f o r c e r t a i n r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n s a n d u s i n g s y m m e t r i e s o f t h e s e t a bl e s .

T h e s e s y m m e t r i e s a r e o f t h e s am e k i n d a s t h e s e o f t h e c h a r a c t e r

t a b l e o f S w h i c h a r i s e f r o m t h e f a c t d e s c r i b e d b y 4. 1 4 f r o m w h a t

foll ows that we get the ro w of [a'] from the row of [~] by

c h a n g i n g t h e s i g n i n t h e c o l u m n s o f c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s w h i c h b e -

l o n g t o S n ~ A .

T h e r e a s o n f o r t h e s e s y m m e t r i e s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e o f S i s

the fact that [a] and [a'] form a pai r of irreducib le C-rep re-

s e n t a t i o n s o f S w h i c h a re a s s o c i a t e d ( i n t h e s e n s e o f C l i f f o r d ' s

t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f g r o u p s w i t h n o r m a l s u b g r o u p s ) w i t h

r e s p e c t t o t ~ e n o r m a l d i v i s o r A o f i n d e x 2 .

T h i s c a n b e a p p l i e d a l s o t o S m ~S n , e v e n w i t h m o r e s u c c e s s: T h e

n

n o r m a l i z e r N S m n ( × S m ), a f a it h f u l p e r m u t a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f

S m ~ n ~ C O n t a i n s f o r m , n >1 t w o d i f f e r e n t an d n o n t r i v i a l n o r m a l s u b -

group s of index 2, the subgr oup

6.11 Sma Sh + := Sm~S n n Am n

of the even permu tatio ns, and the subgr oup

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1 2 0

6 . 1 2 S m ~ A n .

( P o r t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y w e w r i t e S m % S n + i n s t e a d o f ( S m % S n )+ ,

h o p i n g t h a t t h i s s u b g r o u p w i l l n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h S m % S ~ = S m % A n . )

S e t u s d e n o t e b y F + t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F w i t h r e s p e c t

t o S m ~ S n + a n d b y F t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h F w i t h r e s p e c t

t o S m % A n . T h u s F + ( r e sp . p A ) m e a n s t h e i n n e r t e n s o r p r o d u c t o f P

a n d t h e a l t e r n a t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S m% S n w i t h r e s p e c t t o S m % S n +

( r e sp . S m ~ A n ) . I f w e d e n o t e t h e s e a l t e r n a t i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b y

A + S m % S n r e s p. A - S % S w e h a v e o b v i o u s l yA m n

A +S m~ 'gn = { ( l m ; n ) , i f m i s e v e n

6 , 1 ~ ( l m ; l n ) , i f m i s o dd

AAS m%S n = (m;1 ) .

T h u s

6 . 1 4

P+ = f P @ (Im;n) , if 2 I m

tF ® (l m;In), if 2 t m ,

F = P @ (m|1 n) .

T o d e s c r i b e F + a n d F e x p l i c i t l y i n t h e f o r m 6 . 9 w e t a k e i n t o

a c e o u n t t h a t f o r i n n e r t e n s o r p r o d u c t s t h e f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d i f

H ~ G , D I is a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f H, D 2 a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f G :

(D 1 f G) @ D 2 = (D 1 @ (D 2 ~ H ) ) f G .

U s i n g t h i s i t i s e a s y t o v e r i f y t h e f o l l o w i n g t h e o r e m ( K e r b e r [ 4] ):

T h e i r r ed u c i b l e C - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S m ~ S n a S S o c i a t e d w i t h th e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n 6 . 9 w i t h r e s p e c t t o S m ~ S n + r es p . S m ~ A n a r e :

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~ + : = I ( ( u K ~ ' ] J ) ~ ® ( ~ [ ~ ] k ) ' ) t S m ~ S n , i f 2 1 m

(C~[~']j) @ (~[~']k) ') t Sm~S n, if 2 t m

resp.

p A : = ( ( ~ [ ~ ] j ) ® ( # l i B , ] k ) , ) 1 ~ S m ~ S n ,

i f [ a' ] j r e s p . [ ~ ' ] k d e n o t e s t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s s o c i a t e d t o, J . .

[aSj resp. [~]k wit h resp ect to A resp. An~r, i.e. if

[~'Sj := [~]j @ [ImS ' [~'S k := [~]k ® lInkS "

S p e c i a l c a s e s ar e

{ C ~ ' ; ~ ) , i f 2 I m

( ~ | ~ ) + = C ~ ' ; ~ ' ) , i f 2 ~ m ,

( a ; ~) = ( ~ ; ~ , ) .

T h i s i n d i c a t e s h o w w e c a n g e t t h e r o w s o f P + a n d p A f r o m t h e r o w

of F by chang ing the sign in cer tain collnmns.

P i s c a l l e d s e l f a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o S m a S h + ( S m ~ A ) i f F =

F + ( P = F A ) . T h e c h a r a c t e r o f s u c h a s e l f a s s o c i a t e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

v a n i s h e s o u t s i d e o f S m ~ S n + ( S m ~ A n) .

F i n a l l y w e m e n t i o n s p e c i a l c h a r a c t e r v a l u e s w h i c h c a n b e o b t a i n e d

b y s p e c i a l i z i n g 5 . 2 8 a n d 5 . 2 9:

6 . 1 6 I f i n 6 . 9 t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ~ [ ~ ] ~ o f t h e b a s i s g r o u p i s o f

type (nl,.. .,np(m )) and if the conj ugac y class._ of ~ in S

h a s a n e m p t y i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h S ( n ) , t h e n w e h a v e f o r t h e

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1 2 3

DO ~ ~ DO 1". .3 . - ~ ~ ~ ' . ,J ,I

r ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ h ) ~ I I ~ - ~ I I

~ 1 ~ II

I ' 0

+

. --- I I , ' --

IX) I ' 0 vv v

+ +

I I I0 1 ~ 0 0 - " ~ " ~ " -~ - " ~

I !r o ~ I ' O f * o - - ' , - . x ~ . - ~

I0 r o 0 0 0 - - ' - ' ~ ~ " " - '

I I

0 - - ~ 0 0 . - ~ . . L

' '

0 0 0 I x ) D O " ~

I I I0 0 0 ~ ~ ~ - " ~

' L._ ,

0 0 0 0 0 ~ '~

v

i,,3

v

t.,o

J D

P o

v

4 ~'kT t

v

v4 ~

v

4 ~v

DO

4 ~

C ~

v

k. l r t

,#,.

U

e_Jo

O ~ m

o U"4 ,= -i -

t ~

t~ 4

m o

( 1 , 1 ; 1 )

( ( 1 2 ) , 1 ; 1 )

( ( 1 2 3 ) , 1 ; I )

( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 ) ; 4 )

( ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; 1 )

( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; 1 )

( 1 , 1 ; ( 1 2 ) )

( ( 1 2 3 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; ( 1 2 ) )

( ( 1 2 ) , ( 1 2 3 ) ; ( 1 2 ) )

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124.

b e c o n s t r u c t e d .

I n t h e s a m e w a y w e g e t t h e z e r o s o f t h e s e c o n d , f o u r t h a n d s i x t h

c o l u m n a n d t h e f i f t h a n d s i x t h r o w. T h e b o x c o n t a i n i n g z e r o s i n

t h e r i g h t a n d l o w e r c o r n e r w e g e t f r o m 6 . 1 6 ( cf . K e r b e r E 4] ).

T h i s t a b l e h a s a l s o b e e n e v a l u a t e d b y L i t t l e w o o d ( L i t t l e w o o d [ 2] ,

p . 2 7 5 ) w i t h t h e a i d o f t h e t a b l e o f S 6 , w h i l e f o r t h i s p r o c e d u r e

t o g e t t h e t a b l e o f $ 3 ~ S 2 ( i n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e : S m ~ S n ) w e u s e d

o n l y t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S a n d S 2 ( r e s p . S a n d S a n d s u b -

g r o u p s o f S i n t h e g e n e r a l c a s e ) a n d n o t t h e t a b l e o f S ( r e s p .

S m n ). I n L i t t l e w o o d ' s b o o k w e c a n f i n d a l s o t h e t a b l e s o f $ 4 ~ $ 2

( p . 2 7 7 ) , $ 2 ~ S 4 ( p . 2 7 8 ) a n d $ 3 ~ S 3 ( p. 2 8 0 ) . I n a p a p e r o f R o b i n -

s o n ( R o b i n s o n E 4 ]) t h e t a b l e o f $ 2 ~ S 3 c a n b e f o u n d , h e a l s o d i d

n o t u s e t h e t a b l e o f S . I n a l a t e r p a p e r L i t t l e w o o d u s e d t h i s

m o r e d i r e c t m e t h o d , t o o ( L i t t l e w o o d L 3] ).

H a v i n g d e r i v e d t h e s e d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s o n t h e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n t h e o r y o f S m ~ S n w e r e t u r n t o t h e t h e o r y o f s y m m e t r i z e d

o u t e r p r o d u c t s [ ~] (~ )[ ~] o f i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s .

A p r o b l e m w h i c h i s u p t o n o w o n l y i n c o m p l e t e l y s o l v e d i s t h e r e -

d u c t i o n o f [ a ] Q [ ~ ] ( se e t h e r e f e r e n c e s g i v e n i n R o b i n s o n [ 5] a n d

B o e r n e r [ 3 ]) . B u t u s i n g o u r t h e o r e m s w e c a n e a s i l y o b t a i n t h e

m o s t i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t s o f t h i s t h eo r y .

A t f i r s t w e g e t a t o n c e f r o m 6 . 1 5 f o r t h e m u l t i p l i c i t y

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1 2 5

( [ a S ( ~ [ p ] , [ y ] ) o f t h e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ y ] o f S m n i n

[ ( [ , ~ ' 2 0 [ ~ 1 , [ ~ , ' 3 ) , i f 2 I m

( [ ~ ] ® [ p ] , [ ¥ ] ) l ( E , ~ ' l O [ ~ ' ] , r ~ , ' - I ) , i f 2 1 m ,

t h e s o - c a l l e d T, t t l e w o o d ' s t h e o r e m o f c o ~ u ~ a t e s ( L i t t l e w o o d E1 ]).

A n o t h e r t h e o r e m , p e r h a p s t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t o n e c a n a l s o b e o b -

t a i n e d e a s i l y . W i t h i t s h e l p o u r p r o b l e m c a n b e r e d u c e d t o t he

p r o b l e m t o g i v e t h e r e d u c t i o n o f s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d u c t s o f t he

s p e c i a l f o r m [ ~ ] ( ~ [ r ] ( r _< n) . T h e a s s e r t i o n i s a n a l o g o u s t o 4 . 4 1 .

I f n = n 1 + n 2 w e d e n o t e a t f i r s t

6 .1 8 ( [ c ~ ] Q [ n l ] ) ( [ a : ] Q [ n 2 ] ) : = ( ( [ °~ ] O [ n l ] ) # ( [ ~ ] O [ n 2 ] ) ) 1 " Bm n

a n d p r o v e t h a t t h e f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d :

6 . 19 ( [ ~ 2 Q [ n 1 2 ) ( [ ~ 2 0 [ n 2 2 ) = [ ~ 2( ~ ([ n ll [ n2 2 )

P r o o f : U s i n g a w e l l k n o w n t h e o r e m a b o ut i n d u c e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

( s e e C u r t i s / R e i n e r 5 1 2 , ( 4 3 . 2 )) a n d t h e t r a n s i t i v i t y o f t h e i n -

d u c i n g p r o c e s s w e o b t a i n f o r t he l e f t h a n d s i d e , u s i n g 6 . 1 8 :

( ( a ; n l ) ~ ( ~ ; n 2 ) ) ~ 8 m ~ ( S n l X B n 2 ) ~ S m ~ 8 n t S m n •

B e c a u s e o f ( S m ~ S n l ) X ( S m ~ S n 2 ) = S m ~ ( S n l X S n 2 ) t h i s i s e q u a l t o

( ~ ; [ n l ] t l [ n 2 ] ) '~ Sm ',,,S '~ S mn = [ o ~ ] Q ( [ n l ] [ n 2 ] ) •

q . e . d .

A p p l y i n g 4 . 4 1 t o [ P 2 :

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126

[ ~ ] = l [ ~ + j - i ] l

w e o b t a i n t h e a n n o u n c e d r e s u l t ( R o b i n s o n [ 5] , 3 . 5 3 1 ) :

F o r e x a m p l e

[ ~ ] O [ ~ ] = l [ ~ ] O [ ~ i + J - i ] l •

[ ~ ] ® [ 2 ] [ a ] ® [ 3 ][ ¢ ] 0 1 2 , 1 ] =

1 [~]~)[I]

= ( [ ~ ] O [ 2 ] ) ( [ ~ ] ® [ 1 ] ) - [ ~ ] 0 1 3 ]

= ( [ ~ ] ® [ 2 ] ) [ a ] - [ ~ ] O [ 3 ] •

[ ~ ] Q [ ~ i + J - i ] i s o ~ t he ~ o r m [ ~ ] ® [ r ] , ~ n . A n a i~ w e k n o w t he

reauctions o~ these [~] Q[~ i+J -i] we get the reauct±on o~ [~] O[ ~]

w i t h 6 . 2 0 a n d t h e L i t t l e w o o d - R i c h a r d s o n - r u l e 4 . 51 .

I t is r e m a r k a b l e t h a t w i t h t h e r e c i p r o c i t y t h e o r e m of F r o b e n i u s

w e o b t a i n

6.21 ( [ o : ] C ) [ r ] , [ y ] ) = ( [ ¥ ] ~ S m ~ S r ,@ [ a ]) ,

w h i c h r e d u c e s t h e p r o b l e m t o t he e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r o f

@[~] (cf. Kerber [4]).

C o n c l u d i n g t h i s s e c t i o n we w o u l d l i k e t o d e r i v e t w o e q u a t i o n s c o n -

c e r n i n g t h e m a t r i x

6.22

o f t h e m u l t i p l i c i t i e s

6.23 r ~

for a fixed pa rtit ion ~ of m and for the part itio ns ~ of n, y of

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127

m n . T h u s R a i s a p ( m m ) x p ( n ) - m a t r i x .

L e t [ 6 ] b e a n i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S n _ I an d

6 . 24 r ~ := ( [ ~ ] ~ [ 6 ] , [ E ] ) •

U s i n g t h e L i t t l e w o o d - R i c h a r d s o n - r u l e 4 .5 1 w e g e t a t o n c e t h e m a t r i -

c e s S : = ( s ~ ) a n d E

6.25

a n d

6.26 e~6

A sp ecia l c~se of 6.19 is

: = ( e ~& ) , w h o s e e n t r i e s a r e d e f i n e d b y

s ~ : : ( [ E ] [ = ] , [ ~ ] )yE

- - ( [ 6 ] [ i ] , [ ~ ] ) .

6 . 2 7 ( [ = ] 0 1 6 ] ) [ = ] -- [ = ] ® ( [ 6 ] [ i ] )

W e c a n c o m p a r e t h e m u l t i p l i c i t i e s o f t he i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s

o n b o t h s i d e s o f 6 . 2 7 .

F o r t h e l e f t h a n d s i d e w e o b t a i n f r o m 6 . 2 4 a n d 6 . 2 5:

6 . 2 8 ( [ ~ ] Q [ 6 ] ) [ = ] = ~ r a~ [ a] = n s v E r E 6 [ V ] -t o £ ~ y

A n d s i n c e 6 . 2 6 i s v a l i d t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f 6 . 27 i s

6.29 [ = ] Q ( [ ~ ] [ 1 ] ) = n e ~ [ = ] Q [ ~ ] = ~ , r ~ e ~ 6 [ ~ ] •~,~

C o m p a r i n g 6 . 2 8 a n d 6 . 2 9 w e o b t a i n "

6 . 5 0 R ~ = S ~ R *

( R o b i n s o n [ 5] , 3 . 5 48 ) a s a n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e w a n t e d

m a t r i x R m .

A s e c o n d c o n d i t i o n f o r R ~ c a n b e d e r i v e d u s i n g t h e t h e o r e m 6 . 1 6

c o n c e r n i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e i r r e d uc i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

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S m ~ S n -

W e

c o n s i d e r t h e e q u a t i o n 6 . 2 3 . U s i n g t h e r e c i p r o c i t y t h e o r e m o f

F r o b e n i u s w e o b t a i n

6 .3 S m , S n = + . . . ,

i f w e g a t h e r u n d e r t h e s n m m a t i o n s i g n e x a c t l y t h o s e i r r e d u c i b l e

c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ y ] ~ S m a S h , w h i c h a r e o f t h e f o r m ( ~ ;~ ) . S i n c e

6 . 1 6 i t s u f f i c e s t o r e g a r d o n l y t h e s e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f th e f o r m

( ~ ; ~) i f w e t a k e t h e c h a r a c t e r o f ( e ; ( 1 . . . n ) ) o n b o t h s i d e s o f

t h i s e q u a t i o n . W e o b t a i n

C¥(n ) = ~ r ~ ; ~ ( e ; ( 1 . . . n ) ) .

( T h e p a r t i t i o n o f ( e ; ( 1 . . . n ) ) i s P ( e ; ( 1 . . . n ) ) = ( n , . . . , n ) = ( n m ) . ) .

U s i n g 6 . 1 6 w e g e t t h e r e f r o m :

6.~2 C =(n )

k r ~ 6 f ~ ( - 1 ) k

~ , ~ : # = ( n - k , 1 )

a s a s e c o n d n e c e s s a r y c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s r ~ of the

w a n t e d m a t r i x R ~ ( s e e K e r b e r [ 4] ).

A t t h e e n d o f t h i s s e c t i o n w e g i v e t h r e e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t

r u l e s f o r t h e s e s y m m e t r i z e d o u t e r p r o d uc t s . T h e y a r e w e l l k n o w n

b u t n o w w e c a n o b t a i n t h e s e r u l e s m u c h m o r e d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e a id

o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f w r e a t h p r o d u c t s .

A g e n e r a l i z a t i o n o f 6 . 1 9 i s

( [ ~ ] O [ ~ ] ) ( [ ~ ] Q [ ~ ] ) = [ ~ ] o ( [ ~ ] [ ~ ] ) ,

t h e p r o o f i s q u i t e a n a l o g o u s t o t h e p r o o f o f 6 . 1 9 .

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A s p e c i a l c a s e o f 5 . 2 7 i s

6 . 3 4[ ~ ] ® ( [ ~ ] + [ ¥ D = [ ~ ] ® [ ~ ] ÷ [ , , ] 0 [ ~ , 1 ,

a n d f r o m t h e a s s o c i a t i v i t y o f th e w r e a t h p r o d u c t m u l t i p l i c a t i o n

w e o b t a i n

( E a ] ® C ~ l ) ® 1 " ~ ,3 --- [ a ] ® ( C # ' l ® [ ~ , l ) .

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1 30

7 . B l o c k - s t r u c t u r e a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s

o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p sI - , ' " i l l i l

T h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s y m -

m e t r i c g r o u p b e g a n i n 1 9 4 0 w i t h t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e t wo p a r t s

o f T . N a k a y a m a ' s p a p e r " O n s o m e m o d u l a r p r o p e r t i e s o f i r r e d u c i b l e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s " ( N a k a y a m a [ I ] , [ 2 ] ). T h e s e c o n d

p a r t o f t h i s p a p e r c o n c l u d e s w i t h a c o n j e c t u r e a b o u t t h e p - b l o c k -

s t r u c t u r e o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p w h i c h h a s b e e n p r o v e d f i r s t b y

B r a u e r a n d R o b i n s o n i n 1 94 7 ( B r a u e r [ I] , R o b i n s o n [ 2] ) a n d w h i c h

i s t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r a l l t h e f o l l o w i n g p a p e r s c o n c e r n i n g t h i s

theory.

B e y o n d t h i s f u n d a m e n ta l t h e o r e m w h i c h i s s t i ll c a l l e d " N a k a y a ma ' s

c o n j e c t u r e " w e k n o w a l o t o f r e s u l t s b u t n o t t h e w a n t e d g e n e r a l

r e s u l t s ( i. e. i n d e p e n d e n t o f n a n d p ) a b o u t t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n

n u m b e r s o f S w i t h r e s p e c t t o p . P u r t h e r m o r e w e k n o w h o w t h e

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s C a n b e r ed u c e d

t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s o f

l o w e r d e g r e e s a n d w e k n o w s o m e a n a l o g o u s t h e o r e m s a b o u t t h e a l t e r -

n a t i n g g ro u p , e . g . w e k n o w t h e b l o c k - s t r u c t u r e o f A a n d h o w w e

c a n g e t t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f A a s f a r a s th e d e c o m p o s i t i o n

m a t r i x of S i s k n o w n .

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W e w o u l d l i k e t o d e s c r i b e s o m e o f t h e se n e w e r r e s u l t s b e g i n n i n g

w i t h t h e t h e o r e m a b o u t t h e b l o c k - s t r u c t u r e o f A n • W e s h a l l d e s -

c r i b e t h e p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n o f t h e t h e o r y o f d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m -

b e r s o f s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s •

T o f o r m u l a t e N a k a y a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e w e n ee d t h e f o l l o w i n g d e f i -

n i t i o n :

7 .1 D e f . : L e t [ a~ b e a Y o u n g - d i a g r a m a n d q a n a t u r a l n u m b e r .

I f w e c a n c e l s u c c e s s i v e l y p a r t s o f t h e r i m w h i c h b e l o n g

t o h o o k s o f l e n g t h q , t h e n a ( u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e d ) s u b -

d i a g r a m [ ~] r e m a i n s w h i c h w e c a l l t h e q - c o r e o f [ u] .

P o r e x a m p l e i f q = 3:

i •

po p pl

/

• • / / /• , r j I". -. ~ [ 3 2 , 2 , 1 ] = [ 0 1 •

I f p i s a p r i m e n u m b e r , t h e n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l t h e o r e m o f t h e m o d u -

l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t h e o r y o f t h e s .y mm et ri c g r o u p r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

~ 2 ( " N a k a 2 a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e , ' )

T h e i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S w h i c h f o r m t h e

p - b l o c k o f S t o w h i c h r a~ b e l o n g s a r e e x a c t l y t h e r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n s E ~ o f S w i t h t h e s a m e p - c o r e a s [~ ], i . e . t h e r ~]

w i t h

-- •

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A s h a s b e e n s a i d a b o v e : t h i s i s n o l o n g e r a c o n j e c t u r e , s i n c e t h i s

t h e o r e m h a s b e e n p r o v e d i n 1 9 4 7 b y B r a u e r a n d R o b i n s o n !

T o p r o v e 7 .2 t h e w e l l k n o w n c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f t h e p - b l o c k s b y

t h e c l a s s m u l t i p l i e r s ( s e e C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I] , 8 5 , 8 6) c a n b e u s e d :

[ ~ ] a n d [ ~ ] b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e p - b l o c k i f a n d o n l y i f t h e i r c h a r a c -

t e ~ a , ~ s a t i s f y t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n g r u e nc e m o d u l o p :

7 3 : = (Loal/f ) (ic iIf ) =: mod p,

o n a l l t h e c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s C o f S .

A n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n t h e p r o o f i s p l a y e d b y t h e d e f e c t o f a b l o c k .

I t t u r n s o u t, t h a t t h e d e f e c t d o f t h e b l o c k c o n t a i n i n g [ ~] a n d

t h e n u m b e r b o f p - h o o k s w h i c h c a n b e r e m o v e d f r o m [ ~] t o y i e l d

[ ~ ] s a t i s f y t h e e q u a t i o n

d : b + ep(b~ !)

i f a s in s e c t i o n I e p (m ) d e n o t e s t h e e x p o n e n t o f t he m a x i m a l p o w e r

o f p w h i c h d i v i d e s m . b ~ i s c a l l e d t h e p - w e i g h t o f [ a ].

A c t u a l l y t h e f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d ( B r a u e r [ 1] ):

~ . 5 T h e d e f e c t g r o u p o f t h e b l o c k o f [ ~] i s i s o m o r p h i c t o a p

p-Sylow-subgroup__ of Cp ~Sb a -< Spb~, i.e. iso mor phi c to the

w r e a t h p r o d u c t C p ~ P b ~ , i f P b a d e n o t e s a p - S y l o w - s u b g r o u p o f

S b ~ "

T h i s p r o v i d e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o a p p l y t h e t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

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o f w r e a t h p r o d uc t s . A c t u a l l y s o m e p a rt s o f t he k n o w n p r o o f s o f

N a k a y a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e c a n b e s i m p l i f i e d i n t h i s w a y . B u t t h i s r e -

m a r k m a y s u f f i c e h er e , a m o r e d e t a i l e d d i s c u s s i o n i s l e f t t o t h e

l a t e r p a r t s o f t h i s p a p e r , s i n c e w e s h a l l h a v e a s i m i l a r a p p l i -

c a t i o n to t he t h e o r y o f g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s w h i c h

w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n f u l l d e t a i l .

B e f o r e d o i n g t h i s w e w o u l d l i k e t o c o n s i d e r t h e a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p .

T h e t h e o r e m c o n c e r n i n g a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s a n d a n a l o g o us t o N a k a -

y a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e i s ( P u t t a s w a m a ia h [ 1 ] , P u t t a s w a m a i a h / R o b i n s o n

[1], Ke rb er [3]):

7,6 (i) If [a] = [~], then every ir reduc ible cons titu ent of [ulnA

f o r m s i t s o w n p - b l o c k an d e a c h m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n a s -

s o c i a t e d w i t h s u c h a c o n s t i t u e n t i s i r r e d u c i b l e .

( i i ) I f [ ~] ~ [ ~ ], t h e n t o th e p - b l o c k o f a n i r r e d u c i b l e c o n -

s t i t u e n t o f [ ~] $ A b e l o n g e x a c t l y t h e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n -

s t i t u e n t s o f r e s t r i c t i o n s [ ~] $ A o f s u c h r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s

[~] of S for whi ch

P r o o f : W e s h a l l r e p e a t e d l y u s e t h e t h e o r e m ( o f. C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ 1 ] ,

( 8 6 . 3 )) t h at a n o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f o r m s i t s

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o w n p - b l o c k a n d i s m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e i f p is c o n t a i n e d i n i t s

d i m e n s i o n a s o f t e n a s i n t h e o r d e r o f th e g r o u p .

( i ) W e a s s u m e f i r s t , t h a t [ ~ ] = [ ~ ] .

a ) I f ~ $ a ' , t h e n ( c f . # . 5 4 ) [ ~ ] ~ A n i s i r r e d u c i b l e .

[ a ] = [ ~ ] i m p l i e s , t h a t [ a ] c o n t a i n s n o h o o k o f l e n g t h p , h e n c e

i n t h i s c a s e ( c f. 4 . 4 6 ) :

e p ( f [ a ] ~ A n ) = e p ( f u ) = e p ( n ! ) ~ e p ( n ! / 2 ) = e p ( J A n J ) , i f n > 1 .

U s i n g t h e t h e o r e m m e n t i o n e d a b o v e , t h i s p a r t o f t h e s t a t e m e n t

i s p r o v e d f o r t h e c a s e [ ~ ] = [ ~ ] ~ [ a ' ] .

b ) I f o n t h e c o n t r a r y ~ = a ', t h e n b y 4 . 5 4 t h e r e s t r i c t i o n d e c o m -

poses:

[ a ] ~ A n = [ = ] + + [ a ] - ,

a n d [ a] a r e i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f d i m e n s i o n

f a / 2 . [ a ] = [ ~ ] i m p l i e s a g a i n e p ( n ! ) = e p ( f a ) . T h u s

e p ( f ~ -+ ) = e p ( f a / 2 ) = e p ( n ! / 2 ) = e p ( l A n l ) ,

a n d t h e s t a t e m e n t i s p r o v e d f o r t h e c a s e [ i f ] = [ ~ ] = [ ~ ' ] .

( i i ) W e a ss um e n o w t h a t [ ~ 3 + [ ~ ] .

a ) A t f i r s t w e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w t h a t u n d e r t h e a d d i t i o n a l

a s s u m p t i o n p ~ 2 t h e r e s t r i c t i o n [ a] ~ A c a n n o t c o n t a i n a n

i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t w h i c h b e l o n g s t o a b l o c k o f d e f e c t 0.

I f f a A d e n o t e s t h e d i m e n s i o n o f s u c h a s u p p o s e d c o n s t i t u e n t o f

a b l o c k o f d e f e c t 0 , w e h a v e

e p ( f a A ) = e p ( n ! / 2 ) = e p ( n ! ) ,

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1 3 5

t h e l a s t e q u a t i o n i s v a l i d s i n c e w e h a v e a s s u m e d p + 2.

B e c a u s e o f f a A = f a o r =f a / 2

t h i s i m p l i e s

e p C n ! ) = e p ( f a A ) = e p ( f a ) ,

i n c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o Ca ] ~ [~ ] .

b ) I f p = 2 w e h a v e f o r t h e d i m e n s i o n o f a c o n s t i t u e n t [ a ] A o f

C a] $ A w h i c h b e l o n g s t o a b l o c k o f d e f e c t 0 a n d w h i c h i s

t h e r e f o r e m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i bl e :

e 2 ( f a A ) = e 2 ( n ! / 2 ) = s 2 ( n X ) - 1 . ( 1 )

a AW i t h e 2 ( f a ) ~ e 2 ( f ) w e o b t a i n

e 2 ( f a ) = e 2 ( n ! ) - I ( 2 )

s i n c e [ a ] + [ ~ ] .

C o m p a r i n g ( I) a n d ( 2) w e g e t

e 2 C f a A ) = e 2 ( f a ) ,

a A f ~ = f a / 2 w e o b t a i nu c h t h a t b e c a u s e o f f = o r

[ a ] ~ A = [ a ] A •

S i n c e on a c c o u m t o f ( 2) C a] c o n t a i n s e x a c t l y o n e 2 - h o o k , C a ] b e -

l o n g s t o a 2 - b l o c k c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a 2 - c o r e w i t h n - 2 n o d es .

2 - c o r e s a r e s e l f a s s o c i a t e d : C ~] = [ ~ ] f o r e v e r y 2 - c o r e s i n c e

f o r e v e r y 2 - c o r e [ ~] w e h a v e

= C o l o r = l j

H e n c e t h e d i a g r a m C a ] c o n t a i n i n g e x a c t l y o n e 2 - h o o k i s o f o n e

o f t h e t w o f o l l o w i n g f o r m s :

C a ] = [ ~ 1 . 2 , ~ 1 - 1 , . . . , 2 , 1 J o r C a ] = 1 , a 1 - 1 , . . . , 2 , 1 3 ] •

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T h e s e t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a r e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o A n , a n d

t h e i r r e s t r i c t i o n s t o A a r e e q u a l . H e n c e o n l y o n e o f t h e m

y i e l d s a r o w o f t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f A . T h u s [ ~ ] A f o r m s

i t s o w n b l o c k a n d t h i s b l o c k c o n s i s t s a c t u a l l y o f t h e c o n s t i -

t u e n t s o f r e s t r i c t i o n s [ ~3 ~ A w i t h [ ~ ] = [ ~] o r [ ~3 = [ ~ ']

s i n c e t h e l a s t c o n s i d e r a t i o n s h o w s t h a t t h e r e i s u p t o e q u i v a -

l e n c e o n l y o ne s u c h c o n s t i t u e n t :

[ m ] A = [ ~ I + 2 ' $ I - I ' ' ' ' ' 2 ' I ] $ A n = K SI 'S I - I ' ' ' ' ' 2 ' 1 3 ] $ A n "

T h u s t h e s t a t e m e n t i s p r o v e d i n c a s e t h a t [ ~] $ E ~] a n d [ ~ ] ~ A n

c o n t a i n s a c o n s t i t u e n t o f a b l o c k o f d e f e c t 0 a n d i f [ ~ ] $ K ~ ]

t h i s i s o n l y t h e c a s e i f p = 2 .

c ) N o w l e t [ ~ ] A b e a n i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t o f [~ ] $ A s o t h a t

= o r =

a ) a n d b ) i m p l y t h a t w e c a n a s s u m e t h a t [ ~ ] A a n d t h e c o n s t i -

t u e n t s [ ~ ] A o f [~ 3 ~ A b e l o n g t o b l o c k s w i t h d e f e c t s > 0. W e

h a v e t o s h o w t h a t [ ~ ] A a nd [ ~ ] A b e l o n g t o th e s a m e b l o c k . T o

p r o v e t h i s w e u s e t h e c l a s s m u l t i p l i e r s .

S i n c e [ ~] b e l o n g s t o t h e S n - b l o c k o f [ ~ ] o r o f [ ~' 3 w e h a v e

( C u r t i s / R e i n e r I s] , ( 8 5 . 1 2 )) :

f o r a l l t h e p - r e g u l a r S n - c l a s s e s C w h i c h s a t i s f y C ~ A n -

W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w th e v a l i d i t y o f t h e a n a l o g o u s c o n g r u e n c e s

~ A ~ A ,f o r ~ a n d t h i s w o u l d c o m p l e t e t h e p r o o f o f t h i s p a r t o f

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o u r s t a t e m e n t ( s ee C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I ] , ( 8 6 . 1 9 ) ) .

= A ~ A

T h e t h e o r e m of P r o b e n i u s ( 4 .5 5 ) i m p l i e s t h a t ~ r e s p .

a g r e e w i t h C r e s p . C ~ o r w i t h ~ C ~ r e s p . ½ C ~ o n n o n - s p l i t t i n g

c l a s s e s o f S . T h e s a m e i s v a l i d f o r t h e d i m e n s i o n s , h e n c e f o r

s u c h n o n - s p l i t t i n g c l a s se s c a _ c A n w e h a v e a l s o

~ A 8 AW a ~ ® a ( P ) "

T h e e l e m e n t s o f s p l i t t i n g c l a s s e s c o n s i s t o f c y c l e s o f p a i r w i s e

d i f f e r e n t l e n g t h s ( s ee 1 . 23 ) . H e n c e t h e o r d e r o f t h e c e n t r a l i -

z e r o f a p e r m u t a t i o n w h i c h b e l o n g s t o a s p l i t t i n g c l a s s i s t h e

p r o d u c t o f it s c y c l e l e n g t h s ( s ee 2 . 3 2 ). I f s u c h a p e r m u t a t i o n

i s a p - r e g u l a r o n e, p d o e s n o t d i v i d e a n y o n e o f t h e s e c y c l e

l e n g t h s a n d t h e r e f o r e p d o e s n ' t d i v i d e t h e o r d e r o f t h e c e n t r a -

l i z e r s u c h t h a t th e d e f e c t o f s u c h a p - r e g u l a r s p l i t t i n g c l a s s

i s O . H e n c e f r o m a w e l l k n o w n t h e o r e m ( C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I] ,

( 8 6 . 2 7 ) ) w e g e t :

~ A ~ A® a ~ 0 m ® a ( P )

f o r a l l t h e p - r e g u l a r s p l i t t i n g c l a s s e s , s i n c e [ ~ ] A a n d [ ~ ] A

b e l o n g t o b l o c k s o f d e f e c t s > 0.

T h u s fo r a l l t h e p - r e g u l a r A n - c l a s s e s C w e h a v e

~ A ~ A® a ~ ~ a ( P ) '

h e n c e E ~ S A a n d [ ~ J A b e l o n g t o t he s a m e b l o c k .

d ) I t r e m a i n s t o sh o w , t h a t t h e b l o c k o f [ ~ ] A d o e s n o t c o n t a i n a

c o n s t i t u e n t [ ~ ] A o f a r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ ~] ~ A w i t h [ ~] + [ ~]

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a n d +

T h e o r d i na r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b e l o n g i n g t o a c e r t a i n

b l o c k B c a n b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s f o l l o w s : t w o o r d i n a r y i r r e d u -

c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b e l o n g t o B i f a n d o n l y if t h e r e e x i s t s

a c h a i n of o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s b e g i n n i n g w i t h

o n e of t h e t w o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a n d e n d i n g w i t h t h e o t h e r o n e

a n d so t ha t m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a s s o c i a t e d t o a n y tw o

n e i g h b o u r s o f t h e c h a i n h a v e a n i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t i n

c o m m o n .

H e n c e i t s u f f i c e s t o s h o w t h a t m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ ~ ] A

a n d [ 8 ]A a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s [ ~ ] A a n d [ ~ ]A

of [~] 4 A n and [8] $ A n suc h that [~] + [S] and [~] + [S']

h a v e n o i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t i n c o m m o n .

P r o m C l i f f or d ' s t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f g r o u p s w i t h

n o r m a l d i v i s o r s w e g e t t h a t a n i r r e d u c i b l e m o d u l a r c o n s t i t u e n t

P ~ o f [ ~ ] ~ A n i s a c o n s t i t u e n t o f t h e r e s t r i c t i o n P ~ ~ A o f

a m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n F ~ b e l o n g i n g e i t h e r to

t h e p - b l o c k o f S w i t h p - c o r e [ ~] o r t o t h e a s s o c i a t e d p - b l o c k

w i t h p - c o r e I S '] . B u t [ 8 ] i s n o t c o n t a i n e d i n o n e o f t h e s e t w o

b l o c k s o f S .

I f n o w

~ d i k F k[~] k

d e s c r i b e s t h e m o d u l a r d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f [ ~] , t he n [ ~ ] ~ A h a s

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t h e s a m e d e c o m p o s i t i o n a s t h e r e s t r i c t i o n o f t h e m o d u l a r r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n o n t h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e :

A n = d i k ( A n )k

T h u s t h e m o d u l a r d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h i s r i g h t h a n d s i d e c o n t a i n s

t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f [ ~ ] A. B u t s i n c e [ U ] A is c o n t a i n e d i n q u i t e

a n o t h e r b lo c k , t h i s r i g h t h a n d s i d e a n d h e n c e t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n

i i , i i

o f [ ~ ] A' t o o , c a n n o t c o n t a i n a m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n i n c o m m o n

with [~]A"

q.e.d.

7 . 2 a n d 7 . 6 e n a b l e u s t o e v a l u a t e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e o r d i n a r y

i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S a n d A i n t o p - b l o c k s i n a v e r y

s i m p l e w a y a n d f o r e v e r y n a n d p.

B u t t h e p r o b l e m o f f i n d i n g t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s i s s t i l l f a r

f r o m a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n . W e w o u l d l i k e t o d e s c r i b e t h i s n ow .

W e s h a l l t r e a t t h e c a s e p = 2 a n d r e p o r t u p o n t h e k n o w n r e s u l t s .

T h e r e a f t e r w e s h a l l d i s c u s s w h a t c a n b e s a i d a b o u t t h e d e c o m p o ~

s i t i o n m a t r i x o f A n i f t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f S i s k n o w n .

In certain cases, for examp le if n~2p, it is easy to get the de-

c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f S ( s ee R o b i n s o n [ 5] , P . 12 2 ). B u t f o r t h e

g e n e r a l c a s e, t h e r e i s o n l y th e m e t h o d o f e x p l i c i t l y r e d u c i n g t h e

r e p r e s e n t i n g m a t r i c e s w h i c h i s p o s s ib l e w i t h o u t a v a s t a m o u n t o f

c a l c u l a t i o n s o n l y f o r v e r y s m a l l d i m e n s i o n s ( s e e R o b i n s o n [ 5 ]) -

T h e u s e o f a n i n d u c t i o n p r o c e s s s e e m s t o be m u c h m o r e p r o m i s i n g .

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1 4 0

A s w e s o o n s h a l l s e e s u c h a p r o c e s s t o g e t h e r w i t h s o m e r e s u l t s o n

t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f s p e c i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a l l o w s t he

e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f S w i t h r e s p e c t t o p = 2

u p t o n = 9 . W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w h o w t h i s c a n b e d o n e .

P e r a f i x e d p r i m e n u m b e r p l e t

I = (d~k)I := Dn, p

d e n o t e t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f S w i t h r e s p e c t t o p . ( Th e u p p e r

i n d e x I w i l l b e s h o w n t o b e o f u s e i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n w h e r e

t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x w i l l b e c o n s i d e r e d w h o s e f i r s t

c ol ,, m~ s a r e b u i l t u p b y D I . )

I f t h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ a ] i o f s b e l o n g s t o

t h e i - t h r o w o f D I i . e . i f

I F ~ ,[ ~ ] i ~ Z d i k

k

t h e m o d u l a r d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f Z d ~ k [ a] i is t h e s a m e a s t h e d e c o m -

i

p o s i t i o n o f t h e k - t h p r i n c i p a l i n d e e o m p o s a b l e U o f S n:

1 7 j.7 U ~ Z di k [ ]i "i

T h e i n d u c e d r e p r e s e n t a t i o n U k ~ S n + I is a d i r e c t s u m o f p r i n c i p a l

I ) h a s t h e s a m e d e -i n d e c o m p o s a b l e s o f S n + 1 , h e n c e Z d i k ( [ ~ ] i $ S n + Ii

c o m p o s i t i o n a s a c e r t a i n s u m of p r i n c i p a l i n d e o o m p o s a b l e s S j o f

S n + 1 :

[ ~ ] i ~ Z a j ~ j .. 8 Z d i k ( S n + 1 )i j

T h e b r a n c h i n g t h e o r e m 4 . 5 2 i mp l i es , t h a t t h e i r r e d u ci b l e c o n s t i t u -

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141

e n t s o f [ ~ ] i t S n +l a r e e x a c t l y t h e [ ~] a r i s i n g f r o m [ ~ ] i b y a d d i n g

o n e no d e . R e s t r i c t i n g t h e s e a d d i t i o n s i n s u c h a w a y t h a t t h e

a r i s i n g d i a g r a m s [ #] h a v e t h e s a m e p - c o r e , w e c a n a s s u r e , t h a t t h e

d e c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e a r i s i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f Sn + 1 co n t a i n s p r i n -

c i p a l i n d e c o m p o s a b l e s b e l o n g i n g t o o n e b l o c k o n l y.

T h e n o d e i n t h e i - t h r o w a n d j - t h c o l u m n o f [ 6] i s

c a l l e d a n r - n o d e ( w i t h r e s p e c t t o p ) i f

j - i ~ r (p) .

By

r

[ 6 ] t S n + l

w e s h a l l d e n o t e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n r - i n d u c e d b y [ 6] a n d

c o n s i s t i n g e x a c t l y o f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s [ #] ( e ac h w i t h

m u l t i p l i c i t y 1) o f S n + I w h o s e d i a g r a m s a r i s e f r o m [ ~] b y

a d d i n g a n r - n o d e .

A n a l o g o u s l y w e d e f i n e t h e r - r e s t r i c t i o n o f E ~] t o S n _ I

a n d c a l l t h e p r o c e d u r e t h e r - i n d u c i n 6 r e s p . r - r e s t r i o t i n 6

p r o c e s s .

U s i n g N a k a y a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e w e o b t a i n t ha t t he c o n s t i t u e n ts o f

r[ 6 ] ~ S n+ 1 h a v e t h e s a m e p - c o r e s o t h a t t h e y a l l b e l o n g t o t h e

s a m e p - b l o c k o f S n ÷ I a n d t h a t a l l t h e d i a g r a m s w i t h t h i s p - c o r e

r

a n d o u t o f [ 6 ] t S n + I a r e c o n t a i n e d i n [ a] ~ S n + 1 . H e n c e w e h a v e

( s e e R o b i n s o n C 5 ] , 6 . 1 1 ):

7 . 1 0 I f [ ~ ] a n d [ y ] a r i s e f ro m [ 6 ] b y a d d i n g a n o d e , th e n [ ~ ] = [ ~ ]

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1 4 2

if and only if the added nodes are of the same residue class

r modulo p.

This impl ies for the decomposit ion matrix:

7,11

r~ ~

z ~ k ( [ a ] i f S n + 1 ) = z b s U S ,± j

such that the U~ wi th b~ $ 0 belon g to the same block of Sn+ 1.. , - - _ _

With this fu mdament al result we can start wit h our example p = 2.

The only princip al indecomposa ble of S I is [1], this is trivial.

The resi due class modulo 2 of the only node of the diagram [I] is

O. Thus

0 o 1 1

U 1 ~ S2 = [ 1 ] $ S 2 = ~ , [ 1 ] t S 2 = [ 2 ] + [ 1 2 ] ~ U 1 t S "

S 2 is a 2-group, h ence it possesses only one princ ipal indecompo-

sable and the last e quation toget her wit h 7.11 implies that this

principa l inde composable has the same decompositio n as [2] + [ 1 ~ .

T h u s

2 = [ 1 2 ]

is the decomp ositio n ma trix of S 2 for p = 2.

To proceed with the r-induci ng process we replace the nodes of

the diag ram by their residue classes modulo 2:

0[ 2 ] : 0 1 [ 1 2 ] : 1

We obtain

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14.3

U 1 ~ 8 ~ [ 2 ] + [ 1 2 ] ~ S 3 = [ 3 2 + [ 1 3 2 ,

U 1 ~ S 3 .~ . [ 2 ] + [ 1 2 ] ~ ' S = 2 1 2 , 1 2 •

N a k a y a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e i m p l i e s t h a t [ 2 , 1 ] f o r m s i t s o w n 2 - b l o c k a n d

i s m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e .

B e s i d e s t h i s b l o c k S p o s s e s s e s o n l y o n e f u r t h e r p r i n c i p a l i n d e -

c o m p o s a b l e , h e n c e t h i s o n e h a s t h e s a m e d e c o m p o s i t i o n a s [ 3 ]+ [ I 3 ]

a n d w e o b t a i n t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f S f o r p = 2:

D ~ , 2 = [ 1 3 -]

t r 2 , 1 ] •

( P o r t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y w e o f t e n o m i t t h e O ' s . )

T h e n

[ 3 ] = 0 1 0 , [ 2 , 1 ] : 0 1 , [ 1 3 ] . 01 10 .

T h u s

' 7 . 1 4

~ 1 ~ s 4 ~ [3 2 + [ 1 3 ] $ s _- ~

1 1

U 1 I ' S4 ~ . [ 3 ] + [ 1 3 2 I S 4 = [ 4 2 + [ 3 , 1 2 + [ 2 , 1 2 2 + [ 1 4 2 ,

o oU 2 ~' S4 ~ [ 2 , 1 ] f 8 4 . = [ 3 , 1 ] + [2 2 ] + [ 2 , 1 2 ] ,

1 1U 2 t 8 4 ~ - [ 2 , 1 ] ~ 8 4 . = , ~ •

S h a s e x a c t l y t w o 2 - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s s o t h a t D 1 ,2 ~ c o n s i s t s o f

2 columns.

7 . 1 4 i m p l i e s , t h a t t h e c o l u m n s o f t h e m a t r i x

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7 . 1 5 R 4 , 2 : =

1 [ 4 ]

1 1 [ 3 , 1 ]

o I [ 2 2 ]

1 I [ 2 , 1 2 ]

1 [ 1 4 . ]

a r e l i n e a r c o m b i n a t i o n s ( w i t h n o n n e g a t v e i n t e g r a l c o e f f i c i e n t s ) o f

t h e c o l u m n s o f D ; , 2 .

R 4 , 2 i s a m a t r i x o f t h e s a m e s h a p e a s D ~ , 2 a n d i t i s a l o w e r t r i -

a n g u l a r m a t r i x . H e n c e i t s f i r s t c o l ! ~ mn c o n t a i n s t h e f i r s t c o l ~ m n

o f D ~ a n d i ts s e c o n d c o l u m n c o n t a i n s t h e s e c o n d c o l l m ~ o f D 1,2 ¢,2"

T h e t r i a n g u l a r f o r m i m p l i e s f u r t h e r m o r e , t h a t t h e s e c o n d c o l u m n

o f R 4 , 2 c a n n o t c o n t a i n t h e f i r s t c o l u m # o f D I , 2 s o t h a t t h e s e -

c o n d o o l 1 ~ m~ o f R 4 , 2 i s e q u a l t o t h e s e c o n d c o l u m n o f D 1 , 2 ' s i n c e

d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s a r e i n t e g e r s . T h i s s e c o n d c ol 1~ mn o f R 4 , 2

c a n n o t b e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e f i r s t c o l u m n o f R 4 , 2 w i t h o u t g e t t i n g

n e g a t i v e e n t r i e s s u c h t h a t t h e f i r s t c o l u m n o f R 4 , 2 is e q u a l t o

t h e f i r s t c o l u m n o f D 14,2:

? . 1 , , ~ D 14 , 2 =

1 [ 4 ]

1 1 [ 3 , 1 ]

0 1 [ 2 2 ]

1 1 [ 2 , 1 2 ]

1 [ 1 4 ] •

T h e n

[ 4 ] : 0 1 0 1 , [ . 3 , 1 ] : 0 1 0 , [ 2 2 ] ; 0 1 , [ 2 , 1 2 ] : 0 1 , [ 1 4 ] : 01 1 0 1 1

0 01

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147

H e n c e t h e c o l u m n t o t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t o f t h e c o n s i d e r e d s u m m a n d

o f R n , p ( c f . e x a m p l e 7 . 1 8 ) i s a n i n t e g r a l m u l t i p l e o f t h e c o r r e s -

p o n d i n g c ol 1~ m~ o f D 1 T h u s w e h a v e t o c h e c k w h e t h e r t h i s c o l u m nn , p "

c a n b e d i v i d e d b y a n a t u r a l n u m b e r t o y i e l d a n e w c o l u m n o v e r ~ .

~ . ~ ! ~ I f t h e c o l u m n t o t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t o f t h e c o n s i d e r e d s u m m a n d

o f R n l P c a n b e d i v i d e d b y a n a t u r a l n u m b e r , t h i s d i v i s i o n h a s• , • , _ , . , , • , . , .

t o b e c a r r i e d o u t t o y i e l d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g c o l u m n o f In, p"

P r o o f: W e k n o w t h a t t h e C a r t a n m a t r i x

1 t~l ~1C n , p : = ~ n , p ~ n , p

( t I t h e t r a n s p o s e d m a t r i x ) h a s a d e t e r m i n a n t w h o s e v a l u e i s aD n , p

p o w e r o f p .

P u r t h e r m o r e i f D p a r i s e s f r o m D n ,l b y a d d i n g a c o l u m n o f D n , p

t o a n o t h e r c o l u m n o f I i t i s e a s y t o s e e t h a tD n , p ,

d e t ( t 1 , D I , ) = d e t 1D n , p n , p " C n , p "

W i t h t h i s i n m i n d i t is n o t t o o d i f f i c u l t t o c he c k , t h a t

d e t ( t R n , p R n , p ) = r ~ . 2 I.rkde tOn, p , (I)

D n , pf r i E N i s t h e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f t h e i - t h c o l u m n o f I i n t h e

i - t h c o l ~ m n o f R n , p ( a f t e r t h e s u i t a b l e r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t he

c o l u m n s o f 1 h a s b e e n c a r r i e d o u t ) .D n , p

1 h a s m a x i m a l p - r a n k ( s ee C u r t i s /i n a l l y w e r e c a l l t h a t D n , p

R e i n e r [1 ] , ( 8 3 . 5 ) ) .

H e n c e i f i t i s p o s s i b l e w e h a v e t o d i v i d e t h e c o n s i d e r e d c o l u m n

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1 4 8

t o t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t b y p. T h a t w e h a v e t o d i v i d e t h e s e e n t r i e s

b y o t h e r c o m m o n f a c t o r s w e s e e f r o m ( I) , r e c a l l i n g t h a t d e t C ~ , p

i s a p o w e r o f p .

q . e . d .

T h u s w e o b t a i n o n e c o l ! 3 m n o f D 1 a n y w a y .n , p

P o r e x a m p l e t h e s e c o n d c o l u m n o f 7 . 1 8 h a s t o b e d i v i d e d b y 2 : I n

11 1

2 1

1 1

1

[ 5 ]

[ 3 , 2 ]E 3 , 1 2 ][ 2 2 , 1 ][ 1 5 ]

[ 4 , 1 ][ 2 , 1 3 ]

7 . 2 0 R ~ , 2 : =

a t l e a s t t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d c o l u m n s a g r e e w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g

o o l u m ~ s o f D 1

5 , 2 "

I t r e m a i n s t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e s e c o n d c o l1 ~ m~ h a s t o b e s u b ~ r a o -

t h e f i r s t o n e i n R ~ , 2 t o o b t a i n D ~ , 2 .e d f r o m

T h i s c a n be d e c i d e d u s i n g a r e s u l t o f ~ . H . P e e l o n t h e d e o o m p o -

s i t i o m n u m b e r s o f [ n - 2, 2 ] .

B e f o r e w e m e n t i o n P e e l ' s r e s u l t w e g i v e t h e o t h e r g e n e r a l r e s u l t

o n d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f S ( F a r a h a t [ I ], cf . a l s o K e r b e r [ 1 ])

a n d w h i c h i s o f e q u a l i m p o r t a n c e :

7 ~ 2 1 I f p d o e s n o t d i v i d e n , t h e n [ n - 1 , 1 ] i s i r r e d u c i b l e .m ,

I f p d i v i d e s n an d n> 2 , t h e n t h e r e a r e e x a c t l y 2 i r r e d u c i b l e

c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ n - 1, 1 ] , e a c h o f t h e m w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y 1,

a n d o n e o f t h e m i s t h e i d e n t i t ~ r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

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149

P e e l ' s r e s u l t ( P e el [ 1 ] ) r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

7 , 2 2 1) If p d o e s ~ o t d i v i d e n - 2 w e d i s t i n g u i s h t h e c a s e s p = 2 an d

p~2s

a ) I n c a s e t h a t p ~ 2 a n d

( i) p ~ n - l , t h e n [ n - 2 , 2 ] i s i r r e d u c i b l e . I f

( i i ) p ] n - l , t h e n [ n - 2 , 2 ] h a s e x a c t l y ~ w o d i f f e r e n t

i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i tu e n t s , e a c h w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y I,

o n e o f t h e m i s t h e i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

b) If p=2 and

( i) n = 2 a + 1 , 2 ~ a , [ n - 2 , 2 ] i s i r r e d u c i b l e . I f

( i i ) n = 2 a + 1 , 2 I a , t h e n [ n - 2 , 2 ] c o n t a i n s e x a c t l y ~ w o i t -

r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s , e a c h w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y I,

o n e o f t h e m i s th e i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

2 ) I f o n t h e o t h e r h a n d p d i v i d e s n - 2 , a n d

a ) p = 2 w e h a v e t o d i s t i n g u i s h t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o c a s es :

( i) I f n = 2 a , 2 I a a n d a > 2 ( [2 ] a n d ~ a r e i r r e d u c i b l e

a s w e h a v e s e e n a b ov e ) , t h e n [ n - 2 , 2 ] p o s s e s s e s

e x a c t l y tw o d i f f e r e n t i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s, e a c h

o n e w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y I, o n e o f t h e m i s o f d i m e n s i o n

n-2.

( i i ) I f n = 2 a , 2 t a , t h e n [ n - 2 , 2 ] c o n t a i n s e x a c t l y t h r e e

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1 5 0

d i f f e r e n t i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s , e a c h o n e w i t h

m u l t i p l i c i t y I, o n e of t h e m is t h e i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n , a n o t h e r o n e i s o f d i m e n s i o n n - 2 .

b ) If p $ 2, E n - 2 , 2 ] p o s s e s s e s e x a c t l y 2 d i f f e r e n t i r r e d u -

c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t s , e v e r y o n e w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y 1 , o n e

o f t h e m is t h e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ n - 1 , 1 ]

(of. 7.21).

P r o m 7 . 2 2 I) b ) ( ii ) w e o b t a i n w i t h 7 . 2 0 :

[ 5 1

[ 3 , 2 ]![ 3 , 1 2 ]

7.2 3 D 1 = I I5 , 2 1 [ 2 2 , 1 ]

1 [ 1 5 ]

[ 2 , 1 ~ ] .

T h e r - i n d u c i n g p r o c e s s , N a k a y a m a ' s c o n j e c t u r e a n d 7 . 2 1 / 7 . 2 2 y i e l d

D ~ , 2 =

11 1

1 1

2 1

1 0

1 0

2 1

1 1

1 1

1

[ 6 ]

[ 5 , 1 ]

[ 4 , 2 ][ 4 , 1 2 ]

[ 3 2 ]

[ 2 3 ]

[ 3 ~ 1 3 ][ 2 z , 1 2 ]

[ 2 , 1 4 ][ 1 6 ]

[ 3 , 2 , 1 ] .

T h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f t he r - i n d u c i n g p r o c e s z t o D 1 y i e l d s t h e6 , 2

f o l l o w i n g m a t r i x ( w e u s e d 7 . 1 9 a n d 7 . 2 2 ) :

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1 5 1

7 . 2 5 R 7 , 2 : =

1

0 1

1 1

1 I

I 0

1 0

1 1

1 1

0 1

1

1

2 1

1 1

1 J

[ 7 ][ 5 , 2 ]

[ 5 , 1 2 ][ 4 , 2 , 1

[ 3 2 , 1 ]

[ 3 , 2 2 ]

[ , 2 , 1 2

[ 3 , 1

[ 2 2 , 1 3

[ 1 7 ]

[ 6 , 1 ]

[ 4 , 3 ][ 4 , 1 3 ][ 2 3 , 1 ][ 2 , 1 5 ]

T o c he c k , t h a t t h i s m a t r i x i s t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f S w e

u s e a n i c e t r i c k : 7 . 2 4 i m p l i e s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e c h a r a c -

t e r s o f ~ a n d [ 6 ] i s t h e B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r o f F 3 , t h e t h i r d

2 - m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S 6 w h i c h b e l o n g s t o t he

t h i r d c o l u m n o f D ~ , 2 . ~ 1° r s h o r t :

H e n c e w e m a y i n d u c e t o g e t

7 . 2 6 ~ z ? s 7 ~ ( [ 3 - N ~ ] ) t s ~ ~ t 7 - [ 6 ] t s

[ 4 , ' 3 ] * [3-~,1] - [ 7 ] - [ 6 , 1 ] .

N o w w e l o o k a t t h i s d e c o m p o s i t i o n a n d 7 .2 5 .

T h e r i g h t h a n d s i d e o f 7 . 2 6 c o n t a i n s e a c h 2 - m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S w i t h n o n n e g a t i v e m u l t i p l i c i t y . F r o m 7 . 2 5

w e k n o w , t h a t [ 7] a s w e l l a s [ 6, 1 ] a r e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a -

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-q

I~

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I~ 

r~ 

i -~. 

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o

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o

r~

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r~

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1 5 5

7.33

w o u l d c o n t a i n t h e e i g t h c o l u m m o f D ~ , 2 . T h i s i m p l i e s , t h a t

7 . 3 4

1

1

0 1

1 1

1 11 0

0 1

1

a r e t h e t w o c o l u m n s t o t h e e x t r e m e r i g h t o f D 19,2"

H e n c e t h e r e r e m a i n s t o e xa m i n e t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r

t h e s i x t h c o l n m n a n d t h e c o r r e c t e d s e v e n t h a n d e i g t h c o l n m n :

1 1

0 2 11 3 1

3 1 0 1

7.35 3 3 1 13 3 1 1I 3 1 0

3 1 0

0 2 1

1 1 1

T h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e s e t w o p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r th e f i r s t c o l n m n

g i v e s , t h a t

7 . 3 6

c o n t a i n s t h e f i r s t c o l u m n o f t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g b o x o f D ~ , 2 .

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156

T h u s i t r e m a i n s t o d e c i d e w h e t h e r

7 -37

10 1

1 1

0 0 1

0 1 1

0 1 I

1 1 0

0 0 1

0 1

1

[8,1][ 6 , 3 ~[ 6 , 1 J ]

[ 4 , 3 , 2 ][4,3,1 2 ]

[ 4 , 2 2 , 1 ][4,1 5 ]

[ 3 2 , 2 , 1 ][ 2 3 , 1 3 ]

[ 2 , 1 7 ]c a n b e a s u b m a t r i x o f D I9,2 or not.

T o d e c i d e t h i s w e c o n s i d e r a g a i n a s p e c i a l i n d u c e d c h a r a c t e r :

7 . 3 8 F ~ t s 9 = ( [ ~ , 2 ] - 2 1 8 ' i ) ~ s 9

= [ 4 , 3 , 2 ] + [ 3 " ~ ' ~ + [ 3 2 , 2 , 1 " ] - 2 1 9 ] - 2 1 8 , 1 ] .

T h i s d e c o m p o s i t i o n i m p l i e s , t h a t [ 4 , 3 , 2 ] + [ 3 2 , 2 , 1 ] c o n t a i n s a t l e a s t

t w i c e t h e i r r e d u c i b l e c o n s t i t u e n t [ 8 , 1] s o t h a t 7 . 3 6 d e s c r i b e s

t h e f i r s t c o l u m n o f t h e c o n s i d e r e d s u b m a t r i x o f D ~ , 2 .

I t r e m a i n s t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s u b m a t r i x o f 7 . 3 2 w h i c h c o n t a i n s

t h e i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n .

T h a t t h e o n l y p o s s i b i l i t y f o r t h e f o u r t h c o l u m n h a s t o b e d i v i d e d

b y 2 w e o b t a i n f r o m 7 . 1 9 s i n c e t h e f i f t h c ol l, mn c a n n o t b e s u b -

t r a c t e d . H e n c e 7 .3 1 s u g g e s t s t o e x a m i n e t h e m a t r i x 7 . 3 9 ( s e e t h e

f o l l o w i n g p a g e ) , w h o s e i - t h c o l u m n c o n t a i n s t h e i - t h c ol ~3 mn o f

D~, 2 (I~i~5).

O b v i o u s l y i t r e m a i n s t o c h e c k th e f i r s t a n d t h e s e c o n d c o l ~ m n o f

7 . 3 9 . T h e o t h e r c o l u m n s a r e c o l u m n s o f D I , 2 a s t h e y s t a n d s i n c e

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157

f r o m t h e s e c o l u m n s n o t a n y o t h e r o n e o a n b e s u b t r a c t e d w i t h o u t

y i e l d i n g n e g a t i v e e n t ri e s .

7 . 3 9

1

1 1

2 1

1 1 1

0 1 0 1

2 1 1 1

2 0 1 0

3 2 1 1

2 2 0 1

2 1 0 1

3 2 1 1

2 0 0 0

2 0 1 0

2 1 0 1

2 1 1 1

1 1 1 0

2 1 0

0 1 1

1 1

1

[ 9 ][ 7 , 2 ][ 7 , 1 2 ]

[ 6 , 2 , 1 ]

[ 5 , 4 ][ 5 , 3 , 1 ][ 5 , 2 2 ]

[ 5 , 2 , 1 2 ]

[ 5 , 1 4 ][ 4 2 , 1 ]

[ 4 - , 2 , 1 3 ]

[ 3 3 ][ 3 2 , 1 3 ]

[ 3 , 2 3 ][ 3 , 2 2 , 1 2 ]

[ 3 , 2 , 1 4 ]

[ 3 , ~ ]

[ 2 4 , 1 ]

[ 2 2 , 1 5 ]

[1 9 ]

T o e x a m i n e t h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d c o l u m n o f th i s m a t r i x w e c o n s i d e r

7 . 4 o ~ 4 t s 9 - - ( [ 8 ] + [ 5 , 3 ] - [ 6 , ~ 1 ) t s

: [9 ]+ [8 ,1 ]+ [6 ,3 ]+ [5 ,4 ]+ [5 ,3 ,1 ]-[7,1--~-[6,2,'I"]'-[6,1-~] •

S i n c e t h e f i r s t t h r e e r o w s o f 7 . 3 9 a r e c o r r e c t a s t h e y s t a n d ( c f .

7 . 2 2) , t he r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ 7 , 1 ~ + [ 6 , 2 , 1 i c o n t a i n s t h e s e c o n d i r r e -

d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n [ 7 , 2] - [ 9 ] w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y 2 ( n o t i c e t h a t

t h e t h i r d c o l n m n o f 7 . 3 9 c a n n o t b e s u b t r a c t e d f r o m t h e s e c o n d

o n e ) . H e nc e 7 . 4 0 i m p l i e s t h a t [ 5 , 4 ] + [ 5 , 3 , 1 ] c o n t a i n s [ 7 , 2 ] - [ 9 ]

a t l e a s t t w i c e s u c h t h a t n e i t h e r t h e f o u r t h n o r t h e f i f t h c o l u m n

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158

has to be subtrac ted from the second col~mn of 7.39.

The secon~ col1~mn of 7.39 is therefore correct as it stands.

It remains to consider the first column and to decide whether the

third and/or fifth coll,mn have to be subtracted or not.

The first three entries of this col~Imn are cor rect as the y stand.

W e c o n s i d e r t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n

7.41 ~3 ~ $9 ~ ([8]+[6, 2]-[7, 1]) ~ S 9

=

[8,1]+[7,2]+[7,1--~ contains thrice the irreduci ble repr esenta tion

[9], hence at least this is valid f or [9]+[7,2]+[6,2,1]. Th us the

third column has not to be subtracted from the first one so that

even the first four entries of this col1~mn agree wit h D I9,2"

W i t h t h i s w e r e t u r n t o 7 . 40 : [ 7 , 1 ~ + [ 6 , 2 , 1 ] c o n t a i n s th r i c e th e

irreducible constituen t [9] such that this represent atiau is con-

tained in [9]+[ 5,3,1] at least with multiplic ity 3. Hence also the

fifth column has not to be subtracted from the first one.

Hence 7.42 (on page 159) is the deco mpositi on matr ix of S 9 with

respect to p=2.

T h u s w e h a v e v e r i f i e d w i t h o u t a n y a n e x p l i c i t r e d u c t i o n o f a r e -

prese ntatio n the decomp ositio n number s of S for p=2 and n_(9

whi ch Robinson gave (Robinson [5],[6]). We have shown, how a com-

b i n a t i o n o f t he r - i n d u c i n g p r o c e s s t o g e t h e r w i t h a u s e o f F a r a h a t ' s

and Peel's results yields these far reaching results. But it

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7 . 4 3

11 1111

2 111011211100111302111301001¢131112121100010104 . 1 1 0 1 1 15 1 3 1 2 1 15 1 2 1 1 1 12 1 2 1 1 0 0

21101012111101210000151211112111101

51312114 .1311102111 00021000012110101411011130100130211121100

00101001111011111111

( cf . t h e t a b l e 2 - 1 0 i n R o b i n s o n [ 5] , A p p e n d i x , w h i c h h a s t o b e

c o r r e c t e d ) . T h e l a s t f o r c o l u m n s o f 7 . 4 3 a g r e e w i t h t h e l a s t f o u r

c o l ~ m n s o f th e c o r r e s p o n d i n g s u b m a t r i x o f D !10,2"

T h e s e m e t h o d s h a v e b e e n u s e d a l s o f o r t h e c as e p = 3 , w h e r e t h e

f i r s t d i f f i c u l t y a r i s e s a t n= 8 . T h e q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r E 5 , 3 ]

c o n t a i n s [ 8] o r n o t . T h e a n s w e r i s n e g a t i v e : [ 5 , 3] d o e s n o t c o n -

t a i n [ 8] a n d u s i n g t h i s r e s u l t , t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i c e s h a v e

b e e n c a l c u l a t e d u p t o n = 1 0 ( K e r b e r / P e e l [ I] ). T h e r e a d e r c a n f i n d

o

t h e r e a n e c e s s a r y a n d s u f f i c i e n t c o n d i t i o n t h a t [ n - 3 , 3 ] c o n t a i n s

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161

I nS . P o r f u r t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t s e s p e c i a l l y o n t h e d e c o m p o -

s i t i o n o f h o o k - r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s I n - r , 1 r ] t h e r e a d e r i s r e f e r r e d

t o P e e l [ 2 ] .

C o n c l u d i n g t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s o f t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f

S a n d g a t h e r i n g u p o u r e x p e r i e n c e s w e d a r e t o g i v e a c o n j e c t u r e :

7 . 4 4 C o n j e c t u r e : T h e s u b m a t r i c e s o f w h i c h t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x

Dn,pl of S for p is a dire ct s um are for a

s u i t a b l e r e a r r a n g e m e n t o f t h e c o l 1~ m ns l o w e r

t r i a n g u l a r m a t r i c e s w i t h 1 's a l o n g t h e l e a d i n g

d i a g o n a l , i f t h e f i r s t r o w s o f th e c o n s i d e r e d

s u b m a t r i x c o r r e s p o n d t o d i a g r a m s w i t h n o p r o w s

o f e q u a l l e n g t h i n t h e i r n a t u r a l o r d e r .

P a r t s o f t h i s c o n j e c t u r e b u t n o t t h e f u l l s t a t e m e n t h a v e b e e n

prove d by Ro bin so n and 0.E. Taul bee (Robins on [5], Taulbee [I]).

C o n c l u d i n g t h i s s e c t i o n w e w o u l d l i k e t o i n v e s t i g a t e w h a t c a n b e

s a i d a b o u t t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x D I o f A n if D 1 i s k n o w n .A n , P S n , P

7 . 6 y i el d s t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n -

tatio ns of A n into p-blo cks Henc e for to obtain D I it remain s• An, p

t o d e s c r i b e h o w w e c a n g e t i t s c o l u m n s f r o m t h e c o l u m n s o f D IS n , P

a n d t o d e s c r i b e w h a t h a p p e n s w i t h t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g e n t r y o f

D IS n , P , i f t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o A n .

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162

A s i n t h e o r d i n a r y c a s e w e c a n a p p l y C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y o f r e p r e -

s e n t a t i o n s o f g r o u p s w i t h n o r m a l d i v i s o r s . O u r a i m i s t o d e s c r i b e

m o d u l a r i r r e d uc i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s F o f S w h o s e r e s t r i c t i o n is

r e d u c i b l e r e s p. i r r e d u c i b l e .

F r o m C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y w e c o n c l u d e t h a t t h e ir r e d u c i bl e r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n s o f S o v e r a n a l g e b r a i c a l l y c l o s e d f i e l d K ( o f a n y c h a -

r a c t e r i s t i c ) c a n b e o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y : T a k e a n i r r e -

d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s F A of A a n d f i n d it s i n e r t i a g r o up . S i n c e

ISn:Anl!2 this inertia group is A or S . If A is the inerti a

g r o u p , t h e n P A f S n i s a n i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S . I f S

i s t h e i n e r t i a g r o u p o f F A , t h e F c a n b e e x t e n d e d t o a n i r r e d u -

c i bl e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n ~ A o f S n, a n d w i t h t h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i e n w e

c a n c o n s t r u c t t w o i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f S n:

FA = ~A @ [ ] ' @

(whi ch need n ot be dif fere nt, e.g. if char K = 2: i2] = [I--~, and

he nc e ~A = ~ A @ [1--1~).

A n d i n t h i s w a y w e o b t a i n a l l t h e i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

S •

T h i s i m p l i e s :

I f F i s a n i r r e d u c i b l e 2 - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f S ( n >1 ) ,. , . , ,

t h e n t h e f o l l o w i n g i s v a l i d :

(i) F S & A red uci ble ~ Z FA: F S = F ~ S n.

(ii)Fs ~ P8 @ [ln] ~ PS $ ~ = (P8 [ln] ) $ An irredu cible.

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163

I f a= ~ ' , t h e n [ ~ ] ~ An s p l i t s i n t o t w o m u t u a l l y c o n j u g a t e a n d i r -

r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f A n :

[a] ~ A = [u]+ + [u]-

s o t h a t

T h u s a l s o

[~]+(a) ~ [~ ]- , V a E 8 n \ A n .

y ( a ) ~ i 1 i

a n d h e n c e t h e c o n s t i t u e n t s o f [ ~ ] - a r e c o n j u g a t e s o f t h e c o n s t i -

tuents of [~]+.

T h i s i m p l i e s

• If PS ~ PS @ [1'hi' and t he mu lt ip li ci ty of PS in [~] is odd

a n d ~ = ~ ' t h e n P s ~ A n i s r e d u c i b l e •

S u p p o s e n o w t h a t u s i n g 7 . 4 6 w e h a v e s u c c e e d e d i n p i c k i n g o u t t h e

c o l u m n s of D I w h i c h b e l o n g to m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n -8 n , P

t a t i o n s P S w h o s e r e s t r i c t i o n t o A i s r e d u c i b l e ( i. e. P S is s e l f -

a s s o c i a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o A n ) . T h e n u n d e r c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s

( w h i c h a r e f u l f i l l e d i n a l l t h e k n o w n c a s e s D ~ n , p ) w e a r e a b l e t o

eval uate D I at once.A n , P

L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e r o w o f D I w h i c h b e l o n g s t o [ u] a n d t h eS n , P

c o l u m n w h i c h b e l o n g s t o P S " W e d e n o t e b y a r e s p . b t h e m u l t i p l i -

city of ~S resp. PS @ [ln] in i~] such that D I conta ins theS n , P

f o l l o w i n g s u b m a t r i x :

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1 6 4

[ G ] . . .

[ ~ t ] ° . .

~ S

a

b

P s ® [ 1'n]

(i) If ~ + ~', PS ~ FS ® [In] :

I n t h i s c a s e t h e r o w o f [ 5 '] a n d t h e c o l u m n o f P S @ [ I n i h a s t o

b e c a n c e l l e d , a n d i n t h e r o w o f [ 5] ~ A w e h a v e i n t h e c o l u m n

o f P S ~ A n t h e d e o o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r a + b, s i n c e

[~i " a~ S + b(F S @ [In]) +--.

[ 5 ] ~ A n . a ( ~ ~ A n ) + b ( F S @ [ I n ] ~ An) +...

= s A n + . . .

( i i) a + m' , P S " F S " [ I n] ' F S & A n i r r e d u c i b l e :

I t i s t r i v i a l , t h a t a i s t h e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f F ~ A i n [5 ] ~ A .

( i i i ) ~ + 5 ' , P S ~ A n r e d u c i b l e ( ~ P S N ~ S @ [ l n ] ) :

T h e n F S ~ A n ~ F S + F S w i t h t w o m u t u a l l y c o n j u g a t e a n d i r r e d u c i b l e

r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s ~ o f A . O b v i o u s l y [ ~] I A c o n t a i n s F ~ a s w e l l

a s F ~ w i t h m u l t i p l i c i t y a .

( i v ) a -- 5 ' , F s ~ F S ® [ I n ] :

a = b i s t h e m u l t i p l i c i t y o f P S ~ A n i n [ 5 ] a s w e l l a s i n [ ~ ] -

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165

s i n c e F $ A i s s e l f c o m j u g a t e .

( v ) ~ = ~ ', P S N P S ® [ 1 hi , F S ~ A n i r r e d u c i b l e :

P S ~ A n i s s e l f c o n j u g a t e a g a i n . T h u s a = b i s e v e n a n d a / 2 i s t h e

m u l t i p l i c i t y o f P S ~ A n i n [ m ] + as w e l l a s i n [ ~ ]- .

T h e t h e o r y p r o v i d e s a n a n s w e r o n l y i f a = O o r a = I . I n t h i s

c a s e w e h a v e t h e s u b m a t r i c e s

o or °IC o ~ ] - o [ , , I - I

( r e s p. IO ~ ] i f w e u s e a n o t h e r d e n u m e r a t i o n ) .

G a t h e r i n g u p w e h a v e o b t a i n e d ( s ee P u t t a s w a m a i a h [1] , P u t t a s w a -

m a i a h / 2 o b i n s o n [1] , K e r b e r [3] ) :

I f D I c o n t a i n s t h e s u b m a t r i xS n , P

F S F s ~ [ 1 ~ ]

[ e , ] b a ,

t h e n i f

( i ) ~ ~ ~ ' P S ~ F S @ [ I n] ' D 1 c o n t a i n s t h e s u b m a t r i x, A n , P

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166

~sSAn

[ = ] ~ , A n [ a + b ]

( i i ) I f ~ + = ', P S N F s @ [ s ni , P S ~ A n i r r e d u c i b l e :

F s ~ A n

[ ~ ] ~ A n [ ]

+ P S :i i i ) ~ ~ ~ , , P s ~ A n " P s +

[ ~ s ~ A n [ a a ]

(iv) ~ = ~', PS + PS @ '['ln']':

[ = ] +

[ a ] -

P S ~ A n

[:1( v) a = ~ ', P S N p S @ [ I n ] ' P S ~ A n i r r e d u c i b l e :

F ~ A

E ~ ÷ r ~ / 2 ]

[ - ] +

resp.

o]I .

A s a n e x a m p l e w e g i v e t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f A w h i c h a r i s e s

f r o m t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f S f o r p = 3 g i v e n i n K e r b e r /

P e e l [ 1 ] ,

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o

et- 

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~

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e

O  O 

°  c

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.~O 

O .~ 

O ro

-~ O 

O -~ O 

O -A -~ -~ -A 

.A ro

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1 6 8

8 . G e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f

s y m m e t r i c a n d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p sl|

I f p i s a p r i m e n u m b e r a n d G a f i n i t e g r o u p w i t h o r d i n a r y i r r e d u -

c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s C , B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s k o f t h e i r r e d u c i b l e

Ip - m o d u l a r r e p r e se n t a t io n s , a n d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m u m b e r s d i k w i t h r e -

s p e c t t o p w e h a v e f o r a p - r e g u l a r e l e m e n t g E G :

8 .1 ~ i (g ) = Z d ~ k ( g ) •

k

T h i s c a n b e g e n e r a l i z e d t o g e n e r a l g r o u p e l e m e n t s g .

A s i s w e l l k n o w n a n e l e m e n t g E G i s a p r o d u c t o f a u n i q u e l y d e t e r -

m i n e d p - e l e m e n t x w i t h a u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e d p - r e g u l a r y w h i c h

c o m m u t e s w i t h x :

8 . 2 g = x y = y x .

L e t u s c a l l x t he p - c o m p o n e n t , y t h e p - r e g u l a r c o m p o n e n t o f g .

g r u m s t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e c o n j u -

g a c y c l a s s e s o f G if i n 8 . 2 x r u n s t h r o u g h a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m o f

t h e p - c l a s s e s o f G a n d y - w h i l e x i s f i x e d - r u n s t h r o u g h a c o m -

p l e t e s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e p - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s o f t h e

c e n t r a l i z e r C G ( X ) o f x i n G . S i n c e C G ( 1 ) = G , t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t

o f B r a u e r g e n e r a l i z e s 8 . 1:

I f x E G i s a p - e l e m e n t o f o r d e r p r a n d i f ~ k a r e t h e B r a u e r

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169

c h a r a c t e r s o f 0 G (x ) w i t h r e s p e c t t o p , t h e n t h e r e e x i s t a l g e -

b r a i c i n t e g e r s d ~ k i n Q ( ~ ) ( ¢ a p r i m i t i v e p r - t h r o o t o f u n i t y )

d e p e n d i n g o n l y o n x an d s a t i s f y i n g

y E C G ( X ) , y p - r e g u l a r .

c i C xy ) = Z d ~ k ~ C y ) ,

k

(of. Ou rt is /R ei ne r [I ], $ 90A)

I f n o w D x i n d i c a t e s t h e m a t r i x o f t h e s e a l g e b r a i c i n t e g e r s

8 . 4 D x = = ,

i t c a n b e s h o w n, t h a t f o r a n x' c o n j u g a t e t o x t h e m a t r i x D x '

a r i s e s f r o m D x b y a p e r m u t a t i o n o f t he c o l u m n s . T h u s f o r a n i n -

xv e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s e a l g e b r a i c i n t e g e r s d i k W e n e e d o n l y c o n s i d e r

t h e m a t r i c e s D x j f o r a c o m p l e t e s y s t e m , s a y f o r [ X l : = 1 , . . . , X u ] ,

o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e p - c l a s s e s o f G .

F o r s u c h a f i x e d s y s t e m o f r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s w e d e n o t e f o r s h o r t

X8 . 5 D v = = l v < _u .

T h e m a t r i x

8 . 6 D : = ( D I , . . . , D u ) ,

w h i c h i s t h e r e f o r e u n i q u e l y d e t e r m i n e d u p t o a c o l u m n p e r m u t a t i o n

i s c a l l ed t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f G w i t h r e s p e c t

t o p. I t s e n t r i e s a r e c a l l e d t h e R e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s

o f G w i t h r e s p e c t t o p .

I t s f i r s t c o l~ 3 m ~s c o n t a i n D I t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f G .

I f y j a r e t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e p - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s o f C G ( X v)

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170

we indicate as follows:

8 . ?c i ~ v ( ~ iv . = ( ( x v y Q ) , : = ( y Q )

a n d h e n c e t h e m a t r i c e s

U

8.8 # := $ jv , Z := (Z 1,.. .,z )

v=l

satisfy the equation

8 . 9 Z = D # .

We would like to evaluate these matrices D of generalized dec om-

posit ion numbers of the symmetric group.

A t f i r s t w e n o t i c e t h a t s i n c e a m a t r i x o f B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s i s

not singular:

8 . 1 0 D v = z V ( J V ) - 1 .

Z v is known fr om the charac ter table, thus it remains to derive

the matrices @v of the Braue r charact ers of centralizers of p-ele-

ments of S .

E S is a p-elem ent if and only if the lengths of all the cyclic

factors of ~ are powers of p, this is implied by 1.11.

Pro m 2.32 we obtain, that the centralizer of such a p-element is

a direct product of symmetries of cyclic p-groups:

8.11 If ~ E S is a p-el emen t of type T~ = (al,...,an) , then we

have for the centralizer of ~:

( ~ ) = × ( c i ~ S a ) .CSn i p pi

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1 7 2

T h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f t h e s e e l e m e n t s a r e o f t h e f o r m

0 ( ~ 1 ) = S 6 , 0 ( ~ 2 ) = 0 2 x 8 4 , C ( ~ 3 ) = O 2 ~ S 2 x S 2 .

0 ( ~ 4 ) = 0 2 % S 3 , 0 ( ~ 5 ) = 0 4 x S 2 , C ( ~ 6 ) = 0 4 x 0 2 .

( , , ) H e n c e w e n e e d o n l y t h e m a t r i c e s o f B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s o f S i,

$ 2 , S a n d S . T h e s e m a t r i c e s a r e

[: 1]@ 1 = @ 2 = ( 1 ) a n d ' 3 = ' 4 = '

- 1

a s c a n b e e v a l u a t e d e a s i l y w i t h t h e k n o w n c h a r a c t e r t a b l e s

a n d t h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i c e s D I D I a n d D I ( s e e2 , 2 ' 3 , 2 4 , 2

s e c t i o n 7 ) . T h u s w e o b t a i n

= = [1 2 i ] , 3 , 2 x , 2 ( 1 ) ,2 ' 4 X t I - , = =

' 4 = ' 3 = [1 2 - : ] ' ' 5 = ' 1 X ' 2 = ( 1 ) = ' 6

( ,1 h a s b e e n o m i t t e d s i n c e D ~ , 2 h a s b e e n e v a l u a t e d i n s e c t i o n

7 ) .

B e c a u s e

[ : 1 ] _ 1 _ _ i i / 3 , j 3 1- ~ [ 2 / 3 - ~ / 3 . I

a n dr 1 1 1 1

3 0 1 13 0 3 o

- ~ - 2 I

z ~ _ i _ ~ ~ z , _ ~ o= 0 0

3 0

2 -1

- 1 - 1

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1 73

a s c a n b e r e a d o f f f r o m t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e o f $ 6, w e g e t

f o r t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f S 6 w i t h r e s p e c t

to p = 2:

D 6 , 2 =

1

1 11 1 1

2 1 1

1 0 1

1 0 1

2 1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1

I

I 1

I I

0 1

I 0

-I 0

0 - 1

-1 -I

-I -1

-I

1 -1 1

- 1 2 0 - t- 1 - 1

0 1

t - 1 - 1

1 1

1 - 1

t

,1 1

,o o

- 1

- 10

, 1 i - 1

,1 1

( t h e c o l u m n s b e l o n g i n g t o @ 3 = 1 5 = ~ 6 = ( 1 ) a g r e e w i t h t h e c o n -

c e r n i n g c o l u m n s o f t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e ) .

T h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f A n c a n b e e v a l u a t e d s i m i -

l a r l y a s l o n g a s t h e a p p r o p r i a t e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f p - e l e m e n t s a r e

d i r e c t p r o d u c t s o f g e n e r a l i z e d a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s C i % A a . o r

P p ~

h a v e (I ) a s m a t r i x o f B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s ( s u c h t h a t t h e c o l u m n s

a g r e e s w i t h a c o l u m n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e ). I n t h i s w a y t h e

g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i c e s o f A n w i t h r e s p e c t t o p= 3 h a v e

b e e n c a l c u l a t e d f o r n ~ 7 ( K e r b e r [ 1] ).

D u r i n g t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s w e se e t h a t ~ o t h e r w i s e t h a n i n t h e c a s e

o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p ~ t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f

A n a r e n o t i n g e n e r a l r a t i o n a l i n t e g e r s , e . g.

8 . 1 6

, 3 3 " -

I

( - 1 - i W ) / 2

i s t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x o f A 3 f o r p = 3. T h u s

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174

(K er be r [I S) :

8 . 1 7 T h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m u m b e r s o f a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u ps

a r e n o t i n g e n e r a l r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l .

N e v e r t h e l e s s ( O s i m a [ 5 ]) :

8 . 1 8 T h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f a l t e r n a t i n g g r o u p s

a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l f o r p = 2 .

P r o o f : T h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f A n a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l b y

d e f i n i t i o n , t h u s D I is a m a t r i x o v e r 2 .

H e n c e i t s u f f i c e s t o s h o w t h a t @ v a n d t h e Z v ar e m a t r i c e s o v e r Z

i f v > 1 .

T h u s i t is e n o u g h t o p r o v e t h a t t he B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s w i t h r e s p e c t

t o p = 2 o f c e n t r a l i z e r s o f 2 - e l e m e n t s ~ I o f A n a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e -

g r a l a n d t h a t t h i s i s v a l i d a l s o f o r t h e v a l u e s o f t h e o r d i n a r y

i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s o f 2 - s i n g u l a r e l e m e n t s o f A n -

T h e l a s t s t a t e m e n t i s v a l i d a s c an b e s e e n f r o m P r c b e n i u s '

t h e o r e m 4 .5 5 , s i n c e p e r m u t a t i o n s o f s p l i t t i n g c l a s s e s a r e o b v i o u s -

l y 2 - r e g u l a r . I t r e m a i n s t o p r o v e , t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f t h e B r a u e r

c h a r a c t e r s w i t h r e s p e c t t o p = 2 o f c e n t r a l i z e r s o f 2 - e l e m e n t s i n

A n a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l .

T h u s t h e p r o o f o f t h e f o l l o w i n g l e m m a ( O s i m a [ 5 ]) c o m p l e t e s t h e

p r o o f o f 8 . 1 8 :

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8 . 1 9 I f ~ $I i s a 2 - e l e m e n t o f A n , t h e n t h e i r r e d u c i b l e B r a u e r

c h a r a c t e r s o f ( ~) w i t h r e s p e c t t o p = 2 r e m a i n i r r e d u c i b l eC S n _ _ _

i f t h e y a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o C A n ( ~ ) s u c h t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f t h e

B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s o f C A n ( ~ ) a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l a s w e l l

( o f . 8 o 1 3 ) .

P r o o f : W e s h a l l s h o w t h a t t h e r e i s a s u b g r o u p o f C A n ( ~ ) w h i c h h a s

t h e s am e m a t r i x o f B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s a s C S n ( ~ ) .

L e t ~ b e a n e v e n 2 - e l e m e n t o f S s u c h t h a t ~ I a n d h e n c e

CS n( ~) = ×i (C i% Sa i) = ×j (C2 J~%S 2 j) = ×j (C*~S~2 2 ) .

~ 1 i m p l i e s t h a t t h e r e i s a k > 1 s o t h a t a k > 0 . L e t u s f i x s u c h-- 2

a k . A s u b g r o u p o f C S n ( ~ ) w i t h t h e s a m e m a t r i x o f B r a u e r c h a r a c -

t e r s a s C S n ( ~ ) i s

G : = S ' S ' × ( C 2 k ~ S a 2 k ) × S 'l X . . . X X . . . .a 2 k - 1 a 2 k + 1

L e t u s c o n s i d e r t h e s u b g r o u p

G + := G G A ~ CA n(~ ) •

W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w , t h a t G + h a s t h e s a m e i r r e d u c i b l e B r a u e r

c h a r a c t e r s a s G a n d h e n c e a s C S n ( ~ ) , w h a t i m p l i e s t h a t t h e s t a t e -

m e n t 8 . 1 9 i s v a l i d .

~ r o m C l i f f o r d ' s t h e o r y o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f g r o u p s w i t h n o r m a l

d i v i s o r s w e k n o w , t h a t a n o r m a l d i v i s o r N o f i n d e x 2 i n B h a s

t h e s am e i r r e d u c i b l e B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s a s B i f n o 2 - r e g u l a r c o n j u -

g a c y c l a s s o f B s p l i t s i n t o c o n j u g a c y c l a s s e s o f N .

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H e n c e i t s u f f i c e s t o s h o w t h a t n o 2 - r e g u l a r c l a s s o f G s p l i t s i n t o

t w o 2 - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s o f G + .

I f C i s a 2 - r e g u l a r c l a s s o f G i t i s a p r o d u c t

0 = C 1 0 2 0 4 . . .

' if j~k, andf 2 - r e g u l a r c l a s s e s C j o f t h e d i r e c t f a c t o r s S a 2 j

C i s a 2 - r e g u l a r c l a s s o f 0 k ~ S a .

2 2

' s u c h t h a tr o m t h e r e s u l t s o f s e c t i o n 3 w e o b t a i n t h a t C E S k '

2a l l t h e f a c t o r s C i a r e c o n t a i n e d i n G + a s w e l l .

I t is o b v i o u s , t h a t t h e f a c t o r s C i d o n ' t s p l i t i n t o G + - c l a s s e s i f

i > I . H e n c e i t r e m a i n s t o s h o w t h a t C I d o e s n o t s p l i t , w h i c h c a n b e

p r o v e d a s f o l l o w s .

S e t p b e a n y o d d p e r m u t a t i o n o u t o f S 'l ; s i n c e k > O t h e r e i s a n

o d d p e r m u t a t i o n ~ E C k ~ S a a n d w e h a v e p a E G + . H e n c e C I d o e s

2 2

n o t s p l i t .

T h i s c o m p l e t e s t h e p r o o f o f 8 . 1 9 a n d s o a l s o o f 8 . 1 8.

q . e . d .

H e n c e ( O s i m a [ 5 ] ) :

8 . 2 0 I f ~ 1 i s a 2 - e l e m e n t o f t y p e T ~ = ( a l , . . . , a n ) o f A n ,

t h e n ( ~) a s w e l l a s ( ~) h a v eCSn CAn

~ a l x ~ a 2 x ~ a ¢ x . - .

a s m a t r i x o f B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s w i t h r e s p e c t t o p = 2 i f ~ a

2 j

i s t h e m a t r i x o f t h e 2 - m o d u l a r B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s o f S .

2 ~

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U s i n g t h i s l e m m a M . 0 s i m a e v a l u a t ed t h e ge n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n

m a t r i c e s o f A w i t h r e s p e c t to p = 2 f o r n = 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ( O s i m a [ 5] ) , t h e

m a t r i c e s f o r n ~ 7 h a d a l r e a d y b e e n k n o w n ( K e r b e r [ I ]) .

T h i s s h o w s , t h a t f o r t o p r o v e t h a t t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n

n u m b e r s o f a f i n i t e g r o u p G w i t h r e s p e c t t o p a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e -

g e r s i t s u f f i c e s t o s h o w t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f t h e B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s

o f c e n t r a l i z e r s o f p - e l e m e n t s a s w e l l a s t h e v a l u e s o f o r d i n a r y

i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s o n p - s i n g u l a r e l e m e n t s a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e -

g r a l . W e w o u l d l i k e t o c h e c k w h e t h e r t h i s i s t r u e f o r c e r t a i n

w r e a t h p r o d u c t s G ~ S .

8 . 2 1 I f G F ( p ) i s a s p l i t t i n g f i e l d f o r t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f t h e

p - e l e m e n t s ~ I o f t he f i n i t e g r o u p G a n d i f t h e v a l u e s o f t h e

o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s w i t h r e s p e c t t o p o f G ~ S o n

p - s i n g u l a r e l e m e n t s a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l, t h e n t h e g e n e r a -

l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f G % S n w i t h r e s p e c t t o p a r e

r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l .

P r o o f : S e t ( f; ~ ) b e a p - e l e m e n t o f G ~ S a n d o f t y p e ( a i k ). F o r i t s

c e n t r a l i z e r w e h a v e ( cf . 3 . 2 5 ) :

8 . 2 2 ~ x )- i , k k ik

H e n c e i t s u f f i c e s t o c o n s i d e r t h e B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e f a c t o r s

8 . 2 3 O G ~ S k ( f ~ k ; ~ k ) - S a i k •

W e w o u l d l i k e t o s h o w t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f t h e i r B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s

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w i t h r e s p e c t t o p a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l .

F r o m t h e r e s u l t s o f s e c t i o n 5 w e o b t a i n t h a t i t s u f f i c e s t o s h o w

t h a t t h e p - m o d u l a r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

i . j8 . 2 4 C G , , ~ k ( f i k , ~ i k )c a n b e w r i t t e n o v e r G P ( p ) . B u t t h i s i s v a l i d s i n c e 8 . 2 4 i s a n e x -

t e n s i o n o f th e c e n t r a l i z e r o f a p - e l e m e n t o f G w i t h a c y c l i c

p - g r o u p ( c f. 3 . 1 9 ).

T h u s G F ( p ) i s a s p l i t t i n g f i e l d f o r t h e s u b g r o u p s 8 . 2 4 a n d h e n c e

f o r t h e b a s i s g r o u p o f 8 . 2 3 a s w e l l . T h i s i m p l i e s ( s e e s e c t i o n 5 )

t h a t G F ( p ) i s a s p l i t t i n g f i e l d f o r t h e g r o u p s 8 . 2 3 , t o o , s i n c e i t

i s a s p l i t t i n g f i e l d f o r s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s S a i a s w e l l .

H e n c e G P ( p ) i s a s p l i t t i n g f i e l d f o r O G ~ S n ( f ; ~ ) ( s e e 8 . 2 2 ) s u c h

t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f i t s B r a u e r c h a r a c t e r s a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l .

T h e d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s o f G % S n a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l b y d e f i n i -

t i o n , t h e v a l u e s o f t h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s o f G % S n

o n p - s i n g u l a r e l e m e n t s a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l b y a s s u m p t i o n , h e n c e

( o f. 8 . 1 0 ) t h e D v a r e m a t r i c e s o v e r Z .

q . e . d .

8 . 1 1 a n d t h e r e s u l t s o f s e c t i o n 5 i m p l y t h a t G F ( p ) i s a s p l i t t i n g

f i e l d f o r t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f p - e l e m e n t s i n S n, t h u s a s a s p e c i a l

c a s e o f 8 . 21 w e o b t a i n :

8.25 T h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n n u m b e r s of S m ~ S w i t h r e s p e c t

t o p a r e r a t i o n a l i n t e g r a l f o r a l l m, n a n d p .

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1 7 9

A s w e h a v e s e e n, t h e p - m o d u l a r i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e

c e n t r a l i z e r s C S n ( ~ ) o f p - e l e m e n t s ~ + I s u c h t h a t ~ E A r e m a i n i r -

r e d u c i b l e i f t h e y a r e r e s t r i c t e d t o CA n ( ~ ) s u c h t h a t G P ( p ) i s a

s p l i t t i n g f i e l d f o r C A n ( ~ ) a s w e l l . H e n c e a l s o 8 . 1 8 i s a s p e c i a l

c a s e o f 8 . 21 ( G : = A m , n = 1 ) . F o r G : = [I ] w e o b v i o u s l y o b t a i n 8 . 1 4 .

M u l t i p l y i n g D S n , P r e sp . D A n , P w i t h t h e t r a n s p o s e d o f it s c o m p l e x -

c o n j u g a t e w e g e t t h e m a t r i c e s

S+~ n,p.D Sn,P ~1 ~uSn ,p := = C ~ ... ~ C ,

8 . 2 6

C A n , P : = A t ~ n , p ' D A n , P = C p l ~ , .. ~ C p v ,

t h e ~ e n e r a l i z e d 0 a r t a n m a t r i x o f S r e s p . A n , c o n s i s t i n g o f

~i Pjs u b m a t r i c e s 0 r e sp . C a l o n g t h e l e a d i n g d i a g o n a l w h i c h a r e

t h e C a r t a n m a t r i c e s o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f t h e p - e l e m e n t s ~ i r e s p .

p j ( c f . C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I ], ~ 9 0 A ) . F o r e x a m p l e

% 6 , 2 = 6 ,i] , , 16] , , 8] , [8].

4

T h e o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r

n(~) = X (C i~ Sa )

C S n i = 0 p p i

o f a p - e l e m e n t ~ o f S o f t y p e T ~ = ( a l , . . . , a n ) a r e o f c o u r s e t h e

p r o d u c t s

C = C ° C 1 - - . C n

o f i r r e d u c i b l e o r d i n a r y c h a r a c t e r s ~ i of t h e d i r e c t f a c t o r s

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180

(C i := I, if ap i= 0 ).

S i n c e

0 i ~ S ap p i

n

0 S n ( ~ ) / O 1 ~ S a l = x (C i ~ S a )i=I p pi

p o s s e s s e s o n l y o n e p - b l o c k ( c f . 5 . 3 1) w e h a v e ( 0 s i m a [ 4 ]) :

8 , 2 7 T w o o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e c h a r a c t e r s C = C ° . . . C n a n d

C ' = C ° ' . . . C n ' o f O Sn (~ ). ( ~ a p - e l e m e n t o f t y p e T ~ = ( a l , . . . , a n ) )

b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e p - b l o c k i f a n d o n l y i f C a n d C ° ' b e l o n g

t o t h e s a m e p - b l o c k o f S a l , i . e . i f t he y b o ~ h h a v e t h e s a m e

p - c o r e .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h i s w e d e n o t e t h e d i a g r a m o f C a s t h e d i a g r a m o f C

s u c h t h a t n o w 8 . 2 7 r e a d s a s f o l l o w s :

8 . 2 8 T w o o r d i n a r y i r r e d u c i b l e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r

o f a p - e l e m e n t o f S b e l o n g t o t h e s a m e p - b l o c k i f a n d o n l y

i f t h e i r d i a g r a m s h a v e t h e s a m e p - c o r e .

T w o c o r o l l a r i e s a r e ( K e r b e r [ I ] , O s i m a [ 4 ] ) :

8 ~ I f ~ i s a p - e l e m e n t o f t y p e ( a l , . . . , a n ) , t h e n CS n .( X ) h a s

o n l y o n e p - b l o c k i f a 1 ~ I a n d p ~ 2 r e s p . i f a 1 ~ 2 a n d p = 2 .

A n a p p l i c a t i o n t o th e c h a r a c t e r t a b l e i s :

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181

8 . 3 0 I f B is t h e b l o c k o f S w h i c h c o n t a i n s t h e i d e n t i t y r e p r e s e n -

t a t i o n [ h i, t h e n C a ( x y ) = 0 , V [ a S E B i f a I ~ I ( x a p - e l e m e n t

o f t y p e ( a l , . . . , a n ) ) a n d p ~ 2 r e s p . i f a i ~ 2 a n d p= 2 .

T h e s e r e s u l t s f o l l o w f r o m a r e s u l t o f B r a u e r ( B r a u e r [ 2] , m a i n

t h e o r e m ) , t h a t e v e r y c o l u m n o f t h e g e n e r a l i z e d d e c o m p o s i t i o n m a t r i x

o f a f i n i t e g r o u p G c o n t a i n s n o n v a n i s h i n g e n t r i e s o n l y i n t h e r o w s

o f a c e rt a i n p - b l o c k ( 8 . 3 0 c an b e ob t a i n e d f r o m t h e M u r n a g h a n - N a k a -

y a m a - f o r m u l a a s w e l l ) .

8 . 2 9 s u g g e s t s t h a t w e c o n c l u d e w i t h a h i n t a t a n i m p o r t a n t r e s u l t

o f 0 s i m a ( 0 s i m a [ 4 ]) w h i c h e s t a b l i s h e s t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

p - b l o c k s o f S a n d t h e p - b l o c k s o f t h e c e n t r a l i z e r s o f p - e l e m e n t s

( s ee B r a u e r [ 2] , ( 6 A ) , a l s o C u r t i s / R e i n e r [ I ] , ~ 8 7, 9 0A ) :

8 . 3 1 T h e b l o c k ~ o f C S ~ ( ~ ) w i t h p - c o r e [ ~] d e t e r m i n e s t h e p - b l o c k

B o f S w i t h t h e s a m e p - c o r e I V] .

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R e f e r e n c e sm

N . N . A i z e n b e r g : [ I] O n t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f t h e w r e a t h p r o d u c t o f

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5-12. (Zbl 109, MR 25)

E . B a y a r : [ 1 ] E i n e ne u e E i n f G h r u n g i n d i e D a r s t e l l u n g s t h e o r i e s y m -

m e t r i s c h e r G r u p p e n . M i t t . m a th . S e m . U n i v . G i e s s e n

8 1 ( 1 9 6 9 ) , 1 - 4 5 . ( Z b l 1 9 7 , ~ R 3 9)

J . L . B e r g g r e n : [ 1 ] F i n i t e g r o u p s i n w h i c h e v e r y e l e m e n t i s c o n j u -

g a t e t o i t s i n v e r s e . P a c i f i c J . M a t h . 2 8 ( 1 9 6 9 ) ,

289- 293. (Zbl 172, MR 39)

R . L . B i v i n s /

O . N . M e t r o p o l i s /

P . R . S t e i n /

M . B . W e l l s :

[ I] C h a r a c t e r s o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p s o f

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(195# ), 212-216. (Z bl 56, ~ 16)

H . B o e r n e r : [ I] R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G r o u p s . N o r t h - H o l l a n d

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[ 2] R e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f G r o u p s . S e c o n d r e v i s e d e d it i on .

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[ 3] D a r s t e l l u n g s t h e o r i ~ d e r e n d l i c h e n G r u p p e n . E n z y -

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R . B r a u e r : [ I] O n a c o n j e c t u r e b y N a k a y a m a . T r a n s . R o y . S o c . C a n a d a ,

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J . S . F r a m e : [ 1 ] O r t h o g o n a l g r o u p m a t r i c e s o f h y p e r o c t a h e d r a l g r o up s .

N a g o y a M a t h . J . 2 7 ( 1 9 6 6 ), 5 8 5 - 5 9 0 . ( Z b l 14 5 , M R 3 3 )

J.S. P r a m e /

G . d e B . R o b i n s o n /

R . M . T h r a l l :

[ I] T h e h o o k g r a p h s o f t h e s y m m e t r i c g r o u p .

C a n a d i a n J . M a t h . ~ ( 1 9 5 4 ) , 3 1 6 - 3 2 4 .

(zbl 5 5 , M R 1 5 )

R . E r u c h t : [ I ] C o r o n a s o f g r o u p s a n d t h e i r s u b g r o u p s , w i t h a n a p p l i ~

c a t i o n t o d e t e r m i n a n t s . ( S p a n i s h ) R e v i s t a U n i o n M a t .

A r g e n t i n a ~ ( 1 9 4 2 ) , 4 2 - 6 9 . ( Z b l 6 1 , M R 4 )

Y. Gtindttzalp: [1 ] ~ be r d i e g e w G h n l i c h e n i r r e d u z i b l e n O h a r a k t e r e d e r

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I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o n C l u s t e r i n g P h e n o m e n a i n

N u c l e i . B o c h u m 1 9 6 9 .

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[ 3] S ur l e s p - g r o u p e s d e S y l o w d u g r o u p e s y m e t r l q u e d u

d e g r ~ p m . (s u i t e c e n t r a l e a s c e n d a n t e e t d e s c e n -

d a n t e . ) C . R . A c a d . S c i . P a r i s 2 2 3 ( 1 9 4 6 ) , 7 0 3 - 7 0 5 .

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[ 4 ] S u r l e e p - g r o u p e s d e S y l o w d u g r o u p e s y me t rl q ue l d u

d e g r 6 p m . ( S o u s - g r o u p e s c a r a c t e r i s t i q u e s , s o u s -

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[ 5S L a s t r u c t u r e d e s p - g r o u p e s d e s S y l o w d e s g r o u p e s

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[ 6] S u r l a s t r u c t u r e d e s p - g r o u p e s d e S y l o w d e s g r o u -

p e s s y m e t r l q u e s f i n i s e t d e q u e l q u e s g e n e r a l i z a -

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[ 7] ~ b e r s i n e V e r a l l g e m e i n e r u n g d e r p - S y l o w g r u p p e n

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192

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