lee yk, menezes js, umesaki y, & mazmanian sk pnas. 2011 mar; 108 (1): 4615-4622
DESCRIPTION
“ Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis” . Lee YK, Menezes JS, Umesaki Y, & Mazmanian SK PNAS. 2011 Mar; 108 (1): 4615-4622. Introduction. Multiple sclerosis (MS). Autoimmune disease - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
“Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune
encephalomyelitis”
Lee YK, Menezes JS, Umesaki Y, & Mazmanian SKPNAS. 2011 Mar; 108 (1): 4615-4622.
Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Autoimmune disease• T-cells enter CNS,
attack myelin sheath
• Genetic precursors• High rates of
discordance in MZ twins (≥ 70%)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001747/
Gut microbiota
• 100 trillion cells• Primarily in gastrointestinal (GI) tract• Confirmed role in GI immune system
development and modulation
Role of gut microbiota in MS
• MS associated with microbial contact• More interaction with commensals• Noninfectious symbionts modulate CD4+ T-cell
responses in the intestine– Reduced intestinal Th17 cells in GF mice– Microbiota directs Th17 differentiation– Th1 and Th17 response to infectious agents
Hypothesis
The commensal gut microbiota modulates extraintestinal immune function in a model of multiple sclerosis.
Experimental DesignResults
Interpretation(s)
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)
• Mouse model of MS • Induced by immunization with CNS antigens – Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)– Adjuvants: Freund’s adjuvant, pertussis toxin
• Immune cells enter CNS and destroy myelin sheath
• Th1 and Th17 cells highly associated with EAE development
Is EAE development affected in germ-free mice?
• Germ-free (GF) mice vs. specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice
• Induce EAE via inoculation with MOG/CFA• Score EAE development
Attenuated EAE in GF mice
Attenuated EAE in GF mice
Why do GF mice display reduced EAE incidence and symptoms?
Reduced myelin sheath erosion
H&E stain
Myelin basic protein
Interpretations
• Reduced EAE in GF mice is due to lack of inflammation in the CNS
• Microbiota plays a role in the induction of EAE
Are GF T-cells inherently inactive?
• GF mice have developmental deficits for some inflammatory T-cell subsets
• Harvested CD4+ cells 8-10 days after immunization
• Reinoculated with MOG peptide• Transferred to Rag1-/- SPF mice
T-cells from GF mice can be activated to induce EAE
Interpretations
• CD4+ T-cells from GF mice are not inherently unresponsive
• Microbes actively control the inflammatory response of T-cells in the CNS
Does the gut microbiota affect the proinflammatory profile of T-cells?
• Drained lymph nodes to harvest Th1 and Th17 cells 8d post-immunization
• Stained cells for IL-17A and IFNγ– Cell-sorting
• Harvested cytokines– ELISA
Flow cytometry
ELISA
Interpretations
• Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory responses are reduced in the absence of the microbiota
Do certain microbes regulate extraintestinal immune response?
• Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFBs)– “Uniquely able to induce Th17 cell differentiation
in the small intestine” (p.4618)• Inoculated GF mice with SFBs
Intermediate EAE development in GF-SFB mice
Conclusions
• The microbiota influences the extraintestinal development of EAE, a mouse model of MS, through regulation of proinflammatory responses of Th1 and Th17
• SFBs in particular regulate EAE development
Conclusions
• The microbiota influences the extraintestinal development of EAE, a mouse model of MS, through regulation of proinflammatory responses of Th1 and Th17
• SFBs in particular regulate EAE development
• Reasonable, considering other autoimmune diseases in GF mice
• Relatively novel paradigm
Future directions
• Investigate differences in T-cell activation after transfer to Rag1-/- mice, inoculation with SFB– Role of microbiota in early immune system
development– Effect of additional microbial species
• Reduce EAE development in SPF mice via regulation of SFBs