lecture01.ppt
DESCRIPTION
Inorganic ChemistryTRANSCRIPT
http://www.cchem.berkeley.edu/~pdygrp/chem104a.html
Chemistry 104AInorganic Chemistry
An introduction to inorganic chemistry Topics covered will include:
atomic structures, periodic trends, symmetry and group theory, inorganic solids, molecular orbital theory, molecular structure, acid-base chemistry, band theory, and descriptive chemistry of the main group elements.
Completion of a general chemistry sequence (chemistry 1B, 3A or 4B) is prerequisite.
Chemistry 104AInorganic Chemistry
Miessler, G. L., Tarr, D. A. Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1999
DeKock and Gray, Chemical Structure and Bonding, 2nd Ed., University Science Books, 1989
Vincent, Molecular Symmetry and Group Theory, Wiley, 2001.
Chemistry 104AInorganic Chemistry
Cotton, Wilkinson, and Gaus, Basic Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, 1995
Cotton, Chemical Applications of Group Theory, Wiley, 1990
Douglas, McDaniel, and Alexander, Concepts and Models of Inorganic Chemistry, Wiley, 1994
Huheey, Keiter, and Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry, 4th Ed. HaperCollins, 1993
Shriver, Atkins, and Langford, Inorganic Chemistry, W. H. Freeman, 1990
Porterfield, Inorganic Chemistry, Academic Press, 1993
Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th Ed., Wiley, 1998
Greenwood and Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Butterworth Heineman, 1997
Atomic Structure
Periodic Trends
Symmetry and Group Theory
Ionic Solids
Molecular Orbital Theory
Band Theory
Acid Base Chemistry
Main Group Chemistry
Grading:
Problem sets (6) 10%Exam 1 25%Exam 2 25%Final 40%
Instructor: Professor Peidong YangB68 Hild.Tel: 643-1545E-Mail: [email protected] Hours:
Fridays 1:30 – 3:30 pm TA: Andrea Tao ([email protected]), Wednesday. 4-6 pmLori Greene ([email protected]), Monday. 1-3 pm
What is inorganic chemistry?
Required course for a BS degree in chemistry.
Organic Chemistry:the chemistry of lifethe chemistry of hydrocarbon compoundsC, H, N, O
Inorganic Chemistry:Non-living chemistryChemistry of “everything else”Chemistry of the entire periodic table
Taxol
The natural source, the Pacific yew tree, is an environmentally protected species, which is also one of the slowest growing trees in the world. Isolation of the compound, which is contained in the bark, involves killing the tree, and the quantities available by this method are pitifully small. It would take six 100-year old trees to provide enough taxol to treat just one patient.
Taxol: the drug that now has the generic name "paclitaxel", and the registered tradename "Taxol ®" (Bristol-Myers Squibb Company)
Carbon: 4 bondsHydrogen: 1 bondNitrogen: 3 bondsOxygen: 2 bonds
Constant “atomicity” (valence)
August Kekule (1829-1896, German)
Organic molecules: successfulInorganic molecules: ???
Organic Compounds
Inorganic
Compounds
Single Bond
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Quadruple bond
Coordination No. Constant Diverse
Geometry Fixed Diverse
[Re2Cl8]2-
Quadruple Bond
Oil Refining: Catalysts for converting crude oil to gasoline
One way to smelt iron is in a blast furnace made from coal and limestone (CaCO3). Huge quantities of air blast in at the bottom of the furnace. The calcium in the limestone combines with the silicates to form slag. At the bottom of the blast furnace, liquid iron collects along with a layer of slag on
top. Periodically, you let the liquid iron flow out and cool.
Steel RefiningSteel Refining
Semiconductor IndustrySemiconductor Industry
SuperconductorSuperconductor
Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
Total Synthesis of TaxolTotal Synthesis of Taxol
Need catalysts!
Bioinorganic ChemistryBioinorganic Chemistry
Hemoglobin
Common applications of inorganic chemistry
Catalysts: aluminum oxides, zeolites, transition metalsSemiconductors: Si, Ge, GaAs, InPPolymers: silicones, (SiR2)n, polyphosphazenes
Superconductors: NbN, YBa2Cu3O7-x, Bi2Sr2CaCu2Oz
Magnetic Materials: Fe, SmCo5, Nd2Fe14B
Lubricants: graphite, MoS2
Nanostructured materials: nanoclusters, nanowires and nanotubeFertilizers: NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4
Paints: TiO2, PbCrO4
Disinfectants/oxidants: Cl2, Br2, I2, MnO4-
Water treatment: Ca(OH)2, Al2(SO4)3
Industrial processes: H2SO4, NaOH, CO2
Organic synthesis: reaction catalystsBiology: Vitamin B12, hemoglobin, Fe-S protein
What you will you be able to do after taking this course?What you will you be able to do after taking this course?
Predicting IR spectra, chemical analysis
Knowing Crystal StructuresKnowing Crystal Structures
Understanding Molecular OrbitalsUnderstanding Molecular OrbitalsUnderstand chemical reactionUnderstand chemical reaction
Atomic StructureAtomic StructureReading: MT 1,2; DG 1
Rutherford BackScatteringRutherford BackScattering
1913, Danish Physicist, Niels Bohr1913, Danish Physicist, Niels Bohr
Electrostatic Fe=Outward Fo
2
22
r
e
r
vm e
Total Energy:Total Energy:
EE == KE + PEKE + PE
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
evmE e
2
)(2
1
)(2
1
2
22
22
E <0What would be lowest energy state? R 0
Energy Quantized (Planck Equation)
E = h
Angular Momentum of electron is quantized.
mev.r = nh/2
Come to the rescue….
sJh .1062.6 34rm
nhv
e2
Velocity of the electron quantized
rm
nhv
e2
2
22
r
e
r
vm e
02
22
22
4an
em
hnr
en
r1=Bohr radius =a0=0.529 Ao
r
e
r
e
r
e
r
evmE e
2
)(2
1
)(2
1
2
22
22
222
422 2
2 n
k
hn
em
r
eE e
nn
k= 13.606 eV
1
1
22
10824,97492,82259
109679
/1
)11
(
cmv
Lyman
cmR
wavenumbermn
Rv
H
H
H
Calculating the emission line:Calculating the emission line:
from level m to level n
Bohr Model can NOT explain Zeeman effect.
Dual Nature of MatterReading: MT 2, DG 1
1924, French physicist Louis de Broglie:
All matter possesses wave properties
p
h
mv
h
Baseball: 200gSpeed: 3000 cm/sec (67 miles/hour)
cm3210
Electron:
Same velocity
g2710
m 20Experimental evidence: electron diffraction
The uncertainty principleThe uncertainty principle1927, Werner Heisenberg1927, Werner Heisenberg
It is impossible to know simultaneously both the momentum and the position of a particle with certainty.
4))((
hxpx
sJh 341062.6
Baseball: 200gSpeed: 3000cm/sec (67 miles/hour)
Electron:
Same velocity
g2710
Accuracy: one part per trillion
cmx
cmgp
cmgp
21
17
15
10
sec106
sec106
cmx
cmgp
cmgp
9
136
124
10
sec103
sec103
Electron motion: wavefunction Schrodinger wave equation (1926):
nergypotrntialeV
ytotalenergE
sPlanckh
massm
scoordinatezyx
ioneigenfunctonwavefuncti
EVzyxm
h
:
:
':
:
:,,
/:
)(8 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
H
EH : Hamiltonian operator