Lecture 2: AIRSIDEBy: Zuliana Ismail PART 1

Learning OutcomeStudent is able to:Describe runway types and identifications.Describe taxiway types and how to identify.Explain airport signs, airport lightingsDescribe about weather facilities.Explain main navigational aids system.*

DefinitionAIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can land and take off, which may or may not be equipped with any navigational aids or markings. Many grass strips are also designated as airfields.

DefinitionAirfield is called an AERODROME when it is equipped with air traffic control facility and runways equipped with navigational aids, markings and other required facilities.

DefinitionAIRSIDE is an area on the airport surface intended to be used for Aircraft Operations.

AIRSIDE SERVICES Facilities associated with the movement of the airplanes on the airports surface.

Airside Facilities

Runway

1. RunwaysA defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.*

Runway Markings

Non-Instrument Runway (NI)Non-Precision Runway (NP) Precision Runway (P)

Runway MarkingsIntended solely for aircraft operation using visual approach procedureHaving an instrument approach procedure using air navigation facility with only horizontal guidanceHaving an instrument approach procedure using a precision instrument landing system, ILS or precision approach radar (PAR) which provides both horizontal and vertical guidance to the runway

Precision Runway (P)

Runway MarkingsRunway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic headingRunway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings.Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations *

RWY Designators Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading. The angle is measured from magnetic north and is divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer.Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340 is marked as RWY 34.Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16

*

RWY Designators Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as Three Six. For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to distinguish btw the RWS.For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R). Example: 26L and 26R.

What is the airport with the most number of runways all over the world?

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways Runway 17L/35RRunway 17C/35CRunway 17R/35LRunway 18L/36RRunway 18R/36LRunway 13L/31RRunway 13R/31L

OHare International Airport Chicago, Illinois, United States

Munich Airport: Two Parallel Runways

Runways LengthRunway lengths depend on the size of aircraft to operate and the weather conditions.The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway (take-off and landing distances)The hotter the weather the longer the runway

*

Runways Length For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway length at least 2,438 m.

*

Runway Lighting Summary

Importance of LightingLighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather. Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfallLighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.

Runway Lighting*Lighting systems from the cockpit window Runway Edge Lighting: WhiteTurn Yellow in last 610mRunway Center line Light System :WhiteAlternate white and red in last 610 mRed in last 310mWhy the lighting colour change?

Runway PavementsThe surface sections of roads and runways are known as pavements.

To serve its purpose, a pavement must have adequate load-carrying capability, good ride ability and must allow safe operation of aircraft.

Concrete PavementAsphalt PavementConcrete surfaces from 23 to 40 cm (9 to 16 inches) thick.Can remain useful for 20 to 40 years.Commonly used at large airports.It is constructed by aligning a series of concrete slabs connected by joins,Asphalt surfaces are from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick.Can remain useful between 15 to 20 years.Commonly used at most smaller airports.Pavements are less expensive to construct.

Airport Classification Codes*

Airport Classification CodesBased On Two Elements Example: 3C NPType of approachAerodrome reference code

Aerodrome Reference CodeThe aerodromes are coded according to the physical requirements of the critical aircraft

The aerodrome facilities must meet physical requirements of the critical aircraft

Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)ARC is determined by two factors:Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating performance in terms of balanced field length of runways Airplane reference field length (RFL)Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical dimensionsWing span (WS)

*

Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)Airplane reference Field Length (RFL): The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass.

Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraft

*

Wing Span (WS)

Aerodrome Reference Code*

Code element 1Code element 2Airplane referencefield length (RFL)(2)Codenumber(1)Wing span (WS)(4)Codeletter(3)RFL < 800 m

800 m RFL < 1200 m

1 200 m RFL < 1800 m

1 800 m RFL

1

2

3

4WS < 15 m

15 m WS < 24 m

24 m WS < 36 m

36 m WS < 52 m

52 m WS < 65 m

65 WS < 80 m A

B

C

D

E

F

ExerciseWhat is the airport classification codes for Boeing 747-400 & Airbus 380 landing at the Precision type Runway*Boeing 747-400 RFL=2990mWS=64.4mAirbus A380 RFL=>3300mWS=79.8m

*Aerodrome Reference Code

NoAircraft typeCodeElement 1CodeElement2Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)RFL ( m) Code No.WS(m)Code letter1.ATR 42-2001010 224.6C?2.Fokker: 501760329.0C?3.A 320-2002058433.9C?4.A 340-3002200460.3E?

Aerodrome Reference Code*

AEROPLANETYPEREF CODEARFL(m)Wingspan(m)Lear Jet 553A129213.4Fokker F28-20003B164623.6Fokker:F27-5003C167029.0Airbus A300 B23D167644.8Boeing:B737-200B737-300B737-4004C4C4C22952749249928.428.928.9Boeing:B707-300B757-200B767-200ER4D4D4D30882057274344.438.047.6Boeing:B747-300B747-400B777-2004E4E4E32923383250059.664.960.9

Taxiway*

2. TaxiwayStrip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between the runway and apron, runway and runway & apron and apron.

*

TaxiwayGenerally, width smaller than runwayLightings for night flyingCan be one or multiple in bigger airport.Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface movement of aircraft.Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.

*

*Taxiway Types

Taxiway TypesThere are four types of taxiways:Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runwayEntrance taxiways: perpendicular to the runway & located near the departure end of runways.High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up the runway. (Also known as Rapid Exit) , located at various points along the runway to allow landing aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing. By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow aircraft by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area.

*

Also known as Rapid Exit runway.To provide exit paths from runway for arriving aircraft.The intersection angle less than 90deg.

*High-speed taxiways

Taxiway IdentificationTaxiways can be identified through:Taxiway markings (centerline in yellow color, no azimuth)Taxiway signs (have location sign) Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color, edge light in blue color)Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller than runway, pavement thickness less than runway)*

Taxiway edge lights: blueTaxiway centre line: greenTaxiway Lighting

Taxiway LightingMany airports are equipped with taxiway lighting to facilitate the movement of aircraft on the airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions. Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge lights, taxiway centerlines lights.

Taxiway Markings Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line .All taxiways should have centerline markings. Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects Taxiway Centerline

Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway (location or direction)Surface Painted Signs

*

RWY/TWY Markings

What The Importance of RWY/TWY Markings?To provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.

APRON*

3. APRONAn area to accommodate aircraft for purposes of parking , loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, or maintenance.*

3. ApronAlso known as RAMPApron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport.The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the apronFitted with underground refueling systemFitted with water supply systemFitted with sewer disposal system

*

Apron Designs*

*The airside installations, operation and its effective management are vital for every airport. *OrientationLengthOther dimensionsProtectionDeclared distancesPavementMarkingsLighting

**Aiming point: Visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.Touchdown zone: landing airplanes first contact the runway.Threshold: Beginning of runway for landing.

*Runways are defined by their orientations with respect to magnetic north. The angle from magnetic north is divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer. The lower n umber is always indentified first*Ohare*Actual length of runways3.1.7 Primary runwayPrimary runway(s). Runway(s) used in preference to others whenever conditions permit.Recommendation. Except as provided in 3.1.8, the actual runway length to be provided for a primary runway should be adequate to meet the operational requirements of the aeroplanes for which the runway is intended and should be not less than the longest length determined by applying the corrections for local conditions to the operations and performance characteristics of the relevant aeroplanes.Note 1. This specification does not necessarily mean providing for operations by the critical aeroplane at its maximum mass.Note 2. Both take-off and landing requirements need to be considered when determining the length of runway to be provided and the need for operations to be conducted in both directions of the runway.Note 3. Local conditions that may need to be considered include elevation, temperature, runway slope, humidity and the runway surface characteristics.Note 4. When performance data on aeroplanes for which the runway is intended are not known, guidance on the determination of the actual length of a primary runway by application of general correction factors is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 1.3.1.8 Secondary runway - Recommendation. The length of a secondary runway should be determined similarly to primary runways except that it needs only to be adequate for those aeroplanes which require to use that secondary runway in addition to the other runway or runways in order to obtain a usability factor of at least 95 per cent.*The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used.

*Annex 14 provides the basic specification for aerodrome design and operations.

Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes with a similar standard or command.Miscommunication can be avoidedSafety for the travelling public

Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary for all personnel who are charged with duties associated with regulation and operation of aerodromes.

*For Airport Planning

Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & aprons (width, separation between runways, neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the aerodrome reference code selected for design purposes.

*By pass taxiways are located at areas of congestion at busy airports. They allow aircraft bypass other aircraft parked on the parallel or entrance taxiways in order to reach the runway for take off.

***Taxiway markings: The taxiway centerline is a single continuous yellow line, 6 to 12 inches in width. Taxiway edge marking is continuous markings consisting of a continuous double yellow line, with each line being 6 inches in width spaced 6 inches apart.

*Apron: An area of tarmac (material used for surfacing roads) for parking aircraft.US term is ramp.

Bay: A space in the structure of airplane where equipment can be located.*3.13 ApronsApron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance.General3.13.1 Recommendation. Aprons should be provided where necessary to permit the on- and off-loading of passengers, cargo or mail as well as the servicing of aircraft without interfering with the aerodrome traffic.

**