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Lecture Notes in Mathematics Edited by A. Dotd and B. Eckmann 1171 I I IIIII Polyn6mes Orthogonaux et Applications Proceedings of the Laguerre Symposium held at Bar-le-Duc, October 15-18, 1984 Edite par C. Brezinski, A. Draux, A.P. Magnus, P. Maroni et A. Ronveaux Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

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Page 1: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

Lecture Notes in Mathematics Edited by A. Dotd and B. Eckmann

1171 I I IIIII

Polyn6mes Orthogonaux et Applications Proceedings of the Laguerre Symposium held at Bar-le-Duc, October 15-18, 1984

Edite par C. Brezinski, A. Draux, A.P. Magnus, P. Maroni et A. Ronveaux

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo

Page 2: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

Editeu~

Claude Brezinski Andr6 Draux Universit~ de Lille 1, U.E.R.I.E.E.A. Informatique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France

Alphonse P. Magnus Institut de Math~matique, U.C.L. Chemin du Cyclotron 2, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique

Pascal Maroni Universit~ Pierre et Marie Curie U.E.R. Analyse, Probabilit6s et Appl, 4 Place Jussieu, ?5252 Paris Cedex 05, France

Andr~ Ronveaux D6partement de Physique, Facult~s Universitaires N.D. de la Paix 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000 Namur, Belgique

Mathematics Subject Classification (1980): 30E 10, 41A 10, 41 A21, 42C

ISBN 3-540-16059-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo ISBN 0-387-16059-0 Springer-Verlag New York Heidelberg Berlin Tokyo

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. Under § 54 of the German Copyright Law where copies are made for other than private use, a fee is payable to "Verwertungsgesellschaft Wort", Munich. © by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1985 Printed in Germany Printing and binding: Beltz Offsetdruck, HemsbachlBergstr. 214613140-543210

Page 3: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

Edmond Laguerre

Page 4: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

PREFACE

Depuis quelque temps un groupe de travail sur les polyn~mes orthogonaux r~unissait les organisateurs de ce Symposium lorsque, en Novembre 1982, nous requmes tous une lettre d'Andr~ Ronveaux nous si- gnalant qu'on f~terait en 1984 le 150i~me anniversaire de la naissance de Laguerre et nous proposant de nous associer pour organiser, ~ cette occasion, un congr~s international sur les polyn~mes orthogonaux et leurs applications. Andr~ devait commencer ~ d~sesp~rer d'avoir une r~ponse lorsque, lors d'une r~union ult~rieure de notre groupe de tra- vail, l'id~e revint ~ la discussion et la d~cision fut prise.

Les premiers probl~mes ~ r~gler concernaient le financement et le lieu. Laguerre est n~ et mort ~ Bar-Le-Duc, le lieu s'imposait presque de lui-m~me. Nous primes donc contact avec la municipalitY. L'accueil qui nous fut r~serv~ d~passa de beaucoup nos pr~visions les plus optimistes. Non seulement une subvention importante nous fut accord~e mais le personnel de la mairie fut mis ~ notre disposition pour nous aider ~ la preparation du congr~s. Enfin la municipalit~ prit ~ sa charge, mat~rielle et financi~re, tousles probl~mes locaux comme le centre des conferences, les pauses, les polycopi~s des r~su- m~s, les taxis, les distractions, ... La liste de ce que nous devons

Monsieur Bernard, D~put~-Maire de Bar-Le-Duc, et ~ ses collaborateurs est trop longue pour avoir sa place ici, mais il est certain que ce Symposium n'aurait pas pu avoir lieu sans leur aide et leur d~vouement. Si nous pouvons parler de r~ussite, c'est en grande partie ~ eux que nous la devons et nous tenons ~ les en remercier tous tr~s chaleureu- sement.

Bien que le programme scientifique ait ~t~ tr~s charg~ puis- que plus de soixante-dix communications furent pr~sent~es par la cen- taine de participants venus de seize pays, le c6t~ culturel n'avait pas ~t~ oubli~. Au cours de la premiere matinee de travail, le Profes- seur J. Dieudonn~, membre de l'Acad~mie des Sciences, rappela la vie et l'oeuvre de Laguerre devant un public compos~ du Pr~fet, du D~put~- Maire, des personnalit~s civiles et militaires de la r~gion, des congressistes et des ~l~ves des classes terminales du lyc~e. Ensuite les participants furent convi~s au bapt~me d'un groupe scolaire du nom de Laguerre. Apr~s un discours de M. Bernard, D~put~-Maire, la plaque en l'honneur de Laguerre fut d~voil~e par le Professeur Dieudonn~. Les congressistes eurent ~galement l'occasion de visiter la vieille ville de Bar-Le-Duc qui pr~sente un tr~s bel ensemble de maisons renaissance, d'assister ~ un concert de jazz et de prendre part ~ un banquet tr~s anim~ et cordial, pr~sid~ par Monsieur le Pr~fet°

Nous tenons ~galement ~ exprimer notre reconnaissance aux divers organismes qui nous ont apport~ leur aide financi~re : Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Soci~t~ Math~matique de France, Coll~ge de Math~matiques Appliqu~es de I'AFCET et Compagnie Bull.

Nous remercions les ~diteurs Birkh~user-Verlag et Springer- Verlag pour avoir apport~ leur concours ~ l'organisation de l'exposi- tion de livres et J. Labelle de l'Universit~ du Quebec ~ Montreal qui

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VI

nous a fourni les tableaux d'Askey sur les polyn6mes orthogonaux. Enfin au nom de tousles participants nous voulons dire ~ nos h6tesses Muriel Colombo, Any Pibarot et Liliane Ruprecht combien nous avons appr~ci~ leur efficacit~ souriante. Nous n'oublions pas non plus Sald Belmehdi pour son aide pr~cieuse.

NOUS esp~rons que ce Symposium, qui fut en fait le premier Congr~s International enti~rement consacr~ aux polyn~mes orthogonaux et ~ leurs applications, sera suivi de beaucoup d'autres. C'est le voeu que nous formulons.

C. BREZINSKI

A. DRAUX

A. MAGNUS

P. MARONI

A. RONVEAUX

[C;OHGRJ:S LAGUERRE

II

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TABLE DES MATIERES

PREFACE

LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS XV

EDMOND NICOLAS LAGUERRE par C. Brezinski XXI

LAGUERRE AND ORTHOGONAL POLYNOMIALS IN 1984 par A.P. Magnus et A. Ronveaux XXVil

TABLEAU D'ASKEY par J. tabel le ZXXVI

I . CONFERENCIERS INVITES

DIEUDONNE J., Fractions continu6es el polynOmes o£thogonaux dans I

l'oeuvre de E.N. LAGUERRE.

HAHN W., Uber Orthogonalpolynome, die linearen Funktional- 16

gleichungen genugen.

ANDREWS G.E., ASKEY R., Classical orthogonal polynomials. 36

GAUTSCHI W., Some new applications of orthogonal polynomials. 65

If. CONFERENCIERS OU CONTRIBUTEURS *

I. CONCEPTS D'ORTHOGONALITE

DE BRUIN M.G., Simultaneous Pad6 approximation and orthogonality. 74

DRAUX A., Orthogonal polynomials with respect to a linear 84

functional lacunary of order S + 1 in a non-commu-

tative algebra.

ISERLES A., N~RSETT S.P., Bi-orthogonal polynomials. 92

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VIII

KOWALSKI M.A., Algebraic characterization of orthogonality in the

space of polynomials. I01

2. CO~BINATOIRE ET GRAPHES

BERGERON F., Une approche combinatoire de la m4thode de Weisner. 111

de SAINTE-CATHERINE M., VIENNOT G., Combinatorial interpretation of inte-

grals of products of Hermite, Laguerre and Tchebycheff

polynomials.

120

STREHL V., Polyn6mes d'Hermite g4n@ralis@s et identit@s de SZEGO-

une version combinatoire. 129

VIENNOT G., Combinatorial theory for general orthogonal polynomials

with extensions and applications. 139

3. ESPACES FONCTIONNELS

ALFARO P., ALFARO M., GUADALUPE O.3., VIGIL t . ,

Correspondance entre su i tes de polyn6mes orthogonaux et

fonct ions de la boule unit@ de Hi(D). 158

DE GRAAF O., Two spaces of generalized functions based on harmonic

polynomials. 164

KOORNWINDER T.H., Special orthogonal polynomial systems mapped onto each

other by the FOURIER-JACOBI transform. 174

MARONI P., Sur quelques espaces de distributions qui sont des for-

mes lin@aires sur l'espace vectoriel des polynOmes. 184

4. PLAN COMPLEXE

GARCIA-LAZARO P., MARCELLAN F., Christoffel formulas for N-Kernels asso-

ciated to Jordan arcs. 195

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IX

GUADALUPE J.3., REZOLA L., Closure of analytic polynomials in weighted

Jordan curves.

MARCELLAN F., MORAL L., Minimal recurrence formulas for orthogonal poly-

nomials on Bernoulli's lemniscate.

5. ~IESURJ~

LUBINSKY D.S.,

NEVAI P.,

PASZKOWSKI S.,

ULLMAN J.L.,

6. ZEROS

ALVAREZ M., SANSIGRE G.,

GILEWlCZ 3., LEOPOLD E.,

LAFORGIA A.,

Even entire functions absolutely monotone in [0, m)

and weights on the whole real line.

204

211

221

Extensions of Szego's theory of orthogonal polynomials. 230

Sur des transformations d'une fonction de poids.

Orthogonal polynomials for general measures-II.

RUNCKEL H.3.,

On polynomials with interlacing zeros.

On the sharpness of results in the theory of

location of zeros of polynomials defined by three term

recurrence relations.

Monotonicity properties for the zeros of orthogonal

polynomials and Bessel functions.

Zeros of complex orthogonal polynomials.

SABLONNIERE P., Sur les z4ros des splines orthogonales.

VINUESA J. , GUADALUPE R.,

Z~ros extr~maux de polyn6mes orthogonaux.

1. APPROXIMATIONS

DERIENNIC M.M., Polyn6mes de Bernstein modifi4s sur un simplexe T

de R ~ Probl~mes des moments.

239

247

255

259

267

278

283

291

296

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KANO T., On the size of some trigonometric polynomials.

LOPEZ LAGOMASINO G.,Survey on multipoint Pad6 approximation to Markov

type meromorphic functions and asymptotic proper-

ties of the orthogonal polynomials generated by them.

PASZKOWSKI S., Une relation entre les s4ries de Jacobi et l'appro-

ximation de Pad6.

* STAHL H., On the divergence of certain Pad4 approximant and the

behaviour of the associated orthogonal polynomials.

8. FAMES SPECIALES

DURAND L., Lagrangian differentiation, Gauss-Jacobi integration,

and Sturm-Liouville eigenvalue problems.

GROSJEAN C.C., Construction and properties of two sequences of ortho-

gonal polynomials and the infinitely many, recursively

generated sequences of associated orthogonal polyno-

mials, directly related to Mathieu's differential

equation and functions - Part I -

HENDRIKSEN E., van ROSSUM H., Semi-classical orthogonal polynomials.

MAGNUS A . P . , A proof of Freud's conjecture about the orthogonal

polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m.

McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

tinued fraction solutions of first order linear diffe-

rential equations.

MEIJER H.G., Asymptotic expansion of Jacobi polynomials.

WlMP J., Representation theorems for solutions of the heat

equation and a new method for obtaining expansions

in Laguerre and Hermite Polynomials.

302

309

317

32I

331

340

354

362

373

380

390

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XI

9. ANALYSE NUHERIQUE

DEVILLE M., MUND E.,On a mixed one step/Cheby~hev pseudospectral tech-

nique for the integration of parabolic problems using

finite element preconditioning. 399

GONZALEZ P., CASASUS L., Two points Pad@ type approximants for

5 t ie l t jes functions. 408

MASON J.C., Near-minimax approximation and telescoping procedures

based on Laguerre and Hermite polynomials. 419

*MONSION M., Application des polyn6mes orthogonaux de Laguerre

l'identification des syst~mes non-lin@aires. 426

*NAMASIVAYAM S., ORTIZ E.L., On figures generated by normalized Tau

approximation error curves. 435

NEX C.M.M., Gauss-like integration with preassigned nodes and

analytic extensions of continued fractions. 442

SHAMIR T., Orthogonal polynomials and the partial realization

problem. 451

TEMME N.M., A class of polynomials related to those of Laguerre. 459

VIANO G.A., Numerical inversion of the Laplace transform by the

use of Pollaczek polynomials. 465

10. APPLICATIONS

BLACHER R., Coefficients de corr@Istion d'ordre (I, J) et varian-

ces d'ordre I. 475

GASPARD O.P., LAMBIN P., Generalized moments : application to solid-state

physics. 486

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Xll

KIBLER M., NEGADI T., RONVEAUX A., The Kustaanheimo-Stiefel transfor-

mation and certain special functions.

LAW A.G., SLEDD M.B., A non classical, orthogonal polynomial family.

LINGAPPAIAH G.S., On the Laguerre series distribution.

LOUIS A.K., Laguerre and computerized tomography : consistency

conditions and stability of the Radon transform.

NICAISE S., Some results on spectral theory o v e r networks,

applied to nerve impulse transmission.

SCHEMPP W., Radar/Sonar detection and Laguerre functions.

GROSJEAN C.C., Note on two identities mentionned by Professor

Dr. W. Schempp near the end of the presentation of

his paper.

VAN BEEK P., The equation of motion of an expanding sphere in

potential flow.

I I I . PROBLEMES. COMMENTAIRES PAR A.P. HAC~WUS.

1. ASKEY R.,

2. BACRY H.,

3. CALOGERO F.,

4. DEVORE R.A.,

GROSJEAN C.C.,

5. GILEWlCZ J.,

6. HAYDOCK R.,

7. KATO Y.,

Two conjectures about Jacobi Polynomials.

An application of Laguerre's emanant to generalized

Chebychev polynomials.

Determinantal representations of polynomials satis-

fying recurrence relations.

Inequalities for zeros of Legendre polynomials.

Solution.

Extremal inequalities for Pad4 approximants errors

in the Stieltjes case.

Orthogonal polynomials associated to remarkable opera-

tors of mathematical physics; the Hydrogen atom Hamil-

tonian.

About periodic Jacobi continued fractions.

497

506

514

524

532

542

553

555

563

564

568

570

571

571

572

574

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8. LUBINSK¥ D.S.,

9. MAGNUS A.P.,

10. MAGNUS A.P.,

11. MOUSSA P.,

12. MOUSSA P.,

13. NEVAI P.,

14. NEX C.M.M.,

15. van ISEGHEM J.,

16. WIMP J.,

XlII

Diophantine approximation of real numbers by zeroes

of orthogonal polynomials.

Orthogonal polynomials satisfying differential

and functional equations. (Laguerre-Hahn ortho-

gonal polynomials).

Anderson localisation.

Tr(exp(A-XB)) as a Laplace transform.

Diophantine moment problem.

Bounds for polynomials orthogonal on infinite

intervals.

General asymptotic behaviour of the coefficients of

the three-term recurrence relation for a weight func-

tion defined on several intervals.

A lower bound for Laguerre polynomials.

Asymptotics for a linear difference equation.

576

576

577

579

5S%

582

583

564

5~4

COMMUNICATIONS NON PEBLIEES DANS CE VOLUME.

BACRY H., An application of Laguerre's emanant to generalized

Chebychev polynomials.

BARNETT S., A matrix method for algebraic operations on genera-

lized polynomials.

BARRUCAND P., Problemes lies & des fonctions de poids.

CALOGERO F., Determinantal representations of polynomials satis-

fying linear ode's or linear recurrence relations.

(& paraitre dans Rend.Sem.Mat.Univ.Politec. Torino 1985)

CASTRIGIANO D.P.L., Orthogonal polynomials and rigged Hilbert space

(~ paraltre dans Journal of Functional Analysis).

DELLA DORA J., RAMIS 3.P., THOMANN J., Une equation differentielle

lineaire "sauvage".

DITZIAN Z., On derivatives of linear trigonometric polynomial

approximation process.

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XlV

DUNKL C.F., Orthogonal polynomials related to the Hilbert

transform. (cfr. Report PM - 88406 C.W.I. Amster-

dam 1984)

GREINER P., The Laguerre calculus on the Heisenberg group.

(cfr. Special functions : Group Theoretical Aspects

and Applications, Ed. R.A. ASKEY, T.H. KOORNWINDER

and W. SCHEMPP. D. Reidel Publishing Company 1984)

HENDRIKSEN E., A Bessel orthogonal polynomial system.

Proc. Kon. Acad. v. Wet., Amsterdam, ser A, 87

(1984), 407 - 414.

KATO Y., Periodic Jacobi continued fractions.

MOUSSA P., It@ration des polyn~mes et propri@t@s d'orthogonalit@.

VAN EIJNDHOVEN S.J.L., Distribution spaces based on classical poly-

nomials.

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LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS ALFARO M. Departamento de Teoria de Funciones Universidad de Zaragoza Espana

ALFARO M.P. Av. de las Torres 93-9 ° Zaragoza 7 Espana

ASKEY R. Department of Mathematics University of Wisconsin 480 Lincoln Drive Madison, Wisconsin 53706 U.S.A.

BACRY H. Centre de Physique Ih6orique Luminy - Case 907 13288 MARSEILLE Cedex France

BARNETT S. School of Mathematical Sciences University of Bradford West Yorkshire BD7 IDP England

BARRUCAND P. 151 rue du ChQteau des Rentiers 75013 PARIS

BAVINCK H. Technical University Julianalaan 132 Delft Nederland

nECKER H. Isarweg 24 8012 Ottobrunn/M~nchen D.B.R.

BELHEHDI S. Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie U.E.R. Analyse, probabilit@s et Applications 4 Place Jussieu 75230 Paris Cedex France

BERGERON F. D~pL. de Math. eL Info. Universit~ du Quebec & Montreal Case postale 8888, succ. "A" Montreal, P.Q. H3C 3P8 Canada

BESSIS g. eL N. Universit~ de Lyon I Lab. de Spectroscopie Th~orique 69622 Viileurbanne France

BLACHER R. TIM 3 Institut IMAG BP 68 Bureau 35, tour I.R.M.A. 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres France

BREZINSKI C1. Universit@ de Lille 1 U.E.R.I.E.E.A. Informatique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France

COATMELEC C. 8 Rue du Verger 35510 Cesson-Sevign6 France

CALOGERO F. Dipartimento di Fisica Universit& di Roma "La Sapienza" Via Sant'Alberto Magno I 00153 Roma Italia

CASASUS L. Universidad de la Laguna Catedral, 8 La Laguna Tenerife Espana

CASTRIGIANO D.P.L. Institut fur Mathematik der Technischen Universit~t M~nchen Arcisstrasse 21 8000 M~nchen 2 D.B.R.

COLOMBO S. Rue d'Aquitaine 8 92160 Antony France

DE BRUIN M.G. Department of Mathematics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 15 1018 WB Amsterdam Nederland

DE GRAAF J. Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven Nederland

DELGOVE Centre de Recherche Bull Les Clayes Sous Bois 78340 France

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DELLA DORA J. IMAG Universit@ de Grenoble BP 53X 38041 Grenoble Cedex France

DERIENNIC H.M. INSA 20, Avenue des Buttes de Coesmes 35043 Rennes Cedex France

DESAINTE-CATHERINE M. Universit@ de Bordeaux I UER de Math@matique et Informatique 351, Coors de la Lib@ration 33405 Talence Cedex France

DESPLANQUES P. rue Victor Hugo 39 59262 Sainghin en M@lantois France

DEVILLE M. Unit@ MEMA Universit@ Catholique de Louvain 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgique

DIEUDONNE J. Rue du G@n@ral Camou 10 75007 Paris France

DITZIAN Z. Department of Mathematics University of Alberta Edmonton T6G 2G1 Canada

DRAUX A. Universit@ de Lille I U.E.R. I.E.E.A. Informatique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France

DUNKL C.F. Department of Mathematics University of Virginia Charlottesville - Virginia 22903 U.S.A.

DURAND L. University of Wisconsin - Madison Physics Dept. 1150 University Ave Madison - Wl 53706 U.S.A.

XVl

DUVAL A. 3 Rue SLimmer 67000 Strasbourg France

DZO4JMBA J. Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie U.E.R. Analyse,Probabilit6s et App1. 4 Place Jussieu 75230 Paris Cedex France

GARCIA-LAZARO P. Departamento de Matematicas E.T.S. de Ingenieros Universidad PoIitecnica Jos@ Gutierrez Abascal 2 Madrid 6 Espana

GASPARD J.P. Universit@ de Liege Institut de Physique - B5 4000 Sart-Tilman/ Liege I Belgique

GAUTSCH[ W. Purdue University Department of Computer Science West Lafayette, IN 47907 U.S.A.

GILEWICZ J. CNRS - Luminy Case 907 Centre de Physique Th@orique 13288 Marse i l l e Cedex 9 France

GODOY-MALVAR E. Universidad de Santiago de Compostella c/Boan n°I-2 Vigo-Pontevedra Espana

GREINER P. Mathematics Department U n i v e r s i t y o f Toronto Toronto Ontar io M5S 1A1 Canada

GROSJEAN C.C. Seminarie voor Wiskundige Natuurkunde Rijksuniversiteit Gent Gebouw $9 Krijgslaan 281 9000 Gent Belgique

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XVll

GUADALUPE J.J. Coleg~o Universitario de La Rioja Logrono Espa~a

GUADALUPE R. Facultad de Quimica Castrillo de Aza n ° 7-7°A Madrid 31 Espa~a

HAHN W. Alber~trasse 8 8010 Graz Austria

HENDRIKSEN E. Department of Mathematics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 15 1018 WB Amsterdam Nederland

ISERLES A. King's College University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 IST England

JACOB G. 121, Avenue du Maine 75014 PARIS Cedex France

KANO T. Department of Mathematics Faculty of Science Okayama University Okayama 700 Japan

KERKER H. Universit~ de Paris VII UER de Physique Tour 33-43 2 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris

KATO Y. Department of Engineering Mathematics Faculty of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464 Japan

KIBLER M. Institut de Physique Nuel~aire Universit~ de Lyon I 43 bd du 11 Nov. 191@ 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France

KOORNWINDER T.H. Mathematisch Centrum P.O. Box 4079 1009 AB Amsterdam Nederland

KBWALSKI M. Institute of Informatics University of Warsaw PKIN VIII p. 850 00901 Warsaw Poland

LAFORGIA A. Dept. di Matematica dell' Unlverslta Via Carlo Alberto 10 Torino Italy

LAW A.G. University of Regina Saskatchewan $4S OA2 Canada

LEOPOLD E. Centre de Recherche Bull Les Clayes Sous Bois 78340 France

LOPEZ G. Dept. T. de Funciones University of Havana San Lazaro y L. La Habana Cuba

LOUIS A.K. Fachbereich Mathematik, Universitat Erwin-Sehr~dinger-Strasse 6750 Kaiserslautern D.B.R.

LUBINSKY D.S. National Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences C.S.I.R. P.0. Box 395 Pretoria 0001 Republic of South Africa

MAGNUS A. Institut de Math@matique U.C.L. Chemin du Cyclotron 2 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgique

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XVlII

MARCELLAN F. Departamento de Matematicas E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2 Madrid 6 Espana

MARONI P. Univ. Pierre et Marie Curie U.E.R. Analyse, Probabilit@s et Appl. 4 Place Jussieu 75230 Paris Cedex France

MASON J.C. Mathematics Branch Royal Military College of Science Shrivenham Swindon, Wilts SN6 8LA England

McCABE J. The mathematical Inst i tute University of St Andrews Fife United Kingdom

MEIJER H.G. Department of mathematics University of Technology Julianalaan 132 Delft Nederland

MONTANER-LAVEDAN J. Departamento Teoria de Funciones Universidad de Zaragoza Espa~a

MORAL L. Departamento de Matematicas E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales Universidad Politecnica Jos@ Gutierrez Abascal 2 Madrid 6 Espa~a

MOUSSA P. Service de Physique Th@orique Centre d'Etudes Nucl@aires de Saclay 91191 G~ -sur Yvette Cedex France

MOND E. Service de M@trologie Nucl@aire U.L.B. Av. F.D. Roosevelt 1050 Bruxelles Belgique

NEVAI P. Department of Mathematics The Ohio State University Columbus, OH 43210 U.S.A.

NEX C.M.M. Univ. of Cambridge - T.C.M. group Cavendisch Lab. Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 OH2 England

NICAISE S. Universit~ de l'Etat A Mons D@partement de Math@matique Av. Maistriau 7 000 Mons Belgique

OUI_EDCHEIKH MADJID U.S.T. L i l l e I 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France

PASZKOWSKI S. Instytut Niskich Temperatur i Badan Strukturalnych PAN PI. Katedralny 1 50-950 Whoclaw Poland

PEREZ GRASA J. Miguel Server 12 - 8 ° B Zaragoza Espana

PREVOST M. 16 Rue de la Lib@ration 62930 Wimereux France

RAMIREZ GONZALEZ V. Dpto de Ecuaciones Funcionales Facultad de Ciencias Avda Fuente Nueva 18001 Granada Espa6a

RICHARD F. 25 Place des Halles 67000 Strasbourg France

RONVEAUX A. D@partement de Physique Facult@s Univ. N.D. de la Paix 61 rue de Bruxelles 5000 Namur Belgique

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XlX

RUNCKEL H.J. Abteilung Mathematik IV Universitat Ulm Oberer Eselsberg 7900 Ulm D.B.R.

SABLONNIERE P. UER IEEA Informatique 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex France

SANSIGRE G. Depa~amento Matematicas E.T.S.I. Jos@ Gutierrez Abascal 2 Madrid 6 Espa~a

SCHEMPP W. Lehrstuhl fur Mathematik I Universit~t Siegen H~lderlinstrasse 3 5900 Siegen D.B.R.

SCHLICHTING G. Math. Inst. Technische Universitat Arcisstrasse 21 Post fach 20.24.20 8000 Munchen D.B.R.

SHAMIR T. Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Ben Gurion University P.O. Box 653 Beer Sheva 84105 Isra~l

STREHL V. Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Informatik I Martensstrasse 3 8520 Erlangen D.B.R.

TEMME N.M. Centre for Mathematics and Computer Science Kruislaan 413 1098 SJ Amsterdam Nederland

THOMANN J. CNRS Centre de Calcul BP 20/Cr 67037 Strasbourg Cedex France

ULLMAN J.L. University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 U.S.A

VAN BEEK P. Delft University of Technology Dept. of Mathematics Julianalaan 132 2628 BL Delft Nederland

VAN EIJNDHOVEN S. Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven Nederland

VAN ISEGHEM J. 9 All@e du Trianon 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq France

VAN ROSSUM H. Department of Mathematics University of Amsterdam Roetersstraat 15 1018 UB Amsterdam Nederland

VIANO G.A. Dipartimento di Fisica dell' Universit~ di Genova via Dodecaneso 33 16146 Genova Italia

VIENNOT G. Universit@ de Bordeaux I UER de Math@matique et Informatique 351Cours de la Lib@ration 33405 Talence Cedex France

VINUESA J. Facul tad de Ciencias Apartado 1.021 Santander Espa~a

VOUE M. D@partement de Physique Facult@s Univ, N.D. de la Paix 61 Rue de Bruxe l les 5000 Namur Belgique

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XX

WIMP J. Drexel University Philadelphia Pa 19104 U.S.A.

~YTACK L. Department of Hathematics University of Antwerp Universiteitsplein 1 B - 2610 Wilrijk Belgium

ZOLLA F. 22 rue Montpens ier 64000 Pau France

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EDMOND NICOLAS LAGUERRE

Claude Brezinski

Universit~ de Lille I

59655 - Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex

France

Edmond Nicolas Laguerre naquit rue Rousseau, ~ Bar-Le-Duc dans le

d~partement de la Meuse, le 9 avril 1834 ~ une heure du matin. Ii

~tait le fils de Jacques Nicolas Laguerre, marchand quincallier, ag~

de trente sept ans et de son ~pouse Christine Werly.

I1 fit ses ~tudes dans divers ~tablissements publics, ses parents

l'ayant successivement plac~ au coll~ge Stanislas, au lyc~e de Metz

et ~ l'institution Barbet afin qu'il eut toujours aupr~s de lui un

camarade pour veiller sur sa sant~ d~j~ pr~caire. Ii montrait une rare

intelligence avec un goQt prononc~ pour les langues et les math~ma-

tiques. Ses premiers travaux sur l'emploi des imaginaires en g~om~trie

remontent aux ann~es 1851 et 1852 et son premier article parut en 1853

dans les Nouvelles Annales de Math~matiques dirig~es par Terquem qui

note alors : "Profond investigateur en g~om~trie et en analyse, le

jeune Laguerre poss~de un esprit d'abstraction excessivement rare, et

l'on ne saurait trop encourager les travaux de cet homme d'avenir"

Ii donnait la solution compl~te du probl~me de la transformation homo-

graphique des relations angulaires, compl~tant et ameliorant ainsi les

travaux de Poncelet et Chasles.

Le ler novembre 1853 il entre quatri~me sur cent-dix ~ l'Ecole

Polytechnique. D'apr~s son signalement il mesure 1,685 m., ales

cheveux et les sourcils chatain clair, le front haut, le nez moyen,

les yeux gris bleus, la bouche large, le menton rond, le visage long.

Ii est myope eta un signe pros de l'oreille gauche. Ses professeurs

sont J.M.C. Duhamel et C. Sturm pour l'analyse et de La Gournerie pour

la g~om~trie.

Pendant l'ann~e scolaire 1853-1854, o~ il occupe l'emploi de

sergent-fourrier, ses professeurs font les observations suivantes sur

son travail :

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XXll

"Travail assidu mais qui pourrait ~tre mieux r~gl~."

Notes d'interrogations particuli~res : constamment bonnes ou tr~s

bonnes en analyse ; d'abord tr~s bonnes mais constamment d~crois-

santes depuis le commencement du semestre en g~om~trie descriptiv~

trop variables en physique ; tr~s bonnes en chimie.

Notes d'interrogations g~n~rales : m~diocre en analyse ; tr~s

bonne en g~om~trie descriptive."

Pour le second semestre on trouve :

"R~sultats bons ou assez bons dans toutes les parties, mais moins

satisfaisants en g~n~ral que ceux du premier semestre".

En effet il est ii i~me au classement du premier semestre et 24 i~me au

second.

Quant ~ sa conduite les appreciations sont moins favorables :

"Conduite assez bonne. Tenue mauvaise. El~ve l~ger et bruyant".

Ii reqoit plusieurs punitions pour mauvaise tenue, bavardage et chant

pendant l'~tude.

Ii passe en seconde annie 59 i~me sur 106. En 1854-1855, on le

juge ainsi :

"Travail soutenu. Notes g~n~ralement bonnes ou tr~s bonnes en

analyse, en m~canique et en physique ; tr~s m@diocres en chimie."

La conduite et la tenue sont passables. Par contre il est toujours

"tr~s causeur et tr~s n~gligent" et ~videmment il "aurait pu beaucoup

mieux faire". Ii est puni de deux jours de salle de police pour avoir

"allum~ du feu dans l'~tude".

Ii sort de l'Ecole Polytechnique 46 i~me sur 94 avec les apprecia-

tions suivantes :

"Cet ~l~ve tr~s intelligent aurait pu rester class~ dans les pre-

miers de sa promotion, mais n'a pas travaill~, Extr~ment dissip~.

Doit et peut tr~s bien se poser ~ l'Ecole d'application."

Son classement de sortie lui ferme l'acc~s aux carri~res civiles.

Ii entre 7 i~me sur 41 ~ l'Ecole Imp~riale d'Application de l'Artillerie

et du G~nie ~ Metz, le ler mai 1855. Iine semble pas ~tre plus atten-

tif qu'~ Polytechnique :

"Condulte Donne mais a souvent ~t~ puni pour retards dans ses

travaux. Tenue Donne, mais tournure peu militaire. A des moyens

pour les math~matiques, mais n'a aucun gout pour les travaux gra-

phiques, dessine mal et lentement. S'est trop occup~ d'objets

~trangers aux ~tudes de l'~cole. C'est l'officier qui ale plus

de retard dans ses travaux. Parle un peu l'Italien".

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XXIII

Ii sort de l'~cole 32 i~me sur 40 et le g~nEral inspecteur note

"A perdu beaucoup de rangs parce que, sans Etre paresseux, il

s'est occupE de choses Etrang~res aux travaux de l'Ecole. C'est

un travers dont il pourra se corriger."

A sa sortie de l'Ecole de l'Artillerie il entame une carri~re

militaire. Ii est sous lieutenant au 3 ~me regiment d'artillerie ~ pied

le 6 dEcembre 1856 puis lieutenant ie i er mai 1857. Le 13 mars 1863

il est nommE capitaine et est employS, comme adjoint, ~ la manufacture

d'armes de Mutzig. Le 18 juin 1864 il abandonne cet emploi pour deve-

nir rEp~titeur adjoint au cours de g~om~trie descriptive ~ l'Ecole

Polytechnique.

Le 17 ao~t 1869 il ~pouse Marie Hermine Albrecht, fille de Julie

Caroline Durant de Mareuil, veuve de LEopold Just Albrecht, d~c~dE,

propri~taire, demeurant au chateau d'A9 dans le d~partement de la

~rne. Sa femme regoit en dot 24000 francs en actions nominatives

produisant 1200 francs de revenus. De ce mariage naItront deux filles.

A cette ~poque il habite 3 rue Corneille ~ Paris, plus tard il habi-

tera 61 boulevard Saint Michel.

En novembre 1869 il est autorisE ~ faire un cOurs de gEom~trie

supErieure & la Sorbonne.

Pendant le si~ge de 1870 il est d'abord d~signE, le 28 aoQt, par

le GEneral Riffault pour commander en second la batterie de rempart,

dite de l'Ecole Polytechnique. Le 12 novembre il est nomm~ au comman-

dement de la 13 i~me batterie du r~giment d'artillerie et prend part,

en cette qualitY, aux deux combats de Champigny le 30 novembre et le

2 d~cembre 1870. Pour sa conduite, il est fait chevalier de la LEgion

d'honneur le 8 d~cembre.

Pendant l'insurrection de Paris il "a conserv~ jusqu'au 27 mars

le commandement des hommes qui restaient dans la batterie, licenciEe

en partie le 14 mars. Apr~s dissolution forc~e de la batterie, a re-

Joint & Tours l'Ecole Polytechnique o~ il avait ~tE reclass~".

Apr~s ces Ev~nements il reprit ses enseignements & Polytechnique

alnsi que ses travaux scientifiques. Le 25 novembre 1873 il est nomm~

r~p~tlteur du cours d'analyse & Polytechnique et examinateur d'admis-

sion le 4 mai 1874, charges qu'il conservera jusqu'~ sa mort. Le 31

mai 1877 il passe au grade de Chef d'escadron~ Ii est "tr~s aimE et

tr~s estimE" & l'Ecole Polytechnique~ En 1880 l'inspecteur general

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XXlV

note dans son dossier :

"Excellent r~p~titeur d'analyse, le Commandant Laguerre occupe un rang

distingu~ parmi nos jeunes g~om~tres et il a devant lui un bel avenir

de savant". Ii avait d~j~ publi~ alors 114 articles !

Le 5 juillet 1882 il est fait officier de la L~gion d'honneur.

Afin de pouvoir se consacrer enti~rement ~ ses travaux, il prend une

retraite anticip~e le 2 juin 1883.

Le ii mai 1885 il est ~lu ~ l'Acad~mie des Sciences grace ~ l'ac-

tion de Camille Jordan qu'il avait connu quand ils ~taient tousles

deux ~l~ves de Polytechnique. Peu de temps apr~s Joseph Bertrand lui

confiait la suppl~ance de la Chaire de Physique Math~matique au Coll~e

de France. Ii y fait un cours tr~s remarqu~ sur l'attraction des ellip-

soides.

Sa sant~ d~j~ faible et une fi~vre continuelle le contraignirent

abandonner toutes ses occupations. Ii revint ~ Bar-Le-Duc ~ la fin

de f~vrier 1886. Laguerre mourut le 14 aoQt 1886 3 4 heuresdu matin au

52 rue de Tribel. Georges Henri Halphen repr~senta l'Acad~mie ~ ses

obs~ques et prononga quelques mots apr~s avoir lu un discours de

Joseph Bertrand.

Sources documentaires :

- Archives de l'Ecole Polytechnique.

- Archives du Service Historique de l'Arm~e de Terre.

- E.N. Laguerre : Notice sur les travaux math~matiques, Gauthier-

Villars, Paris, 1884.

- E. Rouch~ : Edmond Laguerre, sa vie et ses travaux, J. Ec.

Polytech., Cahier 56 (1886) 213-271.

- C.R~ Acad. Sci° Paris, 103 (1886) 407.

- Nouv. Ann. Math., (3) 5 (1886) 494-496.

- C,R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 103 (1886) 424-425.

- H. Poincar~ : Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. Laguerre,

membre de la section de g~om~trie, C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 104

(1887) 1643-1650.

- A. de Lapparent : Laguerre, Livre du Centenaire de l'Ecole Poly-

technique, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1895, tome I, pp. 149-153.

- L'Ecole Polytechnique, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1932, pp. 141-14~

- M. Bernkoff : Laguerre, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, C.C.

Gillispie ed., C. Scribner's sons, New-York, 1973.

- E.N. Laguerre : Oeuvres, reprint by Chelsea, New-York,1972,2vols.

Page 24: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

> X X

~,~

,~

_7 ..~ .~

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'',d

..L~ ~/.~

-- ~

++ .~,~

/.~

.~

- ~,_, ,

.~" .~.7' "

~~

- ~

,: .~',

~.~ ~-G

-.~,.-il ~

,~ .~. ~., ~.-

,~

~'-m

'"?~ 7" #

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• •

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,,IF

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+,,} "

v

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"~7~ "~'-" ,~ 'w" ,'~

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Page 25: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

~D t i'~Jt: " ~:~:~., --.i--,-'l;I.'~i.,~

,~,.~,.~ ..,,,,,l'.-,,-~,,,,.-.G i~ i " "--,'E.,.~ -~

' ~/. ~" ~ " " I"" "'~

it'~ - ~ -'2 -'~ ~ %"'~" ~ "-"

. .-,~..>.,.~,,~ ~ ~~ -,'>-,/'j, • ~... ;x-,.~-~

IAXX

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LAGUERRE

AND

ORTHOGOMAL POLYHOMIALS IN 198q .

by A.P. Magnus and A. Ronveaux

The i m p o r t a n c e o f o r t h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s c a n b e e s t i m a t e d f r o m t h e

following statistics :

Up to 19W0 , one finds about 2000 entries in the Shoha% , Hille and

Ualsh bibliography [~] .

C.Brezinski's bibliography [2] on ozthogonal polynomials and the

related subjects of Pad~ approximation and continued fractions ,

contains now more than 5000 titles .

The MITHFILE data base allows variously tuned quests : since 1973 ,

one finds 2984 titles and abstracts containing the words 'orthogonal'

AND ' p o l y n o m i a l ( s ) ' , b u t one m u s t a l s o a d d r e f e r e n c e s t o s p e c i a l

~amilies :

Cebysev polynomial(s) 1193

Hermite polynomial(s) 1290

Jacobi polynomial(s) 1283

Laguerre polynomial(s) 1167

Legendre polynomial(s) 1124

Bessel polynomial(s) 224

The other special orthogonal polynomials (Charlier , Hahn ,

Kra~tchouk , Meixnez) have a much smaller record (£zom 20 %o 50) .

The name o f L a g u e r z e a p p e a r s 1405 t i m e s , s h o u i n g t h a t h i s p r e s e n t

influence is mainly centered on polynomials (each of the other names

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XXVIII

is in more than 2000 titles and abstracts , excepting Bessel : 126q) .

This is emphasized by Bernkopf [I] who mentions only briefly

Laguezre's achievements in geometry (once famous) , but gives a

detailed account of the paper introducing ~hat are nou called Laguezze

e dx polynomials (Sur l'int~grale , Bull. Soc. Math. France

x

2(1879) =[3] vol. 1 , pp.~28-q38) . R.Askey ([5] , vol.3 p.866) ,

looking for the various appearences of the Laguerze polynomials before

Laguerze , finds two papers of R. Murphy (Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc.

(1833)355-408 , 5(1835) 113-148) as their birthplace . He conclude

that the Laguezre polynomials a~e about as old as Laguezre himself

(150 years) .

To be h o n e s t , one mus t zemaxk t h a t Laguezze u sed h i s v i r t u o s i t y

in geometry when dealing with polynomials , especially with the

location of their zeros . These works ([3] , vol. 1) are still

influential , and so are the author's methods : just consider the

title of the famous book by N.Narden : 'Geometry of Polynomials'

(AMS , Providence , 2nd ed. 1966) ; see also Baczy's contribution in

the present volume .

To r e t u r n t o o z t h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s i n L a g u e r z e ' s o u t p u t , a number

o f p a p e r s w r i t t e n i n t h e p e r i o d 1 8 7 7 - 1 8 8 5 ( [ 3 ] v o l . 1 , 3 1 8 - 3 3 5 ,

q 3 8 - q q 8 , v o l . 2 , 6 8 5 - 7 1 1 ) , t h e l a s t one (= J . d e Nath . 1 ( 1 8 8 5 )

1 3 5 - 1 6 5 ) b e i n g t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t , e x p l o r e t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f

o z t h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s z e l a t e d t o u e i g h t f u n c t i o n s s a t i s f y i n g

~ ' ( x ) / e ( x ) = a r a t i o n a l f u n c t i o n o f x .

(up t o a f i n i t e number o f D i z a c ~ f u n c t i o n s ) . A c t u a l l y , Laguezze

s t u d i e d Pad~ a p p r o x i m a t i o n s and c o n t i n u e d f r a c t i o n e x p a n s i o n s o f

f u n c t i o n s s a t i s f y i n g a d i f f e r e n t i a l e q u a t i o n o f t h e form

1 4 ( z ) f ' ( z ) = 2 V C z ) f ( z ) + UCz)

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XXIX

w h e r e W , V and U a r e p o l y n o m i a l s [ s e e M c C a b e ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n ] One

r e c o v e r s [ p o s s i b l y f o r m a l ] o r t h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s a s d e n o m i n a t o r s o f

a p p r o x i m a n t s o f f : i f f ( z ) c a n b e u r i t t e n a s a d e f i n i t e i n t e g r a l

fS(Z-x)'~F(x)dx w i t h p o s i t i v e on a z e a l s e t S t h e d e n o m i n a t o r p . P

o f t h e [ n / n ] Pad~ a p p r o x i m a n t o f f i s t h e n t h d e g r e e o r t h o g o n a l

p o l y n o m i a l r e l a t e d t o e ; i f s u c h a n i n t e g r a l f o r m d o e s n o t h o l d , b u t

if f has an expansion f(z) = X c.z -"-1 , p. is called a formal n=0

or%hogonal polynomial . In the first case , the rational function

pV(x)/e(x) is precisely 2V(x)/W(x) . the connection has been made

clear by Shohat ['Suz une classe ~tendue de fractions continues

alg~briques et sur les polynomes de Tchebycheff correspondants' , C.R.

Acad. Sci. Paris 191(1930) 989-990 ; 'A differential equation for

orthogonal polynomials' , Duke Math.J. 5 (1939) q01-q17 ]

Laguerze succeeded in showing that the orthogonal polynomials p.

satis2y remarkable di22erential equations =

~Ony" + [(2V+H')On-HO'n]y' + KnF = 0 ,

where O. and K. are polynomials • ~hose coe22icients are solutions o2

certain (usually) nonlinear equations . The degrees o2 O. and K. are

bounded by ~ and 2~ • where ~ = m~x((degree V) -I , (degree W) -2 ) .

The equations involve an intermediate set o2 polynomials (~.} of

degree ~+I , and are

(x-s.)(~n+1(x)-~.(x)) + O.÷1(x) - r.O._1(x)/z.-1 = W(x) n = 0 , 1 , . . .

~.÷1(x) + ~.(x) = -(x-s.)e.(x)Ir.

with eo=U • ~o=V , 8_~/z_I~0 . The r.'s and s.'s are the coe22icients

= For a sophisticated algebraic geometry presentation , see 'Pad~

approximation and the Riemann monodromy problem' , by G.V.

Chudnovsky • pp~qg-510 in 'Bifurcation Phenomena in Mathematical

Physics and Related Topics' • edited by C.Bardos and D.Bessis ,

D.Reidel • Dozdrecht 1980

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XXX

o f t h e t h r e e - t e ~ n r e c u r r e n c e r e l a t i o n P . + l ( x ) = ( x - s n ) p n ( x )

- r n P n - 1 ( X ) , and a r e f o u n d when one e x p r e s s e s t h a t t h e p o l y n o m i a l s

e . ' s k e e p a d e g r e e <_~ . The p o l y n o m i a l s M. a r e t h e n g i v e n b y

n - 1 O' l t (~n -V) - O n ( ~ ' n - V ' ) +O R ~ Ok / r k The ~ n ' s a re v e r y use~L~

k=O

t h e m s e l v e s as t h e y e n t e r d i f f e r e n t i a l r e l a t i o n s M p ' . = ( ~ . - Y ) P . +

OnPn-1 ( t h i s i s t h e b a s i s o~ q u a s i - o r t h o g o n a l i t y c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n s ,

treated recently by Bonan , Hendriksen , Lubinsky , N a r o n i , Xevai ,

Ronveaux , van Rossum)

This very elaborated work has been rightly called a masterpiece by

R.Askey in his talk during the meeting . Hear the end of his

contribution with G.E. Andrews , you Pill find a challenge • apply

Laguerre's theory to their wide extended set of classical or%hogonal

polynomials ... Actuali¥, the concept of differential equation must

also be extended to difference or functional equation . The required

material is to be found in W.Hahn's most impressive contribution ,

together with far-reaching inverse theorems .

The "classical" classical orthogonal polynomials are recovered by

solving Laguerre's equations in the simplest case ~ = 0 (degrees of M

and V bounded by 2 and I ) This is explained in Hendriksen and van

Rossum's contribution in the present volume (see also their paper 'A

Pad~ type approach to non-classical orthogonal polynomials' , in

J.Nath.An.Appl. 106 , 237-248" (1985) , where Bessel polynomials are

also considered ) . The Laguerre equations are then exactly

solvable , as sho~n by Laguerre himself for the exemples of the

Legendre and.., the Laguerre polynomials (even the extended ones )

~hen # >0 , a general way to solve the equations is still not known

but special cases have been treated , often by people unaware of

Laguerre's work , as the Krall's , Littlejohn , Moornwinder... [see

'Orthogonal polynomials Pith weight function (1-x)a(1+x) ~ + N~(x+1) +

H3(x-1)' , Canad.nath.Bull. 27(2) , 205-214 (1984) , by the last

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XXXl

a u t h o r ] , as r e m a r k e d by H e n d z i k s e n a n d v a n Rossum i n t h e i r q u o t e d

p a p e r . F r e u d , Bonan and H e v a i a l s o r e d i s c o v e r e d some i n s t a n c e s o f

L a g u e r r e ' e q u a t i o n s when W i s a c o n s t a n t , h u t V o f a r b i t r a r y d e g r e e ,

s o t h a t e i s t h e e x p o n e n t i a l o f a p o l y n o m i a l ( s e e A . P . M a g n u s '

c o n t r i b u t i o n )

I n t h e l a s t p a g e s o f h i s p a p e r o f 1885 ( [ 3 ] v o l . 2 , 6 8 5 - 7 1 1 ) ,

L a g u e z r e b e g a n t h e s t u d y o f t h e c a s e # = 1 ( d e g r e e s o f H and V < 3 and

2 ; e q u i v a l e n t t o H ( x ) , V ( x ) / x , U ( x ) e v e n o f d e g r e e s < q , 2 , 2 ) .

He recognized the importance o f elliptic integrals and Abelian

functions in the solution of this problem , but was stopped by illness

and death . Establishing asympt0ti~ estimates is already terribly

difficult : Gammel and Huttall ('Mote on generalized Jacobi

polynomials' , pp.258-270 in Lect. Motes Math. 925) predicted indeed

that . if the three zeros bl • b2 , b~ of W are distinct and not

collinear . the asymptotic behaviour of p.(x) and related functions

involves elliptic integrals of the form Ix (t-a) I / z (H(t)) - I, Zd% , where "C

a and c are constants (a is the center of capacity of bl • b2 and

bs ) The asymptotic form uas deduced from the Liouville-Green

approximation to the solution of the Laguerre differential equation .

Some assumptions had to be made , because e. , a factor of F" in the

differential equation , is now of degree I and vanishes therefore at

some point z.. However , it happens that no solution of the

differential equation is singular at this point : z. is an apparent

singularity . Such apparent singularities are unavoidable when dealing

with non elementary cases (Hahn) . In order to settle asymptotic

behaviour , it is important %o control the wanderings of z.. The

central expression in Liouville-Green' s estimates is

i x x . , ! t ) ,-z [ W(t)(t_z.)] dt and i% was assumed that the two zeros of K. are

C

close to a and %o z. , in order %o get the desired expression . A

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XXXII

c o m p l e t e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e a s y m p t o t i c s , a v o i d i n g u n p r o v e d

a s s u m p t i o n s • h a s now b e e n g i v e n b y J . H u t t a l l ( ' A s y m p t o t i c s o f

g e n e r a l i z e d J a c o b i p o l y n o m i a l s ' , s u b m i t t e d t o C o n s t r . A p p r o x . ) • who

c o n s t r u c t s r i g o u r o u s l y t h e a p p r o p r i a t e O l v e r ' s p r o g r e s s i v e p a t h e s o f

i n t e g r a t i o n , u s i n g r e s u l t s o f H . S t a h l ( ' T h e c o n v e r g e n c e o f Pad~

appzoximants %o functions with branch-points' , preprint ) This

settles only the case ~ = I , but the same ideas are expected to be

valuable in general (see 'Asymptotics of diagonal Hermite-Pad~

polynomials' , J.Approx. Theory , 42 (1984) , 299-386 by J.Huttall for

the whole programme )

[1 ] M.BEP~KOPF , L a g u e z r e , Edmond Nicolas , D i c t i o n a r y o f S c i e n t i f i c

Biography pp.573-576 , C.C.GILLISPIE editor , Charles Sczibner's

Sons • Hew York 1973 .

[2] C.BREZIHSKI , A Bibliography on Pad~ Approximation and Related

Subjects . Publications Universit~ de Lille I . 1977-1982 .

[3] E.H.LAGUERRE , Oeuvres , Ch.HERMITE , H.POIHCARE • E.ROUCHV-

editors • 2 vol. , Paris 1898 &1905 , = Chelsea , Hew York 1972 .

[q] J.A.SHOHAT, E.HILLE, J.L.HALSH , A Bibliography on Orthogonal

Polynomials , Bull. Hat.Res. Council n o 103 , Washington 1940 .

[5] G.SZEGO , Collected Papers , R.ASKEY editor , 3 vol. ,

Birkhauser , Boston , 1982 .

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XXXIII

W i t h 60 c o n t r i b u t i o n s , emote t h a n 75 when one i n c l u d e s

t h e p r o b l e m s , r e p r e s e n t i n g t r e n d s o f f u t u r e r e s e a r c h ) , one may hope

t h a t - 1 m o s t a l l t h e l i v i n g a s p e c t s o f t h e s u b j e c t a r e c o v e r e d i n t h i s

book . A g e n e r a l s u r v e y c a n be f o u n d i n t h e i n v i t e d c o n t r i b u t i o n o f

J . D i e u d o n n ~ . One w i l l a p p r e c i a t e t h a t many a u t h o r s o f v a r i o u s

s e c t i o n s were i n s p i r e d by some o f L a g u e r r e ' s o~n works .

S e c t i o n 1 , c o n c e p t s o f c r t h o g o n a l i t y , c o n t a i n s works d e s c r i b i n g

t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d e f i n i n g o z t h o g o n a l i t y by s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n a l s .

These studies on formal orthogonality are related to Pad~

approximation and its numerous applications (approximation , numerical

analysis .... ) The production of recurrence relations is usually a

major requirement in these questions , but one may also start with

such relations (see the invited paper by W.Hahn) .

Combinatorics and graph theory are related to orthogonal

polynomials in a way that will perhaps be a discovery for some readers

of our second section . Unexpected connections and ingenious

derivations are present , but also a way towards various applications.

Ho wonder that similar tools appear in some other contributions :

solid-state physics (J.P.Gaspard & Ph.Lambin) , networks (S.Hicaise)

The t h i r d s e c t i o n i s d e v o t e d t o f u n c t i o n a l a n a l y s i s a s p e c t s .

Algebra (of operators) and topology (in sequence spaces or

[generalized] functions spaces) meet here , introducing convergence

considerations that will of course reappear in many other sections .

One may recall that the fundamentals of the analysis of orthogonal

polynomials come from spectral properties of tridiagonal operators

(Jacobi matrices) acting on Hilbert spaces (J.Dieudonn~)

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X X X I V

One can define orthogonal polynomials with zespect to sets of the

complex plane . A very active Spanish school presents its researches

in this field in section q . The contributions ol the ~aro's ,

G.Lopez and P.Mevai are also linked to this subject .

Classical , b u t o f t e n difficult matters o f m a t h e m a t i c a l analysis

axe connected Mith the study o f measures and the related orthogonal

polynomials , especially as far as asymptotic properties are

concerned . See also G.Lopez and A.Magnus in other sections than the

present one (which is the n o 5) . Rakhmanov's theorem , a major

advance in this field , is commented , extended and used in Hevai's

and Loper' contributions .

The p a t t e r n s o~ z e r o s o~ o r h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s a r e i m p o r t a n t i n

many applications . Most of the contributions to this section 6 deal

uith accurate (or sharp) estimates . There is also an unexpected

reconstruction of moments from extreme zeros (inverse problem) .

Another phenomenon related to zeros is given by H.Stahl in next

section .

The u s e o f o r t h o g o n a l p o l y n o m i a l s i n a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h e o r y i s

c o n s i d e r e d i n s e c t i o n 7 . T h i s s u b j e c t i s c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o Pad~

a p p r o x i m a t i o n and v a r i o u s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s . S p e c i a l o r t h o g o n a l s e r i e s

a r e a l s o c o n s i d e r e d e l s e w h e r e , e s p e c i a l l y i n s e c t i o n 9 ( n u m e r i c a l

analysis) .

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X×XV

Special families of orthogonal polynomials are characterized by a

finite number of parameters . Up to now , classic~ orthogonal

polynomials form a very impressive five parameters family

(G.E.Andrews & R.Aske¥ , where you can also find the information of

Labelle's "Tableau d'Askey" , instead of damaging your eyes)

The constraints represented by the existence of functional equations

define also special families (M.Hahn)

This section 8 contains many contributions about special families ,

old or new , classical or not , characterized by their weight

function , recurrence relation , differential properties , etc... See

also the two next sections for applications and Koorn~inder's

contribution in section 3 .

Special families also help in making progress in apparently unrelated

domains of analysis . The final proof of a very famous conjecture ,

and how some participants to the meeting uere involved in it , was the

subject of many admirative comments ... (of course , we mean here

M.Gautschi , R.Askey and Bieberbach 's conjecture , see 'Et la

conjecture de Bieberbach devint le th~or~me de Louis de Branges...' by

C.A.Berenstein and D.H.Hamilton , La Recherche 16 (1985) 691-693 ) .

The invited contribution of M.Gautschi and the contents of section

9 deal with the numerical analysis of orthogonal polynomials .

Progresses in constructive stable methods of obtention , ingenious

algorithms , use in approximation and representation of functions ,

work uith series are presented here (see also A.Iserles & S.P.Hgrsett

in section I for ODE solvers) .

A p p l i c a t i o n s t o t h e n o n - m a t h e m a t i c a l mor ld ( b u t p r e s e n t e d i n a

lair mathematical way) follow in section 10 . One finds study of

matter , models of complex systems , including biological ones ,

signal analysis , statistical tools . Investigations on the editors

brains are sadly missing (can be left as a problem) .

Page 35: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

TABLEAU D'ASKEY

par

Jacques Labelle.

Universlt6 du Ou@beo ~ Montr6al

O6partement de Math@matiques et Informatique Case Postale 8888, Succursale "A"

Montreal PO, H3C3P8 CANAOA

La figure ci-contre pr4sente une r4duction d'un tableau r4sumant les propri~-

t~s des polyn6mes orthogonaux classiques (au sens de [ i]). Les relations entre

ces polyn6mes sont ~galement figur&es, d4montrant la prcfonde unit~ de l'ensemble.

Ce tableau tente de r~aliser un voeu exprim~ par R. Askey, qui l'a d'ailleurs r~a-

lis& lui-mE/ne dans un ouvrage r~cent [ 2] .

Les d&tails devenus invisibles (les dimensions originelles sont de 122 cmX89 crn),

peuvent ~tre reconstitu~s & la lecture du texte d'Andrewset Askey El~. On peut

aussi s'adresser ~ l'auteur.

A noter que les q-analogues n'ont pas 4t& pr4sent4s, leur inclusion n4cessitant

un graphe~ trois dimensions (r~flexion communiqu4epar R. Askey).

[ i]

[2]

G.E. ANDREWS, R. ASKEY Classical orthogonal polynomials, dans ce volume.

R. ASKEY,. J.A. WILSON, Some basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials

that generalize Jacobi polynomials. Memoirs Amer. Math. Soc. 1985.

Page 36: Lecture Notes in Mathematics - KU Leuven · 2011. 4. 21. · polynomials related to Ixl p exp (-x2m), for integer m. McCABE J., Some remarks on a result of Laguerre concerning con-

X X X V l l

,4~-7+)

• '+ ~ tl~+-...e ~,.v++~

, ~ , , , IS : "., ........ " < " ~ = ' 1 \ 1 . . . . . I<~-~:::='+l' . . . . . 1 \ k, d:,:,.'~;i.,~ ~" ........... . .2 \

i j ~ # ~ ~ " I "~ " "~.#.., " '~.#- ' " I

/ * - ~ - - " ' = ~ " 1

1 . . . . I ~ - ~ ' ~ ..... / .... "~=::::::: .... ,+ ......... , _ _ + , / - + , ~ ~

-- . . . . .

~,=.,.~ ~ ¢ ~ . - ~ ~+: -++.+,, . , ......... + + + + . . , .

7 t . . . . . . . . . . ~ [ l | • - " " ~ . ' ~ _ - - " - - . l [ ~ l . l i l l . b ~ / /

+m;2 . . . . . . .

I ~ : . , : ; " / : " E -+'- ' ' t P-m"""~D~+'L.~..+~-71 ,~'.,"".~":-~'~ . . . . . . . . . ~f.<~"'-"-~=~" I ' - ...... "~ ...... +"""z:°+"+'l z ~'72)1,, I~ r;'"'." ~ - " /

t -~ ............ - + + ....... +;+1 + - - +>J L- . . . . . . . . . . - + + t t . .-I* l ; .="'=~-~='---- ' . t i l lil k " ' ~ " ...... " . . . . . . '7 ~ I . i . | . | , l l . [ tz | / ~ ' ~ ' i ~ t ¥ ' ' " ~ ~ M " I ' ~ l

. ~ I I . . . . ,e.-~-Z¢',-:" " I - - - - - k - ~ , ~ . ~ . ' - k - - I +:' ~'".;-£~,- '~ /

' " - " <:; "-:~"2;. ~ - " /

l ii+,J +-+_-