lecture overview theories & concepts of motivation theories & concepts of motivation...
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Lecture Overview
• Theories & Concepts of Motivation
• Motivation & the brain• Theories & Concepts of Emotio
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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Motivation: Important Definitions
• Motivation: set of factors that activate, direct, & maintain behavior, usually toward some goal
• Emotion: subjective feeling including arousal, cognitions, & expressions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
• Three Components of Emotions
1. Physiological-- arousal comes from brain (particularly the limbic system) & autonomic nervous system (ANS)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
• Research Highlight• Mirror Neurons: brain cells that
fire both when performing specific actions and when observing specific actions or emotions of another; this “mirroring” may explain empathy, imitation, language, etc.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion
• Three Components of Emotion (Continued)
2. Cognitive--thoughts, values, & expectations
3. Behavioral--expressions, gestures, & body positions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
• Can you identify the social smile vs. the genuine, “Duchenne” smile? Real smiles involve muscles around both the eyes & cheeks. (Duchenne was a 19th C. neurologist who studied emotions & muscles.)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Theories & Concepts of Emotion-- Four Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange: subjective experience of emotion follows bodily arousal
• Cannon-Bard: arousal & emotion occur simultaneously
• Facial-Feedback: facial movements elicit arousal & specific emotions
• Schachter’s Two-Factor: arousal & label (or interpretation) produce emotion
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Culture, Evolution, & Emotion
• Cultural similarities & differences: 7 to 10 culturally universal emotions, but each culture has its own display rules governing how, when, & where to express emotions
• Role of evolution: strong biological, evolutionary basis for emotional expression & decoding
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010