Narcotic DrugsNarcotic DrugsPharmacologically classified as

an analgesicCentral Nervous System

Depressants Popular drugs – heroin,

morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene

Pharmacologically classified as an analgesic

Central Nervous System Depressants

Popular drugs – heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and propoxyphene

HallucinogensHallucinogens Marijuana

Derived from the plant CannabisHashish – concentratedSinsemilla – unfertilized flowering

tops of the female Cannabis plantActive ingredient is THCPotency is normally 4-5%Simsemilla averages 6-12%Liquid hashish averages 8-22%Potential medical uses

MarijuanaDerived from the plant

CannabisHashish – concentratedSinsemilla – unfertilized flowering

tops of the female Cannabis plantActive ingredient is THCPotency is normally 4-5%Simsemilla averages 6-12%Liquid hashish averages 8-22%Potential medical uses

HallucinogensHallucinogens LSD – derived from

ergot, a fungus of certain grains and grasses

Powerful drug Visual

hallucinations, changes in moods, anxiety, tension, etc

Flashbacks possible

LSD – derived from ergot, a fungus of certain grains and grasses

Powerful drug Visual

hallucinations, changes in moods, anxiety, tension, etc

Flashbacks possible

HallucinogensHallucinogens Phencyclidine – PCP

Human response unpredictable Dangerous drug – paranoia and

violence possible Schizophrenic behavior possible

days after use Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(aka MDMA or ecstasy) Originally patented as appetite

suppressant Severe adverse reactions, including

fatal side effects

Phencyclidine – PCP Human response unpredictable Dangerous drug – paranoia and

violence possible Schizophrenic behavior possible

days after use Methylenedioxymethamphetamine

(aka MDMA or ecstasy) Originally patented as appetite

suppressant Severe adverse reactions, including

fatal side effects

DepressantsDepressants Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze, etc.)

Central nervous system depressant Legalized and most widely used drug A common effect is impairment Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL

Barbiturates All are derivatives of barbituric acid Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital

and butalbital Methaqualon . Tranquilizers

Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam

Inhalants Volatile organic solvents – toluene, naphtha, gasoline among

others Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed by impaired judgment,

drowsiness and stupor Danger of liver, heart and brain damage

Alcohol (aka ethanol, ethyl alcohol, booze, etc.) Central nervous system depressant Legalized and most widely used drug A common effect is impairment Legal blood alcohol level in Oklahoma is 0.10%, or 100 mg/dL

Barbiturates All are derivatives of barbituric acid Big 5: amobarbital, secobarbital, phenobarbital, pentobarbital

and butalbital Methaqualon . Tranquilizers

Major players: reserpine, chlorpromazine, meprobamate, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam

Inhalants Volatile organic solvents – toluene, naphtha, gasoline among

others Initial exhilaration and euphoria followed by impaired judgment,

drowsiness and stupor Danger of liver, heart and brain damage

StimulantsStimulants Amphetamines

Initial feeling of well-being and alertness followed by fatigue and a loss of appetite

Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice” (crystal meth) are favorites

Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar properties

Cocaine First used medically by Freud in Europe Medical use is now limited Extracted from the leaves of coca plant

(Erythroxylon coca) “Crack” cocaine is the drug of choice Cocaine produces the strongest psychological

compulsions for continued use

Amphetamines Initial feeling of well-being and alertness followed

by fatigue and a loss of appetite Amphetamine, methamphetamine and “ice”

(crystal meth) are favorites Phenmetrazine and phendimetrazine have similar

properties Cocaine

First used medically by Freud in Europe Medical use is now limited Extracted from the leaves of coca plant

(Erythroxylon coca) “Crack” cocaine is the drug of choice Cocaine produces the strongest psychological

compulsions for continued use

Anabolic SteroidsAnabolic Steroids Synthetic chemicals related to

testosterone Used to promote muscle growth Synthetic hormones have an

androgenic effect Medical side effects include liver

damage, infertility, diminished sexual drive, and depression

Synthetic chemicals related to testosterone

Used to promote muscle growth Synthetic hormones have an

androgenic effect Medical side effects include liver

damage, infertility, diminished sexual drive, and depression

Drug Control Laws Controlled Substances Act

Drug Control Laws Controlled Substances Act

Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances

The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules

The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.

Schedule I

No medical use

High potential for abuse

Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana

Federal law restricting the manufacture and distribution of dangerous substances

The U.S. Attorney General has the authority to change the schedules

The criminal penalties associated with this law are greatest with schedules I and II.

Schedule I

No medical use

High potential for abuse

Heroin, LSD, methaqualone and marijuana

Controlled Substances ActControlled Substances Act Schedule II

High potential for abuse Accepted medical use Potential for psychological or physical dependence Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and

fast-acting barbiturates

Schedule III Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II Currently accepted medical use Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or

high psychological dependence Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and

some barbiturate preparations (phenobarbital not included)

Schedule II High potential for abuse Accepted medical use Potential for psychological or physical dependence Cocaine, opiates, PCP, amphetamines, methadone and

fast-acting barbiturates

Schedule III Less potential for abuse than schedules I and II Currently accepted medical use Potential for low or moderate physical dependence or

high psychological dependence Anabolic steroids, some codeine preparations and

some barbiturate preparations (phenobarbital not included)

Controlled Substances ActControlled Substances Act Schedule IV

Low potential for abuse relative to schedule III drugs

Currently accepted medical use Relatively low limited dependence risk Propoxyphene, phenobarbital,

meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide

Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Less potential for producing dependency Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain

non-narcotic medicinal ingredients

Schedule IV Low potential for abuse relative to

schedule III drugs Currently accepted medical use Relatively low limited dependence risk Propoxyphene, phenobarbital,

meprobamate, diazepam and chlordiazepoxide

Schedule V Low abuse potential Medical use Less potential for producing dependency Certain opiate drug mixtures that contain

non-narcotic medicinal ingredients

Controlled Substances Act

Controlled Substances Act

Designer drugsCan be placed under schedule IFentanyl analogues

Control of chemical precursorsExample – precursors to

amphetamine, methamphetamine and PCP are controlled as schedule II substances

Designer drugsCan be placed under schedule IFentanyl analogues

Control of chemical precursorsExample – precursors to

amphetamine, methamphetamine and PCP are controlled as schedule II substances

Drug IdentificationDrug Identification Screening tests

Color tests Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and

orange-brown in presence of amphetamines Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of

barbiturates Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of

marijuana Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine

Microcrystalline tests TLC Gas chromatography HPLC UV Spectroscopy

Screening tests Color tests

Marquis – purple color in presence of opiates and orange-brown in presence of amphetamines

Dillie-Koppanyi – violet-blue color in presence of barbiturates

Duquenois-Levine – purple color in presence of marijuana

Van Urk – blue-purple color in presence of LSD Scott – blue color in presence of cocaine

Microcrystalline tests TLC Gas chromatography HPLC UV Spectroscopy

Drug IdentificationDrug Identification

Confirmation tests

IR spectroscopy – fingerprint of an organic compound

GC/MS – the gold standard

Confirmation tests

IR spectroscopy – fingerprint of an organic compound

GC/MS – the gold standard

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/MassSpec/masspec1.htm