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Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Foreign Trade
Legal and regulatory Framework Governing SMEs
Establishment, Operation and Growth
September 2002
Prepared BY C MAKARY CONSULTING
for SMEPOl Project
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CONTENTS
Page no.
1. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK
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2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 3
2.1 SECONDARY SOURCES 3
2.2 PRIMARY SOURCES 4
3. FINDINGS
4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
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5.THE PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDED SYSTEM
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1. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK
Our Objective is to examine and investigate the current regulations and
procedures for establishing and obtaining operation licenses for SMEs in Egypt,
in order to identify and specify the key obstacles facing SMEs entrepreneurs, and
therefore to recommend the relevant means and ways to streamline such
regulations and procedures and to smoothen the key obstacles facing SMEs
entrepreneurs. Our purpose is to enable the Ministry of Foreign Trade to take an
informative decision concerning the initiation, adoption and development of an
integrated system that creates a sound legal and regulatory environment for
SMEs. This would in turn increase the national and international competitiveness
of SMEs.
2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
It implies a description of the methods and techniques, by which data is collected
and interpreted.
In this respect, two basic sources are used to collect the required information.
2.1 Secondary Sources
It implies a review of existing reports, studies and literature concerned with SMEs
in Egypt, as well as, compiling laws, decrees and documents relevant to the
incorporation and obtainment of operation licenses for SMEs in Egypt. This is in
addition to the reports issued by the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and public
statistical agents such as CAPMAS, the Federation of Egyptian Industries and
the Social Fund for Development. The case of one-stop-shop of Mansoura is also
reviewed.
2.2 Primary Sources It implies extensive meetings with entrepreneurs and officials through conducting
structured and unstructured interviews, and collecting related documents. It is
conducted in two phases:
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Phase I: Case Studies: The field research started by conducting case studies that would represent the
various sectors and sub-sectors in which SMEs operate. The intention is to
cover about 85% of all procedures encountered by SMEs when incorporating,
licensing and operating their enterprises.
31 representative case studies covering the various procedures /sectors and
sub-sectors, in which SMEs operate, were conducted. The case studies were
chosen using stratified random sampling techniques on the basis of the
identified procedures. Procedures are classified either by the activity of
business or by the legal form of the enterprise.
Stratified sampling techniques were used in designing and selecting the
relevant case studies. The significance of the sample size is tested by
measuring coefficient of variation. In cases where coefficient of variation
exceeds 10%, the number of cases are increased until the 10% coefficient of
variation is reached.
Phase II: Survey:
The completion of the case studies is followed by a questionnaire that addresses
the major obstacles and problems appearing in the fieldwork. The objective of
this questionnaire is to verify the results of the case studies.
In order to verify the results of the case studies, around 80 interviews were
conducted. The survey covered the three types of activities; Industrial,
Commercial and Services enterprises. The percentage of the sample chosen by
activity is consistent with the percentages of these activities in relation to total
SMEs in Egypt in general in order to ensure that the sample represents the
population at large.
The sample used in both the case studies and the survey covers the area of
Urban Greater Cairo (Cairo, Giza, Qaliubia), in addition to the New Urban
Communities (10th of Ramadan, El-Obour, etc.) as these areas encompasses
more than 50% of all enterprises operating in Egypt.
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The identification of a specific definition for SMEs and the sectors that
encompass them is essential in order to set the basis from which all the findings
are derived. A conservative definition of SMEs is adopted. SMEs are enterprises
with number of employees ranging from 10 employees up to 50 employees and
with capital between LE 50,000 - LE 50 million. This definition is consistent with
the statistical classification of key sources of information on SMEs, i.e. CAPMAS,
the Federation of Egyptian Industries (FEI), General Union for Commercial
Chambers, and Information and Decision Support Center. However, it matches
with the definition adopted by the Ministry of Foreign Trade.
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Chart No.1
Sectors and Sub-sectors of SMEs in Egypt
Leather Products
Leather Tanning
Leather
Furniture
Wood products
Wood
Home Appliances
Engineering
Packaging
Manufacturing rice/macaroni
Food
Plastic
Chemicals
Software
IT
Cosmetics
Pharmaceuticals
Building Materials
Spinning & Weaving
Ready made Garments
Textiles
Cinema
Printing & Binding
Industrial
whole sale of Leather
Shoes & bags
Leather
Furniture
Wood
Whole sale of spare parts
Home Appliance Shop
Engineering
Dairy Products
Fruitiers
Mini-market
Food
Paints & related
Chemicals
Software
Computers
IT
Pharmacy
Pharmaceuticals
whole sale of Fabrics
Garment Shops
Textiles
Commercial
Brokers
Banks
Financial
Coffe Shops
Restaurants
Food
Bus & Microbus
Taxi
Transportation
Economic
Legal
Consulting
Mechanic
Engineering
Practices / clinic
Health & Social
Contracting
Barber
Social & Personal Services
ISPs
IT
Services
SMEs Sectors
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3. FINDINGS
Our investigation into the laws and procedures in the establishment of companies
and operation license obtainment indicates that the problem does not lie in the
written laws and regulations, but mostly in the procedures and means by which
regulations are applied in real daily practices. In this respect, five core problems/
obstacles are identified.
- Absence of transparent listings and / or published information on the sequence
of procedures, specific documents required, and steps / means to obtain
these documents, mostly in the relevant government entities such as the
district. This results in confusion of entrepreneurs and increase their need to
seek these data either from the employees themselves or from intermediaries
such as lawyers.
- Bureaucracy and red tape, i.e. the huge amount of effort and time wasted by
SMEs entrepreneurs in the process of following up during the establishment
and operation license obtained, mostly in terms of repeated visits for the
same unaccomplished task. This is in addition to the redundancy in
documents or procedures required by different government entities and the
lack of coordination between these entities. The above have a direct effect on
lengthening the duration of the process and a more serious indirect effect on
the lost productivity of the entrepreneurs. This results in loosing confidence
in the procedures, forcing them to appoint intermediaries and incur further
expenses to shorten the amount of time and effort lost.
- Absence of incentives for government employees to perform in an efficient
manner. They are underpaid, have limited office space and have low access
to advanced equipment to enable fast and efficient execution. This
discourages employees to work and induces them to search for other sources
of income in order to maintain their standard of living. It should be noted that
these employees have the capability to perform well under better
circumstances.
- Lack of automation. This implies the absence of computerized database, as
well as the use of manual processes, which result in lengthening the duration
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required for each entrepreneur, requirement for a larger number of
employees, need for large storage places and more human involvement in
the work.
- Lack of proper training. Most of the employees follow the traditional approach
in handling documents with no training on the new equipment and methods.
New employees are not offered formal training.
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4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND PROPOSED SYSTEM
In order to smoothen key problems and obstacles facing SMEs entrepreneurs in
the establishment of companies and operation license obtainment, a fully
integrated system that tackles actual and relevant problems and obstacles should
be introduced. The system should consider the following basic issues:
• The system should consider SMEs as a crucial element of the Egyptian
economy as a whole. In other words, the system should be an integral part of
the efforts directed to the development of all businesses in Egypt regardless
of their sizes.
• The components of the system should be consistent, relevant and practical.
• The system should consider the amount of investment to be spent and
administrative burdens in relation to the expected long-term cost saving in
terms of productivity and efficiency.
• The system should not be implemented all at once, but the core elements
should be introduced parallel to each other.
Hence, the proposed system should be smooth and effective without violating
regulations and business requirements. In this respect, three preconditions are
required in order to ensure an effective and consistent system:
� Awareness and transparency
It implies that SMEs should be fully aware of the regulations and
procedures to be followed, documents required, as well as, means to
obtain them. In this respect the following should be ensured:
Provide clear information and instructions concerning the
regulations and the documentation for both establishing a business
and obtaining an operation license. Instructions should be announced
and printed to be made available for entrepreneurs.
Establish an information office to advice SMEs about different
incorporation laws and required legal forms and procedures. A short-
list of experienced and reliable lawyers should be kept at the office.
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The relevant lawyer will be recommended to provide enterprises who
seek legal advice, with information and legal assistance including
preparation of documents required against fees. The fees are to be
determined and approved by the information office.
� Efficiency
It refers to high quality services to be provided at minimum effort and over
reasonable time duration. Efficiency would require the following:
Introduce a system that aims at reducing redundancy and accelerating
procedures. The system should be based on high degree of
coordination between different government entities in order to avoid
red tape and bureaucracy. In this respect, contacts between
entrepreneurs and various government agencies should be made
through one authorized body, in that the entrepreneur deals with one
responsible person through one window. This person should be
highly ranked and carefully selected, as well as fully trained.
Representatives of all governmental agencies involved in both
incorporation procedures, and obtaining operation license, or even
during operation should be made available in the same location. This
will help very much in acceleration procedures, saving time and
avoiding redundancy. In this case, the entrepreneur will be able to
reduce his/her visits to two only; at submission of application and at
receiving the approval. The date of receiving the approval should be
predetermined accurately. All steps will be done internally, with no
involvement of the entrepreneurs. The success of such a system is
based on:
- Elimination of contacts between government employees and
entrepreneurs.
- Minimization of the number of visits by entrepreneur.
- Reduction of the time required for approval through restricting
redundancy, saving time for correspondence and reducing the
number of steps.
The proposed system is therefore based on one Authority – two visits
(one visit for submission - one visit to obtain approval).
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Adopt automation to support the proposed system and to increase the
efficiency of human resources. Automation should match with the
proposed system taking into consideration the knowledge of
employees and the limitation of physical resources. Hence, it is
advised to be implemented in three levels.
Level One: All new applications should be saved on computers, in that
All information are computerized. This can be done
through two phases. In the first phase, computerization
would be confined to basic information. In a latter stage,
when a larger scale of computerized system is made
available, further and detailed information can be added.
Level two: Build-up database for the existing information on previous
approvals. This can be done gradually until all basic
information on existing projects are compiled and fed into
the computer. This would take time (perhaps 2 to 3 years)
and would require large investment in order to set up a
comprehensive computer system.
Level three: The introduction of e-commerce, to be applied to both
applications and payment of fees. This is highly consistent
with the steps planned to be undertaken by the
government to introduce e-commerce. However this can
not be applied by the mass of entrepreneurs due to the
existence of computer literacy for the majority of
entrepreneurs.
Conduct intensive training programs aiming at upgrading the
employees involved in the procedures, and in order to enhance their
capabilities, so that they can apply the proposed system efficiently.
Training programs should be applied to both existing employees and
new employees.
- Existing employees should be trained on job, in order to enable
them to adapt their experience to match with the new system,
taking into consideration the use of automation and advanced
equipment, and software, and therefore to facilitate the procedures
and accelerate the implementation of the procedures.
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- New employees should be carefully selected with the relevant
qualifications, i.e. knowledge of computer. They should have
intensive training, both theoretically (laws and regulations) and
empirically (data processing and computer software). Training can
be done though specialized institutions.
- Training programs involving both existing employees and the new
employees should be considered to ensure coordination and
consistency.
These three requirements; an integrated system, proper automation and effective
training should be considered simultaneously, in order to ensure an efficient
application of the proposed system. It is expected that this will take around three
years until we have full operation of the system.
� Incentives The basic salary of the majority of the government employees is not high
enough to support their cost of living. On the other hand, incentive system in
most of government agents is not effective and additional payments are not
rewardable. Hence, an effective and rewardable incentive system is required
to ensure acceptable and fair income to employees on one hand, and to
create incentives to productive and efficient employees on the other hand.
Incentives should be related to well defined achievements, basically to issue
the approval, after securing all measures, within a specified time period. In
this respect, the fees paid by the entrepreneurs should include two
components:
∗ Fees for the service, which are paid to the government treasury. We
suggest to increase the current fees by around 20% - 25% to cover
extra expenses that are required to increase efficiency, such as
training and automation, i.e. the relevant fees for the quality of service
offered.
∗ Additional payment to be paid to the employees as incentives against a
special and high quality service. Such incentives should be high enough
to compensate up for the low salary. Such incentives could be as high
as 200% of the amount of basic salary. On the other hand, payment of
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incentives should be conditional and related to certain criteria, i.e. the
duration require to finalize the approval should not exceed a well-defined
duration. The extra payment should be charged to entrepreneurs and
incentives should be paid to employees if the predetermined time
duration is met.
Finally, one would conclude that the system is basically based on the minimization of the contact between employees and entrepreneurs, in order
to streamline regulations and procedures through proper and efficient system, and introducing an effective but simple incentive system.
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5. THE PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDED SYSTEM
The three basic pre-conditions of the proposed system namely; awareness and
transparency, efficiency, and incentives, set the foundation for a vision for a simple
effective system that takes into account the current legal and regulatory framework in
Egypt. The suggested system requires radical change in both entrepreneurs and
government employees' perceptions and attitudes towards the application of the existing
laws and procedures concerned with establishment of businesses and operation licenses
obtainment. In this respect, an attempt is made here to apply the components of the
system to a typical pilot case study (government office). It should be acknowledged that
the success of such system should be measured in relation to its practicality and
possibility of application in real daily practices. Hence, the objective of this section is to
outline the practical steps required to implement the proposed system starting from the
actual situation, as it prevails at present, all the way until the proposed system is
implemented.
The proposed implementation will focus on a typical one-stop shop (case study) that
covers one district in Greater Cairo, or equivalent coverage in other governorates in Delta
or Upper Egypt. In this respect, the procedures are done in few steps within a minimum
and specific duration at one entity aiming at streamlining and facilitating the establishment
and issuing of operation licenses. The approach adopted in implementing the proposed
system is to translate the three-preconditions into practical steps through identifying the
desks (or windows), tasks and outline the requirements to ensure that the proposed
system is doable.
Accordingly, the typical one-stop shop (unit) is composed mainly of four windows of which
one window is concerned with legal information, two windows are concerned with
establishment and operation license procedures and a fourth window that provides
supporting tools to the proposed system.
INFORMATION DESK - window 1
The main task of this desk is to ensure awareness and transparency through providing
clear information and instructions concerning the regulations and the documentation for
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both establishing a business and obtaining operation license. It is the first contact between
the unit and entrepreneurs in order to provide primary guidance to them.
The main tasks of the information desk are identified as follows:
• Checking legal documents.
• Advising entrepreneurs on the legality of documents.
• Proposing legal assistance and advice.
• Recommending lawyers or legal advisors to entrepreneurs against fees.
• Ensuring that all documents are acceptable with no missing information or
documents.
In order to ensure the awareness and transparency of the proposed system, the following
requirements for the information desk should be secured:
1. Human resources
• Two professional employees with legal and / or commercial background
(minimum 2 years experience). They should have good communication
skills, with good knowledge of computer applications and software packages,
since they will be responsible for answering entrepreneurs' questions,
whether through direct contact or via fax or internet.
• A secretary, with three years experience, to handle the administrative work
and provide the entrepreneurs with the names and contacts of the short-
listed lawyers, if requested.
2. Training:
Training programs should focus on:
• The overall purpose of the unit.
• Training on the used software/ applications.
• Enhancement of communication skills.
• Customer service mentality.
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3. Equipment required
• 3 desks
• 3 chairs
• 3 tables
• 3 file cupboards
• 3 computers with a network link and a printer.
• Internet connection
• Fax machine
• Central air-conditioning
4. Software required
• MS Office, mainly MS Word
• Database, developed application
5. Support tool
The information desk will prepare and provide the following:
• Brochures for each sector and could be extended to sub-sectors. The
brochures should include general and specific conditions for each sector
and sub-sector. They should be made available to entrepreneurs at
nominal fees.
• Lists of the needed documents for each case (sector or sub-sector). They
should be announced or published to be made available for entrepreneurs.
• Information on the entities responsible for the issuance of required
documents; including addresses, contact officers, working hours, fees and
treasury closing time.
• Short list of experienced and reliable lawyers. The lawyers should submit to
the information desk their resumes and pre-qualifications. The relevant
recommended lawyer job will be to provide enterprises, in need for legal
advice, with accurate information and useful legal guidance, including
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preparation of the documents required against fees. The fees are to be
determined and approved by the information office.
6. Space
• 50 sqm. with two partitions one for the secretary and the other for the
professional staff.
TECHNICAL DESKS - windows 2 & 3
The main concern of these desks is to carry out the steps required to approve the
establishment of businesses and issuing operation licenses. All steps will be conducted
internally within the system and without involvement of the entrepreneurs.
In this respect, the technical desks will contribute significantly to the efficiency and the
incentives pre-conditions of the proposed system through the following:
- Introducing a measurable and precise performance efficiency criteria,
which is the time period of incorporation and obtainment of operation
license.
- Creating a motive for the office to achieve the time period indicated, as
incentives will be distributed among all working employees in the office.
Two windows (desks) are involved in this function: window 2 and window 3.
Window 2: It is responsible for receiving applications and documents and determining the
date of issuing approvals. Issuing approvals should be obtained within a
specific period. This window will collect the basic fees (do not include extra
payment and incentive fees). All contacts with other departments and
governmental agents should be the responsibility of this desk. In this
respect, representatives of related governmental agents will be available
within the office to facilitate the obtainment of approvals from their
departments or agencies. It is expected that all tasks will operate semi-
automatically, i.e., computer hardware, and simple software applications
and network connections, for the coming five years as a transitional period
until the system is developed and complete automation can be achieved.
Complete automation refers to sophisticated network both within the office
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and between the office and the relevant entities that would enable the
obtainment of approvals electronically.
Hence, the requirements for window 2 are as follows:
1. Human resources
A manager, administrative and technical staff:
• A manager should be appointed to establish and monitor a circulation
process for the applications for the issuance of approvals. He is
responsible for encountering problems that arise and report to the
managers committee on governorate level. The manager should be a
senior official appointed from the district.
• Two administrative staff that receive applications from entrepreneurs. The
administrative staff will be responsible for entering the application data into
the computer, and for collecting the license fees.
• Technical staff, representatives of the governmental agencies. It is
recommended to appoint two representatives from each of the following
entities: the Ministry of Labor, Egyptian Environment Affairs Agency,
Ministry of Health, Cleaning and Beautification Authority, Civil Defense and
Fire Fighting Authority, Real Estate Tax Authority and Utilities Authorities.
Each employee will be present at the unit (desk) three days a week and will
proceed with the applications he/she received to follow up and obtain
approvals from his/her entity or agency the other three days of the week.
This will be done alternatively, i.e., for example, one employee will report in
the unit on Saturday, Monday and Wednesday and proceed with approvals
in the relevant agency on Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday. The other
employee will do the exact opposite. Technical staff will be employed
according to contracts from their original entity and hence will report to the
manager of the office and be liable for their duties within the office the
whole duration of the contract. In addition to the above representatives,
around six technical employees will be responsible to finalize procedures
with non-common agents such as Traffic Authority, State Authority,...etc
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2. Training
Training programs should focus on:
• The overall purpose of the unit
• Enhancement of communication skills
• Training on the used software/ applications
• Customer service mentality
• Providing solutions
• Team orientation
3. Equipment required
• 13 desks
• 13 chairs
• 1 meeting table
• 13 file cupboards
• 11 computers with a network link within the desk and possibility for network
link between the desk and relevant entities
• 3 printers
• Fax machine
• Internet connection
• Photocopier
• Central air-conditioning
4. Software required
• Database application
• Network link
5. Space
200 sqm. with 3 partitions one for the administrative staff, one for the manager and one for
the technical staff.
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Window 3: It is responsible for issuing approvals whether for establishing a
business, or operation licenses. It is expected to achieve the
incentives pre-condition of the proposed system. The extra fees will
be collected through window 3 provided that the approval is issued
within the predetermined duration. Incentives should not exceed 100%
of the basic fees. If the approval is not issued at or before the
predetermined deadline, the extra fees will not be collected.
Hence, the requirements for window 3 are as follows:
1. Human resources
Four employees (two shifts), i.e., two at a time, to be responsible for delivering the
licenses and approvals, as well as, collecting the incentive fees.
2. Training
Less training is required for employees of this window, but they should be knowledgeable
of the system in general. In this respect, training programs should focus on:
• The overall purpose of the unit.
• Enhancement of communication skills training.
• Training on the used software/ applications.
• Customer service mentality.
3. Equipment required
• 2 desks
• 4 chairs
• file cupboards
• 2 computers for data entry of obtainment of license/ approval and payment
of extra fees, as well as access to network to check presence of approvals
• 1 printer
• Fax machine
• Scanner
• Photocopier
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• Central air-conditioning
4. Software required
• Database application
• Network link
5. Space
50 sqm. , with two partitions.
SUPPORTING DESK- Window 4: It serves as a support tool that contributes to the efficiency of the proposed
system. This window will be devoted to supply SMEs with both market and
financial information, against nominal fees with the following tasks:
- Supply SMEs with micro data.
- Sell sectoral studies at nominal fees.
- Conduct market studies on specific products and on certain areas.
- Conduct feasibility studies.
- Provide economic, market and financial as well as technical advises.
Based on the above tasks, the responsibility of window 4 will be collecting data and
conducting preliminary market, financial or technical research, as well as, referring
consultants /experts or sponsors (donors) in the fields requested. In this respect, it will
also help entrepreneurs to locate the different sources of reliable information such as
publication issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Hence, the requirements for window 4 are as follows:
1. Human resources
• One manager, with economic or business administration background and
high managerial skills, to head the team of analysts and data collectors.
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• Three analysts or researchers with commercial and technical background
(MBA /MA degree with minimum 5 years experience). They should have
good communication skills, with good knowledge of computer applications
and software packages and ability of analysis, since they will be responsible
for answering entrepreneurs' questions, collecting information from data
providers, creating database and conducting preliminary research, referring
external experts and establishing relationships with donors.
• A secretary, with three years experience, to handle the administrative work
and provide the entrepreneurs with the names and contacts of the short-
listed consultants, if requested.
2.Training:
Training programs should focus on:
• The overall purpose of the unit.
• Training on the used software/ applications.
• Enhancement of communication skills.
• Courses in the financial feasibility and market research area.
• Participating in major economic, financial and technical seminars and
being updated with major events.
3. Equipment required
• 5 desks
• 10 chairs
• 5 tables
• 5 file cupboards
• 5 computers
• Internet connection
• Fax machine
• 1 printer
• Photocopier
• Central air-conditioning
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4. Software required
• MS Office, mainly MS Word
• Database, developed application
5. Support tool
Window 4 will prepare and provide the following:
• Financial, market and technical data, as well as, macro information to be
collected from public agents such as CAPMAS and Ministry of Foreign
Affairs reports. They should be made available to entrepreneurs at
nominal fees. The data can be published in the Internet.
• Create database and conduct preliminary research to meet specific
investors' projects. In this respect, data should be reorganized and
structured to comply with entrepreneurs' needs. It should be arranged in a
specific period of time and sold at nominal fees.
• Short list of experienced and reliable experts and consultancy offices. The
experts should submit to the window their resumes and pre-qualifications.
The relevant recommended expert job will be to provide enterprises, in
need for advice, with accurate information and useful tailored studies or
reports. The fees are to be determined and approved by the window.
• Establish relationships with governmental entities, agencies and ministries
that have access to funding from major donors or sponsors in order to
provide the window with updated and intensive sectoral, financial and
technical studies.
6. Space
• 100 sqm. with three partitions one for the manager, one for the analysts
and one for the secretary.
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Further Required Steps:
1. Develop Licensing Application Form
2. Develop software
Build on the current experience of the Tax Authority and the Social Security Authority.
These governmental agencies are automated and could be used as a guideline.
3. Employees selection
Governmental agencies will be asked by a prime minister decree to select four of its
officials to participate in a preliminary training course based on which two employees
will be selected in the unit.
Selection criteria to be given to the governmental agencies is as follows:
• University graduate.
• Dedication.
• Between 30 and 40 years.
• Computer knowledge.
• Satisfactory communication skills.
• Commitment to the new way of business under the proposed new system.
The rest of the administrative staff is hired based on a newspaper announcement/ ad.
Summary Sheet: Basic requirements for the typical one-stage shop:
Space: 500 m2 , as follows:
• Window 1 50 m2
• Window 2 200 m2
• Window 3 50 m2
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• Window 4 100 m2
• Space for clients 100 m2
Number of employess: 43 employees as follows:
• 2 Managers.
• 22 Technical employees.
• 8 Administrative staff.
• 4 Secretaries.
• 3 Analysts.
• 5 Office boys.
Equipment & Furniture required:
• 23 desks.
• 30 chairs.
• 8 tables.
• 1 meeting table.
• 22 file cupboards.
• 21 computers.
• 6 printers.
• 4 Fax machines.
• 3 Photocopiers.
• 1 scanner.
• Central air-conditioning.
• Internet connection.
Software required:
• MS Office, mainly MS Word.
• Database, developed application.
• Network link.