lecture1 (d. geman)

7/29/2019 Lecture1 (D. Geman)

1/74

[WNWO[WOKNF FLNYCOCA OC KNCKLYIODFDA_: FLKW\YL >

Gdcnfg Alenc& Eokhnlf Dkhs& Fnurlct _duclsJdhcs Hdp`ocs \cvlrsoty

LC[%Knkhnc

Blirunry 1& 9=>;


2/74

D\WFOCL

[kdpl db thl [lrols

[ystles Iodfday td [ystles Elgokocl Lnrfy [ukklss [tdrols ncg Khnfflcals

Klctrnf Gdaen

Kncklr: Borst Edglf

9 $ 21


3/74

FLKW\YL [LYOL[

Flkturl >: Octrdguktodc (GA/

Flkturl 9: Kncklr Iodfday (ED/

Flkturl ;: Klff [oacnfoca Cltwdr`s (ED/

Flkturl 7: Alcltok Rnrontodc (GA/

Flkturl


4/74

OC[OGL WHL [LYOL[

{Kdctlct} {Kdeputntodcnf Edflkufnr Elgokocl}

Kdeputntodcnf: Whrll poffnrs: hypdthlsos tlstoca& stntostoknf flnrcoca ncg

stdkhnstok edglfoca ncg soeufntodc# [tntostoknf flnrcocans prdxy bdr nff thrll#

Edflkufnr: Ns oc edflkufnr iodfday& sd ocvdfvoca iodedflkufls oc klffs&

enocfy GCN& YCN ncg prdtlocs# Elgokocl:

Nssdkontoca alcltok vnrontodc woth goslnsl0 ]rlgoktoca phlcdtypls brde edflkufnr kdcklctrntodcs0 \cglrstncgoca goslnsl oc thl kdctlxt db edflkufnr cltwdr`s

db alcls ncg alcl prdgukts0

7 $ 21


5/74

D\W[OGL WHL [LYOL[

Wlkhcdfday: (Nfedst/ cdthoca nidut ngvnckls oc alclrntoca deoks gntn# Oc pnrtokufnr& cdthoca nidut clxt%alc xyz& gntn nkquosotodc&

gntn prlprdklssoca#

Bdr us& gntn nrl n entrox db cueilrs# [dbtwnrl:

Kdeputntodcnf gdls cdt stncg bdrkdeputlr%inslg# Cdthoca dc pnk`nals bdr oepflelctoca splkok nfadrothes&

dc tddfs bdr thl kdeeucoty& dr dc Y dr ncy dthlr

prdarneeoca fncaunal#

Elgoknf Ocbdrentoks: Cdthoca nidut stdroca& rltrolvoca&drancozoca& shnroca gntn#

< $ 21


6/74

RNYONIFL[

Edglrc knpturl glvokls lcnifl thl soeuftncldus ncgqunctotntovl nsslsselct db ency edflkufnr stntls:

YCN (eYCN& eoYCN& ltk#/ lxprlssodc# Eltnidfotl qunctokntodc# GCN pdfyedrphose elnsurlelcts (l#a#& [C]s/# ]rdtloc qunctokntodc (l#a#& von Enss[plk/# Elthfyntodc nrrnys#

GCN%prdtloc iocgoca (l#a#& KHO]%Khop/#

2 $ 21


7/74

QH_ [WNWO[WOKNF FLNYCOCA4

Edflkufnr gntn nrl stdkhnstok# Qothoc socafl klffs& YCN ncg prdtloc lxprlssodc nrl

ochlrlctfy stdkhnstok# Enssovl vnroniofoty oc thl huenc alcdel brde plrsdc td

plrsdc# [oeofnrfy brde tossul td tossul ncg phlcdtypl td phlcdtypl#

Edflkufnr gntn nrl hoah%goelcsodcnf# Ncnfyzoca thle iy hncg dr iy ocsplktodc os oepdssoifl# Kdeputntodcnf elthdgs nrl clklssnry bdr ucionslg

goskdvlry& hypdthlsos alclrntodc ncg soeufntodc#

1 $ 21


8/74

D\WFOCL

[kdpl db thl [lrols

[ystles Iodfday td [ystles Elgokocl

Lnrfy [ukklss [tdrols ncg Khnfflcals

Klctrnf Gdaen

Kncklr: Borst Edglf

8 $ 21


9/74

FN[W KLCW\Y_: ALCL%KLCWYOK QDYFG

Krok`s klctrnf gdaen os n gorlktodcnffy dcl wny volw db thlalcltok kdgl ncg fovoca systles#

Whl alcdel os thl ifulproct ncg idd` db fobl#

Bucktodc ncg goslnsl nrosl brde splkok alcls (alcltok

gltlreocose/# Nc drancoses phlcdtypl ncg rlspdcsl td ncy

lcvordcelctnf stoeufus knc thldrltoknffyil gltlreoclg ob otsalcdel os kdepfltlfy khnrnktlrozlg#

N adfg rush bdr goslnsl alcls iy thl phnrenklutoknfocgustry#

Huenc Alcdel ]rdjlkt

? $ 21


10/74

YLRO[ODC: [_[WLE[ IODFDA_

\cglrstncgoca goslnsl& glvlfdpelct ncg klff bucktodcocvdfvls n kdepflx& octlrwdvlc cltwdr` db pnrts#

HA] prdvogls dcfy n pnrts fost& ncg eokl ncg elc hnvl

nidut thl snel fost#

Alcls ncg thlor prdgukts gd cdt nkt ocglplcglctfy& iutocstlng nrl drancozoca octd bucktodcnf ucots#

Bucktodc ncg goslnsl nrl gltlreoclg iy cltwdr`

octlrnktodcs# [plkols gobblrlckls nrosl brde thl drkhlstrntodcdb alcl

lxprlssodc#

Whl dijlktovl os thlc td ncnfyzl rlfntodcshopsnedcaiodedflkufls oc thl kdctlxt db n cltwdr`#

>= $ 21


11/74

[_[WLE[ IODFDA_ (KDCW/

Whlrlbdrl& nc octlarntovl& kdeputntodcnf npprdnkh tdiodfday glsoaclg td nkholvl n systles ucglrstncgoca#

Lcniflg iy thl gntn rlvdfutodc& o#l#& thl deoks

tlkhcdfdaols# [ystle prdplrotls nrl flnrclg brde gntn#

Octlarntovl elncs dvlr euftopfl iodfdaoknf sknfls ncgedflkufnr nalcts& hlckl gobblrlct brde thl trngotodcnf

rlguktodcost npprdnkh#

Nt thos flvlf db kdepflxoty& enthlentoknf edglfoca os

ocglsplcgsnifl bdr prlgoktoca systle prdplrtols# Oc pnrtokufnr& n gllp ucglrstncgoca rlquorls n stntostoknf

khnrnktlrozntodc: flnrcoca thl fo`lfy ncg ucfo`lfy edflkufnr

kdcklctrntodcs& cdt just ocgovogunffy iut kdfflktovlfy#

>> $ 21


12/74

WDQNYG[ [_[WLE[ ELGOKOCL

Goslnsls knc il lxpfnoclg ns plrturintodcs db alcltok&

edflkufnr ncg klffufnr cltwdr`s#

Bdr lxnepfl& bdr grua glsoac ot os clklssnry td ucglrstncg

tnralt rlspdcsl wothoc thl kdctlxt db physodfdaoknf cltwdr`s#

Oc prockopfl& tdpdfdaoknf ncg stntostoknf soacnturls (l#a#&

fo`lfohddg rntods/ knc ocbdre kfocoknf glkosodcs#

Kdcslqulctfy& sdel tddfs nrl oc pfnkl td nppfy [I td

huenc goslnsls#

[ystles elgokocl: Whl nppfokntodc db systles iodfday

npprdnkhls td elgoknf rlslnrkh ncg prnktokl#

>9 $ 21


13/74

IODENY@LY[

[delthoca elnsurnifl whokh knrrols ocbdrentodc nidut thl

dkkuftstntl db thl goslnsl# Hlckl n surrdantl bdr thlstntl db octlrlst#

Wypls: Gonacdstok: skrllcoca iodenr`lrs brde slrue& oenaoca&

snfovn dr urocl# [plkokoty gdeocntls# ]rdacdstok: inslg dc tuedr tossul (l#a#& lxprlssodc& KCR/#

[lcsotovoty gdeocntls# ]rlgoktovl db trlntelct dutkdel: inslg dc tuedr tossul#

>; $ 21


14/74

[]LKOBOK DIJLKWORL[

Goskdvlr iodenr`lrs ncg iodenr`lr octlrnktodcs bdr goslnsl

prdarlssodc whokh nrl kfocoknffy uslbuf bdr lnrfy gonacdsos&

ros` nsslsselct& prdacdsos ncg plrsdcnfozlg trlntelct#

Lfukogntl thl pnthdphysodfdaoknf elkhncoses dbeuftobnktdronf$khrdcok goslnsls (l#a#&kncklr& goniltls&

dilsoty& eltnidfok gosdrglrs& naoca/#

Glvlfdp strntlaols bdr kdeiocntdronf grua thlrnpols ncg

skrllcocas& tlst lbblktovl trlntelct& ncg prlgokt gruaslbblkts ncg sogl%lbblkts#

>7 $ 21


15/74

D\WFOCL

[kdpl db thl [lrols



Klctrnf Gdaen

Kncklr: Borst Edglf

>< $ 21


16/74

KNCKLY GONACD[O[: ADF\I LW NF >???

Oc >?2=s& nkutl flu`leons wlrl govoglg octd nkutlfyephdifnstok flu`leon (NFF/ ncg nkutl eylfdog flu`leon

(NEF/#

[lpnrntodc wns inslg dc hostdkhleoknf tlstoca& ncg fntlr

dc nctoidgy%inslg tlstoca# Oc lothlr knsl& thlrl wns cd socafl lstnifoshlg tlst td en`l

thos gonacdsos#

Adfui lt nf uslg suplrvoslg enkhocl flnrcoca td flnrc n

prlgoktdr db NFF vs NEF inslg dc n soacnturl db alcllxprlssodc vnfuls#

Clw flu`leon knsls kdufg thlc il kfnssolg brde

eokrdnrrny gntn lxtrnktlg brde tossul#

>2 $ 21


17/74

[\IW_]L GO[KDRLY_: NFOZNGLH LW NF 9===

Whl nuthdrs elnsurlg alcl lxprlssodc oc snepfls brdepntolcts gonacdslg woth gobbusl fnral I%klff fyephden& n

kncklr db I%fyephdkytls#

]rlvodusfy& sukh kncklrs wlrl govoglg octd fdw%&

octlrelgontl% ncg hoah%arngl kntladrols inslg dc ardwthpnttlrcs ncg oeeucdhostdkhleostry#

Nfoznglh nppfolg holrnrkhoknf kfustlroca td thlsl gntn&

rlvlnfoca n govosodc db I%klff fyephden snepfls octd nc

lqunf spfot db twd suitypls# Edrldvlr& pntolcts rltrdsplktovlfy gledcstrntlg soacoknct

gobblrlckls oc survovnf (@npfnc%Elolr ncnfysos/#

>1 $ 21


18/74

WHLYN]L\WOK[: I\WWL LW NF 9===

Alclrntlg hypdthlsls nidut bucktodcnf rlfntodcshopsiltwllc pnors db alcls ncg phnrenklutoknfs#

Wwd gntninsls: Inslfocl eokrdnrrny elnsurlelcts db 21=> alcls oc n

stncgnrgozlg slt db 2= huenc kncklr klff focls# Grua susklptoiofoty elnsurlelcts bdr thl snel klff focls&

nkrdss clnrfy 8 $ 21


19/74

HO[WD]NWHDFDA_: YNEN[QNE_ LW NF 9==>

Hostdpnthdfday: stugy db goslnslg tossul iy slktodcoca&

stnococa& ncg eufto%rlsdfutodc eokrdskdpy#

Kdeputntodcnf elthdgs knc gltlreocl whlthlr sukhsnepfls qunctotntovlfy rlsleifl n goslnsl#

\soca suppdrt vlktdr enkhocls& Ynenswney lt nf& 9==>&

prlgoktlg thl droaocnf sdurkl db n kncklr aovlc just n

eltnstntok snepfl#

>? $ 21


20/74

D\WFOCL

[kdpl db thl [lrols



Klctrnf Gdaen

Kncklr: Borst Edglf

9= $ 21

I C _


21/74

I\W CDW _LW

Iut glspotl thlsl prdeosoca ilaoccocas ncg pdst%HA]tlkhcdfdaoknf ngvnckls& ncg woth blw lxklptodcs& thlrlsufts td gntl brde kdeputntodcnf flnrcoca nrl cdt

subkolctfy nkkurntl dr rlprdgukoifl bdr kfocoknf usl#

Oc pnrtokufnr& thl lbblkt db deoks gntn dc grua goskdvlry ncgthl oglctokntodc db cdvlf& edrl lbblktovl thlrnpols hns illc

foeotlg#

Ncg ot rlenocs uckflnr hdw lxnktfy td lxtrnkt uslbuf elgoknf

`cdwflgal brde lxplroelctnf gntn& whlrl uslbuf elncsnkholvoca hoahlr prlkosodc ncg pntolct ilclt thnc knc il

kurrlctfy ditnoclg woth trngotodcnf kfockonf prnktokl#

9> $ 21

G


22/74

GNWN

G : Hoah%goelcsodcnf& hoah%thrduahput alcdeok gntn#

Whl trngotodcnf npprdnkh lxplroelctnf ncg

edflkufl%iy%edflkufl os cdt blnsoifl bdr thos flvlf db

kdepflxoty# N prockopflg enthlentoknf npprdnkh hns ilkdel

ocgosplcsoifl bdr lxtrnktoca `cdwflgal brde G#

Bdr lxnepfl& dvlr thl fnst glkngl stntostoknf flnrcoca hns

lelralg ns n kdrl elthdgdfday bdr thl ncnfysos db G#

99 $ 21

I O W


23/74

INYYOLY O: WLKHCDFDAOKNF

Kdfflktoca G usunffy rlquorls nc ocvnsovl prdklgurl#

G os dbtlc db fdw qunfoty& glarnglg iy fni ncg intkh lbblkts#

Whl cueilr db snepfls oc G os usunffy ocsubkolct tdrlprlslct thl pdpufntodcs ucglr stugy& ncg tdd senff td

alclrntl rlsufts whokh nrl stntostoknffy rdiust ncg

kdcsostlct nkrdss stugols ncg glvokls#

9; $ 21

I OO W [ D


24/74

INYYOLY OO: WYNC[FNWODCNF

Qoth dbb%thl%shlfb stntostoknf flnrcoca tlkhcoquls& thl flnrclg

edglfs ncg glkosodc rufls usunffy ocvdfvl cdcfoclnr

bucktodcs db n arlnt ency vnronifls# Kdcslqulctfy& ot os gobkuft td fdd` ucglr thl hddg& ylt

thlrl os ngglg vnful oc trncspnrlcky bdr `cdwflgal

goskdvlry ncg trlntelct glsoac#

97 $ 21

INYYOLY OOO ENWHLENWOKNF


25/74

INYYOLY OOO: ENWHLENWOKNF

Whl enthlentoknf khnfflcals nrl bdreognifl ilknusl c& thl

cueilr db snepfls& os vlry senff rlfntovl td g& thl cueilr

db edflkufnr splkols nssnylg#

Oglnffy& c g# Oc prnktokl& c g#

Hlckl& oc volw db trngl%dbbs iltwllc ions ncg vnronckl&

ockdrpdrntoca rokh n prodro`cdwflgal td kdcstrnoc thl

rlprlslctntodcs db G eny il ucnvdognifl#

9< $ 21

W_]OKNF KN[L[


26/74

W_]OKNF KN[L[

Gltlkt goslnsl phlcdtypls brde eokrdnrrny gntn woth

g 5 >=& === trncskropts ncg c5 >== (dr blwlr/ pntolcts#

Elnsurl thl glarll db phlcdtypok%rlaufntodc oc pnthwnyswoth g 5 >== alcls bdr c5 >== snepfls#

Ocblr thl stntostoks (ncg pdssoify thl woroca gonarne/ db

soacnfoca ncg alcl rlaufntdry cltwdr`s woth g 5 >==vnronifls (alcls& prdtlocs/ ncg c5 >== snepfls#

92 $ 21

[ENFF C FNYAL G: DCL KDC[L^\LCKL


27/74

[ENFF C& FNYAL G: DCL KDC[L^\LCKL

Gltlreococa soacoknckl db cgocas os prdiflentok# Eust kdeplcsntl bdr enssovl tlstoca#

Lxnepfl: \soca eokrdnrrnys ditnoclg bdr twd phlcdtypls

N& I& tlst thl hypdthlsos db cd gobblrlckl oc gostroiutodc bdr

lnkh db 7=&=== alcls (trncskropts/# Whos alclrntls n p%vnful bdr lnkh alcl0 tn`l =#=< ns thl

thrlshdfg#

Whlc lvlc ob N 5 I& dc nvlrnal ydu goskdvlr 9===

gobblrlctonffy lxprlsslg alcls# Edtovntls n gllplr stntostoknf ncnfysos& ockfugoca bnfsl

goskdvlry rntls#

91 $ 21

LXNE]FL: OE]YDRLG ]YLRLCWORL KNYL


28/74

LXNE]FL: OE]YDRLG ]YLRLCWORL KNYL

[tncgnrg fni rlpdrt (l#a#& brde ifddg dr urocl/ usls

iodenr`lrs X>& X9& ###: Ob Xo 3 & khlk` dut goslnsls n& i

Elnsuroca octlrnktodcsnedca alcltok enr`lrs ncg

edflkufnr kdcklctrntodcs knc rlvlnf edrl ocbdrentodc: Oba(Xo& Xj& X / 3 & khlk` ###

Iut whnt os thl roaht slt {a} db bucktodcs& edglfs drkdeiocntdronf fdaok4

Qhnt woff senff c& fnral g nffdw4

98 $ 21

LXNE]FL: ]LY[DCNFOZLG KNCKLY


29/74

LXNE]FL: ]LY[DCNFOZLG KNCKLY

WYLNWELCW

[tncgnrg trlntelct (prdacdsos& khdokl db gruas/ os inslg

dc pdpufntodc stntostoks# Iut& enssovl govlrsoty nedca tuedrs db thl snel alclrnf

kntladry gul td gobblroca eutntodcnf soacnturls#

Hdw rokh n sui%kntladrozntodc knc wl nbbdrg inslg dc thl

nvnofnifl gntn4

9? $ 21

LXNE]FL: EDFLK\FNY GONACD[O[ DB


30/74

LXNE]FL: EDFLK\FNY GONACD[O[ DB

GO[LN[L

Goslnsls nrl dbtlc thl rlsuft db plrturilg iodedflkufnr

cltwdr`s& flngoca td gobblrlckls oc thl niucgnckls db

iodedflkufls (l#a#& eYCN& prdtlocs& eltnidfotls/#

Ncnfyzoca thlsl gobblrlckls lcnifls flnrcoca prlgoktdrs db

goslnsl prlslckl& stntus ncg rlspdcsl td trlntelct#

Oc pnrtokufnr& trncskroptdeoks prdvogls thl afdinf eYCN

lxprlssodc db pnrtokufnr tossul lxpdsoca trncskroptodcnf

gobblrlckls nedca goslnsls#

Qhnt enr`lr octlrnktodcs gd thlsl gntn rlvlnf4

;= $ 21

GNCALYD\[ FONO[DC[


31/74

GNCALYD\[ FONO[DC[

Kdeputntodcnf iodfday& vosodc ncg spllkh: Hoah%goelcsodcnf gntn (fnral g/ N pnttlrc goskdvlry kdrl

Iut oepdrtoca elthdgdfday td iodfday os gncalrdus: Dur c os drglrs db enacotuglsenfflr0 Ifnk` idxls nrl dbtlc n foniofoty#

Knelrn bnkl gltlktdrs wlrl glvlfdplg woth edrl snepfls thlc thl

tdtnf cueilr db (puifokfy nvnofnifl/ huenc alcl khops (rduahfy

c5 7


32/74

D\WFOCL

[kdpl db thl [lrols



Klctrnf Gdaen

Kncklr: Borst Edglf

;9 $ 21

GCN


33/74

GCN

;; $ 21

]NK@NAOCA OC WHL C\KFL\[


34/74

]NK@NAOCA OC WHL C\KFL\[

Whl huenc alcdel os nidut >#8 eltlrs fdca ncg thl

cukflus db n klff os 2 >=2

eltlrs oc goneltlr GCN os knrlbuffy pnk`nalg octd thl cukflus oc n rlaufntlg

wny0 pnk`naoca os kdrrlfntlg woth alcl lxprlssodc ncg

thlrlbdrl phlcdtypl#

;7 $ 21

YCN


35/74

YCN

Yoidcukflok nkog

[ocafl%strncglg

suanr%phdsphntl ink`idcl

woth cukfldtogls# \rnkof(\/ ocstlng db

Whyeocl(W/#

Knc iocg td GCN dr YCN#

Ydfls: ocbdrentodc knrrolr&rlaufntdry& lczyentok#

;< $ 21

W_]L[ DB YCN


36/74

W_]L[ DB YCN

eYCN: tn`ls ocbd brde GCN ncg lckdgls prdtlocs

rYCN: pfntbdre ncg lcvordcelct bdr prdtloc sycthlsos

tYCN: irocas neocd nkogs oc td bdre prdtlocs eoYCN: rlaufntdry ncg dthlr bucktodcs

soYCN: rlaufntdry ncg dthlr bucktodcs

roidzyels: hual nrrny db bucktodcs

;2 $ 21

KLCWYNF GDAEN


37/74

KLCWYNF GDAEN

;1 $ 21

WYNC[KYO]WODC: GCN WD YCN


38/74

WYNC[KYO]WODC: GCN WD YCN

Fdts db rlaufntodc rlquorlg#

GCN oc cukflus os vlry

kdepnkt#

YCN pdfyelrnsl cllg

nssdkontlg bnktdrs oc drglr td

iocg#

;8 $ 21

WYNC[FNWODC: YCN WD ]YDWLOC


39/74

[ D D D

;? $ 21

ALCLWOK KDGL: EYCN [L^\LCKL WD


40/74

]YDWLOC [L^\LCKL

Neocd nkogs nrl lckdglg iy tropflts db cukfldtogls knfflg

kdgdcs#

Whl kdgl os cdc%dvlrfnppoca ncg kdeen%brll#

Ot os nfsd rlgucgnct: thlrl nrl 27 pdssoifl kdgdcs ncg 9=

neocd nkogs (ncg n splkonf stdp kdgdc/#

Whl stnrt kdgdc os N\A (Elthodcocl/#

7= $ 21

]YDWLOC[


41/74

]dfyelrs woth 9= neocd nkogs ns iuofgoca ifdk`s#

Cd kdepflelctnry pnoroca# ]lrbdre vortunffy nff wdr` oc thl drancose: lczyels&

trncspdrt& soacnfoca# ]rdtlocs kdel oc ency gobblrlct shnpls ncg sozls#

7> $ 21

KHYDED[DEL[


42/74

[ocafl strncgs db GCN#

[plkols hnvl gobblrlct khrdedsdel cueilrs ncg fnyduts# ]rd`nrydtls: dcl socafl korkufnr khrdedsdel& cd cukflus# Rorusls: fdts db fottfl polkls# Huencs: 99 khrdedsdels pfus slx khrdedsdels (X ncg

_/& gopfdog#

ede gng `og

79 $ 21

L]OALCLWOK[


43/74

Elncs dutsogl alcl Lpoalcdel kdctrdfs klff typl splkok ilhnvodrs#

Lpoalcltok enr`s ncg edgokntodcs gd cdt nftlr thl GCN

slqulckl#

Whlsl enr`s hnvl prdbducg bucktodcnf kdcslqulckls ncgnrl hlrotnifl& ncg rlspdcsoifl bdr oeproctoca#

Whly knc knusl dr il nftlrlg iy goslnsl#

Lxnepfls: Kytdsocl elthyfntodc (KpA/ Hostdcl edgokntodcs (elthyfntodc& nkltyfntodc& ltk#/ Dthlr cukfldtogl edgokntodcs (hygrdxy%N& hygrdxy%K& ltk#/

7; $ 21

L]OALCLWOK[ OC KNCKLY


44/74

Kncklr klffs shdw slrodus gosruptodc oc dvlrnff elthyfntodc0alclrnffy hypdelthyfntlg iut lxtrlelfy pntkhy#

Elthyfntodc supprlssls trncskroptodc ncg os oepdrtnct oc

alcl rlaufntodc (ncg trncspdsdc rlaufntodc/#

Gysrlaufntodc db lpoalcltok enr`s knusls fnral%sknflkhncals oc alcl lxprlssodc#

[ukklssbuf gruas hnvl kdel brde HGNK ochoiotdrs ncg

GCEW ochoiotdrs#

Elthyfntodc stntus ditnoclg brde eokrdnrrnys ncgslqulckoca tlkhdfdaols#

77 $ 21

D\WFOCL


45/74

[kdpl db thl [lrols



Klctrnf Gdaen

Kncklr: Borst Edglf

7< $ 21

KNCKLY


46/74

N goslnsl db thl alcls gul td thl nkkueufntodc db alcltok

nftlrntodcs dvlr toel thnt flngs td uckdctrdfflg klff ardwth

ncg prdfoblrntodc# Nc nkquorlg alcltok gosdrglr#

72 $ 21

KNCKLY


47/74




Coclty plrklct db glnths rlsuft brde eltnstnsos& elncocathnt kncklr klffs eoarntl td gostnct drancs ncg rlpfnkl

cdrenf klffs uctof thl dranc cd fdcalr bucktodcs#

72 $ 21

KNCKLY


48/74




Coclty plrklct db glnths rlsuft brde eltnstnsos& elncocathnt kncklr klffs eoarntl td gostnct drancs ncg rlpfnkl

cdrenf klffs uctof thl dranc cd fdcalr bucktodcs#

Gobblrlckls oc nal nt thl dcslt db kncklr rllkt gobblrlct

fntlcky plrodgs db thl vnrodus typls db kncklr#

72 $ 21

BOWCL[[ DB KNCKLY KLFF[


49/74

Niofoty td prdfoblrntl#

]rdplcsoty td ocvngl: irln` nwny brde thl tuedr ncg lctlr

surrducgoca tossuls#

Niofoty td eltnstnsozl: sprlng td n cdc%ngjnklct idgy dranc

thrduah thl ifddg strlne#

Ylsostnckl td gruas ncg thlrnpols& l#a#& ocslcsotovoty td

grua%ocguklg npdptdsos#

71 $ 21

E\WNWODC[


50/74

Oc n ardup db rlpfokntoca klffs& thl prdiniofoty db n eutntodc

nrosoca brde GCN kdpyoca os >=? plr cukfldtogl plr klff#

[hdufg n klff nkquorl n eutntodc oc n alcl thnt kdcblrs n

ardwth ngvnctnal& ot woff ilaoc td dutardw ots irlthrlc# Edrl

rlpfokntodc lvlcts elnc edrl eutntodc lvlcts#

[uislqulct hots knc nbblkt whlthlr dr cdt klffs gol whlc

thly nrl suppdslg td (n prdklss knfflg npdptdsos/& ncg

klffs thnt gd cdt gol knc rlpfokntl edrl#

Qhlc eleilrs db thl kfdcnf pdpufntodc hnvl nkkrulg

lcduah eutntodcs& thly woff lxplrolckl ardss khncals ocedrphdfday ncg fdcalvoty& ncg thly woff il nifl td irln`

nwny td fdgal oc dthlr drancs (n prdklss knfflg eltnstnsos/#

78 $ 21

]OKW\YL[


51/74

Cdrenf Kdfdc

Nglcden

Knrkocden

Elfstrde lt nf& gdo:>=#>>=18%=7;9#KKY%=1%72;>

7? $ 21

]YDAYL[[ODC


52/74


53/74

$ 21

]YDAYL[[ODC


54/74


55/74


56/74


57/74


58/74


59/74

Klff surbnkl db n fovlr shdwoca euftopfl eltnstntok cdgufls

droaocntoca brde pnckrlntok kncklr


60/74

Dckdalcls: ]rdtloc%kdgoca alcls thnt nrl up%rlaufntlg oc

kncklr# Eutntodcs rlcglr thlsl alcls kdcstotutovlfy nktovl#

Wuedr [upprlssdr Alcls: ]rdtloc%kdgoca alcls thnt nrl

gdwc%rlaufntlg oc kncklr# Eutntodcs rlgukl thl nktovoty db

thlor alcl prdgukts#

Alcltok Ocstniofoty Alcls: Ylspdcsoifl bdr rlpnoroca suitfl

eostn`ls gul td GCN rlpfokntodc dr lxpdsurl td

knrkocdalcs& l#a#& eosentkh rlpnor& cukfldtogl%lxkosodc

rlpnor& insl%lxkosodc rlpnor#


61/74

Wuedr [upprlssdr Alcls

Dckdalcls

Alcltok Ocstniofoty Alcls

N]K& p& CB>

@%rns& YLW& @OW& ELW

IYKN>& GCN rlpnor alcls

fdss db bucktodc ~ cdirn`ls

anoc db bucktodc ~ stuk`ans plgnf

fdss db bucktodc ~ eossoca elkhncok

Ardwth

Ngvnctnal

EutntodcYntl


62/74

Alcltok ]rdarlssodc ncg thl Qnotoca Woel

td KncklrCo`d Illrlcwoc`lf

>*& Woidr Nctnf

>& Gnvog Gocafo

>& Nrcl Wrnufslc

>& @lcclth Q# @oczflr

9& Roktdr L# Rlfkuflsku

9&

Ilrt Rdalfstloc9&;

& Enrtoc N# Cdwn`>

> ]rdarne bdr Lvdfutodcnry Gycneoks& Hnrvnrg \covlrsoty& Kneirogal& Enssnkhusltts& \cotlg [tntls db Nelrokn& 9 Fugwoa Klctlr& [ogcly @oeelf Kdeprlhlcsovl Kncklr

Klctlr nt Jdhcs Hdp`ocs& Inftoedrl& Enryfncg& \cotlg [tntls db Nelrokn& ; Hdwnrg Huahls Elgoknf Ocstotutl& Jdhcs Hdp`ocs \covlrsoty& Inftoedrl& Enryfncg& \cotlg [tntls db

Nelrokn

2= $ 21

C\EILY DB E\WNWODC[ ]LY ALCL OC

WO[[\L [NE]FL


63/74

WO[[\L [NE]FL

N pnclf db ;< tuedrs ncg 18 alcls drglrlg iy brlqulcky dbeutntodc oc kdfdc kncklrs#

Whl cueilr db grovlr alcls thnt eust nkquorl eutntodcs os

senff bdr kdfdc kncklr#

N]Kp $ 21

QYOAHW%BO[HLY EDGLF


64/74

Nt toel t& thl cueilr db klffs os C(t/# Klffs nrl oc dcl db g + > stntls& o#l# klffs wothdut eutntodc&

dcl eutntodc& ltk#& up td g eutntodcs#

C (t/: thl cueilr db klffs nt toel t woth ` (grovlr/ eutntodcs&

` 5 =& ###& g& sd C=(t/ + + Cg(t/ 5 C(t/# Oc thl Qroaht%Boshlr edglf& nt toel t nff klffs oc thl kurrlct

pdpufntodc gosnpplnr& ncg nrl rlpfnklg woth thl clw

alclrntodc# Whl prdklss os Enr`dv oc nc npprdprontl slcsl#

29 $ 21

QYOAHW%BO[HLY EDGLF


65/74

Nt toel t& thl cueilr db klffs os C(t/# Klffs nrl oc dcl db g + > stntls& o#l# klffs wothdut eutntodc&

dcl eutntodc& ltk#& up td g eutntodcs#

C (t/: thl cueilr db klffs nt toel t woth ` (grovlr/ eutntodcs&

` 5 =& ###& g& sd C=(t/ + + Cg(t/ 5 C(t/# Oc thl Qroaht%Boshlr edglf& nt toel t nff klffs oc thl kurrlct

pdpufntodc gosnpplnr& ncg nrl rlpfnklg woth thl clw

alclrntodc# Whl prdklss os Enr`dv oc nc npprdprontl slcsl#

^ulstodc: whlc gdls n `%eutnct klff rst nrosl oc thlpdpufntodc4

29 $ 21

QB (KDCW/


66/74

Flt (t// 5 (C=(t/& # # # & Cg(t//#

Nff klffs nrl alclrntlg ocglplcglctfy nt lnkh alclrntodc#

Nssuel thnt thl pdpufntodc sozl bdffdws n gltlreocostok

lvdfutodc#

Flt (`|(t// il thl kdcgotodcnf prdiniofoty thnt n klff os ocstntl ` nt toel t + > aovlc (t/

]((t + >/|(t// 5C(t + >/.

C=(t + >/. Cg(t + >/.

g

`5=

(`|(t//C (t+>/#

2; $ 21

QB (KDCW/


67/74

[uppdsl lnkh klff pok`s ots pnrlct prdtdtypl nt rncgde#

27 $ 21

QB (KDCW/


68/74

[uppdsl lnkh klff pok`s ots pnrlct prdtdtypl nt rncgde# [lflktovl ngvnctnal os edglflg iy nssoacoca wloahts

(w=& # # # & wg/ td thl pnrlcts:

(`|(t// 5w C (t/

w=C=(t/ + + wgCg(t/#

27 $ 21

QB (KDCW/


69/74



(`|(t// 5w C (t/


Flt w 5 (> + s/`& whlrl s os thl slflktovl ngvnctnal#

27 $ 21

QB (KDCW/


70/74



(`|(t// 5w C (t/


Flt w 5 (> + s/`& whlrl s os thl slflktovl ngvnctnal# Whl eutntodc rntl& u& thl prdiniofoty bdr lnkh fdko td eutntl

brde dcl alclrntodc td ncdthlr#

27 $ 21

QB (KDCW/

[ h ff o ` o g


71/74



(`|(t// 5w C (t/


Flt w 5 (> + s/`& whlrl s os thl slflktovl ngvnctnal# Whl eutntodc rntl& u& thl prdiniofoty bdr lnkh fdko td eutntl

brde dcl alclrntodc td ncdthlr# Whlc (`|/

5`

j5=

(gj/.

(`j/. (g `/.u`j(>u/g`

wjyj(t/

w=y=(t/ + + wgyg(t/#

Bocnffy& C(t + >/ 5 (> + /C(t/#27 $ 21

N ENWFNI [OE\FNWODC


72/74

2< $ 21

LX]LKWLG QNOWOCA WOEL BDY KNCKLY


73/74

t` 5 `(fda sug/9

s fda(CocotCc/

C 5 cueilr db klffs oc thl pdpufntodc

s 5 kdcstnct slflktovl ngvnctnal& 3 =

u 5 kdcstnct eutntodc rntl plr alcl

g 5 cueilr db grovlr alcls kdcsoglrlg

` 5 cueilr db grovlr alcls woth eutntodcs

22 $ 21

WYNRLFOCA QNRL


74/74

Boaurl ;

u 5 >=1

Cocot 5 >=2

Cc 5 >=?

s 5 =#=>g 5 >==

o f o f o o o of f o fo f o o o o o ff o o o ff

21 $ 21

lecture1 (d. geman)

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