lecture notes (topic 3)
TRANSCRIPT
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Department of Civil EngineeringFaculty of Engineering
Dr. Abdullahi Ali Mohamed
H21 IS1 :Sustainabletransport Planning
TOPIC 3 :SUSTAINABILITY
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Learning Objectives
1) To overview the definition of sustainable developmentin civil engineering projects
2) To understand the transport issues & essential ofsustainable transportation
3) To overview the national policy on environment,
towards sustainable transportation
References
1) C.S. Papacostas & P.D. Prevedouros. 2005.
Transportation Engineering & Planning. PearsonPrentice Hall.
2) Department of Environment Malaysia. National Policyon Environment. 2002
3) www.doe.gov.my
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Sustainable Development
o Sustainable development is
development that "meets theneeds of the present withoutcompromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their ownneeds.(Brundtland Report)
o
Sustainable development is oftenmisinterpreted as focusing solelyon environmental issues. In reality,it is a much broader concept assustainable development policiesencompass 3 general policy
areas : Economic
Environmental
Social
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Sustainable Development (continued)
o Sustainable Development is
development that attempts tobridge the divide betweeneconomic growth &environmental protection, whiletaking into account other issuestraditionally associated withdevelopment.
o It seeks to develop means ofsupporting economic growthwhile supporting biodiversity,relieving poverty & without
using up natural capital in theshort term at the expense oflong term development.
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Relevance to Civil Engineering & Transport
o Civil engineer will appear to have a bad image ifnot taken into account the environment whenplanning, designing & building a project.
o One of the biggest civil engineering sectors istransport, which is construction & maintenance ofinfrastructure for transport.
o Transport in itself is unsustainable as it harms theenvironment, which will in turn affect futuregenerations.
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Relevance to Civil Engineering & Transport(continued)
o Briefly these problems are:
Emissions from vehicles cause pollution (air ornoise) & global warming
Physical damage also occurs to the environmentthrough land use
Social & economic problems can arise throughdecreased accessibility & division of communities.Often ownership of (a) car(s) is used as a measureof affluence
Health problems will also occur, partly due to
pollution but also from road accidents Resource use is also a problem, with fossil fuel
supplies beginning to run out
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Relevance to Civil Engineering & Transport(continued)
o The development of sustainable transport should aimto promote economic growth & prosperity but at thesame time provide equal opportunities for all & theavailability of certain modes of transport should notaffect the qualityof one's life.
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Brief History of Sustainable Transportation
o The concept of sustainable transportation is a reaction
to some of the things that have gone radically & visiblywrong with transportation policy, practice &performance over the last half of the 20thin particular(unsustainable resource take, energy profligacy,pollution, declining service levels despite increasinginvestments, poor service for specific social &economic groups).
o Over most of the century, it was assumed thatadequate transportation structures needed to be builtsince they provide an essential underpinning togrowth & economic health.
o Accordingly the main concern of transport planners &policy makers was, the "supply" of transportation, &specifically in ensuring adequate infrastructure tosupport all projected requirements.
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Brief History of Sustainable Transportation(continued)
o The dominant approach was, therefore, to forecast &then build to meet.
o As a result, it is claimed by many analysts & observersthat most places have as a results heavily overbuilttheir physical transportation infrastructures, which infact has led to unsustainable levels of traffic &
resource use.
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Transport Issues
o Economic
Imbalance economic growth
Slow economic growth
o Environmental
Air pollution Noise pollution
Global warming
Energy consumption
o Social & Society
Traffic congestion
Road accident & Safety
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Transport Issues (continued)
o Air pollution
Air pollution is the presence of any chemical,physical (e.g. particulate matter), or biologicalagent that modifies the natural characteristics ofthe atmosphere.
Air pollutants is that is emitted directly from a givensource, such as the carbon monoxide or sulfurdioxide, all of which are by-products ofcombustion.
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Transport Issues (continued)
o Noise pollution
Usually called environmental noise in technicalvenues, is displeasing human- or machine-createdsound that disrupts the environment.
The overarching cause of most noise worldwide isgenerated by transportation systems, principallymotor vehicle noise, but also including aircraftnoise & rail noise.
Poor urban planning may also give rise to noisepollution, since juxtaposition of industrial toresidential land uses, for example, often results inadverse consequences for the residential acousticenvironment.
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Transport Issues (continued)
o Global warming
Global warming is the rise intemperature of the earth'satmosphere.
The increased amounts ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) & other
greenhouse gases (GHGs) arethe primary causes of thehuman-induced componentof warming.
They are released by theburning of fossil fuels, land
clearing & agriculture, etc. &lead to an increase in thegreenhouse effect.
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Transport Issues (continued)
o Energy consumption
Is a measure of the rate of energy use such as fuelsor electricity.
Essentially energy consumption seeks to quantifydynamic processes which create entropy.
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Transport Issues (continued)
o Traffic congestion
Traffic congestion is a road conditioncharacterised by slower speeds, longer triptimes, & increased queuing.
It occurs when roadway demand is greater thanits capacity.
A period of extreme traffic congestion iscolloquially known as a traffic jam.
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Transport Issues (continued)
o Road Accident & Safety
Road-traffic safety deals exclusively with roadtraffic crashes how to reduce their number & theirconsequences.
Aims to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, &property damage) resulting from crashes of roadvehicles travelling on public roads.
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Sustainable Transportation
o Also commonly referred to Sustainable Transport or
Sustainable Mobility.
o Sustainable transport is a phrase which was coined inthe late 20thcentury to describe all forms of transport,which minimise emissions of carbon dioxide &pollutants.
o Sustainable transport can mean public transport, carsharing (car pooling), walking & cycling as well astechnology such as electric / hybrid cars& biodiesel.
o Since its a sector-specific sub-set to the post-1988sustainable development movement, its often definedas Sustainable transportation is about meeting orhelping meet the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs.
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Sustainable Transportation (continued)
o Sustainable transport is about finding ways to move
people, goods & information in ways that reduce itsimpact on the environment, the economy & society(New Zealand Ministry for the Environment).
o Basically, the term encompasses a wide array ofeconomical, social & environmental effects that
should be taken into account when developing newtransport policy and/or projects in cities.
o Sustainable transportation concerns systems, policies& technologies.
o It aims for the efficient transit of goods & services, &sustainable freight & delivery systems.
o It is more about accessibility & mobility, than abouttransportation.
o Accessibility means the ability of reach desireddestination; mobility refers to amount of travel.
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Sustainable Transportation (continued)
o Some options of sustainable transportation :
Using transport modes that useenergy more efficiently, such aswalking or cycling, public transport
Improving transport choice byincreasing the quality of publictransport, cycling & walkingfacilities, services & environments
Improving the efficiency of our car use, such asusing more fuel efficient vehicles, driving moreefficiently, avoiding cold starts & car pooling
Using cleaner fuels & technologies
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Sustainable Transportation (continued)
Using telecommunications to reduce or replace
physical travel, such as tele-working or tele-shopping
Planning the layout of our cities to bring people &their needs closer together & to make cities morevibrant & walkable
Developing policies that allow & promote theseoptions
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National Policy on the Environment
o National Policy on the
Environment, which integratesthe 3 elements of sustainabledevelopment :
Economic
Social & cultural
development Environmental conservation
o It was formulated & approved in2002.
o The Policy aims at continued
economic, social & culturalprogress & enhancement of thequality of life of Malaysiansthrough environmentally sound& sustainable development.
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National Policy on the Environment(continued)
o It is based on 8 inter-related & mutually supporting
principles set to harmonise economic developmentgoals with environmental imperatives :
1) Stewardship of the Environment
2) Conservation of Nature's Vitality & Diversity
3) Continuous Improvement in the Quality of the
Environment4) Sustainable Use of Natural Resources
5) Integrated Decision-Making
6) Role of the Private Sector
7) Commitment & Accountability
8) Active Participation in the InternationalCommunity
o The National policy on the Environment serves as animportant guide to all stakeholders to ensure that theenvironment is clean, safe, healthy & productive.
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National Policy Towards SustainableTransportation
o Under the green strategies,
Energy conservation & the use of energy
efficienttechnology & process shall be promoted byappropriate pricing mechanisms, the setting ofefficiency standards, promoting technology transfer& providing consumer information.
The use of cleaner fossil fuels shall be encouraged.
Environmental consideration will be integrated intoall stages of development, programme planning &implementation & all aspects of policy making.
Investments in cost-effective, efficient. Lesspolluting & safer mass transportation system will bepromoted & encouraged.
Non-motorised transport will also be encouraged &control scheme will be develop & implemented.
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National Policy Towards SustainableTransportation (continued)
Integrated & effective cooperation &
coordination among government sectors& between government & other sectors,shall be enhanced in order to achieveefficient environmental management &protection.
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The EndThank You