lectures 1, 2, 3 1. what is psychology? 2. a history 3. research methods
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Lectures 1, 2, 3 1. What Is Psychology? 2. A History 3. Research Methods. Learning Outcomes. Define psychology. Describe the various fields and subfields of psychology. Learning Outcomes. Describe the origins of psychology and identify those who made significant contributions to the field. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Lectures 1, 2, 31. What Is Psychology?
2. A History3. Research Methods
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Learning Outcomes
• Define psychology.
• Describe the various fields and subfields of psychology.
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Learning Outcomes
• Describe the origins of psychology and identify those who made significant contributions to the field.
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Learning Outcomes
• Describe modern approaches to research and practice – critical thinking, the scientific method, and ethical considerations.
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1.Truth or Fiction? Popular Psychology Knowledge
Most people use only about 10% of their brain capacity
All people w/dyslexia see words backward (tac-cat)In general, it’s better to express anger that to hold
it in.The lie detector (polygraph) test is 90-95 %
accurate at detecting falsehoods.
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2.Truth or Fiction?
People tend to be romantically attracted to individuals who are opposite to them in personality and attitude
The more people present at an emergency, the more likely it is that at least one of them will help.
All effective psychotherapies require clients to get the root of their problems in childhood
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3.Can we always trust our Common Sense?
Birds of a feather flock together
Absence makes the heart grow fonder
Two heads are better than one
Action speak louder than words
Opposite attract
Out of sight, out of mind
Too many cooks spoil the broth
The pen is mightier that the sword
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Psychology as a Science
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4. What is Psychology?
• Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes .
• Psychology Is an Empirical Science: Psychological science relies on empirical evidence as a way of knowing about how we think, feel, and behave
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5. What is a Theory?
• A theory is a general set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate facts are related (map reading example)
• A theory allows you to– propose reasons for relationships– derive explanations – make predictions
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6. Goals of Psychology
• Psychology seeks to– describe– explain– predict, and– influence behavior and mental processes
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What Psychologists Do
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7. What Do Psychologists Do?
• Research– Pure research, or basic– Applied research
• Practice (clinical, counseling)• Teaching
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8. Fields of Psychology
• Clinical• Counseling• School • Educational• Developmental • Personality• Social• Environmental
• Experimental• Industrial
– Organizational– Human Factors– Consumer
• Health• Sport• Forensic
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Where Psychology Comes From: A History
Lecture 2.
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1. Ancient Contributors to Psychology
• Greek- Aristotle & Plato; Hippocrates,• Roman- Galen• Socrates
– Introspection• China- Confucius (551-479)• Muslim scholars- Al Kindi (801-866)
- Al- Tabari (838-870)
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2. Psychology as a Laboratory Science
• John Stuart Mill -- A System of Logic
(1843)• Wilhelm Wundt –founded
modern experimental psychology– First psychology
laboratory (1879)
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3. Experimental Psychology begins with Structuralism
• Edward Titchener, Wundt’s student• Structuralism breaks conscious experiences into
– objective sensations (sight or taste), and– subjective feelings (emotions, memories,
dreams)• Mind functions by combining objective and
subjective elements of experience
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4. Functionalism
• William James• Functionalism focused on behavior in addition to
mind and consciousness• Used direct observations to supplement
introspection• Influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution or
natural selection
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5. Behaviorism
• John Broadus Watson • Behaviorism focuses on learning observable
(measurable) behavior• B.F. Skinner
– Learned behavior is behavior that is reinforced– Beyond Freedom and Dignity (1971)
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6. Gestalt Psychology• Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler (1920s)• Gestalt focused on perception and its influence
on thinking and problem solving– Perception are more than sum of their parts– Active and purposeful– Insight learning
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6. Gestalt Psychology• Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler• Gestalt focused on perception and its influence
on thinking and problem solving– Perception are more than sum of their parts– Active and purposeful– Insight learning
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The Importance of Context
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Some Insight Into Insight
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10. Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud• Psychoanalysis
– Influence of unconscious motives and conflicts
– Theory of personality– Therapy
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11. Cognition Affects Behavior
• Tolman- animals could learn by observation (behavioral approach could not make sense any more)
• Research on memory• 1957- George Miller launched the cognitive
revolution in psychology. • Ulric Neisser - Cognitive Psychology (1967)• C. Ps. is concerned with higher-order mental
functions such as intelligence, thinking, language, memory, and decision making
• Computers-information processing theories
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How Psychologists Study Behavior and Mental
ProcessesResearch Methods
Lecture 3
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12. Principles of Critical Thinking
• Be skeptical• Insist on evidence (sugar study) (Wolraich, Wilson, and White 1995).
• Examine definitions of terms• Examine the assumptions or premises of
arguments (example of Mozart effect)
• Be cautious in drawing conclusions from evidence
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13. Principles of Critical Thinking (continued)
• Consider alternative interpretations of research evidence
• Do not oversimplify• Do not overgeneralize• Apply critical thinking to all areas of life
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14. The Scientific Methodsystematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena to answer questions about What
happens, When it happens, What causes it, and Why?
• Formulate a research question • State the hypothesis (People who report poorer self-images also score higher
on a depression scale).
• Test the hypothesis ( respond to statements: “I’m fun to be with, or I have good ideas’
• Draw conclusions based on findings • Publish research• Replicate study
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15. Scientific Method
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16. Samples and Populations
• Sample (Mozart study-college students)
– Segment of population• Population
– Entire group targeted for study• Representative samples allow generalization of
findings (when can we generalize?)
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17. Random and Stratified Sampling
• Random sample– Each member of population has equal chance of
selection• Stratified sample
– Subgroups are represented proportionally• Volunteer bias
– Bias represented by studying people who volunteer to participate
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18. Methods of Observation
• Case Study– Gather information about individuals or small
groups– Sometimes used to investigate rarities
• Survey– Used to collect information that cannot be
observed directly
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19. Methods of Observation
• Naturalistic Observation– Observe subjects in their natural environment– Unobtrusive measure– Observers bias– Limitations: No cause-effect & wait for event to
occur• Laboratory Observation
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20. Correlational Method
• Mathematical method of determining a relationship between variables
• Correlation coefficient– Number between +1.00 and –1.00 – Indicates strength and direction of relationship
between variables• Does not prove cause and effect (example)
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21. Positive and Negative Correlations
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22. Experimental Method
• Demonstrates cause and effect through scientific method– Independent variable (IV) (treatment) -
manipulated– Dependent variable (DV) (outcomes)- measure
of assumed effect of the IV– Lang Study (1975)– Group 1. Expected alcohol, received only tonic– Group 2. Expected alcohol, received alcohol mixed w/tonic– Group 3 . Expected tonic, received alcohol mixed w/tonic– Group 4. Expected tonic , received only tonic
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23.Experimental Method
• Experimental groups, those that received treatment (alcohol), and expected alcohol, received tonic (3 groups)
• Control groups, expected tonic, received tonic
• Placebos , expected alcohol, but received tonic, expected tonic, but received alcohol
• Blind (all groups)
• Double-blind study (when neither researcher nor participants do not know who received treatment)
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24. Experimental Conditions in the Lang Study
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25. Ethics of Research with Humans
• Ethical review committee and ethical standards – Promote individual dignity, human welfare and
scientific integrity– Ensure no harm will come to subjects
• Informed consent• Confidentiality• Deception • Debriefing
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26. Ethics of Research with Animals
• Animals are used when research cannot be carried out with humans
• Animals may be harmed, when– there is no alternative, and– benefits of the research justify the harm
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Video Connections: Facial Analysis -The Scientific Method in Action
• What might be some real-world applications of facial applications?
• Explain why facial analysis might be a more objective measure of emotions than our own perceptions?
• Explain why the use of computers can be so important in research.
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PLAYVIDEO
Facial Analysis