Cneprr.n 5

LEGAL REASONING''Wot k ifl.arciste t pith ond tunh./! to rnsas is nat Ftnitkd n1lnu"

Hitltlln Apldr44atit f "".:nrh h:.

.andrct i otstlktl!tight"

On.e you begin to study LLa and b€.ome a

lawyer, 901, of the Lime vou wiu be applyinE the law to(r(tuJ sidatiuns.lour 'lill in doinB so. wirl der"r'nFhow Sood a laF yer you will be. Therefore, it is or l' tol+F\ptrlFd rh the l l B rnFan.F Te(r.hould e'alrp

From the first few questioN oI the Mrd?l T.silrpp. vou mbl have rFaL.ed Lhal all rl lrle\ lo am\eat the .orect aNer is a thought pro.ess, Le8aledu.ahon i! pnmarily concehed with the developmentuI Uus l&ulty oI lcSrllersoninS To bemore 'pRrh"..this s(bjet, amlyti.al thinking inevitably leads you tothe m$t appropriate choice among many anbiSuityad biasd gaeraustioB.

A t)"ical legal reasoning qrestion appears as

Ev"aeELE 7

LEGAL PRINCIPLE: Wh@ver, intending to takedishonestly n\y Nvable prope.ty out of thepossssion of my person wilhout thai pereon's coNntmoves th.t propsty jn ord€. to s!.h takin& is said to<omit theft. l^rhoeve. comits theft, shall bepunished with imprisonment which may ertmd totNie ye.B or with fin€ or with both

|ACTUAL SITUATION: AlM *es a 'insbelonging to ,\mya lying on a table in Amya's house.Not ventuing to misappropriate the nn8 iMediatelyIor f..r of *.r.h md detection, Arb hide. $e mgudcr lhe efa covei, where it is hi8Hy improbable L\atil will ever b€ foud bI Amya. AIu has the intentionof taking the ring froh the hiding pla.e and selling itwhen the loss is forSotten.

DECISIONT Is Am guilty of iheft ?

(b) No.(.) Yes, b€.ause Aru had the intenhon of

removilg the nng ftoh Amya'6 possession.

Anofl!ha6(d) Yes, be.ause Aru had L\e int4tion of taklng

m0\ ible propcrnand with ihis inlention he moved the

Th" an-we! to the dbo\e qur"hrn ii (d, Hc-e D rmelhod which will always l€ad you to lhe .orE.t

fIRST read the 'Trgal Pnnciple' and lreak it intoits componet parts. La doinS s, remembd everyword of the legal plin.iple is important and so is theorder ol words in w ch it is sta ted 'Ihe legal Pnncitlc

2. intcnding Lo Lak€ dishonestly3. any novable properry4. out of lhe possession of any pe.son5. without thatperson's consent6. moves that propeity7. inordq to 6uch takingL is sid lo.ommit thelt.9. Whoever.omits theft

10. shalL be punished11. with impdsoMent whi.h my 4tend lo lnJ@

years or with lin orwidlboihWith ttus prin.iple whi.h 6rnrly Pe(eived,

aMly* the fa.tual sihrationi1. Arun ses a ring belong'n8 !o Amya lyinS on a

table in Amyat horse.2 Nor venturind Lo nlaPP,oPrialP the Mg

imedidtel) Io, lear o{ s€rr.I and detechon

3 Am hides th€ ring sder the sofa coaer, wh6.ii is hig y improbabl€ that it will ever b€ found

4 AM has the intention of taking the ring fromihe hid,nE pla.e dJ .ellinS ,t ahm Ihe los ,'

35

\ok ip: !.F@;. -I lt;;-e = t:---

. ._'-_ : : ).t:-.1,+i!, . Arun.. nrenboh r,;'-T;LT he urhna,cr) narF;,rl."

E bmo\dolPrroDd^-

.::..._ ,., s.4<'Jn d/ d.e ,,.,",

._ .^,;,,

=.€nbo is ro rrrte rhe rine o"r "r il! rxse.!on. i-jj:],,!, :"*,. :*,nr obv,^,!\r,

^m) r\ffij ;jsi'^.,*:;;o,".*'. "Jn*a .,-

trT,i**.:"ft;iH,TJ:il':.T:'*;.ffi f;.':l:"ji.' ; li"'li:,".::'":t '

" 6ou8h.t \ohp t:tcr rih

f,';";{i*:i:*Ti"d*t$li;le w'hotu{Lonhts theft = Alu.

" ::Iir';;2iT,H'#;: tuav .xtend to th,e. !.q,s

;;1';9,31'1 "1;i1$g* **ir *:

...,,j il.T,4",'l ;,j j1;" ro*-". r "*1, n" 1,.;. . I

Crldt to LLB. Entrinc. Exaftinatiok

p*'"r..*t *,1", s*u""fr ; ;i".::..i"# fi,,:l

--E.-,,-,.,.-.*.li,.li,-.,i.1 que,botu n, drc Lelzor Rn.s.

fr :il:,:::i :il:"::r:.:r: "".'."bj*;i:,d::l:il*:

- "il:i:I1!:,'i"i1i*i'Arun is arso iiabrc Io, rhcrt

f: tlH..,",i:;.ir::.:":;r,j ;t:#f ,i";:

l,:iil Ti:,:T":;t1"* :ii:;" ;"',::::, :: : i:

*,g*ffiWftgu,rl*i,ruH;";::;:ln*",,"'.",,;,;.;:|ffi,iJ,'; il",;i

AREAS OF TESTINC IN LEGALREASONING

'*:Fi'#;,{i'tr'l{b) LawofConrncr

(d) Coturirurionat Law

. ln aforem€nhoned e\ahDt. "^,, ..-_

#*:*Tl,ii#": "* "::lhl "llF:lril.iljr^.[.iH::H" "l.,fl iT];;

*:**ul*ffi:n-1;" T*'ilr [::k- i];*;il ::i $

*'+-.-*t{H:ffi:li'ir,"',r.,i.{.*;:l.J$*iil

g*$1$ir*['*+ffi^'r$:*.#n::l*"^ lri iirir. ."r*,

[i',,trr:ll,.".,*:F;*:]'L:*;

il{",.'lr"i*,',:"-',:'*,"ilttk";,,r'

--=

Tlegeneral excepLion5 are nrai llrr Ur'\ou^dn6\ ot mi.d or rnsaNI\.(b) !-uo!trca"blr.o-k) 1]cr'!.olp.!$le 9 lq::liis to be noted that orls olproving excepLion li".

on accused who wmts to take boefit oI su.h lawful

Unsoundn€ss of Mind or InsanityEI/MLE 3

LlC, t ?RINCIPIE: Nothnrg is an ollence don€ bya person sho, at drc time of doing it by reason of6o6dness oI mind, is incapable of lnowing thenatuie of the a.t or what he is doing is $!ong orcontrary ro lat.

|,4CTU,4! SITUATION: A takes lus son I lvho isthree y€ars old- for a bath to ihe we]l H€ ttuoM hjsson iNide the well so ihal he could lrave a Sood baL\.Afte. 10 minutes, he also jumped in the w€ll to take a

good bal\ and t@! his son out of the well. He wasrescaed by villagers. His son was found dead. H€ ischarged fo.r murder. Medical Repoit declaies him to bcof unsourd mind suffeling from scnous mentil

(a) As ,4 kiXs his en B bv dnowinJ. him in thewell, he comits murd$ and be punished

(b) A c pl€ad lmondness of mind as a

defence and he should not b€ chargcd fo.

G) ,4t family sholld b€ rcsponsible for mu.derto ler tum take .hild to rhe well.

Of couse, the coned answ€r shall be (bJ. Only a

p{.on oI so6d nnd (an rhrow hF oM .ru d ,a lwell tohave good bath. Medi.al evidence also supports

Ex^MPlt 4

tEGAt PRil\'cIPlEi Sa me as above in Exnmple 3.

L4CTU,4I SITUnTION, .4 .eceivcd divinc ordusinhis sleep to sa.rifice his yea. old.hild. He.arries outthe order and kills his son Decide.

{a) A is to be puished for murder.(b) ,4 is noL guilLy of anl. offen.e as it as ofder

/(l a (an plcad r- rdre s oI tud r' defercednd he.l-ould no be rlbrSeJ to, mude,.

The coiieci answer is'C'

Intoxication"Nothing is an olicnce rehich is done by a peison,

$,ho, at the tine ofdolng it, isbyreason ofinloricalion,in.apable ot knoring the nature of L\e act o! thatwhat

To equip you wi& Iegal r€asoning rknb Io. lawentrancc exams, ae shall take e.ch area oI law one b]one, €xplain inporlant 1e8al tri..itles .nd prcvi.l€illusEations or examples c\plinnnB the lc8a1 prnrcipleso that you leam the way to appLl legal prin iples togiren factual situation anti a..i!e at the most concct

A. CRIMINAL LAWThe Principle of 'Me,s Rea'

"A'1rs 11o jl.it rcu1n flisi n.ns sit /.r" is a latinmaxid $hlch lals do$n a fmdam€ntal p.inciple ofcriminal la\'. It says ttial the act (4.h6) nr itsell is noL a(ih. ldcssiiis don with lrdrs r.r';.. a guilty mind.It n\eans a .limiial intcntion is essential to corohhte a

Rut there might be offe.eseve withoutft.fls r.d.S€v€ral modem statutes passed in dre inter€sts ofpnblic safei] and social r{elfar. which imposes sEictliabiliLy. :&e 4qqlii]r o:Lqtrrlqt liability ex.luds the

fnr.l|lP .r ,{r, /, j--i}e sroud u -,-1,}

-Leaulation .re ena.Ed io tr$ene and proiect the

social and economic inte.est of thacommu4ity wbi.hrcgui.cs sbi.t adheren e to la$s. Examples of suchena.tmsts are dle lssentirl Commodities A.t, ihel{oLor Velricles Act, etc.

ExAMplr 2

NIrs. Ioseph was married to Mi. loseph. Afl€r onercar she rlas deserred by he. husband. she made atlpossible enquines about him. tntihately, she came tokDw lhll her husband was on a ship bond forAmeri.a wNch wns dest oyed in dre deep sea. Sheslpposed herself i widow and @Eied anothe. mannert y€ar- Ir the meantime Mr. Ioseph reappeared.\{rs. losepn was (harged for the.ihinal act of

lhe question belore the Cout ol Appeal waslrlelher M6. Ioseph.omitted the offen.e of bigam)\.Lth a gujlly intention. The coun, by majority, appliedrhe principl€ of "M€ns Rea" and acquitted her as shehad actcd hder a !o&fd. belief that her Inst husbdd\':- /1rid lqp-e q

'> au suilry rord or a.r, -i n

C€neral ExceptionsIhcre nrc <crtain gcneral dcfen.es sdcr the

crin{naL law whid ac.used.an piead befo.e lhe cotrttu pruve his imocmce The burden of prool of hI{ch exception lies on rhe a.cused himself For.\imFle:.4 commiis in offcncc {hcn he is oi unsounddrintl o. insa.c. Thc burde', ul proring insaNty lies onI hnbclf, oI course, .,1! lawyer will prove on his

Guide to LL.B. Elltnnce Exrlminntion

h€ b dunA^ erher h:ong or.onrra4 ro i.w lE r*e wtu.h ,".,*i"r h- ;,,. :".;,P,^"-'ri:" 2 fti. .i8nr ,, "\addo." aaaubr dn dcr hr,cnrxm$i,hou,h\La-"iG;;;s;;:'.;:;'ii::"'"'" :1t:*o, cue appnhiroiu- o, dearn ora\.c re rh,ou;h *" 0.".'o," -",.a,

s-evous h'1 'r raoc ^r L&dtpne orLd,.s-,!rorroJrnro,Tp"u,.,h".to"i.,.:l),l:' wtong'ul.onnr emenL "t arv penon.L(,'*hnor,e-edbl dbe.,cbri."- r'crdim ' lli:+:'pt-n rni.nshiia\a,rdbeaq,i,n

' L,\ro,.- ",.r r",",or-r.,r o. *itr,o,, i',::i:::;:,.T"''dr) rir r-o6e.b,e;tun8

Mo\.lcdAe and

' m:*;i:illn:;:,n;x:^.*"t1":il " *i :i,",."':::*,*":?;:il,::ft"":il':"':1:or tus act rc. ir mt6t be ver) h8h S iggressor or on. wt o

"rrack has no riAhr ofDid,rp.r 5 pnvate der6ce. rrr*e is "o .ight or pii"aie

.,:,cAL,DNNCtry.t. Ary rFq wM -,e,re,ps " ffjil,:,-;:r:1,i,ffi::.:::"" ,",,".^"}],[fi;1'*- d'*'b' a pubrr 'eruanri. rrrbre d";,i

"; ,'h; .;;i.i.;i',i'"" -." -n-,,. NoLhnB sanurren(e r$eperonwhucom,ed ;"i:"l,liJll'::;:,t::,:;fi.'::;:j::*'rh.a( habre roafpre,iare +",;"*"***,. r,i,"., _ "na"ro snr . ;;"-*ijfi"'_+.oue to hro\icdrio'\ p,",raea,,cn,nr.,i",""n

"". 7. ore m,\ at.o .,,.; ;;;; i rrre a8sre.,o.d.^tunered i8ditut hi. h irrana *raour r,. _rueni.

" r",,. . ,;;,;;':";;:;:*" ., .",* ",,", j,::,:;ii;'jT*"::"y.Y:*: c:,.** or snpvoJ.Lu'a,.".to,i "..i,o,-,,*.p,o,rnd on his wrv bdct hche he ,obbd) hoJ,e breatre bv nghr, mrd!*r br

l'il,J:Lr',rt"i'."H;rHe is p'|o,p(ured '.i t'* h'rro'ho''"rre'pr... o

r,v. i,.i-"aJ"'"i*p*u.. *,, ' il",tTi.li, Fl H::,".,."'Jfl:::ilJ:l-,-.1:i::, \toh,nd,. hoJ.d bc t,Jbh ,,- utrdr poed bi tu" acr o"e,""t rr.t aIrIin.,r,rn!hFrs,ns\,,'r''t"-**,*.,;a"iil r,'(prk?, ro'.redr n8hi.pur.eu e*,nerebIl,.L P""l: y^?-, Hp 'ri. r*" ;",^r,i.j aldpricretuio-rIrq,hois,.,,u.Lqn1,.,

:i:T;ili,,i"-^ ","*"+'*,."i,,,"",,,".,r ;TtJ.lJ;.Ii.i. *,*,., "","o.Rishr or private D€ren." q;:T;';,1;11:.1L::;IT::ii.ii:t::;:f

-- . A.Pe- 1.n". ,l a.nr ,o p.o,c( tu. tr-dv ,". "te.) 'no - uL\ -',t.*'r'- .ghl .. g-^.a ,.rropqrv"\hel.rir,/Lod-..ap,q_-.,",""1'"i.1 r, .i i/en. lnc\.E.Janc,.r U,c"1Jtjr h.,.c (rr

Pcr 'or I'o'n dn- ,t'',' "' ".r- ''* *r.i. i ", ijsl",l fi I liii5c ;;' ',a ""c' o, ei( h nd,,idrd,

,1.^.I- 1,,: ., p,+, "r, o. Jhd, rr anr olr-e, L,H.Jn.!,r nst 'hprt.nt LIxr g rboul rtril n"hr "rdrrsei.,,rd,,rhL+b"e;,.,.:;,.;,:.;.r;^,;,-'t r,,vpl,6

.Lduhobl) rrmerr-nono*i,,,-"r.,;ui",.ii i\'J - , ttc4t P^/^(,P/ Fo, r'"rI.J.e or c\er{r.jl: :,,J".r,,,: " ". "..,,t,; ;;;;H : j;:i :: :,,J!:i :.'".,;:1.' "" p,.

" n . . _ .r *p.,,,

"yUU,rr s Dnd) Jnd prope.ry 9o. rr vou rh. "r. lar-,-. .,,r",r, ,,r rr.".,'o,,, r..;;. jJ;i; ,""L"j:l: ,,1./uAr ,,{-r.r/.or Rjr..,r u, r,. mdr.e*.,\Fr..r.er.rcutu)be;._"a,",;*a",',iji"Jl ill:Hl.;",il:,;;:.*,*,,*+,. i,"i,...,tqu.k This.. r-.. ,--

i::;:t;::i:',.t;,*;LtJ;;l.il;rr:illfii' ;:i:i.t;''.i ur\d,. d c-,c h.uen

D'rcLlonlhrrcfteptrtlD-p.ccphon_ " ' - rb ts"rlRdlu,r'dVrrur,J-c6u.tr\o.."ortertrcI KBht'ifn\dledcf-.\cr-a8ene,dl c(FDdon 'ci ldrrh.!r'.r:qhl oI D'r\,'ie itete../ rn.e

ror bp pk,-t_-J e\e; r., Mnr r. n)d\',,,,8 d|one-pe,.un. ir,... a.-,,.,,,.J ,.

ij;:i.,r| or rnrtus 6,.*".. ,rjJn. ore'eft.seJr{neiiqt,tot.etJete.._ lt-(,,,r-cts.s_rr.d,

Ex^wrr 7IEC/1I PRINCIPIES:

(l) Any pelson may se reasonable io..e ]n orderto prot€ct hjs property or pe6on.

0D Howser, the foi.e ebployed dusr beProportionate to the apprehended ddger.

FACTUAL SITUATIAN: Ravi was wall:ing on alonely road. Maniyan .ame with a kiife and said toRavi, "Your ljJe or your puse". Ravi pulled out hisrerolve, Oi reeinS it. Mmvdn idn Rdvi \hoL \'tm)dn

(a) Ravi will not b€ punished as thde was dmgerto his FoPe.ty.

(b) Ravi win not be psished as the for.e he usedwas proportioMle b th€ app.ehnded injur),.

(c) Ravi will be phished as the force enployedwas dispropo.tionate to the appreho.Jpd

(d) As Mdiyan ran to es.ape rhele was no longe!a threat to Rnvi's p.op€.ty. So Ravi wil be

The.or€ct aNwe! shau be (d). You can appreciatel.) to be a cloe oplion but, once Mr. Maniyan rd toscape the.e is not ar all my appreheded danger. 5o"w\en there s no thedr to a properry or body, no ri8hroI private d€fen.€.vailable.

EXMLE 8LEC,1r PRINCIPIE: l}te has right to delend his

hte d Fropqry aSai,st criminal hatu provided it isnoi po$ible to approach publi. authoniies and moreharm thd is necessary has not been caused to avert the

|ACTUAL SITU/TION: The fam of X on outskntsoI the Delhi was atlacked bl, a gang of almed robbe.s.X without i orminS rhe poli.e, at first wamed therobbeis by firing in rhe an. As rhey were fteeing fronthe fan, he fired and ki ed one of theh. At the trial-

L X can avail the right of private defen e as hewas defdding his lile and p.operty.

ll X.amot avail the .ight as he failed to inform

IIl. X cainot avail the right as he caused more harmtlDn was nsessary to ward off the danSer.

ry. X .an avail of the right as at first he only fired in

(a) I and Iv(b) I ody{<) [edlUid) IV or y.ANwo lo Lhi. quesrion is of,ourqe .c, ftr, r.

b<a$e X has failed to take recou* to the publk

authorities t.., police. Further, he kills a robber wrnl€he was fleeing away. It meatu there was noapprehe,sion of death or grievous hu.t to him

E\.\\'?LE 9W on retumin8 home late after work was accosted

by a\ alned vaSabond who tried to rob her purse andvaiuables at knife point. W raised an alam but wasffiu..esstul in obtainjng help. In the eruuing strugglew snatched the lqite tom the brigand dd kiUed him

L Can claim the .jght of prlvate defd.e as shewas defendinS her life dd property.

Il. Can claim private defs(e as she tried to obtainhelP b!t cotld nul ifprca, h pubLc duthoribr.

I[. Camot claim privaie defen.e as to defend a lewvaluables a pe6on (mot be hlled.

Iv. Cauot <laim private def*.e as it was he. oMrfadt that she was coming home late ai rught.

(a) Iandtr(b) TII(c) Iil dd Iv(d) rrln this case, l{ .d (laim ihe right oI privatc

defence. Hence, the mwd will b€ (a).

Theft and ExtortionSection 378 of IPC defines 'th€ff. Theft is taking

aw,) of a movable ploperty our oI ownerr po,*sronivith dishonest int€.tion without owner's consent.Even if the L\ing is resoved tspora.ily wiurdishonest intention, it amosts to theft. (Srp:

Ill strctions(a) A dts down a lree on Z's po$e$ion withont

Zt coNent. Hae as soon as A had seveled ficlree in order to such tzkin& he has .omitted

(b) d puts a bait for doss in his pocket, and thushduce. Zc dog io follow ,r. Here. ir,1 .

intention be dishonesUy to take the dog o,rr ofZt possession withour Zt cotudr, A hascomjtted theft as eon as Zt doShas b€8un to

Section 383 defines 'extortion'. Erlorlion may be ofmoeable o. imovabt€ prop€rty. Extortion heansputting a person in fea. of injDry to iin or any otherpersoi, and thereby dishonestly indu.ing him todellrer 'o dnv ppFnn any \aluable Tl-,r. F\ro.aon sdjsroling a person oI his property by puturg hh

lllBtatioB(a) ,4 ttueatero to publish a delanutory libel

conceming Z u{ess Z sives him honev He

40 cuae ta LL.B. Enndnce Ernnn&tnn

fiu. -du(F. ,/ ro gr\e tun monel A t-d5c.lmitred E\rorhL,n

,b. ,,1 -\ r,rrhrq / r tp at Brie\oc nur,r. r..e.r \ ,r tr.. Z ru.,g., or dtfi\ tu, +at rod htanl rntq.lr d Jptrrer,t ro

^ I {Sn. dnd

r/l \r-. lhc trl-- to A. Hrrp, ar tne paper ejeleJ md\ br !o^\erled Inlo a rarubleKuity. A has conmtted exroltion.

Ex^\81E 70

--, -LL-qr FRr\r /plt. wls dy pehon drlhone\dyriae\ n-) rovdble prnTsrv out ot rhe pos*ssion uiuu orer |cFon wrthuul hi5 co@t, he rs quitD ofrh€fr

r 4(Tu 4t 5nU4t lON.,1com€. ro B; hoE ddture\ awiv i b@! wrrl rhe atmrion to rerlm ir

(a) I coturjts theft bMuse the book has b&ntaken wirhod 8! con*nt

(b) I does noi comit theft b<aw he interds ror€txm th. bo.L

/.1 ,4.coulnLs r\eft bEar,se he 1ac taks a brot\ hr.h rs movahle property,Jl 4 c.rturuL $pfi b(ar he ras moved Lhe

book from 8,r houkAnswer {b), dishon€st nrertion notprove{i.

EtuMpLE 17,4 find<i FuBe nr, thc rold anJ he teps ir

" .4 ..mnirs thpfr hFciu.e Lh. puse doec nor

bEtonS to tum1,, I comml> $efr be(du+ he do$ not try to

find the uMerc ,,i doe. rur (onrnil rhcfr beldu* rhe pus

w$ nni iiktr horn thody. po\*$ionrd ,4 Loturur. $efr @cdure he doe not reDofl to

thr DolkP

Ex4MpLE 12n ii.d. a dum'rd lh8 t!j.! nr a, Labte 4 Drc\s.,t the r'ng $id,.he hLenr;on ofdi.nune,Ut kepr;E ita ,4 c.mftr. defr bftau:e he has mo;eo ltle

rinS from Bt tablew houthis conratibl ,4 doel nor conmit thefr btraue he hns s6ll

nor leit ,,i hous€.c ..1 dops noi commit thefr because I is caretess

hirh his vatuablesd { (onnt5 L,he[ the momFr he pkts up Ure

dn8 d'\honesuled iirended ro keeD rr.\r.r.t A

Ex+tplE t3, i.,.1/ tt \ .p. . Wh@\er intendxrA to u.e

'r, hoaejl d... hu,able properD out ot Lhe

po\c+ior uf dnr F^on wrLnoll Lur peNn (.oMl,m,^e.

'h". propprh n.rurr,o !u,h launq,. lard ro

col]rnt thenFACTUAI S|TUA. ON: Veerappm with his

assocrates, entered intd a covemenr R€setue Forestw,Ur a .ieh .r rdtjrd oul Ldtu"bh 5dnddthood Ee,.He*le(ted a .anddth ooJ nF dnJ +rrled choDpins rr.suddeilv potr.e dppeared on fe *rne ma arereahn Tlev .ee! ro pro\true Veerdppan rnd tu.asooales ior Lneft <rale wheLher l,hev wi succ+d.5tatevou answer rn rwo or ttvee stenc*

,46@r. Vecrappr can not be pro*(uteJ tor thefiA tudal*ood F4 i. not a movable properry tU rt Fattached lo the cdrrh Furrler, he hr'. noi m.Leu lhdrproperq in order ro rd^inE it away. He mdv be 8uitt,for d auempt ro (omrl thefr oi una* -i -" ,o.".

Ch€ating

, Sechon 4t5,of rhc IpC defner irrea6r,r'. gt"oon,In(rude\ d haLdulert.r o\honer indu(emenL b) on;perion lu lhe otie! dho dctrveN dny propdry ro hihor d! olhq Ie^on. Thu,, a pe!,on who chertsdnolher. ndte. d .rta r{pre\frrarion wiri a dish(m\lor hdudulenr rrenhun \o d, lo indure rhe Ltecrvedperen to do or omit to do som€thing.

Itlust/atio8r.. r. bv

'rt*ly prerendir€ lo be n rhe t.vit*Mce,

ntenhorllv JRci\e.7 and hu( dr\hun$lt)ind(p, Z ro tet hh have sooJ on (re.rr torwtuch hedoes norh€rn iu pa!,4 cheals.

rbr ,4 by pled8rr-s a( dun";d. rrrj.te htuch h.krowi e ror ddmond". intenuotul.y dpcerve,7 and the,eby di"hone{ly ndJ.es 2 ,o tddmonev A.he:r(

(.) d intstionauy de.eiv€s Z into a betief trDr AtL. pe,formed,4 t pad ofa (ontra.r mdde w,L\./-

,wtu.h le hr, not pe ormed and rhrreby

dr"hone,Llt indr(e.7 ro pay moner ,4 ct Fd15

EhupLE 74

, / tGAr PqlvLrf' r A perun i. guilry ot.hcdFnS.whe. hc raudu.ent \ i,,lu(6 b;thF pe^q rodeliver the lartrr s properry b Ixm

fi! fu,4( )/t u.4 rON 4 rrt.etv r"pre.enled ro da -hop-ohne, dr,. he ^a, an ufriier nor rne( olMerc rl Tc,e. DetJ-Tenr. wlx'e e\dtrrang L,redccoMLs or Lhe +uD. 4 ,l-oweJ rntere{ h buw,6 "n'rowd\e oten Jn rturatrenl bn.r.. a readr.\ rBredw,ln Lne h^pF,hrr he qJulr ;a " raiouarrea.{smerl lrom 4.c8ard. tu.,J\ rdodrry

^ Da,d lhenrir rn!rathe r""" rr" t,t,.o".,e

",m a"aor<appedred tofr rhc <-ne tne potr.e. t-ow_\er,

mMged to (at.h hold of A and prosecure him for

(a) ,{.onmitied chealins, beau* he induced Ito part (ith the Mic.owale ovd, posing asthough he was lioh the Come.cial raxesDepartm€nt.

{b) ,4 commlted cheating, b€.auR he did not paythe subsequdt iBtalment.

G) A did not.omit cheabng, be.ause I h dedover the article in order to get a favoEableassessment from,4.

lhe.orrect amwer wornd be (a).

4 fa sely repre"erts thar I.e F M oilcer llomComrnercial Tax Department His i.tenddn is to getemeLhs8 fraudu-lsdy del,ve,ed lo tum Fcm a. \onpayment of subsequent lstalmenis appear to be a part

ExAwLE15Shyam by pled8ing as dianonds ariicle whi.h he

lnows are not diamonds intentionally de<eives Ram,and iheleby dishonestly indu.es Ram to lend mone!.

(a) Shyan is not grilty of cheating(b) Shyam is Solty of cheating'(c) Shyam b auilty of loigery(d) No.e of ti.e above.

r1€ .olrect answer is (b).

Mi6chi€ISection ,{25 of dre IPC defines this o{fence as

"Whoevei, with intenl to cause, or lnowing i\athe is likely to cause, nlongfi, loss or damage to thepublic or to any persoo .auses the destruction ol anl'properly, or dy su.h.hang€ jn any property or in thesituation thereof as destroys o. diminishes its value ortrtility, or affe.ts it injuiouly, comits "mischief".

€xpldndlio, l.-lt is not €ssenhal lo the offence oInnschiel that he offender should intend to .ause lossor damage to the orrner oI the propeity njued ordcstroycd. It is sufficient if he intends to .ause, orlnows that he is likely io cause, wronSiul Loss ordama8e to any person by injudnS any property,rvhether itbelongs to that person or not.

Ixrl,natirr 2-Mis.hlef may be.omitted by ana.t aifecting properrv belonging to t}le person whorormr. rhydd,orro u,drpe-o.dnd olheF pii rli

lmportantpoinls io be taken care oI are as follows(a) With intention or knowledge, causing loss or

danuge to an). property of anl' pereon(b) The acl deslroys or dimnnshes tlp value of

sucl troP$ty.

EWPLL 16

IECAI P i\ICIPLE: Whoever with the intent tucause, or kno{ s thathe is likely to.ase, wronglul lossor damage to ihe public or io any pelson, causes thedesbu.tlon o{ any p.operty, or any su.h chante in anvproperry or in th€ siluation lhereof or deshovs ordiminjshes its value or utilily, or aftects it injLdotrsh,

F-4CTU,4I SIIUATJON: O, knowing L\al his assets

are about to be tnlen in execulion in order to Rtisfy a

.lebt due from hjm to Z, destoys those assels, with Lhe

.-rennon ol Lhereb) p e\hbrg Z hom ohLarMBsatisfaction of L\e debt and it caued damges to ZDecide whether Q has .omitted any nisJh jef .

DECISlO({(a) Q comiLs nnschet be.ause he knowingly

.aused L\e damges io z.(b) O does not comit mis.hief be.ause hs a.t

cannot be prov€d on the groud of law andevidence in ils support.

(.) Q camot be punshed because Ns assers arenol sufficient to obtain stisfa.non otdet,t

(d) Q can be prosecuted o,rly if debt is )aood deltThe aNwer is (a)b{ause he.omnb hlschiel and

is liable lor such offen.e.

E/ tPLt 77

LEGAL PRINCIPLE 1: Mischiei is an injul loprope.ty wlth L\e intention of causinE wronEtullo$ lo

LEGAL PRINCIPLE2 The pcrson to shom th.l(bsis $rongtully cau5ed by mischief need not be theolarer oi the property tumselt

FACTUAL SITUATIAN Ahas leased hi3 house toI lor 5 yeaF Atter one yea. ,.1 feeh the n€ed for thehouseand reqlests I to va.at€ thehouse, brt E rel8es.,{ in order to get ts to va.ate the lbuse, .ar6es fire lo it,but I with L\e h€lp oI the nelghbous qui. yextinEuihes th€ fire before it could r€allI damge the

(a) d is gulry of nis.hief.

0) ,a camot be #ilty of causin8 mischicf.(c) A is not tlilty of mjsclncl is thele was no

rhe answer would be (a).

,4 wolld be liablc loi mischief be.ausc he causcsfi.e lo the property to cause w.ongful loss o. dahageto B He <amot es.ape liability for being L\e owner oIthe house as it is legally in occupatjon of I 'Drnugemay be rery little but,4 s knos'jngly caustrg wrongtulloss will make him llable

42 C itle to LL.B. Efltnnce Exrmnldhan

El.:-upt t 78

lIG.4l PaINe-lPlEi Same as above.FACTUAL SIIUATION: P eolMtarily throws into

sea ^!

ring with intention of causing wrongtul loss to

(a) P i-. 8{il$ ot mischief(b) P is guiltv of.heatingk) P is guilty of things(d) Noneofihe above.Ite anqwe is (a).

Criminal Attempt.Alrempl i\ an inr"rrional prepararor) adi@ h tu\ h

Idil- rn rB obJe.t Attempl ro Muder delD.d u/r t47 ofIPC is puishable Eith 10 years o. upto lifeimpljsorunent. To coNtitute an offen e of atrempr tocoruit d olf€nce requireF

(a) intention !o comnt e offence, and(b) doing an act towards rh€ comission of tr1e

IlhBrdtians(i) A nakes an auehpr to pick ihe pocker of Z by

Ltuu.Frs hi. hrnd into Z< pocter Z l-dcn.'tn.-! '. h r poclcL. A ,\ 6L Iry for arrempr ro

(b) ,4, with the intention oI causing the death of a.hild of tender years, erposes ft i! a deeertplace. r,l is guilry foratremprto muder

(c) ,.1, intending to nuder Z by poiron, puchasespo.." rrd tu'-! +,e rome {.Lh tood .4 pta.est}|e food on I r Lao.e. A l-d. (orrn cd rheoilence oI aLlempt to mud€r.

J I mr^.- Jr d,,emt! lo rcal 6ome *eL byble,bnL up.- d boy ard hnds ilLer,o oDenirg.l,e t".;fi;r rhe"e Ir no ieBel jn jL. He ha'q do.ean act tos'rds L\e cormission of theft and isguilly io! altemp o comit rheft

Ev,AjlPLx 19LE6,.1l PRINCIPTE: wlroeler aft€mpts to .ommit

an oflence Fuishable by the lndian remt Code wjthimprisoment for life or imprisonment, or to .ausesuch an oflence to be commjtted and tn su.h arremprdoes an) ad towards the comission oI rhe offence,

FACTU,II s/IUATION: X srays in SolrhExlensjory New Delhi. One eveniaS he thought to stealJll rhe Eold .eheller\ r,um Meka & Sotu Compu) drluth E\'en.ion orar(l-. Hp ca.leo hi. Mo r,,;"ds iohelp him in su.h of his drive towards beins richo\en8ltr Ths lhe tr,o maJe LI-e uderqrouo hoteruhdrd' he Metd & 5otu lrom north "i,le dunn8

midnight. Durin8 su.h p.ocess one of his frihd diedwhen collided w,Lh tre (on-ete ot rne Itoudfl;r ofMehra & Sotu. X and his another friqd also reeivedinjuies and became bsu.cessfll to mter into rheMehia & SoN. On the informtion from the ni8htwatchfrn the pdiice adived at the spot and arested Xand his swivinS f.iend and sent their dead tiend tol]1e AllMc lor po<trnorrem aler nece*dry leSalfolmlihe.. ) dnd h s -urvivng tsrdd told tne FoU"e*ur .ice d e) were nol --r'e :lul ih hex noa e\sentering into the jewelle.y shop and also sin.e one ofthen friends had died, rh€y we.e not respotujble toeil\ei law or Meha & Sons,lewellers.

DECIStONI(a) X and hls friend noi liable becase his friend

died. He along with his friend wele injued.(b) X and his fnend not liable because &ey have

not tou.h€d any jewel.(.) x and his friend can be resporsible because

their a.t atrra.ls the other thieves that MelM& Sons has more Iewellery and in tuture it js

a problem wiL\ such a big lewellery Shop.(d) X and his friend cd be respoNible be.aue

they attempted to commit an ofimce ude!the Indian Penal Code and in rheir attehprdid an act iowards the comi$ion of offsEe.

The d\ser r d, T\e\ dre jiablp for d empr rorheft T}le deafi or U"L 'r rnp,id and dju) ro hcm do6not absolve theh ftom such ofience.

EXMLE 20!|GAI PRJNCIPTIj P.eparation to comit an

oflence is not a. oilen e. Aft€r making the prepararlonany act done towards comml$ing rhe off$ce wiilintention 1o conhit it, is an attempt i,o comit theoffen e, whi.h i5 by iLself an offence

FACTUAL SITUATION: lai wants ro kilt veru. Hebuys a 8u and .artrid8es lor comitting ihe mdder.He thm *ts out sea.ching for Veeiu and when he seesveeru. he lodd, tu: gu anJ tdtp, irm aL hr ar d nu "the trigg€r. The gu did not fire

(a) tai is gu ry of attempt to mu.der Veetu fromthe time he sets out ia sear.h of tlte la(er,

(b) lai is guilry of attenpt to murder Iiom rhetime he load5 the Bm.

(c) lai is guiliy of attempr to huder ftom themoment he takes aim at veru

(d) Jai is not guilt_v.

TlLe atuq.r i' . . Ve,e \cd(hin8 for someone orloadine a gm will nol corbtu.e alremo.. TI-e momenrJai takes ain ind pulls the t isger, he ;ould be Blitt)or:$ehnt

4l

SeditionThe ofien.e of sedition ls doing ol ce.tain acts

which would b.ing the Covemment establish€d by lawin lndia into hatred or contempt or .reate disafiectionagaiNt it. It must be noted dut in.itemot to violencea8a$t the crare F d e,srridl inFedjenr of be ofienceof sedition. Ihelefore, if a politi.al leader appeaLs to themsses to remove a Sovement by democ.atic meaBsay by votin& hc can not be.har6€d for sedition.

ExA@r E 21

rEGAI PRINCIPIE: Whoever by sords, sigs orothetuise brings into hatred or contempt or incilsdsaffe.tion iowards the golement establjshed bvldq i' lnura "l'allbe tri-heJ $,,h,Tpn-um-il Iu,life

I/CTUll SITU,4ITONj In a pubii. meetinS,Iashpal Reddy, the leader of an opposition partvrhunders, "This is a govement of scosdrels,Lootlegge6 and s.anet€.s They desene to beNeated T€ach them a lesson in the .oming electiotuby voting them out of pow€.". Th€ goremmenr iscontehplating to prose.ute Yashpal Reddl

La l d'hpil Redol b 6u,lD or .e(]ltr.n.cr hdUnEnude inesponsible and inflamatorysta tements agai^st the Sovement

(1, Yashpal Reddy is not gulty of s€dition as heis only e\er.ising his freedom of 6pech in

(.1 Yashpal Reddy is guitry oI sedition, as hjsstatehent would incite people to violenceleading to breakdown of law andorder.

The codect aGwer is (b).

Mr Reddyisnoinlcjdng dre public to use violen.eor atta.k wiL\ weapons against the govement. H€ istelling to use democratic heaG ie. votes to oust thegovemment. He <amot be held liabl€ foi sediiion.

Some other Examples fromcriminal Law

EME 22IEG,4L PRINCIPIET l\'heaer causes death by

doing an act wiL\ the intention of .ausing deathco,tunts culpable homicjde amohiing to muder,pu]rshable sder hdian Pcnal Code.

L4cIU,4l SITUAI/ONT Ban&pur is a proLectedarea wherein hsting is totally lorbidden Kannar, a

poa.he., stealthily eniered this area and he shot at a

deer He nissed lhe tar8et and the bullet hjt the forestguald relaxirB nea.by, whom Kafuan had not seen.'I he fo:ed gudrJ h a. bJt'J. Dd,de h hpl\er hanndn i.tuilty of .ulpable homicide

,4NSWfRi Nlr. Kaman had no intdtion to Kll theIorest sua.d, neithe. had he knosledse that somehman beng is relaxing in a deNe forest. He may becharged for illegal poachin8 mder forest laws and a

rash aldnegligenta.t causingdealh ofa hlne bein6

E).,MLE 23LEG, I ?TNCIPIE: The defahatory sta tement iI is

based on 8lomd of huth, good laith or pubic interest,and strikes a balan e between freedoh of speech andexpression Suarante€d uder Constitution of lndia mdindividual's right of reputation, then such defamtionwoDld not attract Penalty

FACTUAL SITUATION: Nt Salib s friend whilefadng a lrial in a.ou4was comp€lled to pai tu 750 toPubLic Pro*cutor md Assistet Public Prosecutors forgethng thei! help to have lont dates fo! hial. Mr sahibfrom hls childhood hates bribe and coruption. Henc€h€ wrote d arh(le on this lact and issue as "How thejlsiice stands at a distance as a helpless spectator so as

ro tre mrmcr h wlxch Lhc rllicir bribe more) Iromplaintifh and defendants enters into ihe po.kets ot thePublic Prosecutors and A$istant Pubiic Prosecutorsand the extent toshich itreach$ and to whidr us€ it is

DECISJON:(a) Mr. Sahib .amot b€ pmished be.alse his

arti.le G a lesson to the people doiig codupt

(b) Mr. Sahib caMot be punishcd because hisariicle is like a public interesl petition andcanbreak sudr pra(tice in lutue.

(c) Mr Sahib can b€ pmished be.ause thisremrkis defamalorv of the 8loup of personsreiered to in afld there is no ploof of the factsand it is not exception to the p$istsent

(d) Mr Sarib .an be prosecuted because ltsfrisd had not lold him to wriie agajistPublic Prosecuto. dd Assblant PubUcProse.utor in his falour.

ELaI/PLE 24/-ICAI PRINCIPLEj Whoev€r dishon€stly

misapproprjates or conve.b to his o$h us€ a.ynovabie prope.ly shall be pmishabie

FACTUAL SITUATIAN: A and B are toint O$nersofa MdutiCar. One day,4 took the.ar hom Ft garageto have a moming tos without !$owledge oI8. On theroad,{t ftiend C et him and took L\e car to diop hisson in Delhi Public School and on ihe way io School hemetwith a! acciddt with tr\e DPs bus and the car wasdamaged. ! being dcgusted on the fact of ,4's takin8out .ar trithout his coent, blaned 4 of heft andIodEed m FIR in Local Police Stahon Decide.

4.1 Cuide to LL.B. Entrahce Euninlttian

DECi-VO-\:(a) ,1 has .omitred the offence of thefr berause

he has not talen the .otuent of B.

iL') ,4 G Auilry of theft be.ause h€ has raken anddriven the car and tabng away of movabteproperty is the e$ential elsent in otfen.e of

fc) ,4 is nor guilty of rheft be.au* he is atso oneof rhe oMer. ot rhe cdr and his tabng awdydoes nol amout 'o hiq intshon ro Lheft andas he b also the oMd th€ coNent of B is notmerely required.

(d) ,4 is not guilty of thefr rathq his friend C isiiable for thefr.

The atuwe! is (c). 4 is also one of rhe oMers ofthe car and he is not requi.ed to have cosmt fror g.

Ewu25/Iu,41- PRJACrPL| WFoerer. nrerdins ro inrltr

rhe nodesty of any homdn uLtch dny wo;d, mt-,d-) rcfd q 8e5rue, or eJlb L any obt(.. hre-dir 8lh.l !u.r word o- .ound.hill be heard, dnJ $dt >ucngestue or object shau be sen, bv such woman. or,ntrudes rlon r\e privd.) o, .u.ri -o*n. *r,,u r"

frCTU,4l SITU4TION: Ms p.av@n works !, anExpo.t Ho{se in Creater Noida. There are hore lhan'q0 pnplolee. dlonS\irh wortd- s .u(h compd)Ore.l tnc emp.oyee\ tulesh wdnreq ro turc.omr talL-with Ms. P.aveen. But she s.olded him in front ot somcr0 \o-]'tr- i€mplo\e!

'dnren. Tdbng O!. grud8etu e L. ever) dd) ddinS pnhy at -ominX porreo rt.rra\een1 hano a4d ,hrked he- nSIt hdrd ro- tewmnur- dga,rrt ler w.jt. Onp dav +e made uD hertud rd hrome o t-rr 8.,- B,i,n. Bo". due io lir"work efliciency of Ritesh did not rake anv a<tion. Shealternativety inJomed the potice. police arestedRltesh. Ritesh told the polic€ ro defend himseu thar heus-"d to shake her hand as ir is a hanner of wishjhS a(ollergte dnd rhrr tu. Bo., .. e,,.u8t- . rdle a(donbe(iL,e ir i. fie rorl p.d.. dld ,-. 8,., i...onperer,i. deci'le matler himcll. De.'de

DECIS/ON:

d) Purt'5l- \oll be pri.hed -qJu.. .t,,tindhdd with a gnl againsr her witl anounts toL\e sexual harassment arworkpta.e andsudlm acr is subject to be prose.uted.

(br Ritesh .an be puished onlv by his Boss nott'! Cour or Lah ard i nr, Br.,Iorg,\p. .en

no larv rs there rn tndrn to Fqj5h tum. Ri_e:h -haU nor be pmi.ned bHdu.e.hdLn8

lrand is no offence in lndia.

(d) Pitesh shall not be pmished because he actsin such mame. or y during of6ce houre andbetore mny employes not in an abandoned

The arower is (a). Because his act is suificient toattract the offmce of s€xual hdassmqt.

E*Mplr26LECAL PRINCIPLE: Whoever volutdily causes

or attempts to cause any person to do dyrhing whi.hthatpersonis not legallt bomd to do, or to orLit to doant thhg htu. \ he,s eSal v "abr'pd ro do. br i ducinSor attemptinS io induce that peFon to b"lieve that heor hy pe6on in whom he is interested will be.onr o.wilt be rende.ed by som€ act oi rhe ofenaer an obje.rof divine displeasure if he does not do ihe thins whichit is lhe obje.t of l]re olfender to.ause him to do or ifhedoes t\e thing whichitis the obiect ofoffende! to caushjm to omit, shait bepudshed.

F,4C?U,4I SrUr'lTlONi ( induced L to dedi.ar€ roGod one oI the right fin8ers durin8 a tutlmoon nighr inthe month of lme otherwise his elde. son witt bepemanendy mad dle to displeaslre of cod of Death.r beleving ir such ltoids oI ( cur rtre tittle fins€! ofmiddle son at rites made du.in6 ihe sat.1 nisht. Hisnershbour M saw the scene and informed !oli.. Thepolicearresied( and Lnext day morning. D;ci.te

DECISIONIr- r dnd , b..r r,H t,dbte ro bp I ro.aureo

b.oJf u,e) .J\- doae .Lch rlleBrt ho.lvolmtarily.

(b) olrly K is liable to be prosecuted because hehas proposed for such offen e

/cl Only / i- Ldo e occa,Fe hp obey"o ( to. .rc\

(d) Ki;not liable be.ause hc hasnor L\reatened Ito obey hin .nd L js nor liabte to beprosecrted because he has .lone it indedicarion ro tlod

The an,r'er is (a) ( and I both are liabLe. Thei!wo(k a.e sufficient to atract the offmce.

B. LAW OF TORTSThe ho.d 'rorr' is d€.ived lron the tarin {.ord

'tortum' m€aning thereby'hdisred' or trooked, or'what is noL straight' Thus, the word 'torf signifiesrvrong. A tort is a civil aaon8 as opposed to pubtkhron6. A L:r,I .\ ro"; dl,o lnom r: p'.ra,r h roro i,.a qr ir8aB, '.r .n inltr.d..r drdrotr!r'\rrne-dtp^ lu, n napp€n' in tu., u' a ,r m l"t ". puo .. s ru ,HButall (.\'lrvrontrd.p ol lo.r. B,eJ(hor,orrdcl.\acivil rvrong b(t it is nor a rort. This is because of L\edahaEes or compefsation to be pai.t by the parry

committinS such b.ea.h of conha.t is nomallyIi$ldated or pre-gtihal€d or fixed in advance in theageement itself. lrL tort, damges are uliquidated r ?.

not pre-determined or which arc to be determined byS.€ cout. The basi. prin iFle behind action lor bn ir" ubt jus ibi rcnediu'. It means where there is a ri8ht,due is a r€medy. In order to constituie a to.t, it is

1 The.e must be some a.t or omission on the partof delendant i.a. dre wrong doer.

2. Such act or omission has.ased a legai damagei.e. infrinSement of some legal right of theplaintiff.

Natdre oI a tortNatlre of a tort .an be besi understood bv

(1) Tort and crime(2) Tolt ed Breach olContract.

Tort and ci1trc(a) In tort, there is an inlringement of private or

.ivil rights of in.ljvidual. ln.rime, there is a br€adr ofpubll. righls $hi.h affe.t the whole comunity.

(b) lJr tort, ltle main aim is to recompensate theplcinnll ro, ll e lor.ure,ed by tLm L .nme.thcr"iraim is to prnish thc ac.usd if convi.tcd.

Tort and Brcach of contru.t(a) ln lort, L\ere is a br€a.h of dut_v whnh is fi\ed

by law In .ontract, lhere is a b.each of duty which isiixcd by the contracti^g Farties,

(b) ln tort, dahages are generally udiquidatedand are determined by the court on dr fa.ls ddcilc@lances of the case. Danagesare lixed accordhgte lhe Lerns ard codiLions olconllact.

Act or Omissionln order to succeed in an action lor to.t. the

.rplpnJa.l nL.l ,?\p u {'e .om4l 18 q\i.l' h. '.supposed not to have done, or husthareomitted to dosorelhjng which he rLas supposed lo have done to the

EXAMPLES

G),4 digs a pit on th€ rcad, I falls into it. A is liable

lb) A t epasses on Is land and (ause somenuisance ,4 isliable to B in bit.

(c) ile.lock to$er in Chandni Chowk, Delhi fellresultin8 in the death of a nsber of persons.the Nlun.4ral Corporation lus omitted lo keepL\e doc! rorver nr proper repair. Held. LltCorporaLion aas Uable.

Legal Damag€Le6al damge or injsy hearo inhinSement or

violation oI some legal nght ol the plaintiff. Twoimportant maxim explain this concept and liabiliiy ir

1. Drnflrn 51ne htl tin.2. Injrrio Sin. Da,nn,nD/{MNUM SINE lN/URl,4, Damage withoul a

le8alwong. D.flfl!,, meaN damage or loss in respectof none, corJort, health €rc lrjrri" means

in-tsingemeni oI a right conJered bv law on a plaintiffrhe ma\tm dannun th, .,/,,,4 me.tu tl'dl ddtubr ,-suffe.ed by tlt€ plaintiff uithout any violation of hisleSal right. For L\is there L no redress at law.

The leading.ase on dre point is:

d, a school leacher, opened a school next door tohis nei8hbolr's schooi. studdts {iom the neighboEts.hool ltocked to ,4 r school Held, the n€iShbour had

o' .ltrr tn ,nE,!/r/rid. Leame.t ju.lge obsefled in this case 'Thus if Ihave a frill, and mv neishbour sels up anoiher milL,and thereby the profih of ny mili fail oft I .aruotbrin8 an action against him a d ytt I have sutfered

/\JUFI^ <l{I Drv\UM h m'r,. Le.J "'has bcen sulleled o! a le8al right is infringed orliolated but no a.hLal harnr or loss is caus€d to &.pbnrdff. lt is actionable under torts In a celebratedEnglish case, Asl1b! \ |\hik, ,4 ('as wronStullyprelenied by lhe Retunring Offter from dcr.ising ll]svote at a Parliamentary election No Loss $as suferedbv A be.ause Lhe candidale for whom hc \lafted tolote 8ot elected bv a huge nargn Hel{1, A Nolldrecover damages on th! ground Urat his leBil riShl lovote *as violated t,y the ReturniiS Offi.er

Sinilarly. a voter's name rlas w.ongtuLly omitledfrom vor€rs' list. This prevcnted hid lrom .asLing his!ote. Ileld, |e sullered a legaL w.ong lor which an

action in htt wolld lie.

EXNPLL 27

I EG,4r PRINCJPL|: lI L\erc is inirnrgederl oIlegal nght of a pe6on, h€ can sue urdcr torts lo!compensation evcn if he has not suffered any harn orloss ofa sngle pemy.

I/CTLL4I SITUATION, Mr. 8, a bank manaSerrefuses to honour a chequepresented by C, a customerHe knorvs that C has sulficient lmds h his account.Can C sue Ssdq torts and dann .ohpensarion ?

(a) Ihe Banker has violaLed legal riglt of C Ile.J.be.-eJdJcrrorl,lopd) Lompenrdnon

{6 Guit1. to LL.B. Enttune Etumifldti.n

(b/ The entirc moner of C in hls b.nl accout isinr.ct He suJle.s no damage. He shoutd g€rnocomf4sation

1c' I .an plead exhaordnriy sihration in thebanl at L\ai point of time due to which he..uld not honour the cheque.

The ari{er ]s (a). Banker would be liable for.iu,n8 leBai dahaSe io C.

Gen€ral D€fences to Tort"Act of cod',

'A(l otCod r\r pood dct'nretodnya(hon in lorlThu.. when lhe oamrtr. 14+ cr rntuy s Lased on/. Ju' uf ope,ahon ol nd dl ru're. or phenoa end.\J,

' ". hpa\y ddhrpour <torn5. flooc. edrfiqudle.,d'nuaht5 etc lhc dcfendanr.an escaDe lEbil,tv

The two essential llgredienrs oi r}c def;e of A.i

{a) lle act must result o!1 accoht oi a,orking ofnahual for.es ed

1b) L\e occuerce must be extrao.dimry

Gen€ral D€fences to to"VolefltiNon Fit ltli na"

There drr cp-arn derer\es dBJrn!r rLe torhou.',db ih hhr\ i dLlendcnr ,dr, Ttcdd -o avord dsib ' ty uder rort Cpr?idl dpten.p( 1'. h ra\ou.or

detandant. Yolclti non ft injvia.nfor.e d riehr wru.h he hls votu.Ld,ily rd,ved or.1 tt.l, id va-w t. It i, x,d m.ai" hrrm,ulle,edvolstirJJ (-n,,n' p FnJJted lr meMs it o pe\irn(oneenF tu take cone ihjd!] or fum I-c ca- not sue'l c o r"' ,f a(h i.i-i- .- rL! , tcd uton hxn. tlc.onsent nay be expressed bl words or implied{infefted) L}.onduci. Butro,r5e;t mustbe fre.

Examples of express consent(i) ,4 iNites B to a druler at his house. He camor

sueSIoratesPass(b) A asb 8, a suSeon io pcilorm a lawful sugrcal

olcribononl.|n Hr.nnrorlueBtorJn:Itryrccci\ ed,n -hp. n,r.F of ofnrdhon /,.\ iJ!J.t !notdu€ to the negligence ofL

Examples of Ilnplicd Consentrar -4 rakes pai in a wresthg or cricket mar.h He

has Bleen i\ implicd.o$en hat ifhe is inju€dhe rL have no.atMof acnon.

(b) A spe.tato. in a horse ia.e or at a circus o. mautomobile race impliedly consenlr ro takeJton (im.elf dc, tJ. \hi, h my,on e lo lamin normal cjictnstan.A

Exception to the Maxim: Rescue CasesThe defence of.olffriron,{t nrl'ra doesnor appty

to rescue cases. When a pereon volhtarily udertalesa .isk, out ol a sense of legal or moral duty, to rescu€somebody from jmjnent danger, and sustais aninjuiy, he can re.over danages in rort fiom rhe persondue to whom thesituarion arose.

ln a leading lnglish Case, the delendant's senanlLeft a h{o+orse lan uartended if a sh.eer. A khoolboy LhJew a stone on the hoFes which we.e upset andran wrlh lhe rd. A pcli.e co FGble o dur) .tofpHdlhe l'o^e\ fedrinB lhJl Lhe\ nBl-. cdmfle womFn d-dchndren. ln doing so he susiaincd inlldes. Held, hewas entliled to r€.over dahages

Exrypt t 28// -41 PR/\i,lLl \o remeoy ror u e i.iurJ

(aEed by an acr, ro which one has voluntarltv

ftCTUAL SIIUA?ION, h :n exhibirion cri(ketmatch, Sachnl hit a lull toss .leliverv oI Shae Bondove! the fen e lor a six. The ball fcil on the head ofEgghcad, a spe.tator and severely injured rum.lgghead had purchased , u.ker costing Rs 1000 towatch the match. Eggh€ad ar{i the organizeF of L\ema t.h are swom eneftes

(a) Esshead can .ecove. the .osts of his medicaiexpetues f.om Sachin.

(b) Egghead an recovd rhe cost of his medicalexpenses lrom Shane Bond

(.) [gghead .an recover the .ost of lis medicalexpenses lrom the Olganize6.

(d) Nobody would be liable to pa), anlrlrjng toEggherd

Theansweris (d). The pdnciple of " vobr li No, rirItjtlrd" shall apply Egghead has no remedv as he hasiorpliedly consented to such iniuy {hi.h mav b€caused in wat.hing a cricket match

LxAMpLE 29|IC,4I P JNCIPIf, Danuges caMot be claimed

against. riik to whl.h consent has been tiven Th€principledoes not applv lo rcs.ue cases.

L4CTU/L SrIU,4lONr X and y boughi tickets rohave a rlngside view of a foorbau match. Durjng the.ouree of the Same a hard kicl irom one of the pla.lersc,u{J -t- Ld.. .o \r I o,, h. nu.p r,,.

"s l,iee. .sand nausea. Afts half rime rhe orEanizem altowedenhy of more +rectarors than thesearingcapacjryofthestadiM. ln thejcsulting stampede R and S who werewatchinS the mat.h since the begmg gol iniued

Five minutes befor€ close of play, a pa.t of ttrestadih rool broke loose. Y rushed to save chitdren

17

iibng bmeaL\ the roof and in the process injuredh€eu.In separatea.tiotu filed bi' the injued pelsons,

(a) X shall not be able io .ecover as he coNmiedlo lhe risk of the nrins ball.

.b' X,hdll be dble lo ,ecover a< Lhe orgdai.phfa ed to take pre.lubo! dgain.l Lhe nyinSball.

(.) X shall be able to ftcover as he.oNenred towat h d1e gahe not to be injued in it

(d) X slEll not be able to .ecover as bypurchasing a ringsid€ Fat in a footbau gamehe coNented to all the attendant risks of such

T1re swer is (d).

EvePLE 30LEGAL PRINCIPLE and FACTUAI- SITU/4TION

Sahe as in Example 29(a) R and S Mll not be able to reov€r as pushjnS

and shoving is an impli.it nsk of &atchingSamer L\e

(b) R and 5 will not be able to re.over as thevcoNented to the risk of a pa.ked stadiunr

(c) R and S wil be able to re.over as theorganisers failed in thei. duty and they neve!cosenied to ihe risk of a stadium packed atmo.e than capacity.

(d) R and 5 will not be able to re.ov€r as theadditional spelt.tors gate crashed inro the

The an wer wodd be (c), as the .otuent given byR and S is to the dangeE inherent in the game itselfTh€ coreent ..n not be extended to indude anvhappenllg on the playgrond or stadium.

ExA,,rpLL 37

lEG,4l PRINCIPLE and I.ICTUAI SlIu, TiON:Sane as in Example 29.

(a) Y Bill not be able to re.over as shevolntarily ruhed to res.ue the chndren

rb\ y will be abk .r !cc.ve. as ihe wa- ,e<s8ihe clnl&s from.€rtain danger.

(c) v will not be able 10 recover as the safety oftl'e.dldJc. s r' noL ner rerpoarl-:hrv

(d) Y will noi be able to .<over as the b.okenroot pi4e nay or may not have injued th€

the answe! is (b). 'Ihe (ase.elaiin8 to Y is a r€s.ue.rse shere the maxjm "y./e,ii Noa Fit lryrl&" does not

Vicarious LiabilityThe geneiaL rt e is that a person is liable for his

om a.ts and camot be made liable for the acts done byothers. vicarious liability meaN Lability of a pe6on forthe act done by another pe.son. The maxin "Oui /nctter dtiM lr.it per se" prceldes the general piinciple oIvicarious liability. It meas he who a.ts tlroughanother a.ts hltreif. Vica.ious liabiliiy arises oniy incase of 6ome .elationships These relatiotu are;-

(a) Employer and Ehployee or Maste. and

(b) Pnncipaland agent, and(c) Partners ,' l./ s..

Master anal ServantThe master or ehployer is liable for the a.is oI his

serlant when L\e a.i is done during the course 01

€mployment. A servantjs a person whd acts uder th€dire.t control and supervision ol his master ormpioyer Master is not liable for any act done byse.vant which is not in course oI employment An actofa serant, uconnected with his master's woik, is hisplivate work and being outsid€ th€ cours€ of theserants emploJ4nent, the Mster will not bc liable forsuch acle of the s€rvant,

Futher, if L\e tort is comitted by an lnd€pmdsr.ontra.tor providing his seNi.es to an ehployer/8enerally the employd shall not be liable for lhe LortsoI independent (onhactor An independent contra.toris a person who acts independendy and not urler Urcdnect conhol ol the emplorer.

(a) ,a engages a as a dnve. lor his .ar. while&iving the car B negligentl)' knocks down C. Ais liable to CasA ishisservani.

(b) X rtrres a taxi to go to his offi.e. On say, ana€cjd€nt takes place and Y is kno.ked down Xn not liable be.ause the taxi driver is not X!sewant The taxi driaer is an indeFndentconkactor andis Liable to Y.

Principal and AgentHe who acts thiough another a.ts hinself A

principal acts ttuough his agsts. Therefore the acls olthe agent are the a.ts of prin ipai hiNelt prolided ttracts done by the agenl are in dr ordiMly cousc ofbsine$ or as pei ilrc a8reement oI agency. Ths/ if a

tort is comilted by the agent outside the ordina.ycouse of agen.y ed without principars auo,o.ity theprin ipal.dnot be held liable.

Partners in Partnership FirmEvery parbre. is liable jointly with all the oL\er

parbts and also in individual .apacity for th€ a.ts of

48 Guile to LL.B. Entronce Examinatio

the fim o. ev parher rcpresarin8 the fitu. So, ev€ryparrie is an a84t of all othe. parbels and his actbinds aI it i5 done in the couse of parrnership

fat Exanpl.: i bankng fin comprising @nyactile dd sleping parhErs, has .eirain se.urftigd"no.,red wrLh ,' by d cu.roher for iare curlody Oncf "'hle' fraLdulp.d). djspoc6 ol Dre,e *cuitie, l waqheld that aU ihe partners including those who aresleeFingor domdtparhers were liabte.

Vicariow Liability of the StateThe vicarios liability of the State fo. a torrious a.t

lomt'ed b) d public :eNbl depend, upoF rhei'Fncbon beM.s evere.gn and non^overeignpowes of the state. The Govement wolld not b€liable for th€ tortious acts ol its trrants .omitted inthe ex€rci* of sovereign 6mcuoru. On rhe orher hand,if L\e tortious a.t has b€m comitted by a publi.senant in dis.harge oI duties assigned to him not bylirtue oI he deleSabor of dny covereip- power, anaction lordamges would Ue

IllBtfltiofls(a) Tte police authorities, aftd recovering siold

property/ deposited it in the mlkhana and fromwhere it was aSain stolen. The Goremmenr is.ol liable a- il! se^anr wa\ perfortugsove.eiSn fmction of the State.

(b) A military driver on a military rruck was.anying coal ftom military depot to Aml,Peddqua,,er. orf,,e in 5bmld for rhe purpu.<of l-eahn6 Lhe rootu. Ac<.o"nr hippme; due tole8liget &iving. The Gove@entls liableas irwas a non{overeign fuction which could beperforhed bI a pivate individual.

ExA,\tPL.32LEC,4I PRINCIPIE: A master shall be iespocible

lor lhe wrongtul acts of his *wants in the .ou6e of his

a.ACrU{ SlTuATiONj 'The S)ndicaie BanI, wasll]ming a s@il savings s.heme under which itsauthori€l aSmts would go .omd dd .otlect sha]]qiirE! f.om several people on daily basis Thes€a8€nL. rrould 8et .ommission on rhe deposits 60coll<ted -\tunth was one such agent/ .otlectingJefo-.b nor ta.rod qdrlFrs mga8ed on daily wa8es.Tlou8i he rearjlarlv canied on hj, b6nes fo!romelibe, sio$ ]y he srarted appropriaring deposits torhis persotul le and o^e diy he just dieppeared. OneF,, Ta. ,'to h,d been hbdin8 over her vr hss lo himlosJ har rFdrl! ror r tunth hetore hs dsppedM@.he wa\ nor depo-.uE hs srrSr ar aU The Banl,when approached, t@k the stand tlui Aranth was rot

its legula. ed paid employe, and the.efore, it was notrespotuible for his misconduct. she fil$ a suit agaict

(a) The BanI is not liable, since Andih was notits salaried employee.

(b) The Banl is liable, 6ince Ananth was prcje.tedas iis employee.

(c) The Ban-k is not liable, sinc€ it did noi knowabout misapprop.iation by Andth.

'Ihe mwe! is (b). 8ak wordd be vi(arioGly liablefor the misappropriation comitted by Mr. Aenth.Colletihg deposits on behalf of oths creates a Master-Sepant or Piincipal'Ageni reladonship.

EXMLE 33

The Legai Pnnciple is thesameasin E\mple 32.frCIUAt SIIU,4TiON, Cokul was enployed as a

.Ierk in a law 6m by name Lindley & Co, dd he waslooking aftei the of6ce during busine6s hous Krishna,iiom a neighbouring viuage/ was a good lriend olGokul and he happened to visit Cikul one dry h L\eoffice. Krishm had with him Rs. 10,000 which he hadbrought fo. business trama.tidro. Sin e he did not havedy a.quaintan e h tlE .ity, he requesred Gokul rokeep d\e money with him ovenight. Cokul vanishedwiti, that money Krishna filed a suit agaitrr Lindley &Co., fo. the retm of the money

(a) Lindley & Co. would be liable, since cokulreceived the monev in then offi(e.

'b) L6dle) & Co. vou.o nor be ldbe sinceKrishna was not thei! clidr.

ki lirdley & Co hould nol N Lrhl" sincesafekeeplng of noney was not part of Cokul'6

fte aNher .. , '. An employer o- d mdsre, .\vicariousl)' liable only if the ad is done dulin8 rlrcour* oI€mPlqnent

Erwpr.E 34The trgal Prin.iple is same as in Example 32.FACTUAL SITUATION: Iriends Tari Cohpany

was a well ldorm taxi compdy whose taxis alwaysbore a special emblem easjry re.ognised by lhe people.The conpany had a 6d policv prohibiting iisenployees l;oh plying their taxis outside ihejrworking schedule. Suesh was a .lriver wiih thisCompany; and me day when he was Betting back lothe garage aTter completing hb day's duty, Ranesh.topped tm ,nd requerLed fo d\r 5ep(e Sn.pRamesh's place happded to be on the way to garage,Suesh obli8ed him. But on the way, due to suleshtnegligdce, n\e taxi .olLided agaiNt a wau and Rameshwas badly injued. He filed a sdt agaist Friends Trxi

(.) Tte company would not b€ liable lor the a.iof Sresh, done in.lear violation oI itsReEulatiorc.

(b) Th€ company would be liable since Su.erhwas its employee.

(c) The.ompany wourd be liable, since RameshbeLieved tr\at he had hired a taxj belonging toFriends Taxi Compdy.

The rtuwpr r< ib Tdu conpany E l,'blc.n,eSuesh was ilc emplovee and act was duinS tLe coursof employrent i.d plying taxi on hire. The option (.)ale appears to be (lose but it is the relatiorohip ofemtluye, and cmployce htL,h cduse\ \ndriublabniry.

EJ@D|I 35IECAI PA/NCIPLES:

(l) A Prin.ipal shall be liable for all the acts of hisagmt don€ in ihe course of emplqDreni

(?) .1 stEll be coNidered as d aget df B, provided

(a) I renunerales A, and(b) I has direction and .onhol over what.4 is

aACTU,4I SITUATIONi The Consolidated Motorsh as a fim dealing wilh recond hand (ars. Sucsh cameto the office of the firm and olfered to sell L\en La6,

Frovided he lvotdd get 81t comni$ion on cars sold byldm. The Coroolidated Motors agreed to theproPosition. One day, Suresh took out a ca. for th€puposeof demonstration to a prospective client an.l inth€ cours of demonstratioo he knocked do$! Ramerhand iniured him. Ranesh is seking legal remedv. Thcmain isue is whether surcsh is d agert ofCuNolidated Molors.

{a) Su.€sh is lhe agent oI CoNlidated Motors,because he Sets remMeration by way ofcommission.

(b) slresh is not L\e asent of CotuolidatedMotors, becas., the comission is not thesame as.cmuciation.

(.) Suresh is not ihe aBent of CotuoLidaiedMotoB bccause the latter d@s noi hav€control o!er his activities

Thc answe. is (c). Slresh work on his om telft.nd he appeaF io be an independent conkacror ascompany has no djre.tion and control over hls

EXAMPLL 36LEG,{I PRINCIPIE, A mastershall be liablc for the

fraudul€nt acts comitted by his se.vant in Lhe courseofemplotnenr

IACIUIL SITU,4TION, Shaila Deli opened i S B

Accout witir oristal Bant, and a cousin of her byname Mohan, who $as cl€rk in tha t BanI, helped hd tocomplete the for@lities. Subs€quendy she use.l toentrust whatever money she {as Settins to Mohanalon8with her pass book and Mohan used to retum thepass book wiL\ the relevant {tries. One day ShailaDevi discovered lhat Mohan, i$tead of crediting themoney to hei a..omt, had been misappropriating itand the €ntries in lhe pass tuok werc made by hihwidrcut authorization Shaila Deri seelc cohpeNahon

(a) Oi€ntal Banl shall be liable because lvlohanwas actinS in the coEse of €mplotment.

(b) oriental Bank shall not be liable, becauseMohan was not a.ting n the .ou* ofemPloyment

(c) Orimtal tsank was not liable, be.ause ShailaDevi was

^egligent.The .orect aEwe. is (b). The act of Mohan willnoi.ome unde. the.ouse ol employment.

EX/!@E 37LEG,4I PRINCIPII: A master is liable for the acts

co@itted by his setrant in the couse oiemploluentTACIUAL SITUAIIAN: Miheih bas r dne,

o.hng in a cohpany Lipton and Co One.tay, theManager asked hinr lo drop a customer al lhe airporiand g€t back al dr €arliesr. On his wav back from ti,eaiport, he happened io s@ his fiancce Roopa rvatinSfor a bus to go homc. He olfered to &op her at homewhi.h happened to be close to his ofhce. she got intoL\e.ar and soon thereafter, the.ar somersarlted due lothe netligence of Mahesh Roopa was L\rown oul oI rheca. and suffeied mulhple injlnes. She seellcomPesation from uPlon and co.

(a) Upton & Co., shall be liable, because Maheslr{as in the cource of thei! €mplo)ment at thetime ofaccident.

(b) Lipton & Co, shall notbe liable.lvlahpsh $asnot in the .ours€ oi emplolment when hetook Roopa iNide ihe car

(c) Roopa Bot into the car at her o&n rjsk. ndlher€{o.e. she cmot sue an},bodr.

The co.rect answcr is (b) lvlahcsh drd ansauthoriscd act when he oltcrld lift to Roop. This*as not a part of his emploleent Hence, conpinl'

NegligenceNegligence is ih. abscnce oI care on ihc part of

one pariy shlch results in sohe damage to the other

50 Gride la LLB. E trc ce E ftination

The s*ntjalelemols to constitute a tort ofnegligen.e

l. D€fmdanroheda dutyofcare to the plalntiff.I Hemade a brea.h of su.h duty.3 Plantiff suflered damages in consequsce

Dut) oi Care' hearo duq to take.are. Ii m€aru arerin sha! behave reasonably, be ca.eful and dutitulas a reason.ble man should be in like ci..@rar.csTle conc€pt of 'duty of care' depen& upon the factsand.ncumtances of each case. For exampler a do.to.o\ring a duty of care to his parienr, an employer to hisenploye and a resident to his neiShbour.

Rer,onablere.. i: r.\e le. to a..crrrin duly or care

'Breach of duty' to rake care means the defodanth.- nor ob,erved dup cdre whicl. rs required in apartidlar situanon. Su(h brea.h of duty is Bsdtial iobe proled to su..eed in d action for negligme.

'DamaSe' is thnd essenrial ingredienr ro consrirutea tort of negligen e. Even if the defendant owes a duryof care to the plairtiff and makes a breach of su.h duty,nJ a.ho- \l-dll he Ior neSl.gcr cc. ir no ddTage .,caued. further, damage must be .easotublyfo.eseeable dd a di.ec! resldt of defendant's breach ofduty of .a.e. Daruge must not be too remote i... norcapable of being fores bya reasotubleman.

Therefore, in one cae wh€le the defendanrs(hartered a ship carying drums of perrol. Due toleaka8e in drums, pehol collected in the hold of theship. A workd negiigently dropped a plant c.sn,s aspark resdting in huSe fire and damage to the ship. Itrlis hetd dlat lhe damage to the ship was dile.tcoNequenc€ of the negli8enr a.t of the defendants ofIoading broken drutu Defendants were hetd liable ropay compmsation to the shipping .ompary.

In another leading .ase known as the WaSonvoud case, a oil ship in L\e high seas suffered leaka8eof fueloil due to negligen e of appellant,s sewants. Theoil spread ovei. Ir rLas carried by ride to the wharf$here employees were welding a ship The sparkilom rLeldjng caused fire in S,e rvater danaging wharfard the ship. Ii this case, it a'as d€.ided that th€appellants were not Lable as they codd nor havereaitublv foreseen rh.t rhe floaijnS olt tn the hish seasworlJ.ar.h Rrc and damage the wha.fand the ship.

Ma-\im "Res ipsa loquiht/'Tl.. -r',m ,, nor a prnciple ul d Irbrtiry t-ur d

',." wrel'Jrn(e l mern< lhar Lh" dxae. .Fat Iorr. ", i, r:"lr:rr.d crrctlmtar.esenab.Fhd /,un.tr,d. c:se of n€Elisence agaiffr rhe defendani. MerehapteninF oJ t\e accrtient should tcllits own storv and

€ise the inference of negli8en e on dr part of the

Illutt.tio s

(a) where a pe6on going along a hishway wasinjtred by the fatl of a ba(ei f.om out ol thewindow ol lhe defendant's warehose

.b. where ,n empl..yec was llled by an e.plo\iolof lhe gas app atus in the defendantt factoly.

(.) Whe.e a surgeon left a towel inside the stomachofa patistafter an operation.

(d) A rickhaw 8oin8 on the orre.t side was tut bya bus comjng irom the wrong side df th€ road

EXAMPLE 38LEGAL PNNCIPLE: A careless pereon be.omes

liable for his negligence s hen he owed a duty of .ar€ to

.ACTUAL rllLlAllON. A\ Lhe bJ, $aq leavingthe platform, Kashish ruhed and boarded the bus

'eping the door open. Ashist! who was standins at

d,e edgc of the phlfom]' ws tur by the door ol fienovns bus dd injded. Ashish claim conpensation

'r) Kastu'n ,' Ldbp 'o A.lL.h ro! nur I-a\in8rdlen crre to c.o.e Lhe door oI lhe mov,r8

(b) Kashjsh is not liable to Ashish as it $as iheduty of the conducto! of the bus to close the

(c) Kashish is not liable to Ashlsb as it was theduty of the laiter, to take suffi.ior ca.e, whilestdding on the platform as not to exposeoneself to such a..idotal harm

(d) Noneof dre above.the ctuwer r. \"/. lf he ooor J. d bu, or,s,N

orhva'dl), h aA rhe ld,r mrn .o bJdrd. vr Nalh-\has a duty to take.a.e to close the door. He is the.eforeliable to .ompensa !e Ashish.

ExAMpLtS9tfc,4l PRIN('Prl tverybrdy F dder a legdl

obl.tar. n to rake reasondble (d-e ro a\oid a.r oromission which he can folesee wolld injlre hisneiShbou. The neighbos for L\is purpose is dyperson whom he should have i. his nind as likely to

tuCTU,4I SITUAIION: Krishnan, while driving aca. at a high speed in a crowded road, knocked down a.vclist. The cy.list died on the spot wiL\ a lot oi btood

'p llh8 a Jrd. Lj..hmi a p..gndnr womd pa.r.r8bl,,LlfereJ rrom r nerrou. 5hoct. teadnS lo dbordonLlts'rni frleJ a rL,l dqdrnn Kr,,mn , rjm.1q

i litrhnan r{ill b€ lirble, be.ause he o(,ed aCuh of reasonable (are ro evelybody on rtrroad in iudinS tjkshmi.

lb) Kdshtun $ill noi be liable, be.aue he .ouldnot have loreseen r2khmi suffe.ing fromnenous shock as a resllt of his act.

icr Krishnan willbe Lable to Laksnhibecausehefailed to drive caretully.

rd) None of the aboveThe coneci aNwer is (b). It is beyond reasomble

:..reeabiXryof a person drivinga car that an accidenr.;f,eJ tlv him may lead to abortion of an ontooker.igl<hDr s Liability is limited towards the death of.!(,:r ,nd tdn no. be e\rsdFd ro competurre

Delences to Negligence\pa!t toom E€ne.al defences alailable against

: f,.. C r' ibr,r, r, r'.q/lsra,, dcF a, r good deten.e ni.t\ .I neghSen(e. l, medn, u l-Fn plahh br hi: .h niesl,Esce conmbure. lo thp icr caL-n8 d"mdge lols. fte rde i( Lhrr rl , peFon ,uker{ ddruAes oLe to:r ohn nc;lisenl acr, he cd .ol \ue ihe olhtr.teligdt p€rcon lor damages.

In d English case, a motor cFlistwas driving his:{e n€gligently. He was lnoct<ed down bv a bus- h@ drivei was also found to be ne8tigenr. The coult!o6dnolor cy.list to be onerhird ro btame. The <ou.r,icrelore awarded damages to the extent o{ t{,o rhi.ds

S m d-I. whcF rhc d?fHndr ,l n 1{ sfr .tt F, La e r, -oi, a hiSt-hd).I tdrafirr ntu8 \ jo.er.t,. . uutd

: : r.l.(r L\c ttb$ru.noa rnd m". wifi rn d..r.i€nL tlqr. de.rCed onr ne td r I ol -e,.\er danrEp. ": .rpiicd ro ulp Jue ( '? l, re wouju hJ\c bpe:, Jn\,, E.d'/iu-h acc,den, Loilo acr hire talen ph.e A. rlrnqrbLro,y rn r\e r(r ('u.dA ddm"ae t.p .,r, r^ldann liamages in to.ts.

EX.MPLE 40lIC Pfi/NCIPIEi "If, as a resutr of carelessnrss.

one injui€s another, he is lesally ljablc ro ihe inturedrr.bm for resultin8 damag€s, unless the viftim,s o$.n(arele$ness also contdbutes to.ausinS ihe accidenr',

ft(lU,4L -//u4//O\i ,, crretest\ tcrl rn r"npole trobuding across a publl. .oad.20b hete6 honfiat spot Ras a traftic signal indicating L\e speed timirb be at 30 kn1Ph. t, riding a Ecooter ar 60 kmph,nohced the p.otrusion f.om a distance, bur sritl corld

r i\ o.l rr. toll:deJ h rrl l..e tote dnl w.. nll-pd. lni. Jcdon b\ E aeirrotA

ra) B will ;uc.eed be.ause ,t was carelss.1t , B hnl succe€d because,4 could t€ve avoided

the nishap byputtingup a x,a.nin6

;l

(c) Bwill loseashesas drivingver) fast.(d) 8 will lose fo. sone other rcasonThe a$wer is (c). I has contributed towards the

aci of neSligen.e by ddving the scooter at much above

NuisanceNuisance means an udalrful interference wiih a

pdson/s use o! enjoyneni of land. lt includesuterference with comiort, heaith and saletv of rheother. Nuisance is of t$.o 9p

1. PublicG\uisanc€2. PrivateNuisnce.Pub1i. N"uisance is interfe.ence with sohe public

riSht lt is a crime and pmishable mde. L\e IndianPetul c^de for c.drple recpinS r broL'rpl. diStsrnEt ench on a hiShway, selling contaminatea food, er..

Private Nuisdce is a civil wrong or tod Theessentials of a tort of nuisan.e ar+

1. Unlawtul intederence sith the usc oreniomcnr otldnd or olher prr{. r-.ulr..B r.some iniuy or discomlort to him

2 The act must iesult in a damage to rhe plainriffNormally cotuiant noise or musual or abnornal

noise, lda"tul obshu.tion, ollensive smell or fumes.loud plaln8 of mu$ic o! musi.al iLlrrumenrs at oddhou.s, all.otutituie the tort of nuisance.

Inan EnEIish case, A snall Ia.to.y maljng candlestlld been emitring offensive shell ior manv !€dbPlaintiff took ihe r;sidencc nea.by later on It ;a; heldd' l.crc\d.n' .dnL/.D/rerddnr,ptea Lt-drr,.q.nhh msell (amt Lo drnu .rn.e s.,\ rc r.rr.1

Wl^, re r ,lrtL.e lu: "LLror ^d I e d. rB ot I

oa u uhr trr j I rrlpJre,,re l.Icn nrviv prnrideIlhal every reasonable p.e.auiion consistent with rheexer.ise o! the statutory poae6 have been t*en. In anEnglGh case, the defendant hder slatuiory aurhorityused locomotiLe enSines on their railwavs

-The escdpc

uf .pdrl. rron .l--ir eng re.du+d fire r.o $" t .n,d.,{ ffpred dd rJd,. Trey we c I ot

^c.o Lro.H i .L -/, . r

d. d E ni! rdL"lrll^c5onoorel"r.-,.t utu,..freven'Lhe e<ipe H^h?\ !, rl-- l,'h, it\ for n-rdtue ( rMJr br, odrd hhcre rhe d(l dul.o,i-cJ biUe n'tur"-h,,

'".. ""'. """h'iid;f, T,, vi

W 1,, u

ECAr P,'lINClPlE: An unla$,tu] mterlerence wit\a psson s use or enFyment ofland, or sohe righr ovcr,or in come.tion with it, is a nuisanceif, tort

f/Clu,{l SITUiTION, Mr prasad fited suiragainst Mr. Shyam for a permarenr mjmcrion iorestrain hlm from installing and mming flou! mnt nrthen prenjses. A..ording to Mr Plasad, it creared

t

52 Crkt. ta LL.B E,ttrit.. Enlnrntinh

nri.dnre ro rn(nr n, I fv ^-( fur o- rh- r,r. toor alhc sJmr t)rcnlsrr wrll hr! a.hun su..F,r.

(.) The company wil su.ceert because the.abrewas nornrLcrrering wirh the ordila.y use andu.tn!mcnr ot Mr Brla, s FroFerty

rd, lloih (bl rnd (c)Th€ core.t answ.. is (.).

.j1...,, \ + \,t,t..,.,d,.r't -... .,,, .r r qe.hn. ,pe Id Fnl.intd(hun rr,tm t. ,ruurl t,,r.,,ting ,n.,runnins ol a flour hitl in a residentiat area wil..,r' I'l\ tred,! nJr{rL{- rt c p".a.,;1.1" ;_;, 6. -.- 1 .rJtsnt, I Lhe .ime r. tdir6 Nl..trd,j,.,nortluuse and enjolqenr ofhjs land is inirinaed ttisa.ie....!e or pdva re nuisan e

Ex.\MpLt 42tfc.l L ?n INCrpIf: An ufla,{ful nrte.ference wrLh

, -cr ol tdnd..r.ur, . I Aht ur,.r,or n comechon Hirh ir rs a nuience jn torr

rA tLt4t .tItAttAN. \.1r.5n"rm,r o. hi-,,r.1Er.h i bdnv.,n re,. q.tu,t, .\ iF.rh.,c.L,h,d.,..ruots ntu Mr Mchra < premsecis h.ell

-. (dn \1, M.hra {rcrl n tu..L.t jerrn.. \4r5hirmir

, ,^r.,.p, A hd1\i. up/ .p,eidrg rt\ rou,, nto.am( i. d hee ,prerJrq ,.. b,an(hp. dbu\ e d.c tinJ uiub.r,"L-u e nJr\inrp tJ t.rh Vr. \4et_r- hr.t,u!ccedrr {m€ damiEe b Hs u\rarc s rabng Ftac€

Ex^u.t.L 43lfcAt pRlNc_/plt: The o\.ner ot nnnovabte

I ri tr r .) er'hr pd tu L. um ot d:r .t.r.a ,o {a he. nlt,r lu "rr \pr,e ab.\e tr,rdnd r- rr.tn. F.t r .L,L hcrEht ,. r. r.e(_:.rrv lur rneord'r.'ru u.e rnd enroJment cr hi. ldnJ dnd lh<

FACTUAL SltLlAlla!\. \rt Cabte IJ Comf,n'rr. (ir. e ,.ci..,v ,o .r. .":;;" ;.

".; .;;;::Jll

r\er th. h,,J.F,,I v. UJirr ,r..,u:.- -r r. L,ru

' cr, rArr .,(." n cn I r..,,... . n;.dht" _,nc,lher .lr(l-eo o tu, hJu.c I u l. ,ir p_oo,r".

lh*eol .urdrtr I -", t-,.",.U",*,t,. ",.',",, V..

DJIr. . , . tor\-J l-uu.., 8,.. r-,e n, rt r .,t.lp qi r,np.rnol \tr B, "ir, u"bte .. fl\ . L.! J l1r nr.,cr.\tr oitr reoup,lel c . ,..c .,.ml...1 ro ".1/r .hL:-rha olt'r,JbL b- on,,.,rI C\...r,. \tr q..,1.L' rhc.dble",J hL., Ld.p.t ttpa.r.t.,.eib.\" .:ic-J.p l.(, dbtc cohp,n) I a\ .

8 ,u,I, ;*d J t. ., "r R..r:trt] bnnSs tc6al r.tion a6arL\L \,,t BnrJr.

iJl fte .ompany wil not snc.eed be.ause Mr.Bajaj has evd! rjght to eBurc prop€rento'mcnl of tu. ty..cr,. b. r,.",\ir.z,b(l.' <au.,nq , tr.au\r.or rn .h. J:r.p,rrFa@ve ruspropcri\ roJ rlaionabt€ e^rp.r

br The ompdy wil succeed becau5e likeie,tr'..h h.cfh.rrr ,dhte.. ti\i_a o, .url_cnbLr r. a cf nmun prachce in i .rhe5

De{amarionD.IJm.h,n nrr.. dn J .rt d r nehon,,,IIl, ron lr',rrl. L,.ohc, rhp irn.Upot d p;,,on rurc.ocFv Derrmd'Jn c.n.q- ur boll1 irbe'.nd.1..'J* Lr-t . , defrtur.r) nirflenr n d pp.mdrenr

l?], :lu ^Jhph ^b) wn en ^ords. b) p,,.urF. b,!it.,, d/r ,! rt,e pubtrdl:on or ;rrrrnJr..) .r'..nq. ,,.,r-r.,ent,.rn,u.h a.'p,l,F. wu--. ur er-ue. Ir ln-dntJw,d-t.,rnahonb

bulr d . r',1- w"l. ". J .rimr. to r.n.t turc d lol ctJcIind.,o.. ott,.w;rg e Lh" c*arra,etem, nt-1 The words spoken or wrinen must be

ddamdtorr ,., hhich .cnds ro luh€, J pc,"on,,lre F.undrron ol ri6hr-tlrn(rns member, or lhe

2. Thc delamatory words o. sraremeni shoutdJ+.t\,rr r.tr ".th. relHr to thc pe..,,n

r I rc itdra.. nr r.u. oc puht,.nFd by , nedihrLnl.iJhun ra,1 ndbaB L\e detrrdtor)n' te tno$r, I, .one per on othrr .hjr.pl.Innlt

TleFro'e ir d I'c .on dbL... ,,,u,tr., r .r"u,r npn\dtp it m..t nol brdpt,njhon bur iId tnrdr.c,,onb.rd-.l q t-v thn,,.ne ^orJ. wrI.ororrn,i_ ro te

ILr ..' -. dc'rm, ori n)temcr, ra) be d lrrecLh.... dr."n it,rv or it mi! tJc ,nrucn(r^ r ,nuendJ d.e Lt-o." *u,d. "hi.h ,pt

",rLn,.- I t_ ..-trI .umr.e,unda4 vr ratc.r ortud.ren neantnr q tuch b dcramrn,^. -

Dcl,tnntion of n ctass of perco swl -,c d .'rre rer . m. dc .boLt r ..d,. u, eruupol /ei p n rfir.r-1lt) rrr" to tpdv, t\e rrputd.roF or!"5u'l i,r., c..Irhtsn,.,no,,o-"ro,"_o,..t

nril tT, trut ,. rt-,. .t n nu.,rr" Tdnh.oLe, i. r _, ll o ,,..r. hpr, .t-pdr, I o I.Jrri., ,rr dnctur, u .t . ,. , r r rr tc* t cr- i. j,m.ttu-e to porr .. Urep h..rl.'r i" lrrJ,r.l tr lhe . t:., , r Arour r)'Lll!Fnr ..n, 'rJ.c...t..r t,,rordt ro b".;,.c'.1 \I '1

,.'i, ,1., 'n, der.. r.. ha\ be ,dbre. r r.!..)s F-.c' a .t t 11 1t rtsr,p,i. \ I, fpr to d ctr., our it (anrp" or',bl) rc .nrrrd"md r(,{nn,j lo d r..rL(..,-f€Fun r.tion in thit (n\e \r I \u.cceLl

, ]l-:" "* o lerrnnro,,'u\qn(iIor Jr trirt5tLbc. ..L ., ,.cmenr : d .-ifr,rent

f iI .., he tLlhte ru, r J.t,Tdrort

siatement L\ough staied haliciocly, which is true.turtler d la,r .omenr on a ruuer or publ( rlere. Frnr d delrmatory <talemml 5imlariv ab.ulule andqudl,Ecd pDvileSl. r,e Brdnred lo ce ;in \rurtion( Astatement in pariidentary proceedings et shall notcohe mder deiamation.

ExAr,u.t 44LECAL PRINCIPLES:

(I) If a person nules a statement tlDt lowerS thereputation of another peson in the eyes of rightthinkinE people, then it is defatution.

G) The person whose reputation is affe(ted.d suethe cuipnr and recover damages.

fdCTU,4I SlTU,{?lONi Rama told Sita "You are aL\ief. You slole myhearl" Sita was Ldous and she felt$itshewas defamed.

(a) Rama has ilelamed Sita and hence he is ljabletopaydamSes

{b) Rama is liable to pay as Sitat reputation waslowered in the eyes of riSht thinl.jng peopl€.

(.) Rama is not respotuible, as .ight thinkingpeople & ill not histake this statemet.

(d) Nore of ihe above answers is conect.The.onect answer is (.).

ELa^apLE 1E

I-EG,4I PRINCIPII l: A person defamesanoiher ifhe states alyfing which exposes the other ro hatred,ridicule or results in Inh being shumed by oLhers orinjures him in his hade, business orprofe$ion.

IEG4I PRJNCIPLE 2: To commlt the offence ofdefamation, there musi be colmmication oldefamatory statement to a thnd party.

F,4CTUII SITUATIONT A, a patient of 8, isdi$atisfied wiih 0E keathent. He discontinues ihebeatnmt and after sometime leaves the citvS.mprn p\ arrer tL. illn$s wiJ auromaociU\ \urcd d)laFse of time. 4 was upset because 8 had made himipcnd a krtof money on his ilinesswhich was cured oniis own llc r'rites a letter accusnrg 8 for .h€.ting Hp.lleges dut ! rugniticd L\e effects oI ihe illrcsr,delibe.alely heated hin in a marurr so that itpersistedard al.oca6ed dele'.ordrioi,olhr! lrrlLh rheler.er bshown bv I to his lawyer. ln cotuultaiion lrith thehwver Ir fles a suit ior damages agaiLst .4 for

(a) ,4 has dcfan€d B ard is liable to Fay.ompettation.

{b) 4 has defamed I when ihe letter was seen bythe lasyer and therelore the co;pensationhas lo be paid

(c) ,4 has not defam€d B.

The correct amwe. is (c).

A has not defamed B. ,4 has not comnnnicaied thedefamtory statement to any third party I hitueushows the l€tier to his lawyer after knowing its contenr.,4's act does not in.lude publi.ation of statem€nt.

C. LAW OF CONTRACTINTRODUCTION: The law .elaring to cont a.ts

coctitute the most ifrpoit nt branclr of ConmerclalLaw. This ii govmed by the lndian Coniract Acl, 1872Th€ Contra.t A.i defines contract as an ageemenrenfor.eable by law. All aSremenlc are, therelore not.ontracts. Only those agieement which are enJoreablei.. whi.h de.apable of b€ing enfo(ed. tlnough ll]ecourt oI ldw. dre (onEdcLs Agreehenb of domc.nc ore.ial natue do not .rca te .onbactual obligatio.s. Fo.example: a p.omise to show a movie to a tiend or topurcha* a diamond ring for wife does not bhd theoileror to perform the promise. These are notagremenLs enforceable before law and hencc not

An agreement cosists of e offcr or p.opolalfrom one peFon rnd the d.cetran,e ol thrr olhr rromthe othd. The peEo. who makes the offer is calledoffe.or or p.omisor d the person who a.cepls lheofier is called offeree or Fomisee. The third and mostesential elmst of m ageem€ni is .oNiderarion.Consjderation is so impo.tant k) constihrte a contrnctthat it is said L\at "No CoEideration, No Contract".Con.,dei.no. n ,o'nel^jnB which F ur."rnu .rl.( irtlie eyes of law. So, consideralion.an not br gratultousLove and affection (an not be coisideied ar d

<omideration. This isbecause"b n dapn.ta anoritltf,drr d' r.. no.du,e of Jctlon arFe. lrrm r od, e r rcn,.c.Comideration is "qu pra quo" i... somerhnr8 forsomething It is a r€asonable equival.nt or sinevaluable benefit passed oD by the promis.r to L\e

Essential Elements o{ a ContractSection 10 of thc Contrad Act, 1872 provides for

the essenrial elements of a valid contra.l To constitutea valid.ontract, following elements arc c$cntial-

1. Olfer and acceptance.

2 Inlention toceateiegal rehtnrmhip.3 Pa.tiesmustb€ compet€.t to coftra.t.4 Lawful coffid€ntion is a must5. There must be free.otuent of lhe partiet

€ntding into conrtact6. The object ofconhacr must be hwtul.7. Agreement musr not be expressly declarcd void

brrheco,,r-,.rA. r." f^r hl LhcwLlcrhs\

G ide to LL.B. E tmncc Eronination

Offer and AcceptanceAn offe' or pioposl is an expre5sion of

willingns to do or not to do emething to obtain theas$nt of the othe p€.en When an offe' is made byone partv &d ommhicated to the other partv toobtnin ni. al6t, the other party either acceFts it orrq<E it or h€ .:n tuk€ a .outer offer. lf he a.cepts,hi. ad is kno$ n as 'acceFtance', he b€ones offe.ee ora.eror -An aE eement (omes into existence. II hedi..5 r comt€. offer, he b{omes the offeror ur

i(,f\{e! and it is upon the oiiginal o1Ieio. to accefl|ne offe. and conplete the agrement or reiect it.

htention to Crefte Legal RelationshipAn oller must be made with an iniention to create

legrlrciatioNhip. An offd is not a vaiid offer iI it doesnor cr.nte a leAal obligarion Dpon th€ othe. partt. Meretnrles do not conshtute inoffer. For exahplHn oIlerr' n iriend to show novie ora ditue..rt a liv€slar holel.trnnot b€ r valid offer. Tl1is is because an inrentnrn to..ertc lesalrelalionship is notevidenl in such.rse

offer and I aitatio to olferFurther an oifer is different 6om an invi&tion io

olrc.. Fo. exampie, thc display of goods in a shopivindow or th€ display oI books in a book store is notan offer b sell llre book.a!he. it is an invitation lor thel,!!$ to makean oifcr to purchase the book Thdelo.e,lhe buyer .amot for.e a shopkeep€r to seu pa.ticular8uotls which are displayed in his 5lrowcase. He can justmkc an off€i to buy hose 8oods, ir is upon rhenr.fkeep€r to acccpt or rejcct drc offer to male a

ofet and Geiernl olfuFurrher, an oller niy be a speciiic offer or a

sencral oifer. A specific olid is an offer made to a

Fnrti.ulirperson and it can be a..epte.l only bv him. Ag€ne.il offer is an offer to the $uld ar larSe Anyone.in iccetr il, fullil Ue rcrrs of the oller and mk€ itn,ro in aBreement. lor e\nmple, Mr X makes an ollertiut Bhoelcr finds his lost dog, w lgctlG 10,000 fiomhin, tbrouEh a nervspaper advertisenent II ]lr. Y',.)J. .1. ,lr(rri*n.r' .nl lind Li, l.,t o I l'. ..cntrtled to 8et the said adout, as a valid contra.l has

co,nnu'Iic a tion of o IIetOn€ important thnrg has tr) be noted that.n offer

rnrit b€.oDrmunicated to tlE ollE. party i. a validr...ftrncc is a must llhich can tike pla.eonlyafter theLrfr'LLl{c oI L\e olfer. lake L\e .bolementnnrede\r3,.1. inJ luppose Mr. y has rot read rhe;.a.ei5-erxenr. He has just 8ot the dog strar on the

road and submilted it to the Police. Can he clain the

amout later on? Or, suppos€ Mr. Y happens to be theneighbou oI Mr X. He finds the dog duing Nsmorning walk. He takes it to the owner, Mr. X. Lateron, he.om6 !o know ihat a reward of Rs. 10,000 isamom.ed ior tjndin8 ihe lost dog. Cm he .laim so,

hom Mr. xr ftp r.wcr 10 bo(h lhe que>bdn. ,'negative. There was no commication of the offer toMr Y. H6.e, there.an notbea valid accePtance of tlEoffer and hence, no .ontra.t is fomed

ExA PLT 16

LEG,4I PR/NCIPL's]/l An agreerecl pFlJn cdble in . (ou!l ol ldw i- ,

,Il ln orJe. .., .'n .'Feehcnr ro be enfo(erblc a '

.ourt of lah, fie.e must be a meeting of hindsb€lv€n both lhc parhes.

(lll) Pirties ro. conhactshould do somclhing tor lhcoth$ prrt_!. Thc obligalion to do somellm8 forthe other pnrtv is mutu.l. This is callell'consideration' and absence oI considemtion.enders the contra.t uncnfor.eable

I,4C? U,41 SITU,{TION: Mohan promised to takeSudar out fo. a dinner nr Taj Corotundal. Even aftert$o weeks, Mohan did not tulfil ihe tronise Sundar$ ants hr sue Mohan to enforce that promise.

IlSundir gocs to court:

(a) He can comp€l Mohan to bu! him a dinner atT.jCoromandil

(b) He can .ecov€r the lalue of dimer f.om

k) Ths pronnse $ill not be cnrirced by a Courtof Lalv as ther€ is no consideration from

{d) None oI L\e ibo\ e ansaes is .orre<t.The an$ver is (c).

Ex^uPt t 47

LE,CAL PRINaIPLE La( does not take notice of

f,.lCrUAl 51T|1,,111ON,,4 p.oposes to hisre.Shbou, I rlu. ,h.r l-.l ollJ q. orell'er fo, d

moming walk. I agrees to the prcposal and it isdecided tLat both of L\en trould meet nt . paiti.ularpoint at 6 a.m. fiom {her€ Lher would set ofl for themorning walk.lnspitL'of theagrcement a does not iunl!p..4 wails forhimat6 a.m e!e.y day {oi a continuolspe.iod olselen days Therealler he files a srit aSaiNl B

daimlng damages tor the aSony and mental torturesufie.ed by hin. D!.ide.

55

(a) I is Sd,r-of breach oicolrractand is lialrl. toPaY.lam6es.

(b) Ihere is no intention kr enLer into leSal

(cJ The malre. is too small an.l lhe court sillrefuse to 8o into it.

Eoth fie answers (b) rnd (c) rppear to be cor{t.B t as the prnrciple says about bifles, rhe malrerrppeals lo be so small Ont law 5hould not tike its

H€nce, L\e correct answerjs (.).

Ex.avpr | 48l[G,,ll PruNC]llE: No one (an accept a proposal

bithoat any kro{ledBe lherelr.lCIuAl sirun I lOV RdreJ. p'nf..ed

'o 8 ,.a Nsard oI Ils 1000 Lo anlonc iilorning hi thc\heleabouts ol his lost dog Th. p.oposal lvas frintcdn i diily new+1ipcr bv nime "The D.rilv otiservel',or I-1-l991 On 3 Jinua.I Rnhi,r. .r tn.nd of Rin.sh,hnpp&ed to s€e rhe dog ,fd inlohc.l Iianesh about,t Ramesh immcdiatcit rushed to rh€ spoL rnllc.lle.red dre dog At that time, ncirhcr Rahim knewib.out the award Gince hc was not n regdar reader of'Thc Daily ObseFcr"), no. Ranesh m€ndoncdnnrdrinS about rhc dh'ard. On the 5:h January Rahinrrame ro know about the amouncement ol d]. awa.dtiuou8h i f.iend of him and he demanded the rewardoftu.1000 f.om Ramcsh Rameshrelused topay.

(a) R!me$ has to pay Lhe amoult, bccausc hehad prcmised to tay lhe amorurt to anlone8iling thc nrlormation about $edog.

(b) Ramcsh nc€d not p.v tl,e anunrt, becdus€ hrh.r.l .;\rn tl'e rf^rmih,. \'U'our r,{Ionbout tire re$'ard.

(c) Ramesh necdnot pav Lhe amounttEcausc th.proni\e rvasmadeonly to the readrrs!f "TbeDaily Obs€rver"

The cotrcd atuwer is {b)Thc Eencral oller of Ramesh was nut

condujcated to RaNd. No valid .8reem€nt is

foasible w ilhort a valni a.ceFanc€.

E\aM t 49lE6.4L PRhlcrfrEi Wren the paltles to if

agr€cmcnt a8r@ on rhe same thing in the same sens.,L\€re anses a leSallv binding obligaiion between rhem

|/CIU/L -siIU,,1TiONj Canesh callery $as anell known antigue shop in thc city. SlDkutal. $hohad a f€ndunt for colle..ting articles of.a.e beauty,k", Ll. r uy tr Jn i, rr,( , , l) de.,;ned rl.wcr .d.pUre shop. Tl,r rhop'keep€r explained to her the vas.belor\gcd tr the vijayanagar Empne period ind

ilthough it appea.ed very deiicate, il $as quite strons.nd not easill, b.eakable. Shakmlala s.id tlu{ she h'.satt.acled to it orlly for the aeslhetic pleasule it gare heia d itsothe! charactcristi.s h'ere inmateiial to her andbought the pi€ce. Shc later discovered that it was not a

pe.iod picce and noliced il developing .ra.ki as aellShc proceded against the proprieror ol Ganesh Galicr)

(a) Canesh Callery musl compe,Nte Shakmtala,sin.e bolh lhe characknstics athibuled to lhearti.le were proved wrong.

.b Cdn".h Cdllcry necd n.' !umlrtu.l-..!neshakuntala was unconccrned aboutwhat wrsattributed to L\e article.

, lh" I'.oti,etor n.un .onfrc.,re Lr .1 rnrcsponsible statehents madeby him.

The.n$ve. is (b).

Thc |arti.s do fotagree in the sanes.rse

E\nvA1 50LLCAL PRll:CIPLE A clear dlfer and a..epbnft,

L€ad lo a.onlracLual rcl.rtioNhjpf,4CrLlAl S/TUaI]ON, A fax message from X b.

Real [st.te Agency r.ad: "Will you sctl i 60 {cct ! .t0

leet plol ollaDd at Nagarbhari to me? Qlote the loweltpri.e". Thc R.al Estate Agcncy .eplied: "The lowesrpri.e lor a site ntastrnng 60' x 40' dimensn'ns ntNasarbhavi is Rs. 15,00,000". Il]e lollowins fa\ Irom Xto the Estare Agency reid, "l agrle to buy lhc site forRs. 15,00,000 qloted by vou. I'le.se send me all lhel-B,l Ju..m-nr, ur ll e -i,ts \^lr,\ ci rl,e 1.,1.$i, ,

(i) Th€ te.] Estnte ASencr be.omes bound LL,

selldr€ sir! to E . ft.r ,tloting thc pri.e fd itit,) Mere quotation ofpnce willnot bind the Rlrl

EstnteAeency to sell the land ro x.(c) The Real lslate Asency !ia) ticdi,rr to sell

thc sitc bot must (ompensate X id .ll rhecxpcnscs nrured by him in m.king the

(d) The Real EstiLe Asency euv artre Lhar ii didnor desirc to scll rle sirc to X, bur X dLfreverr Lli. Real Estatc Ager.y tronr s.lli,'Ethe snme to an)body.lse.

The atuwer is (b).

Ex^Mnr 51

rl,l{r fl/\rlPrl l: Ac.cl-r"r.r r| o(e- ,complete when the a..eptan.e rs prt hlo ihe.ouse 01

trammission so ai to be out oI tlt pohe. oI Lhc

lfc. l PR/NCIPLT 2: A..epran.e on e.ontlercdnukes L\e agreemenl bnrdint o! botl thetirLics

56 CLiiP to I1 B lnInnff l:. ninatiah

r,1CIU,4| SlTLitrION ,,l iccepts to buv 8's offerol his motor car fo. Rs { lakh. The a..eptance was putinro e'm.il. Unforruflaret!, ahen th€ e-mil rvas put,L L-e . li-^rrr.-. d. d rc5ul-of hlx(\ I i:ror'n a

posrtion lo realh read *lut,4 haswrittenai Eoth L\e parties are bodd to perfom their

fart of the aE.ement.1l' \otodv is boud to perionn the agre.ment.cr -'1 is bound Lo perlom the ag.eement trut not

D

rdi I is bomd to perform lhe agreement but nol

nre answer is (a)

Th€ moment acc€ptance was put into t]le e-mail, its.as ou! of Ule power of L\e acceptor. Hence,acce|lance is.omplete ,{s per rrin.iplc 2, acceFtan eonce .ompleted shall make tlE ageement bindinS ont,oth the parties Hence, both a.e liable io perfo.nr their

tart o{ a8reement This is imaterial, $,hether B has..'J.h rr.rprdn.eJr,'ul H, ,.dl rdJy ll-+ofGnr

ConsiderationAn ageement $ithoat cotuide.ation is vonl.

Cotu,de.addn is something of some lalue or $odh inth€ eres ol la$. [o. crample X makes an agreement\vith l-to sell his plot oI land for Rs. 50,000. Her€, ytpromise to pay Ils 50,000 is L\e ronsideraLion tor X!p Jn." ,,' :F \i. LarJ Conrdcrdtion ,. I{e! k.delnred io bc thctriceofthe promise TheConhactAcL.. ii. c..r.!crrl,.n .r .' - mp a.t "a,F-i-cc; o-l, n.- , ri! p..,1 uf p ud+- ., ,,,.pior ar rm..1esne oI L\€ olferor or Fromiso.. Tierelore, ilan act isdone widnrut/againstthe desi.e oi the promisoi, rt \Lillnol be a Bood considcration But ii d a.t is not don€bcc,!sc of the d.sirc of the pronis!., it rLill be a 8ood

A rr' n_oni " ^ , ,, ' .ub.c-rri.n bcco-F-

,, ,,t'", t': hi i e . q . ,,e rllii if utoof c "rLhe objecl, o! the b.sis oI promised subscriftion.ln L\€leading cise ol (dl,u Nhl !. Coln Mrlilrrd, on thebisis of ftumi.€d subs.riptior of defendant, plainriifhired ! contractor b construct a to\Ln hall at Hor.r.h.D.fendut was heid liible to pay.

FrrLhcr, il no stef has ticor taken to carr! out L\eu'1..lor \l .\at, - -cr.f,uF,.-J'..,1-..rilr.oa.he ..nnol Lre held liable lo pav such subs.ription. lnnf.lher .as!, $trere thcie ttis no prorrer tollow up tor.."1!. lhe paymert of pronnsed subsc.4rdon L\elrl.ddrnt, roimtarily fut his name to the list of.rt..nb€rs to subscribe 1or dre pa\.DEnt to{nrds lheref.nr ot a renple slich was al'eady lud€r r€pan. Itrrtri l..elJ lnat as rhe r.pairs oI thc temple sas alreadyLn ftu.:krt and no pahient Nas nnde o. a'cik was

sdertakm on L\e basls oI su.h promise defendantwasnotheldliableto pay L\e said amout

EXA^IPLE 52

tEG,4! PRINCIPIE, A .ontra.t is an agreementwhi.h $e lalv rrill enforce. All aSleements are.ont acls if ttuI are made wjth tlee consent by Parhercompetert lo contract for a laytul .onsiderltion and

f CTU.4| SITLI.ATION: Srfian, a yout man of 32years h'itholt anv con.si-drreqqn agiees to glve MoiltRs l0,doo:Sotrttlails to fuliil his promise Mol'h sues

So/m for dr ahoul{a) Moir t wiil su.ceed as 5o,rr made ine

pronise of his own toee will(b) ,M.lr" will lail as ihe a8rc€mdt is without

coroideration.(c) Molari will succeed as Sdiat has the.apacity

io make L\e.ontra.t.u V tr \..1 'u(!ccd d: lF nun.) ,'.rl 1'ri8

faid fo. anr' iuegalobjcct

Thc answc! is(b)

EWPLE 53,r j4. Dql\. i lI <"nr r,..db.\"".dnfd|AC?UAL 5IIUATION: A, a .10 v€a6 old

busincssman of sound nnnd aglees oI his own !9s_l1i!1to sell lns bungafo*-ri6ifliG:fffakhs for Rs. one lakti.

I n inralid Lrecause of inadegua le .otu\idera tion

II isvalidb€cause fiere is lawf,n consideration

III is lahd hc.irsc it was ertered into wift free

lV. is vniid tecause X has capactv to contract

(b) lland III orny(.) lrlolly(d) lI, III and IvThe aNwer F (.1). All thc tluee elentnts are

essenlial fo! a ralid.ontract.

EXAMPLE 51

IEGAI PRlNcllllr A .ontract siL\outconsidoation is loid lvhen ar dre desn€ of one party,I '" rl,Hr , d \ .h. .r.ile-rr..n '.said lo flow from the latter tLr L\€ former

faCrUA/ SITUAION, A house was on fte and a

child {as batped nrsid€ the house. E'eryone wasshoutinE for h€lp. A bravc onloolei, hcanng fi.sh.ieLs of clild, * et1t nrside L\e house and bruught hihout The rlriteiul fatler oi the child promised loprr lhe

BE Rs 10,000. Su$aquentl), he lpne8ed Lhe

F6ie Ihe reRer,ued L\e promj+e for lhe nea.h(.) The father ol the .hild must pay fo! the

seFice rendered by rhe resder.O) Ihe lquer is nor enritled to rhe paymerr,

sitre he a.ted on his own.

{<) Comercial considerarioD (dMol be apptiedlohum:nit ri,n i..fin.k

n€al1sdis(b).

Et,\MPE 55116,41PR-r /CIPLE: Same as in above exampieFACruAL SITUATION: X, a social rcfoner.

F-isd Z l$ard of R5. 1500 iI be reftained from$ldrg for 1 y€ar. Z does sr

{.} Z is nor erided to rslrd hom X(b) It is a valid cotuidera tim in rhe fom of an acr

of absist.nce(r) Z rs cntitled ro rsard fromX(dr L6th (b) and k) arecorect. 'IE ar'5ver is (d).

Comp€tency of partiesEeB_v psson who has arrained the age of Mjoriry

d Fho has not ben disqualified liom enrding into a.!r!_.ct is .ompetdr to .onbact, Therefore, theHbhing petsos are pa.ries incompetenr ro contra.t-

llj A minor !.d. a peron below the age of lB y€are,(2J A pdson of 1soud mind or insme,i3) A Fson diiqualificd by any law to .onha.r.

Th6, an agreement with a minor is abslutely

'qt. I! a very popular .as e, Mohi/i BilEe \ . Dht.nod;sCe6", IILR '

1e03) 3lJ ( dl 53ol a minor mdsdaed hj,Ld,* h Iavou o{ a mnneyltuder d re,eiv;d;eaa,n.D6t from lam. Ihe lrny Coucii held lhir hedhey.lends F not trErled ro sel rhe money bd-lst!.h bdr rd\dnced ro a minor Thi: i. Uecau"e"nv a

Fsn (dpable of sLeri^8 rnro e dgreemhr,dn mate. ontE.t. No contiact took pla.e in the above.as. The:ttldml was void n, initio.

Minot a'ldRule of EstoppelFulther. a situabon tuy ari* where a tuor h;b

d..lired or inLenriotully caMd ur pem,red dnorherFson to believe hin to be a pers@ who has attainedth. age o{ mjority. Upon su.h belief, iJ rhe money!ade! advd(ee eme money bo the minor, .d themtnor be held liable to pay? The Molti, Birce !a5ectdly ruled out ihat ihe rde of estoppel does nor.pplv aAaiNi minor. It mearo a minor ca$or be heldli.blc to repay c loan even if he tu, procu'ed ir byhisreprMrin8 him asa major person

Mi or Md Rule of Restitntio,tAgain a question ei*s as to the rule oI .est urion

applying a8ai.st a hircr Restiturion heans io lestoreoi reruo the beneft raeived by a mjno. hder anagremst. A minor is not liable ho restore rle b€netitsr€ceived uder a void conkact ex.ept und€! cotain.a*s. A minor who has obtained money or goods bymis.ePresting hjm ro be mjo!, cd be .ompelled roresto.e the bme6t to ihe extdt he or his esrate isb€lefitted. I{ some b€ne6t of pelmanht narue hasben a..rued to him, he has to restore it. For example aminor has to r6lore a .ar o. a hou* puchased from aloan mout. But he can not be for.€d to lepay anymoney used by him for tempo.ary enjoymfrt c.S. onedtin& drintue movre., pdrties or ciorle, et, Amino.s lldbiury for [Hts*d e. suortred lj hin for his

"\l;r""."8-I"-il fidliig-g'medir ne and he:.rncare ek. sder an agreehent car be enfor.ed asainsrhis property. Therefore, if a minor meers a. accidentand a p€r@n expends money on his hosp al expemes,he would be reimbutsed kom mino.'s properry. Or, amino.'s pdenti are out of station. His neighbour lendshim noney to buy food and .lothes for hiruetf, his.laim to repalnmt would lie agaist mino/s properiy.

Persofl ofu soxnd MindSimildly, a person of lsoud mind is not(orpet t to (onda(r. An asreersr with,uch oer$.r

tr ab$rurely roid. tite Jrir of mor. H"wJr., ape.sont mental disorder is such thar he is of shdmind for \ometimec dnd generally ot wosd minJ,he(d mte d ral,d conftacl whh he i, ot sudrudThe.efore a palieqt_in ame{ta-l.3Fylur4 9i4 eltte.!{qgndgreem$t dLrir&Jho* utendls when he is of jol]J:d

E1ME 56UC,{! PRINC/PrE: A minor is not comperent bo

FACTUAL SITUATLON: A minor mortsieed hishouse and rfteiv€d advance. The horrgag€e 6les a suira8abt rhe minor Lo rRo\Fr rhe money advanced b)hi- I}e minor mo'rtdgor Lale. LIe ple; rhal Ue \ur i"not maintaitubie as lhere was no valid contract. D<ide.

(a) An agreemqt with minor is absolurely void.(b) It js voidable ai the optid of the parti$.(c) The minor is tiable to retm the monev

re.eived by hih as advan.e.The a6wer is (a).

E AMt,Lt 57LEGAL PNNCIPLE: At ag!eement is enfo(cable

a t law if pal6B comperent to .onbact ente! into it witifree co6ent, for .oisideration. Ald the .onbact is not

58 Cride to LL.B. Entran.e Etu i atia

.onrrary lo law dd rEarnlrpubLc potrclFACTUAL stru.4rtaN.,a.; b"u nr r,

""**a *'. - "s,*-;i'; "ft"" #'", ;'Jr:,"1:1':,m of Rs : tiln ,r . rdtner b \er) dMoyed wirh ,,t arme daNcbor rnd Lrue, notd oi deLre^. tl1ebulertues a tuir for r specrh. perforrun.e

,il lte buver wilt obtanr relief b€caue A fr€etvenrered into rhe .ontra.t.

'b) The bul,er wil] obtain.elief be.ause lheagreemenr is wirh consideration.

ic, The buydwill nor succe€d beause A,r farherdoes not approve oI the cont a.r.

'd ft? bLyer wil, nor .u(ceed bccau.e ,4 6bet.w l8 yea!rof.A€

T1l€ atuwer is (d).

Free Consent of parties

. Cohhr r\ ,an+.a,.s rd d?n" tl motu meebnSolqndi !I.lg::]iry{nind, l wo Lr more pe-;D tue.4rc_ro cor.cn' whcn Lhs JtTee upon -t_p \dme th,n8 inr\dmpte VJ Xi.ao,l dedid.euinsLu|e'hf Dt$ r'edible ot..

^t y ord*s tm lu.ur ll) 100rihe, ot o t. M. X .end. tam 1u{ .ib-\ or\4u.ldrd ul wl-erea\ f $oJglr rr lo be .oconur u.r

rncr€ s nn e,schsls,d dem. Eorh Mr x:h.l]'p".,r'. --",r""sii J ;;;fi."il::* il:"l """"

Con.ent r.. tieretore the e..en.e oi d conrra.. andhe.otuent m"+ be f-ee A cotuenr:s vid ro be d necosenr when it isnorvitiared bv_la) .oucion,(b) undue iniudce,

ld) rjs.eprcsentarioa and

V{e cdssr r, .or suffr.rpnt to cotuhture a valrdd mb(. A (oEnr obrrineduupr ne hJedr ot ,Jercion o- hdue innuen(e s noLre { cotuent obtJrned bv frdud or msrepre\enLabon

t-ee ,on*jtr A (orsen. ii \ rrrdi€d h,nsbi<e dlo A rdtid aSreen{nr ,annot be rude iI

CoeTcion

,Coercjon is .omjlrjrt or d Ltueat ro (unhi ea<r rorbrdden bv (he Indian pmt Code,.p. d vrotenr dct.rt a]{ herns to delain or d Uuea, to derrin dnypropertyot a peren will d inrerhon of rau.-rq h;agremenl There.ore. on oe..i."nttude br a pqrn sds (Fm:tur inhrdddon;r u{ier. rear Lhar hi5 $n mEhL be r.ttupped F dn dqleemenr

bd hence rord. shlcJ\, ,t l]le'.u.ftnJ s,8tu d.bdtuler deed dfler a Lrued. hom q rfe10 -rc'rrnl iu c,de. qu.h a depd L bdd n tl., and nor.nJor<eable

ultdlte r fl,le ceUndue inJt-fl c. '"\e, ptdce ht-e," rwo Dcr..o1.

'lbd in such d -elann,, rl-d, .n" p,rrr ,, tn "

oo..r,nn rodominale r1-r w,Jt,,, riF.rh$ when.r. F p;, on u.Fru5 polhon to ohGin "n untru ,ovrn-d8" n\er lheoory any agrpFmcr entcred rnr^ i. rr.Dred bv undue

'nl/uen.e. A Deron crn I'e ..rJ Lo doruare rll wJ,ol

or\er crab e.o"\eK,+ MJue r uen.pove|hcolhsif-

l) l-e hd. rrdt or iL,l \rert,rL.tron,\ o\,. rne oncrd hF,urJ. - d rid,,c,drl re;hon h,rh lxr

/2\ he md^r, d (untra(t $r t- r ferrnl wnole nentd.(np'( tu i, Fn,torral) o, p.rmanc t\ rrtec.rddue r. oil dsr :t,n".. or m*rrt ;r bod_rv{lFden.

For ".rrple Nlr.,r r. he.rvrt) rdebrcd lJ Mr B,lhe mona-lcrJc, J, rhc \rltisr b s.r. on r.".en".r!6-e.l by /4 iF hh cr he.c , dt. tL. tind .^ 8:. - fa.emu(h beloq..d\ orrto..,rh uf r.,F e^j,one nJr^epn(p ot t,\c Id, d a,n 4. h,th n8e the dA.cem; ,t on r, eguud ol bcind u h"d br rdu, urfLs..c. rhcatuhcr i. Yes h Le, .por A ru I r.ve ,t-dr thp cunhaltw,s not induced bv urduenrnup,r.

Fra d. Fruud r\ r- ,rF irivr.,, Jr h,tIut tu.(.r,r_..,dhoc

ur a tu.er dt lr(1 \h,h rnJu(e. "nou,pr.u ent.r rn L d.onbrrr. ThJ, rr"uJ . i Lt.p .arcnl.r., mJcuuw,r8t\ rJ bp dnh-c wirt. rn inren or ro de(FrvesoLher pr \ or ro Indu(c h h In entpr.nto r ,onnd\lrr'e ( olhd(r A! I dpfine. irud to near rnd irrtuierprlrin r.t5 Jone hirl an jtennun !o de.erte nr o

r^ entdr rto d cor rd(r rhe\e ar,s

G) Trre sugEestion as kr a fact which is not true byon€ who hihs€lf does not believe it to be trur./b Tled,hrecnnrp.,lme.,ofa,d,rb\ one hj, nBleohledge of rlie facr

(c) A prombc made wirtrour an! iit€ndon oj|eifohing it.

T1u. .. a (umfrn! .d.e. rhe pro.F(ru. or .rcmpd.r nennoneJ .r. $c compdr.) had fddveJr bPsef l02l r,' ."2/ 5rmnl, ,lhcdtu rhd, L\e contrn! hr. ," ,o"no r:.;iiaipo.,bon md(rg l-uge pmril.. i}le r-!l} wa. .haL,1rc*d.vid$d.l-dd no' bcpn pd.d outofcurenr revenue bJlou' of r.,Drulnlrd protirs nrF rdcr hd. $dl re

::rpd.n{ldJ,ncL, r I n,dv\ t, ../. du,.ns rt-, .e \ cd,.,, wd. hcid lr"t a ri.LJ i i. bce. r on,hr.co un .F; Faol U.,.omt,rr rnh.,..i. tr! I.ro.pech\e h\e-obDv.wrrrutt) ror\edl,nd .h" t.,,,. D.recL.r h-re heU

.,l meresilen.e docs not amomt to fraud€xcept in

r hhere L\er€ s a dnty tospeak, andb wh€re silence is equivalent to spech.

For exampl.: I says ro,4-"if yo! do not denv ir, I+ril alsme lhat the horse is soud' .,1 says nothing!-(e ,{'s silence is equivalent to speech and if the,'.rr- is fohd ffiosd, he wduld be guilty oI fraud.

Misrepresefltation\liirepresdtation meatu misslatemenis or

:harant€d stalements which are not t ue though lhe

-r- h?laF: r ro be ftue \!{et!e.'ntador r.

a:€Jenr honr 'iiaud' i,ecause the pe6on making the

=:encnt believes it bo be true. Whe.eas, f.aud' is also,_ri d a \rilful turepiesentation ehele maker of lhe::.nenr knows and believes it not ro be r.ue

Mistike\ltrtake of facl also viLiat!'s a conrract A misraken

r:-; .amot have a free consent. A mlt.rke misleads a

::i or both the parties b enter into a contracl.'-r-.L.ver, the mirtake m$r be relntcd t eme fact

^ :.-i1 r! essential to thecontra(t,The aontraci A.t states that:r\nele both partjes b an agreement are under a

::i:l. as to a matler o1fact csscntial to theag@ment,

=: atreement is void" \ti(ake is drerclorc in-,rNus btlicl rnd no turvrls nd,Jdn ir i{rc.rng: :,rlimc tr\ing in sam€ sense, can tale placc $tu.h is

=::.udin8 stone oI an agrcement For example: i!1r.I .-rs I1Lo plor5 of l<ud X and Y Mr. I wants to !el1:-r: -r: \lr. I wlro is inturested in blying plor 1',r,+'i.n.s hnh dnd sdis, "I want to buy y.ur tlot f.r;r' :. hN' . \1 .,4 Jdr"r{ r. .e Lhe flol X Ia, r- 1

r:e. crse oI mistake ot fact. There is no .ori.rsrs ,dr MJ hcn(e r'o ronlrJ(. cdn b< m.rJ--

Ex PLE58

-lG,{! PRINCIPIIT lf boL\ fie Fa.des aE.ee upon:i. *nc thing in th. sane sense, parties are bound bv

a.iCIU,,lL 5/IUATiON: Rahesh Motc to Bimalj:rrs ixnr tuscllhis hohe ft, Rs.10,000 Bimai$rore.-.. *. r lr8re- ru r'!,.1'c-e )or| L,cs FJ^J l1!:. lr (-rrl.r '

Shte slturr the parhcs are bound bi the!;r.r::Lrrl cne yolu.eason in one line

: j:.i. \o valid aSreem€nt is fffmed bccrlse'Nlir tl! Fnrh€s are notagreeingin thesamesense

ExePLE 59lIc.li PRINCIPIEj An agreehent to $h.h the

.)a*nr nt the relle. is freely given is not roid merellLE.r!.€ rlre ln.e rrinadequate.

F,1CTU.4I S/TU,4I]O^| Praveen ng.ccs nr scll a

horse borL\ Rs.1,00,000 for lls 10 toANndIs the agreement void,(a) Yes, because dre p.i.e ishadequate.(b) No, ifPraveen's conserrt to theagreementwa!

iieely given.(c) Yes, ifPraveen s coEent was not freelt sren(d) Bothband c.

The an$rer is (d).

E)t MLE 60

L[C,4] P^INC]PLE 1: If therc is udre iDr!!n.e' ' r tr,.v rc Jn ,qreenc.i, Le m')

'etu'e,o parc,m

the agreement.LECAL PRINCIPLE 2 When one parry in an

agleement is in a position to dominate 0r Will of the

othe. party and he uses his positid over lhe olherpartv lo 8el he other party's cosent to L\e igreement,ttus isudue influmce.

FACTUAL SITUATION: The ln lord asls thetenant to agre. kr in.iease lhe rent Lo double theprevious atuordt or to ra.ate thehouse Ih€ terant hadro dsre (o a \e doJble (hc pre ou re, r "'

I i 1 .i, JF

h,ing in the house He lherri it.r re1Grs to pal.which oI the lollorvi,l8 .rnslLers lto yor 0inl i!

tai Tdanthas lo pay the neN rent(t Tenant has to l'.y lhe olll rent and continu€ t.)

o..op)' lhe ho!s..(.) Tenant has to pny L\e ot.t rent bul vacate the

lou*$ithif . reasonable hmaThc aror'er is lb). Tenani shall not pal L\e new

renL.s Lhe landlord is in a position Lo dominnte dre$ill oi thc renart. He uses his position ro get thc lrntdoubled Thc ageement is void as litiatcd by luduciiilue.ce I Ie would va.ate the house oily according tothe term and .onditioN of prerious rentnfeement

lrlrrPr r 6rLEGI! P/iINCIPIIT l\hen a person retresents tL)

another somethln8 as a true fict, knorving lully wcllthat it is not true, he G guilty of fraud. Th! pcrsons!trie.ted to fraud nDvavoid in nsreement

TACILTAL SrIUrlriON A frcscnls a 1D6c lorsale The ho6e is keft on displat so thnt anyoneint€rested .ould exannne it. thc hohe his a .ra.kedhoof and it c clev€rty .oNe;led by dr. o$rei I telk ,4

ll jou Jo , or Je,^ , . I l L, ,nc .l , l'cLo':c :soud". Aleeps silcnt.I purchnscs thchorsc.

(a) Bcanavoi.l thc agreementon discorery oIth.

60 Gttule to LL.B. Entlance Eadnihdti.n

(b) 8.amot zro'd the agement, as rhe horser.as on displav ed he <ould tdve srisliedhirelf ot rrs soundness by pe$onal€\.minarion

rc) 6 camoi aroid the agreemenr as .1 did notrake anv representation ro mislead hih. Herrreh lep, rlsl $ rlDt I (ould frnd thins\oltbrhitrelf.

The aEwer is (a). Mere silmce may amonr toiald d it misleads L\e orhs party with fut intention of'"\e Fe.$n keeping silm.e.

Ex4MpLE 52ITCAI PRll\ClPll: A conda( procued by

n'ercion F bid Md* Indian Conrrd.r Acr CMcion isdelned a colmltting or thrcatening to col]dit any a.tIo,hidden by Indun f$al Code. AHdpr ro coMitsuicide i< an offffce wder tndian peMl code

FACTUAL SITUATION: PaMlya wanr€d his wifecurilhn lo pdft qth.ome ldnded properiy gven lo herhr he, Iat}'er. Sav'Lb res.ted learins draL herhsbddq odd squandei it awav Ramlya tlveatded her that.. .l? does noL.rgn the deed bdnsfemg the proper5

'o rxr (,. Rimalya\. he would comir ruicide.sd,rttu,.,gned fie oeed. Sub*qudrly. qhe chjlmSedLl-e dFed on rle rouo rtul rhe ded was bad sdcr

,4fls!r/, Savitki will suc.eed. The d€ed is norvalid because it was sigaed hder the ttueat of suicidebi her husband which amomb ro coercion and vitiates

ELa],apLr 6JlEG,4l P,RINCIPLE: If the coNent of a conbrcring

farty is fro.ured by wrong statemdtsas to the fa(tualsi{uitioro, L\e resulting conFad.e be avoided.

FACTUAL SITUATION: Dhirajlal is kcond-hdd(dr dpal.r or1e day. his rfl6d Depak came lo tnsfli.c Io bu) a strond-hrd car. Deprt was anractedi'\ d F:d' cd. dnd h.hm he asked Dhndibl how thdt (arwas, Dhirajlal sid that it was a ex.ellent car. Dep&b€li€ving in his fri€nd's statenrdt, bouAr rhe car.Subsequmtlv, h€ di5cover€d rhnt the rar was in a badshape. He n'anted to avoid rhe .onrract. Srare whe$Er

r,arpr D*pak .an aroid rhe contract tRalEDrtr.ajlal has qilfrnt! tuirepresented rh€ {a<t to himdld rl anor6 ru raJd lhe agrFmmr of ,tF is

Ex4upLL 54I EC,.II PRrN.iPl L whm, p*\on is n d posirion

ro dotud'- daol]]./. wrll and u\e5 Ltu, po,rron'"p.o.de an hfair contracL such (onEacis .d be

FACTUAL SITUATION: Ki.an wanred ro do hispost-grad@tion in medi.ine. He .ould nor g€r the sear

in any govement.ouege. But one p.ivate .ollege waspEpared to adhit him, provided he wo d pay a heftysh as .apitation fa nd he wourd srve ihe .onegefor 6ve years alrer his studies. Kiran paid the .apitanonIee and compieted his studies. But he lefued to *Nethe .oltege, .laiminS dut he could avoid the conha.r.Sirte wheth€r he wi! succed in his (laim.

Aaoer,: Kiran can avoid the conhact because theprivate college was in a Fosition to dominate the WilloI Kiro. Hen.e, the agreement was siSned by himuder mdue ilnuelce whi.h is a sul6.imt 6roud to

Lawtul Object as an EssentialElement of a Contract

A contrart .amot be made and enJorced for anuilawtul o! itlegal object, .8. deg'trafEckjng o.shuggling. Supp6e, a Eader in nd.oti.s has da$ement with a supplia to supply one quintal ofopia every month at a pnce pre-determined. ff rhesupplie! stops his supply wthout notice, to thefiMn ial loss of the hader the hader can not sue rhesuppljer for dlJo(ement of rhe .onhact. This is or yb€ca8 of illegality oi the objecr.

As pe. the Contract Act, rlE object md(oisideratim of an agleement is uilawful, if-

(1) ir is forbidden by law,(2) ir is of su.h narue that if permitted, ia woutd

defeat the provisioru of dy law,(3) it is haudurst,(4) it involves iniury to the person or properry of

(5) the .out rega.ds it s imoral or opposed fo

Simila y, a .ont act-hller .an not sue the oth€rparty if h€ refses to pay hows*er big amomr, afte.the perfomd(e of rhe iltegal .onrract i.e. ki ing of

Agre€ments Spe.ifically Declared VoidVoid agremsts are drcs agreehots whid are

not enjorceable at law. The Ladid Cont a.t A(r, 182?d<les .ertain agreements to be spe.ifi.aly void.The* aSreements a.F

(a) ASreetrnt in resbaint of mariage.(b) Agreemst in restraint of nade.(.) Agreement in .eshaint of legal p.oceedings.(d) Agreenent which is not certain or.apable of

being rude certain.(e) wagerng agre€nenis.(f) Agre4ets to do impossible acts.(8) ASreemat with a hinor.(h) Aglemmt without coGidera rionr') A$emmts hhjch ha: bRn declared bi ldwq ac

illegaLoroppoed to public pol'.y

61

Therefo.e ii a pe.son aBrees to m.trv or not lotur! a farri.ular man or h'onun, such an agreemsrtsroid,]i) nlitio and hen enotenlor.eable

Sihilarly, if a person agrees to other person not to.trrr a similar business in the same localiry for acoEideration, he can noi get the agreed amount if theolher part_v refues to pay. This is be.ause, such anaBtemenl restlaining hade is void,l inirio

Likewise, if a peison enters jnto an aFeemenihith oher that he will not institute leSal proceedingsatast him in relaiion io a particulnr djspuie. H€ paysaough money as.onsideration. Brt the other parlv isft€ to instihrte legal proceedlngs aaanst him rt anvpoht of time I lis a8reemst with the oL\e. { as voi d dll:.irio, havnrg no Iorcc i.law

Uncertarn agleements aie L\ose the meanjng ofbhich is not certain o! capable of beint made .ertainThus, if,.1 aBrees kr s€ll to 8, a hsdied tons ot oil th€caeenlenrr. \o.d for utH.Jr'h bur r ,4..i de' c nrustard oil or I, L\e ageement is certain and h€nce,

A sagerinS agr€ement or a bet is an aSreementllared upon the happening or non-happennrg ol annridcnt. loi e$dple II Saclu hN a .enhry nr thismatch, I will pa! vou Rs. 10,000. Or, if lndia {ins itsni tch .gainst .\usiralia, I will pay yo! Rs 5,00,000 and: '.4

r?Dr. Sudt rgr.cmcnts or bets are loid!D nlilto ardhen.e nLJt enf oiceable.

Lasrly, an agreemenr to do an act nnpossible n1

,lself is void Thelefore, iI,1 agrees to bring some slaEIron dr! sky for Hs girl friend, the a8reement is voidlior nnpo$ibilit)' of perfornun.e. lurfier a contra(tcapilne of behg pe.formed, nuy be baned b1

supervenlng nnpossibilitv or illegality. lor exatnple ,4

Iron hdia and B from Pakistan a.€ doing €rpo.t-jmporr busin€* for lon6. Due to sudden ourbreak ofrvar, fakinan is deda.ed an alier courlry 4 can mt benelli iiable lo pelloln an asrcemc! t cnlcrcd i'rta b€Ioresuch date The agreenent becomes void duc to.-Perqbs .llegrLiF Ldlr.,nolhF c'inr,le ,4 r4 pe

toint ior ".onera lo R, 10000 ^5i,h\ei.f.d '.dlance II A is too i1l to sing, thc contract is lrarred byinpossibility oI perlorman.e and a .an not le lreldliable to comp%ate th€ or6ani5ers fo.losses, iIanv.

ELMPLT 65llcAl ,D^iNCltJLE Any .8.e€ment whi(h is

impossible to perform becomes invalid.J',4C7 U,41 SITU,IIION] ,4, a .ement deale.,

entered into an agrecment \{iL\ E to $rpply 200C brtsof .ehent for the lalter's brnlding. By the tnne Asupplicd 1000 fags of cement, the GovernmenL isNedan order lestricting the free sale of.emenl. Ther.after,every dealer {as supposed to Bet ins suppl! from tle

Coverment As a resull, 4 formd it diillcult to .reethis comitment to a, E b.inEs a suit fl'r br.ach DI

,.,. 1.I ..,,r",.1 nLc',u'impossibilily makes the contra.t void. Covcrnnentorde. .estricting the free saLe oI c€dent maies llreaFeenent inpossible io perform The agreenrnt is

bared bv impossibililv of perlbrhancc

EtuMPLr 66

LEC,{I PR]NCIPLE: If the object antl.o siiIlriiionof a conlra.t is xriar'tu], the contracl is void.

IrcTilrl -slTLL4TiON, x, a famrei Ln Ka iliand',dislressed b) hunger ard dcstitution Soes to tl,r locillindlord lor a lonn oi Rs. 5.000 and orfeis t. ,r.rk iorhm for the rest oi his lifc. Afte. 12 nonths ot lnpaidl'ork x lanll to Eo ba.k on hjs promise. The iindlordNilhes to nrore lhe.o!rt kr €nforce the agteemefr

{a) The landlord Nould succeed b€.ausi .! s.LdIrirlibdur nf n .onsidcra iion ofRs a r)U

rb) Ilre landldd rlould fall be.ause )i "as ftr)distressed to decide lreell

{c) The lardlord reould iail b€(arsc theag.eement r"as one of bond€d hbnD \vhrl,w.s againitla'e and publ,c polk]

(d) The landlord !o ld rucceed becarst.\ hadsdllnot done nork worth of Rs 5,0Ll1l

rhe ansser is 1c) {b) also afteaF ro b! ( red tuthe consent glten by X.amot be said Lo be frec lr rv.smrde unde. extrem€ distress. But, a lurdiiner L.rl ruleofcontract that i11€8alo. unh$tu1 igreem.nts i:. \ ont,shall apply to make the.onl.acr iroperati\ e

D. CONSTITUTIONAL LAWThe Cotutitudon of India is tle Len'ithie(

Constitution iD lhe r{'o-i]-+ fl is il mnssile d,r.xmenthaling special legal sanctit! s hi.h sets olt thelrame$ork and tlre trincitnl frnchons ol thr Jilturc.torgans oI the St't. as rLell as ir p()vides lor d,o rightjand duties of dle teople and policlcs ntr fien

Chapr€r 13 oI rhis Cuide htled "CONSTITL:TIONAND POLiTICAL SYST!N1" .olers rlmost ailihportant conccpts, lrnrciPles, constituuonal bodresd.J dJtconh!\ rnJ Lhcir in-r F. r ' ..h t d_ ,r tnutsh€U You shall face fra.v qu€shons based rfon tieCoNtitution of lndia in the enllan.e tesL$ ol rlmost lllpremie! law s.hools. These questions are oi bothobic.tire a.d qlbte.tive tlpes and contaifed indi ller€nl sechons of the quesrion paper I^ Lhi\ Cltifld,lve shall d€aL with sone lmpo.taft pn.dFles ol.onstitutionallarv iron Lhe legal ieasoning feFP€ftiv€Law School Admi$ion Tcsts oi NLSUI, Bangalore !n

62 Cnlde lo LL.B. Entance Eflnnntia

prrricrJdr..Jnrah elen rpJ, feh ,tLc.tnn! o teEdt tAtjttAt \ttLtAlt}t\ lw:{.te t\ rHongKunS:'-*8 y"g upun $e rnnlioh . "i 1""1" *-"a ",,"ii,,; ry .";;;;; .;il;;* , ** .n"*"(.n.bturioninho*,or..(b,erndde.,,:.r ,..*cbotu -r."u ". c",*a iJ'..,i.liii,,** . ro^rn desriptive stion, you have ro de.id; a case bised ia;.;;;:;;r,;:il i.i",lX,iili"",or,,,u*.Jpun d r.\htubotur prin, ir'r dnd .rarc rerens ,n n " c.,"-..,i

", r,J; p.,;- ""1:*":;;

,;:_prRrih€J rFalc or qordc %mehm.\ w.,, ,r.r.., ,,,*1.''" " ;;; " ;;;;;.,t a",ff ;:iJlii:ll-,TjJ:j;,,1J*::,?j1:Jj;*"li:iri\rmmgrrof India or for a (ihzen (la,minc hi-.:, * ,*,ii"" ;,';;; il;'t-",.;jl::: :;:il,;-H;.i;i:! T,:Tiilil"..j#.,"i:ij:,rl::elo:tll:.u, .ynderebndrns or ba$. p,_.i1,r". "r ri..*i"r r"* r",

",u"iv"."",.ii.",li.oushout rndiaf,r.rn , Uturrtubon nu.r be r"^ .rurd vou, arc l**." "*..* ",1*,.1 .",.,." ",.*",,*p,",1d\rd.o8o D,ro-AhCt-dpre, t3oiLt-d,Cu,.erohdve Cham<t xXX. tr,"..ir" ru"Oo",r,.,, r",:*,n". i"

lJTl:::: ,"#"J::i:1[9":i"i,;,T" [".:1," .i lr* oar,i ii"i "

*,,, p*""i'.",111,p,"-" c",,,r",e, ."rlrr menrroncd , *dotu \nillatind de \atiJib orrhenewiah J\;otrraclcrory

,_ ,?coon or .rec(h dnd e\pre"run whal .ruto bertp man rrUl,me..on hehatl of rl-e Covenhenr rut.rcAl PRly( I PLt: Urdc, tndid. cotu,irLho. I,r.rjty rl.eird-.rionl

eL*\bod\.hdllbeequatberor.tah.,a, r'heco\enm.n,ha,d roqerlod oworLo,- l,:lr^a sfiurl,/ov. Thc tncome-rJ\ A,r -r"p,l"r"r.,,.",;,i,'-",".h,*ar,.": 'In-r! rd Ijorrdc rhdt fo.e n\, .- atuuat -cohe L-r lulG li40n0'hdrr |nvro" o. Lhe ' ir.""e r. ."\. 'br srte,a.r rrrpo* rc",u.rbre re-n.hon rr he:i:,,1:::.:fi:: "1":"' rn.ome e\(edr Rs. r/50,000 i,,,"*.t.i,ri"*."..

^.i"ii,", o. tur"""", orwnosF nmur rc.me.,.eels R t,50u00 (hai.cngc Lc, F,eednm o..rej ard c.nrc*un O"e, n.Llix\ F8i:hdondrhcgrord,t-Jirl.\ar,.tibonrrrhe ,* r"a" r,*1,1. .

",, ,lrri'1.*!r'-.Dren cq'atrl\ belu,et,, ftu., nc.tdr, ,pri-.h(i) Iney will suc.eed, because rhe law rr^,_, alldFrntuates a8,.nrl rl.c peoptp hho edh /JU,4r lR-\ClLl)more rhrn Rs 1,50,000 perdnrm

b) rhv-\nr ".i",..*j'T."".. ,.r" p".pr" ,', il:"fl:':'i!ll:l::i.:ffi:T.XlffJlnl:who erm mor lhdn R. I <U.000d,e n". ee-d rordto thepeople who erm te\s rhan Rs r.50,060. tZt ,c .t.., _" ere..ise lris hudamenrar rjght to.) The). w,r no. .!(eed beca,,\e r,\i. rrw r,,*, r"*1., ,.

.r", .iii.""'

"., ,*u ,r,".cnabres ,he sovemun, ro F.,,,,,." rhc p....,r",,,,1,*,.-,ril.,'"."",,ir"..0n,.i1.u. es or al. l're l.eopr.,,, rp counrrv. . ,i, ,ii,' .,,J^i)oi." i"'?.*u"* " ., "/J. ll-.r L'it, not .uc(eeq becrJ.e .i-*. _..1 ,4 conhr rl)on r.. ..t_.ctu the tuaddn.entaledrunsle5.ur"R..r500o0arpn,,.p.udtLo nsl.tou",.,,".".,li r,*".,1, ui -"*+..",-.1i.::l"yr:*.:,,,

t.,"..u.r_.y.' .,r.",l*,rp-.".1.-.. ;;,;,";..^ ".,,."d",Fqudr lJra hive tu hp lantred lo dcr.mes8r8cdardm.L..Injnr.trw\,--.n8han.th€ equarp6prc Mo,e ineeuir,b. h,l bc do".,i*_" r. a"r*a rii#. t,", """ J"r.;;.'i;l t.^, ** "::-::Tl-.::1""ry.:I]o.d -e dad d r.,rpe,. rn ,he b"sn su gr-...,1. i.,.; ;,.;i;il"; ',;'";'.',i:ri'E'ji tdsEc person eamnS morc rhanrG r,t0.000and aurhor ics, and he {,as derained by ihem in tharl..Tl*' ":.y8. berow ,r rr" n.r qu.r r., d,e (!nrc,r,on.5hr mo, "a r pari,, rn L" <o,n r."r r,..u]rd\e. or ra\ahon lah. \ute (Jn,to.^t.,rre \.d- enh,et.n b. ,"p,*l"n-a Uu Srnghdtud. ,nJd'<imination $hile imposils raxes. rr.."r*., u," r"tt". .r..ii i. i"i"liu i" - . **,"Ex upE.68 him to..g!e iheforme.,s case.rEC;r piJNclprE: The consrirution 01 lndia (a) sudt wilt succeed b€calse his ludahental{-i_r,snFdomof sfst-.rid e.pre.. on r, J .t-c IEhtuti.d.t rcJ,.e.cnkror.b.rntrro.drcn..rr{- -JF'{i ro lne nEhr JI the srdlF lo m r.e n to;u,tnrcr,mrJ "{)u.Jnd ,mpr rcst icrions on lhis rrcedom n rtre rrer€st (b) The ta,{y.r is Dot nr a .easonable posihor to:1,:'"j1fi. ,ll.-"s"h

.or_rndE. the se(uity of a"r".a h-. "" r.i,1,",i,i- -",ia r.";".,"a.

ot cout, defnmation, D.itemmr ofd offde. rhe atuweris (b)

tlc.1l PR.|\c/]1LE: RiBht b carry on d,,y(.rr.rco.. rrade or bL{nress is a Fsda;enht Rr8tir:a_rr In.trin Conshtution. The Srate i, unde. dn.4.:Eanrn under the Dire.tiv€ Prinoptes ofSr.te policvD .:rda* iEr.u.ture d-J atumdt LJ:l-,nd,, nn\s-xc b + rnd lnwdrds Lnrt 60)l t'le ..e|. ln:rabrl.orr \larrhrer

;rCIUrct 5iIU/ION, The State oI Uttaran.hal:iqi a lc8Glarion rorally prohib ing cow slauJahre!.r. ! Lukher. lrr. -E ir meat ofdt arutut, .rt;o rC,1.1. chrllcnSed this legislation as viol.ring his::-*m€nrnl rr8hr to.arry on his business De.ide rhe

r The State of Uttaranchal cannot tuke a la$hking as,av any fmdamenral iighr. Such larvis nlll.nd void.

t!r Th€ slare.an prolibir co'v staughter Lo.,!.,Nscirunul I 6.ind-yon,c.eri,i, ire\

! T\e -6hr .o \drr) !.- cnr .rcupabui .roJe urFJ.rnL\. F bubtpct to rFr otuble rprtr.chun:Banning con{laughter is such a resrn.rion Lobetter anihal husbandrv producrion and it isrvithi. rhe powe! ofSrate.

Thc ansrv€r is (.).

Exwrt t 71

LECAL PRINCIPLE: Unde. the Conshrution.a.iJr cr- he con\.Lted .wrc ror rhe.dr ,c olrcn.r.

lriclu,4l SITUaION": Thc students of a .ole8e1Ld: on 5t.i1c d8ainst rlre reservatton by rh€ colege. Ai:rnent tuvih the €nsuln8 .onllsion arsaltted a nafi-€F!'er and iniured hin srievouty. Fo! thi! ofiercu,:{ hr. ru,n.nrcd lrun. rhe (utt.;e. srb..,r"ertrt! thca !.pidF(tpJtuhand\1u.ts,.heeleJ,irn tJr (,J{cErn.rous hwt. Ihvi pleads that he is being convicred:.: the iimc offence Lwi(e,

.l R?vj should not be punshed h'.ice fo. sameoffen.e This is uconsritutional.

.l- 8r\, hJ. no,,l'Mrhed d inL.rhunr (rimcHe should be acquitted as rustication is itsetfaouSh punjshment.

.r Rari cnturot plead doubte conviction as rhe5Lo autho.ities are differ€nt

,d Rari is not l€t convl.ted as only a court.an.onlict dd rustication f.om cotlege does notamount to conviction.

T]'e a&qver b (d).

E1LaDLE 72LIGj/ PSIILCIPLE: While ii is a Fundamerat

DuN oI a dhzen ro respecr narionat anftem, theLon:hhrhon Flirmrecs irredom ot retiSion as *,e11

kldl nrdso,rinj l.:1,. 53

IACTLIAI Sll U,4TIOl"i: A..ording io thc reliFoustenets ofpa.ticular sect/ singinE Lhe praise olanvenlitvolnp, l}r-,ind i, ru,LddFn nc.l..l I b"l. . -B ..lq/l ,pcr. re[.'.p, L, ..' A rrliord] dnthcm in he r.uFeoi school assennny, in rrhich ever\, .hild mustcompuls.dl', parti.ipale When the disciplinarv achonwas instituted agairst the child, the parenrs challenSedthe school's order si^ging the narional anrhem Decide

4,sae, The fundamenral riShr to lreedom olreligion camot be abri.lge.l bI a fu.dament.rl dury''l'-cdl-) l,h" !dle IJru.' i r. rlc lJ...rT,nd'duty to respecLnatid\al andrem, ir cnnnor be s.rd ro bcC. .cAr i lheTirt .r.l.cc.rl rrn i-t..-e.t.,irtsnadrnal an&rem daily Tlr. g1d is f.ee to follolr thercligion of her choice and folloa i rs {rl.s

FaiMP,F 71

LICAI PR/NClft€: Righr lo .ft) on la$Julbusines! and right to form associations and uniofs arefmdamen tal rights under trdi.n Consiirurjon.

f,4CrU 4l <,t/AIrO\ J 'n \1at sd,; , ,.pol.r !al prrr./ in opp.\iiw. ro rh. p'e.e.,l r'1.; r .rr\ll r.. nobr,rl I pJt, c or.aun rArh L .l c a { or,..pli.ies of dre Gole.nnrenr. In pursuance oi L\i:objective, it has called upon all institu nrs nfd.onrmer.inl esrablkhmenrs lo obse.ve ,bandlr,, on aprrticula. davnnd on thar day, rr proloscs ro take oulahug€ p.o.essjon of peopte proresti,,s asainsr theCr, n- Flt, r., n, - c lu.r ie.. \r.,rr r. rurnrrq a - q.t.p_icc,n.rr- r^r.? l .trorl*r,n H. r..-hr.-,..ur t.o,((, I l-L.\( ruar'' r',1.,^. red-n,,r-rrte\.oudl.pr'.. nr. ro( p ,"{ 1."rr.tu}..-"....bandl, he files a suit in a courr of l.{ seek1.g an or.tcrot l" _^u- . mpell sI a\.,l:rn!.'.'{i,,J,r^itscalllor bandh.

1. Prepare a smllbrief f.r.Ahar

2 PreFaro. small bref nn taf 5rl ak san8h

Anstoyr 1. Every citizen has n righr kr canv on an!tra.le or business. This riSht is Euahnreed uderArticle 19(11(g) oI the lrdi.n Constiturion The,Bandh,called upon by lan Sevak San8h is vntadve ol rhefundahcntal ri8lrt glaranteed to every ciiizen to carrvon hade or business and hence iileSal and rh€ courrshould slof su.h illegal aciilitt.

2. The Corodtution of Indja guardtees the rjAhr h)form associations and urioLs. 1., a democra.; Iikelndia, a political party camor be stopped-frohobserinS 'bandh'as is a valid rvav to mobitizc pubtr.opinion against rhe GovermrenL,s and people totrcy

'lF(oL (rnnot.omt cl l}l( rr .err^ rdrtn ro . op Ldemo.ratic a.hrrtes

E\tnpLE74LLC4L Pni\CIJlEr Arhde +4 of Iie Constituhon

J,n..r,:. "r'.- pruLiC!. ttrdL L,<rd1 i"l ".hd\our ^ .\L.c r;.. ,.t ..r.""tu dI tui rm....l (oJ..etJt14-onJiiDs, di\onpJn.l.r,.i .., . .r--ari\cJ r.\ I re.rsrun: urr propu..,i'..,,"-(1 . ,,,.u i, .is,JJ..("".bo-d,c-r,uJ rh., n'n..:c..,,dn rrrp8-,. tJ... rp. srorlrcfrrc r bl!l tur ths \cch.l

1i .r. JhH { v.bt tu on ut tr.tr, AJrrJn.ac. Jl-"r ' rr r-ced. m or r,liFr.n ,.., u.dl-"nr, .rdlf , r|l",a r. r,r- r. -,1 Pe!' lp.r. r. I ir.< e-e hr tr i, he+ ir r- d8a,r-t|uo ,u_.1!. n II-,rn'oo|\ f.,,tpr \tjrnc,- no. ,Leas av the ludamental right to treedom ofrcljgion.

'_Cr'rru\.,r// tt.pa tn.att,". t- \,. ..t'''-Art.ts : ,,.be.,,eJ .t...Jr..l.h.i rthistorl of Irdia ftore than a trhdred dmes, ano vorl.ecently to dissolve rhe Legistative Assembtv of Uttftad.sh.

q r. € l.- rn.J n- r- rt r. retc\d1r tJr the , .e\ent

i . .i, C,1. o or n rlirr,J-.l.rp1,r\p . !jn.rpJ'1,.r : tu.t.o"h .. ./r, I n tr?t- .r " Cur "nFe, I rlhc State cdtuart Lre cairied on in a.cordan.e $.idi ihep.o\isiotur ol this Constitlrion, rbe pr€lidlnr rniv hv

E!.t. tro.la mi don md€r this airkle slu b€ hidLcro, -J.., Hor,. , r P,, id, r".,t j.. J L r (rt..r-.. , | ,dto. .P.otur g i rrc\,J\

r\'Jtrnf"l 1 (co.p olpoJ.?rr r! , \r .r,rt'i .r w. h.ur ' 1ll, ' , e.. I eto.p re c\pL.t u , ^j rf"t tp oJ Ir4. rer- .l.r'r. ve.t l-J (.otrr,.. ., t-oth Ilou.p: orParlialreni...

<o l-riL n'- hc (o,..r.rLo,nr. pr r..iv.. .n,d.uI LJLlurE.l t1r! (n|sbhrt o at miclMe^,n Srrr.

Q. The Govemnenr in a Stare i€ll .tue ro thewithdrdwJ o( supporr Eiven ro ir by n pdrlyrhe Srare Cotemor pta(e, the Sure

^,,;mbt)und€r suspendcd ,nimation. Soon rhereafrerthe Governor sends a Report to the presidenr.econmendina dissolurion of the Assemblydd pro(laddrion of p'e.idenl s rute unde;Articl€ 3t6 in rhe Stnte. On the 1,nsis of thcCoremo!,s Reporr rhe p.esid.nr dissotv€.t the

w-ns rh€ Presidenrial action undcr Arti.!e Js6di.rolr in8 rhe A\5embt) (on\lilulionn y

ariJ( to LI-.B E tn ce EM tiirxn,t

(a) Prcsideniiat actionwas valid.(b) Pr€sidenhal action was invati{i.(c) Not-quesrionabte.(d) Nune oi these.

Tlre.o.rect ansrver is 1b) Th€ president s a.tion ofdissollin8 the Asscmbly wtthout $,aitinA lorParliamentary a pproval wa; invalid

Q. The Prcsidenr of rndia issues a pro(tahationimposing rhe Pr€sidenr,s rule in a Stare on theSround rhat rhe state hns faited to curb lh€on8oing <ommuoat vioience in rhe Srare whichh6 re.eiv€d inspirarion from the issue,Is this proclamation of Adi.le 356corotitutionally valid?(.) \o, b€ciuse orbing comtnhal viotencc

.innor be a eood 8round ro invoke rhe

fr..lrmtion rnder Arricte 356.

{b) YeJ, mp.sihon oI president,s rule in rheS,..r€ x.as. valid erercise ofpoNer

(c) l.sid(,1d.r1 action ts ,munc kr ry'..

xnt.(d) Non€ of rrlc\€.

The.ore.t in$lcr is (bi. The jmDor io. ofPre.:dcn tul- ir ' rlr.r ^. rh/; ound r-Jl rt,ts \ldFhdd ir,hd u flr^.hc r c.,nd..mr,.j \,Ji!n,p..,.rdl J -\, . .e . fo,.{ {dF. pro'td. .car arlvr l 1-.t.rJ.v.,t(Jr r'tr.r { i mochrne^.)nJth.hi, ,pr tuJ. tt. r-.8,.-....

l-llc.,1l t,RlNdpl_lr Au.itizens $alt have the.ight to heedom otspe€.h ard €rpresstun

Frc7ll,1/- SITU4IION] Ashok Mehta, a iannrs\!.iter of &c

^_ovels, criti.ized a Novel w.ill€r brKliF\Lir 1.oF \-'Fl dnr s.neh \ \.rct F IuJ. .l-

re srhe'(m l.\{,t , Ld.,eit rr, n_nd .implre, hc rs rot of a Aood ctura.ter, hc should writede.enra^dgood No\ er'

DLCIDE: Whcther ,\shok t\{ehta can be liable or

" ' lr., nJ. tirl-t- L(dL-F ." h", JJ,l,.p,c. -.d

hi5 D..\rnil L i.\v.(b) He is liable k) be sued for drc .ase oi

defam.tion if his stateln.nt, was nor huc orsaid in rrl,r tt. int€nrion

(cl H. .dnnrr be liabte because he hastundamenlal ngtrLs ro fr€edom of sfeectr .nd

(d) H€ cadot be st€d, bc.ause both are \{rirersand novelish and boL\can cririciseea.h other

The<o.rect answer is (b) flisinle.rionis ddl1d.,

ExraLE 77::;;i:,RI\CI|I[ No pivate person should be

L*^al kr rale the adminishation of criminal iustic€:: .: L? hmdJ of L\e judSes and place it or his own

:il-l Ll.-1t S/TUiTION'j,4 heard the somd fro:<:d+bou's house dEt a L\ief has entered inlo his

-:.aou 5 houe and siabbed his neighbou B. While.. :eihed thele he saw his neighbou B aasf-i.lsi to death. ,4 ran towards the !min8 thiefEr: .:.t![eJ him by his arms and roped hlm to a poleE :! ii:l and next Dromjng he with the help oI hb

-l !@k the thiel to local poli.e station

--aaISiONl: --1 .in be prosecuh'd, becaus€ he had no

authorjry to a(est L\e L\ief: I is not to be prose.uted because he has not

t.rkcn law into his hand buthelped the poli.ec .1 .an be prosecuted, b€cause he has Lalen

l:\( into his hdd.i I camot be prose.uted, because he has not

tiabbed ro thief'$c co.recr answer is (b). ! has not taken the larr

ExAMpt E 78

iri,-il PRINCIPIE, Only States (Natiom) can be:=te to . dispute before the Intclrotioml Coxn ol

:rcru.4l SITU,4TION:,4, an rndian h.s troperr!-r:5 Ri 100 cro.es in lian, r'hicl the Govennent ofi:i h$ nationaljsed. A, Iilcd a .ase in L\e highestirll oJ lran lo recover his property, buL did not get:d.'F his favos. ,4, notr sanis to lile a suil in the5:.*jriotul cou.t oflusrice. Both hdia and Iran hare:r.€rteJ the conrpuisor! jurisdiction of thei:efutionii cou.t oI lusticr.

DEaIS/ONlr .l .an hle a suit agiinst Iran in the

Lllehational Court oI Justi.e as he is an

'!r t. can fiie a sril ag.lnit Lan in th.Lltemahonai Court of Justice ort) ii Ir.nallo$s him to iile

( i camot fiie a suit asainsi lrrn in thelrtema tional Cou * ofJusrice

i .1 c.n lile a slit agaitut l.an in theIftphahonal Couit of lusrice on behall oiLldia

lhe.o(ed arorse! is (c) The litehational Corrtoil!6li.e hrs its o$n method ofapplnadon of law.

Ex 'LE 79IEG 1l PnlNCIPlIr No person stDll Lre pros€cuted

rni.nihrd for thesame offence h{ice.

F,ACTUAL SITUATION Kamiah, a student leadcrin the Fa.ulty ol Law, ABC University, Delhl assaulieda tea.her lnjuing him senously. Kamiah bis arestcdl-. poL. d.d p u,r eJ .r Ll-*

"fien(e or oL ,,.{

grievous hurt. Sxbs€quently, lhe Dean, Faculh of r:$rusticatcd Kamiah lrom the laculty ol Law lor 5 yeare(miah.hallenges the rustication.

DECIS'ONI(a) Kamiah irill s!..e€d as he $6s prosccutcd

and punished fo. thesameoffen.e twl.elb) Ka'niah cannot succeed, as he ouSht to hav€

known that he can be rusticated as tr€lI as

phished lor the asMult.L.r ldnidl ,"-r.ol .u,tapJ 4. rL.ii,...,n '.r,

Iaculty of Law docs not amolml topdishment

(dl -vore of therbove.The.orrect ansser is (b). Kaniah is ought lo harc

kno{ the.epu.ation of the maller.EXAVPE 80

tECnI PRINCPIIT Cdpital fuiislnnent s]t'uldnot be awarded to an a.cused of mrrder .ases as rt iscalled "The nrurder by Slate "ilseli' Also ule piea oIaboLltion of capital pmishment dates ba.k ar leist toL\e early period of20d1 centuy bv erllightened liberals.Thehuman socieiy conti'ru$ lo be considerably violentbL, lhe 5lrre.ould nol4.ro,o lo dJ o Thp|nl.Fl.n-eon ma.med dorLds is a nore g.uesome fom oL

f,4CTU, l- S/fU, llON:,4, a poh.e offr.er fiied n'ts r'ith his office pisk)I, bt thinkirg that B rvas a wanted.riminal in fi\'€ murdq .ases. Rut 6 was an imocentPerson of eljte socict! hdvi g tus 0$.n €rpon con,panlof intematioral rePute.

DECISiC)Nl(a) I ca rot be stri.tly prosecuted sith the

.rpital pu,islunent as it is calied "mu.der bv

(b) ,1 car be p()se.uted llith .apital punishmpnt,. .r h r. . , I -Fen dL .t..t.Fo L! rc" fr- ar.;rr

orState LeSislature. h India

k) 4 ca'xrot bc prosectrtcd ns it has dctcrcnthellected to the cdninrL and thr rat€ ufmuid€. cases have b€e. t cmendonsh.Pd,,.Pd nr Irdii

(d) .a cannot be prosecuted wiin .rpjtalp$ishment as the death sentence or .afitalprdishment is ille8al and unsJcial has bcerd€dared by the furliament and StatpLcgislatues in in.1la

Th€ conect an$fer ls (b) The.rpiial tunishment\r. or )q l-pea ,Lo, . ip., b\ tilrt.n"-r ottart.lrrenactinganllaw and noL been aboljshed br Letislatuics