legalcrystal.com 428152

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Smith Detection Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. Vs. Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. and Ors.

LegalCrystal Citation: legalcrystal.com/428152

Cort: Andhra Pradesh

Decided On !Mar-23-2004

"eported in: 2004(2)A!8"8# 2004(3)A$305

#dge: %. &'hash %eddy *.

Acts: +onst,t't,on o nd,a - Art,cles 14 15 1 and 22

Appeal $o.: P o. 2188 o 2003

Appellant: &m,th !etect,on As,a Pac,,c Pte. td.

"espondent: lectron,cs +ororat,on o nd,a td. and rs.

Ad%ocate for Def.: . ages6ara %ao Ad7. or #P. ages6ara &ree Ad7. and #.$. 9oalan Add,t,onal&ol,c,tor 9eneral or %esondent o. 1 #$. &'ryaaran %eddy &+ or +entral 9o7t. or %esondent os.

2 and 3 and #!.

Ad%ocate for Pet&Ap.: P. +h,damaram Ad7. or #;. 9oal +hary Ad7.

Disposition: Pet,t,on d,sm,ssed

#dgement:

%!%

%. &'hash %eddy *.

1. $he 9o7ernment o nd,an,on ond,a and the ,rst resondent - lectron,cs +ororat,on o nd,a ,m,ted (here,nater reerred to as


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(c) $o d,rect the ,rst resondent and/ or the second resondent to ,n7,te resh ,ds thro'gh gloal tenderor a6ard,ng contracts or s'ly o conta,ner scanners at any or all the orts ,n nd,a.

2. ecessary acts ,n r,e are as ollo6s:

3. $he 9o7ernment o nd,a has dec,ded to ac?',re tr'c/conta,ner scann,ng systems y deloy,ng state

o the art scann,ng technolog,es. A comm,ttee o &ecretar,es to the 9o7ernment o nd,a cha,red y the+a,net &ecretary 9o7ernment o nd,a dec,ded to entr'st the tas o roc'r,ng scann,ng systems and the

assoc,ate technolog,es to a 'l,c sector 'nderta,ng cons,der,ng the sens,t,7eness o the ro=ect andsec'r,ty threats aced y the nat,on. >lt,mately + and the @harat lectron,cs ,m,ted 6ere ,dent,,ed

and oth coman,es 6ere re?',red to mae resentat,ons/ roosals. ot,c,ng ade?'ate eert,se 6,th the

+ 6,th regard to the technolog,es ,n7ol7ed ,n B ray and gamma scann,ng systems to ma,m,Ce 7al'eadd,t,on and ass'me s'stant,al ,nd,gen,Cat,on and ,n the rocess to ens're ossess,on o cr,t,cal

technolog,es y the co'ntry the 9o7ernment o nd,a des,gnated + as the lead agency and dec,ded togo or t6o ,lot ro=ects ,mmed,ately one or seaort and another or a,rort to start 6,th aart rom the

th,rd ,lot ro=ect to cater to the re?',rements o ,ntell,gence 'rea'. + s'm,tted ,ts techno

commerc,al roosal dated 28-3-2003 to the M,n,stry o D,nance or ,mlementat,on o electron,ctr'c/conta,ner scann,ng systems at *a6aharlal ehr' Port a7, M'ma, and the same 6as acceted y

the M,n,stry o D,nance and the memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng 6as entered ,nto on 11-8-2003 et6een

the !,rectorate o Pre7ent,7e erat,ons M,n,stry o D,nance 9o7ernment o nd,a and the +. $hescoe o s'ly as er the sa,d memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng relates to (1) s'ly ,nstallat,on and

comm,ss,on,ng o h,gh energy B-ray (relocatale 7ers,on) %AP&+A system tye 2213% - one n'mercons,st,ng o the ollo6,ng s'systems:

(a) g Me l,ner accelerator

() mage detectors

(c) !etector controller

(d) &can eng,ne

(e) Alarms

() +al,ng

(g) lectr,c hydra'l,c dr,7e con7eyance

(h) &h,eld doors

(,) B &+ - & ray system controller

(=) +om'ter system

() ++$ system

(l) PA and ,ntercom system

(m) P+s and ,nterac,ng

4. $he second ,tem relates to s'ly ,nstallat,on and comm,ss,on,ng o mo,le gamma ray system-

%AP&+A tye 4200 9a%!& - one n'mer cons,st,ng o the ollo6,ng s'-systems:

(a) Mod,,ed 7eh,cle chass,s

() mag,ng detector array cons,st,ng o 38 detectors ,n shae.


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(c) mag,ng detector oom

(d) &o'rce oom

(e) 1.0 c'r,e coalt0 ,soto,c so'rce

() soto,c so'rce cas

(g) erator d,slay 6or stat,on

(h) &can eng,ne

5. P'rs'ant to the sa,d 'nderstand,ng ,rst resondent - + has laced 'rchase order dated 28-8-20036,th the ,th resondent comany - %a,scan &ec'r,ty Prod'cts 6h,ch ,s a +al,orn,a ased comany or

s'ly o the ao7e systems.

. $he et,t,oner ?'est,ons on se7eral gro'nds the memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng entered ,nto y the

second resondent -9o7ernment o nd,a 6,th the ,rst resondent-+ and the conse?'ent,al 'rchase

order laced y + 6,th the ,th resondent or s'ly o the ao7e sa,d scann,ng systems. t ,s the

case o the et,t,oner that along 6,th ,ts arent comany ,t ,s a gloal leader engaged ,n ro7,d,ng cargo,nsect,on systems 6,th 50 years o eer,ence and had ,nstalled s'ch systems ,n se7eral co'ntr,es acrossthe 6orld. Pet,t,oner comany romoted y &m,ths !etect,on As,a Pac,,c Pte ,m,ted &,ngaore ,s

ha7,ng ,ts ranch o,ce ,n nd,a and ota,ned aro7al rom the %eser7e @an o nd,a and ,s a 6holly

o6ned s's,d,ary o &m,ths 9ermany t challenges the memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng and theconse?'ent,al 'rchase order ma,nly on the gro'nds that the conta,ner scanners are h,gh sens,t,7e

scanners 6h,ch are 'sed to scan ,ngred,ents o the conta,ners 6h,ch arr,7e at the orts and other d,erentlaces and the ,rst resondent - + 6,tho't any concern or the ,mortance and sens,t,7,ty o the

contract ,n a mala ,de and ar,trary method and 6,tho't e7en ,ss',ng a not,ce ,n7,t,ng tenders has

a6arded the contract or s'ly o t6o conta,ner scanners 6orth aro,mately %s. 25 crores to the ,thresondent comany t ,s the case o the et,t,oner that the o'rth resondent ,s a =o,nt 7ent're comany

o the ,rst and ,th resondents and ,n that 7,e6 o the matter the ,rst resondent comany has reerredto a6ard the contract to the ,th resondent 6,tho't ,ss',ng not,ce ,n7,t,ng tenders and as s'ch the same

,s ar,trary and 'nreasonale. t ,s also the case o the et,t,oner that the second resondent - >n,on o

nd,a and the ,rst resondent - + e,ng an ,nstr'mental,ty o the &tate are o'nd to act ,n a,r andtransarent manner ,n a6ard,ng commerc,al contract and act,on o the ,rst and second resondents ,s

6holly 'n='st,,ed and ,s contrary to 6ell recogn,Ced mode o a6ard,ng contract. As s'ch ,t ,s the case othe et,t,oner that sa,d act,on o the ,rst and second resondents ,s ,n 7,olat,on o the 'ndamental r,ght

g'aranteed 'nder Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on o nd,a. t ,s 'rther the case o the et,t,oner that the

a6ard o contract to the ,th resondent clearly smacs o ,as ar,trar,ness and a7o'r,t,sm y the ,rstresondent and ,s aga,nst 'l,c ,nterest s,nce the roced're 6as s'7erted to ene,t ,th resondent. t

,s also 'rther stated that the ormer Manag,ng !,rector o the ,rst resondent ,s one o the !,rectors ,nthe o'rth resondent =o,nt 7ent're comany. &o ,t ,s the case o the et,t,oner that the sa,d dec,s,on ,s

aga,nst 'l,c ,nterest and 'nreasonale ,rrat,onal and ,s also ,n 7,olat,on o Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on

o nd,a.

". %esondents ha7e co'ntered the challenge y ,l,ng searate co'nter-a,da7,ts. &econd resondent -

>n,on o nd,a has co'ntered the challenge y stat,ng that the et,t,oner ,s a ore,gn comany and ,scla,m,ng r,ght 'nder Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on on the gro'nd o ar,trar,ness and d,scr,m,nat,on. t ,s

the case o the second resondent that the et,t,oner e,ng a ore,gn comany cannot cla,m any'ndamental r,ghts ,n nd,a e,ther to do 's,ness 6,th the 9o7ernment or to challenge the act,on o the

9o7ernment on the an7,l o Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on. D'rther ,t ,s the case o the 9o7ernment that

the ,n7,tat,on o tenders or a6ard o the contract ,s not s,ne ?'a non or the a6ard o the 9o7ernmentcontract. n any case ,t ,s the,r case that the et,t,oner ,s not a man'act'rer o gamma ray scann,ng

systems nor they ha7e ,nstalled any Me relocatale scann,ng systems 6h,ch are the t6o ,temsaro7ed y the 9o7ernment as,ng on the re?',rement 6,th reerence to +'stoms !eartment ,n

art,c'lar and recommended y eerts ater cond'ct,ng etens,7e st'd,es and 'nderta,ng ,nsect,ons.


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As s'ch there ,s no as,s or challenge y the et,t,oner. t ,s stated that the 'lt,mate re?',rement o the9o7ernment o nd,a 6,th reerence to 7ar,o's ,nternat,onal seaorts a,rorts and the ?'ant'm o

mo7ement o cargo ,n the co'ntry 6o'ld e se7eral scanners ,n co'rse o near 't're. $hereore9o7ernment o nd,a has een 7ery ca't,o's not to order or the total re?',rement o the day 't to order

only t6o scanners o the descr,t,on set o't ao7e as ,lot ro=ects and to see the e,cacy o those

systems ,n the,r act'al 6or,ng to ,nd o't 6hether the systems no6 selected 6o'ld e s',tale to nd,anre?',rements as ro=ected. t ,s the,r case that n'mer o meet,ngs o the comm,ttee o secretar,es are held

,n th,s ehal and the 7ar,o's eert reorts g,7en clearly sho6 that th,s ,s a matter 6here the eerts ,n

the co'ntry ha7e to assess the 7ar,o's systems and to arr,7e at a dec,s,on. As the scanners are re?',red orthe 'rose o chec,ng r,nc,ally the sm'ggl,ng o contraand goods and to see that goods ,morted are

,n accordance 6,th the man,ests ,led y the ,morters ,t ,s ,mortant not only to control and reg'late theeconom,c act,7,ty o ,morts and eorts 't also to address the sec'r,ty concern o the nat,on. t ,s the,r

'rther case that the ,rst resondent ,s an agent and ,nstr'mental,ty o the &tate 6h,ch has entered ,nto a=o,nt 7ent're 6,th the ,th resondent and the sa,d =o,nt 7ent're comany ,s the o'rth resondent. As

s'ch ,t ,s the,r stand that the memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng 7,rt'ally tantamo'nt to &tate ta,ng ,ts

ass,stance ,n 6hom the &tate has con,dence go,ng y the est trac record and there ,s noth,ng ,llegal ,nthe same. t ,s 'rther the case o the second resondent that the lacement o order 6,th the ,th

resondent also st,'lates the 'lt,mate transer o technology ,n congr'ence 6,th the c'rrent l,ne oresearch ,n the co'ntry and 6,th the a7a,lale reso'rces ,ncl'd,ng sens,t,7e rad,o act,7e mater,als so that

these mach,nes/ scanners can ,n co'rse o t,me e man'act'red ,n nd,a and that the ore,gn deendency,s el,m,nated 6h,ch 6,ll e ,n the nat,onal ,nterest. $he sa,d memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng ,n ?'est,on ,sdeended y the 9o7ernment y 'rther stat,ng that eore enter,ng ,nto ,t ser,o's del,erat,ons at the

h,ghest le7el 6ere held ta,ng all rele7ant actors ,nto acco'nt and there ,s no la6 ,n the dec,s,on to?'est,on the same on the gro'nd o 7,olat,on o Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on. t ,s thereore the case o

the second resondent that the dec,s,on taen ,s ,n 'l,c and nat,onal ,nterest and ,t ,s not oen to a

ore,gn comany l,e the et,t,oner to challenge the same. >lt,mately ,t ,s stated that the dec,s,on o the9o7ernment ,s to ha7e technology transer and to ha7e s'ch tyes o scanners man'act'red ,n o'r

co'ntry ,tsel and ,nasm'ch as the ,th resondent ,s man'act'rer o all the re?',red technolog,es andagreed to transer s'ch technology 'rchase order ,s laced on the ,th resondent comany.

8. n s,m,lar l,nes the ,rst resondent - + also deended the challenge stat,ng that ,t a6arded thecontract 'rs'ant to memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng dated 11-8-2003 and the sa,d contract ,s 'rely acommerc,al contract and ,t laced the 'rchase order 'rs'ant thereto 6,th the ,th resondent-%a,scan

&ec'r,ty Prod'cts +al,orn,a >&A on 28--2003. t ,s 'rther stated that the technolog,es that areroosed to e ota,ned y + are or and on ehal o the 9o7ernment o nd,a 't not or + and

the + ,s not the end 'ser o the sa,d technolog,es. t ,s 'rther the case o + that ,t e,ng a 'n,t

'nder !eartment o Atom,c nergy and ha7,ng close research and de7eloment assoc,at,on 6,th @A%+has got 7ar,ed eer,ence ,n th,s ,eld and can sat,sy all saety related ,ss'es ,n7ol7ed ,n the roosed

ro=ect. t ,s ,ts case that ,t ,s g,7,ng a 7ery h,gh ,met's on the electron,c sec'r,ty systems de7elomentand deloyment and one s'ch glar,ng act ,s ,ts on go,ng eec't,on o sec'r,ty systems or the rest,g,o's

Parl,ament ho'se. n add,t,on ,t ,s the lead comany loo,ng ater the sec'r,ty s'ggested des,gn or themost sens,t,7e n'clear o6er lants. + 7al'es the ,mortance o sec'r,ty systems and the conta,nersec'r,ty systems as one o ,ts rod'cts ,n stand alone/,ntegrated aroaches. t ,s ,ts 'rther case that

deartment o c'stoms ro=ected the,r 'nct,onal re?',rements or the systems or electron,cally,nsect,ng a s,Ceale ercentage o conta,ners e,ng trans,ted thro'gh the *a6aharlal ehr' Port $r'st

a,med at man,est 7er,,cat,on and detect,on o contraand. $h,s can e eect,7ely ach,e7ed y e,ther

's,ng com,nat,on o -ray system and mo,le gamma systems and accord,ng to them ,t 6o'ld tae careo the t6o ,mortant arameters o thro'gh-'t and enetrat,on aart rom ro7,d,ng le,,l,ty. t ,s also

stated that etens,7e st'd,es 6ere cond'cted to ,dent,y commerc,ally a7a,lale technolog,es 'sed ,nconta,ner scann,ng system man'act'red y lead,ng s'l,ers ,n the 6orld ,ncl'd,ng that o the et,t,oner

and 'lt,mately ,t 6as o'nd that the ,th resondent ,s the only comany 6h,ch ,s ossess,ng and oer,ng

all the three scann,ng technolog,es ,.e. h,gh energy -ray gamma and thermal/ast ne'tron analys,s. t ,salso stated that %a,scan e,ng a =o,nt 7ent're artner to + 6,th 6hom transer o technology has een

s'ccess'l o7er the ast 10 years ,t also agreed to transer technology and allo6 + to ,nd,gen,Ce and'se the sa,d s' systems or ,ntegrat,on ,n the orthcom,ng s'l,es. @es,des %a,scan also ass'red +

that ,t 6o'ld 'y ac cr,t,cal comonents l,e l,near accelerator and gamma so'rce and cas once they


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are de7eloed y @A%+/ +. t ,s ,ts case that the a7a,la,l,ty o s'ch ,nd,geno's technology o,mortant ,n'ts 6o'ld rotect the co'ntry rom threat o non-s'l,es and sanct,ons or 7ar,o's reasons

ol,t,cal or other6,se y other co'ntr,es. t ,s also stated that 'rs'ant to enter,ng ,nto memorand'm o'nderstand,ng on 11-8-2003 or ,nstallat,on and comm,ss,on,ng o %a,scan systems o h,gh energy -ray

and gamma ray systems + has rece,7ed 20E o the contract r,ce rom the M,n,stry o D,nance on

13-8-2003. $hereater ,t released 'rchase order on 2-8-2003 to the ,th resondent - %a,scan.%a,scan ,n7,ted o,c,als o + to ,nsect the systems man'act'red y ,t at the,r actory ,n >&A and

the o,c,als o the + ha7e 7,s,ted %a,scan actory and acceted the system man'act'red y them. t

,s 'rther stated that %a,scan y the,r comm'n,cat,on dated 10-10-2003 cert,,ed that the sta rom thend,an +'stoms !eartment 7,s,ted %a,scan actory or tra,n,ng rom -10-2003 to 10-10-2003 and the

%a,scan d,satched the goods rom >&A to nd,a y the,r comm'n,cat,on dated 21-10-2003 andconse?'ently + released 'rther 20E o the ad7ance to %a,scan on 21-10-2003. t ,s 'rther the case

o the + that %a,scan ,s the only comany 6h,ch ,s ossess,ng all the re?',red technolog,es andmade s,m,lar s'l,es to 7ar,o's co'ntr,es 6h,ch are 6or,ng 7ery 6ell to the sat,sact,on o the

c'stomers. ,th regard to the r,ce ,t ,s stated that the + has 7er,,ed the 7al'e o the order rece,7ed

y %a,scan and ,s con7,nced that the r,ce oered y %a,scan ,s reasonale and the same ,s relected ,nthe,r ?'otat,on to 9o7ernment. t also oosed the challenge on the gro'nd that the et,t,oner 6h,ch ,s not

ossess,ng all the re?',red technolog,es 6h,ch are re?',red y 9o7ernment o nd,a cannot ?'est,on thedec,s,on lac,ng 'rchase order on the ,th resondent only on the gro'nd that gloal tenders 6ere not

,n7,ted. >lt,mately ,t ,s ,ts case that th,s ,s a ,lot ro=ect and dec,s,on 6as taen y threadared,sc'ss,ons at M,n,stry le7el and conse?'ently cons,der,ng the,r techno commerc,al roosals andaccet,ng the same the 9o7ernment has entered ,nto M> and 'rs'ant thereto 'rchase order 6as

laced or s'ly and ,nstallat,on o re?',red technolog,es. t has sec,,cally den,ed any a7o'r,t,smar,trar,ness ,n the rocess and sec,,cally den,ed the allegat,on that the erst6h,le Manag,ng !,rector o

the ,rst resondent ,s one o the d,rectors o the o'rth resondent comany.

. Do'rth resondent has also ,led a searate co'nter-a,da7,t deny,ng the allegat,on that erst6h,leManag,ng !,rector o the ,rst resondent ,s not on the oard o d,rectors o the o'rth resondent.

10. D,th resondent has ,led co'nter-a,da7,t sec,,cally deny,ng the allegat,on o mala ,de ,n lac,ng

'rchase on ,t. t ,s stated that the et,t,oner ,s mot,7ated to ,le th,s 6r,t et,t,on eca'se o ersonal

7endetta aga,nst ,t. t ,s 'rther stated that the et,t,oner does not ha7e the caac,ty to s'ly the systems,n ?'est,on.

11. ,th reerence to the ao7e sa,d a7erments ,t ,s s'm,tted y &r, P. +h,damaram learned &en,or+o'nsel aear,ng or the et,t,oner - comany that the act,on o the second resondent ,n enter,ng ,nto

M> 6,th the ,rst resondent to 'rchase the sec'r,ty scann,ng systems 6,tho't ,ss',ng not,ce ,n7,t,ngtenders ,s ,llegal and ar,trary and ,t ,s s'm,tted y the learned &en,or +o'nsel that the second

resondent deal,ng 6,th 'l,c largesse has no 'nettered d,scret,on to enter ,nto M> 6,th the ,rst

resondent to lace the order 6,th the ,th resondent or 'rchase o scann,ng systems 6,tho't ,n7,t,ng

gloal tenders. t ,s s'm,tted y the learned &en,or +o'nsel that the contract ,s only or the 'rose os'ly and one need not e man'act'rer and the ,th resondent ,s chosen ar,trar,ly y the ,rstresondent only to a7o'r the sa,d comany ,n 7,e6 o the,r relat,on ,n the o'rth resondent. As s'ch

learned &en,or +o'nsel s'm,ts that ,t ,s not a ona ,de transact,on and the order ,s laced on the ,th

resondent or an eor,tant r,ce and the M> entered ,nto ,s a ta,lor made one or lac,ng order on the,th resondent. earned &en,or +o'nsel s'm,ts that the sa,d act,on o the ,rst and second resondents

,s contrary to se7eral ='dgments on the ?'est,on rendered y the Ae +o'rt and the sa,d act,on ,s ,llegalar,trary and ,n 7,olat,on o r,ghts g'aranteed 'nder Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on.

12. &r, . ages6ara %ao learned sen,or +o'nsel aear,ng on ehal o the ,rst resondent ,rstlycontended that th,s +o'rt has no ='r,sd,ct,on to enterta,n the 6r,t et,t,on or the reason that the ca'se o

act,on has not ar,sen ,n the &tate o Andhra Pradesh and thereore th,s 6r,t et,t,on has to e d,sm,ssed or6ant o ='r,sd,ct,on. Fe s'm,ts that the M> entered ,nto y the second resondent ,s conse?'ent tothe,r ol,cy to ,nd,gen,Ce the technology or man'act'r,ng these scann,ng systems or 't're

re?',rements. $hereore s'ch a ol,cy dec,s,on ,s not amenale to ='d,c,al re7,e6. t ,s 'rther s'm,ttedy the learned +o'nsel that cons,der,ng the acts that + ,s ta,ng ' the technology transer and


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,nd,gen,Cat,on o these l,nac and gamma ased systems ,n nd,a as er the 9o7ernment d,rect,7es theM> 6as entered ,nto emo6er,ng the + to lace 'rchase order only or the resent ,lot ro=ects. t

,s 'rther s'm,tted y the learned +o'nsel that the ,rst resondent ,s assoc,ated 6,th ,th resondentrom 3-1-15 and also ormed =o,nt 7ent're 'nder the name and style o + %a,scan. As s'ch ,t ,s

s'm,tted that they ha7e good 6or,ng relat,onsh, 6,th %a,scan and also has a s'ccess'l technology

transer arrangement 6,th %a,scan o7er the last ao't years. >lt,mately ,t ,s s'm,tted that the r,marya,m and o=ect,7e ,n roc'r,ng the scanners ,s to ,nd,gen,Ce the sens,t,7e technolog,es ,n7ol7ed and to

commence rod'ct,on 6,th,n the co'ntry 6,tho't deend,ng 'on any ore,gn organ,Cat,on 6h,ch ,th

resondent ,s 'l,ll,ng already. As s'ch ,t ,s s'm,tted y learned +o'nsel that there ,s no ar,trar,ness,n7ol7ed ,n enter,ng ,nto M> and lac,ng 'rchase order 6,th the ,th resondent.

13. &r, .$. 9oalan learned Add,t,onal &ol,c,tor 9eneral aear,ng or the second resondent s'm,tsthat the et,t,oner ,s a ore,gn comany and hence ,t has no 'ndamental r,ght to carry on any occ'at,on

trade or 's,ness 'nder Art,cle 1(1)(g) and as s'ch ,t ,s not ent,tled to ,n7oe Art,cle 14 to ?'est,on theM> on the gro'nd that ,t ,s ar,trary and ,llegal. earned +o'nsel s'm,ts that merely eca'se an

aro7al ,s ota,ned rom the %eser7e @an o nd,a to start a ranch o,ce ,n nd,a the same 6,ll not

,mro7e the case o the et,t,oner ,nasm'ch the %eser7e @an o nd,a has not granted erm,ss,on to ,t or'rose o carry,ng on or enter,ng ,nto contract o7er the s'=ect-matter ,n ,ss'e and the lea o the

et,t,oner ,s to e re=ected ,n l,m,n, as ,t cannot see enorcement o 'ndamental r,ghts. t ,s s'm,tted y

the learned +o'nsel that the ,ss'e to ac?',re scann,ng systems got moment'm on the reresentat,on o the!e'ty +h,e M,n,ster o Maharashtra comla,n,ng to the Fonn,on M,n,ster or Fome see,ng

ro7,s,on o ac,l,ty to chec conta,ner cargo ,n 7,e6 o ,mm,nent threat o sm'ggl,ng %!B/elos,7esthro'gh conta,ners. Fe s'm,tted that ,n 7,e6 o the sa,d reresentat,on to ac?',re the re?',red conta,ner

scann,ng systems a team 6as const,t'ted to reare a ro=ect reort. $he et,t,oner here,n also com,ng tono6 o s'ch roosal s'm,tted ,ts oer. t ,s s'm,tted that the oer o the et,t,oner 6as also

cons,dered ,n the ro=ect reort 6h,ch ,nter al,a reorted that the gamma ray technology 6h,ch ,s the ne6

technology ,s cheaer to ma,nta,n and has longer l,e. t ,s 'rther s'm,tted that the reort ment,onedao't the demonstrat,ons g,7en y the et,t,oner and also others 6,th resect to d,erent technology

systems a7a,lale ,n the 6orld. $he +entral @oard o c,se and +'stoms ,n ,ts meet,ng re7,e6ed 7ar,o'sot,ons. >lt,mately the D,nance M,n,stry has aro7ed ,n r,nc,le or ,ncl's,on o the roosal ,n the B

Plan to ac?',re the conta,ner scanners. t ,s s'm,tted that ,nally ,t 6as dec,ded that as a ,lot ro=ectt6o scanners 6o'ld e re?',red or a7 &he7a Port - one Me relocatale scann,ng system and theother mo,le gamma ray scanner. t ,s s'm,tted y the learned +o'nsel that ,nasm'ch as ,th resondent

has all the three technolog,es a7a,lale ,ncl'd,ng the re?',red technolog,es as er M> and as ,t hasalready een collaorat,ng 6,th the ,rst resondent ,n a =o,nt 7ent're comany and also agreed to transer

technology to + 6ho 6o'ld 'lt,mately commence ,nd,geno's rod'ct,on o s'ch cr,t,cal rod'cts ,n

'rtherance o the ol,cy the M> ,s entered ,nto 6,th the ,rst resondent to ac?',re the sa,d technologyrom the ,th resondent comany. t ,s 'rther s'm,tted y the learned +o'nsel that the roc'rement or

't're re?',rements ,s s'=ect to s'ccess'l comm,ss,on,ng o ,lot ro=ects. astly ,t ,s s'm,tted y thelearned +o'nsel that the 6hole matter has rece,7ed the 'tmost cons,derat,on and al,cat,on o m,nd on

e7ery asect o transact,on ,ncl'd,ng the non-call,ng o tenders at all le7els o ,ts dec,s,on ma,ng. $h'sthere ,s no la6 ,n the dec,s,on ma,ng rocess. earned +o'nsel s'm,ts that tho'gh general r'le m,ghte to call or tenders 't ,n 7,e6 o the sens,t,7,ty attached and as er the ol,cy not,,ed y the

9o7ernment and ,n 7,e6 o the arrangement or transer o technology M> ,s entered ,nto 6,th the ,rstresondent to ac?',re the scann,ng systems.

14. $he learned &en,or +o'nsel aear,ng or the et,t,oner as 6ell as the resondents ha7e rel,ed onse7eral ='dgments o the Ae +o'rt ,n s'ort o the,r leas. nasm'ch as many o the ='dgments ha7e

een reerred to ,n common y oth the art,es reer to the ='dgments a l,ttle latter.

15. Fa7,ng regard to the ao7e s'm,ss,ons and challenge ,n the 6r,t et,t,on the ?'est,ons 6h,ch emerge

or cons,derat,on are:

(1) hether th,s +o'rt has no terr,tor,al ='r,sd,ct,on to enterta,n th,s 6r,t et,t,onG

(2) hether the et,t,oner has no loc's stand, e,ng a ore,gn comany to can7ass eore th,s +o'rt the


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7,olat,on o Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on o nd,a ,n a6ard o contract y the ,rst resondent to the ,thresondentG

(3) hether the dec,s,on o the 9o7ernment o nd,a to enter ,nto M> 6,th + to ac?',re thescann,ng systems and the dec,s,on o the + to lace 'rchase order on the ,th resondent 6,tho't

,ss',ng not,ce ,n7,t,ng tenders ,s ar,trary ,llegal and ,n 7,olat,on o Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,onG

(4) hether the act,on o the ,rst and second resondents ,n enter,ng ,nto M> to 'rchase conta,ner

scanners rom the ,th resondent ,s mala ,de and aga,nst 'l,c ,nterestG

1. n th,s connect,on reer to some o the ='dgments o the ae +o'rt 6h,ch ha7e ear,ng on the ,ss'e

,n7ol7ed ,n the resent 6r,t et,t,on.

1". $ho'gh the content,on ,s ra,sed y &r, . ages6ara %ao learned &en,or +o'nsel on ehal o the

,rst resondent that no ca'se o act,on has ar,sen ,n the terr,tor,al ='r,sd,ct,on o the Andhra Pradesh F,gh+o'rt and thereore there ,s no ='r,sd,ct,on ,n th,s +o'rt to enterta,n th,s 6r,t et,t,on 't no ser,o's

arg'ment ,s ad7anced on th,s asect. Fo6e7er ,t ,s to e seen that or,g,nally the 6r,t et,t,on 6as ,led ,n!elh, F,gh +o'rt and ,t 6as oosed on the gro'nd that !elh, F,gh +o'rt d,d not ha7e terr,tor,al

='r,sd,ct,on eca'se the dec,s,on to lace the order 6as taen y + 6hose reg,stered o,ce ,s ,n

Fyderaad. At that o,nt o t,me 6r,t et,t,oner 6as not a6are o the memorand'm o 'nderstand,ngdated 11-8-2003. As s'ch the et,t,oner 6,thdre6 the 6r,t et,t,on on 13-10-2003 and s'se?'ently ,led

the same ,n th,s +o'rt on 14-10-2003. n terms o the amended 6r,t rayer the et,t,oner has ?'est,onedthe memorand'm o 'nderstand,ng entered ,nto y the !,rectorate o Pre7ent,7e erat,ons M,n,stry o

D,nance 9o7ernment o nd,a and lectron,cs +ororat,on o nd,a ,m,ted Fyderaad. Pet,t,oner also

?'est,oned the s'se?'ent 'rchase order ,ss'ed y the + on 28-8-2003 'rs'ant to the M>. As thesa,d M> ,s entered ,nto y 9o7ernment o nd,a 6,th + 6hose reg,stered o,ce ,s ,n Fyderaad and

'rther ,n 7,e6 o the act that the 'rchase order ,s also ?'est,oned 6h,ch 6as ,ss'ed y the + romFyderaad ,t ,s not oen or the resondents to lead that no ca'se o act,on has ar,sen ,n the terr,tor,al

='r,sd,ct,on o th,s +o'rt more art,c'larly 6hen the 'rchase order 6as ,ss'ed rom Andhra Pradesh

,.e. rom the head?'arters o + ,n Fyderaad 6,th 6hom M> 6as entered ,nto y the 9o7ernmento nd,a. n 7,e6 o the clear lang'age en7,saged ,n Art,cle 22(2) o the +onst,t't,on o nd,a ,t ,s not

oen or the ,rst resondent to contend that no ='r,sd,ct,on l,es ,n th,s +o'rt to enterta,n the et,t,on ,led'nder Art,cle 22. $hereore am o the clear o,n,on that th,s +o'rt has ='r,sd,ct,on to enterta,n th,s 6r,t

et,t,on and the content,on o the ,rst resondent ,s l,ale to e re=ected and ,s herey re=ected.

18. &r, .$. 9oalan learned &en,or +o'nsel ad7anced the content,on on ehal o the second resondentto the eect that the et,t,oner e,ng a ore,gn comany cannot cla,m any r,ght 'nder Art,cle 14 o the

+onst,t't,on o nd,a. t ,s h,s content,on that the r,ght a7a,lale to a erson 'nder Art,cle 14 cannot econs,dered ,n astract and s'ch a r,ght to comla,n o ar,trar,ness or d,scr,m,nat,on m'st e o'nded on

some other r,ght and he 'rther contended that 6hen there ,s no r,ght ,n the et,t,oner 'nder Art,cle 1 to

carry on 's,ness 6,th the 9o7ernment o nd,a ,t cannot cla,m any r,ght 'nder Art,cle 14 on the gro'ndthat the dec,s,on o the 9o7ernment o nd,a ,s 'na,r ar,trary and 'nreasonale. $he learned &en,or

+o'nsel rel,ed on the ='dgment o the Ae +o'rt ,n . ,n 6h,ch the ae +o'rt has dec,ded the stat's andr,ghts o ore,gners ,n nd,a 6,th reerence to Art,cle 21 o the +onst,t't,on. n the sa,d ='dgment the Ae

+o'rt has held th's:

3. $he Dore,gners Act coners the o6er to eel ore,gners rom nd,a. t 7ests the +entral 9o7ernment

6,th asol'te and 'nettered d,scret,on and as there ,s no ro7,s,on etter,ng th,s d,scret,on ,n the+onst,t't,on an 'nrestr,cted r,ght to eel rema,ns.

34. Art,cle 1 o the +onst,t't,on coners certa,n 'ndamental r,ghts o reedom on the c,t,Cens o nd,a

among them the r,ght


8/12


9/12

o sec'r,ng 'l,c ,nterest 6hen ,t ,s cons,dered necessary to d,sose o a roerty ,s to sell the roertyy 'l,c a'ct,on or y ,n7,t,ng tenders. $he &'reme +o'rt also held that tho'gh ,t ,s ord,nary r'le 't ,t

,s not an ,n7ar,ale r'le and there may e s,t'at,ons 6here there are comell,ng reasons necess,tat,ngdeart're rom the r'le 't the reasons or deart're m'st e rat,onal and sho'ld not e s'ggest,7e o

d,scr,m,nat,on. ,th reerence to the acts and c,rc'mstances ,n that case the &'reme +o'rt has held that

the 9o7ernment o est @engal 6as erectly ='st,,ed ,n enter,ng ,nto negot,at,ons 6,th $a= gro' ohotels ,nstead o ,n7,t,ng tenders. n the case o &hr,leha ,dyarth, 7. &tate o >.P. : A%11&+53"

6h,le deal,ng 6,th a case relat,ng to term,nat,on o ersons hold,ng osts o 'l,c nat're s'ch as !,str,ct

9o7ernment +o'nsel the Ae +o'rt has held th's:

2. t can no longer e do'ted at th,s o,nt o t,me that Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on o nd,a al,es

also to matters o 9o7ernmental ol,cy and , the ol,cy or any act,on o the 9o7ernment e7en ,ncontract'al matters a,ls to sat,sy the test o reasonaleness ,t 6o'ld e 'nconst,t't,onal. (&ee %amana

!ay'aram &hetty 7. nternat,onal A,rort A'thor,ty o nd,a : (1")*21"&+ and ;ast'r, alashm, %eddy 7. &tate o *amm' and ;ashm,r : I180J3&+%1338 ). n +ol. A&. &ang6an 7. >n,on o

nd,a 180 &' &++ 55 6h,le the d,scret,on to change the ol,cy ,n eerc,se o the eec't,7e o6er

6hen not trammelled y the stat'te or r'le 6as held to e 6,de ,t 6as emhas,sed as ,merat,7e and,ml,c,t ,n Art,cle 14 o the +onst,t't,on that a change ,n ol,cy m'st e made a,rly and sho'ld not g,7e

the ,mress,on that ,t 6as so done ar,trar,ly or y any 'lter,or cr,ter,a. $he 6,de s6ee o Art,cle 14 and

the re?',rements o e7ery &tate act,on ?'al,y,ng or ,ts 7al,d,ty on th,s to'chstone ,rresect,7e o the,eld o act,7,ty o the &tate has long een settled. ater dec,s,ons o th,s +o'rt ha7e re,norced the

o'ndat,on o th,s tenet and ,t 6o'ld e s',c,ent to reer only to t6o recent dec,s,ons o th,s +o'rt orth,s 'rose.

33. o do't ,t ,s tr'e as ,nd,cated y 's earl,er that there ,s a res'mt,on o 7al,d,ty o the &tate act,on

and the 'rden ,s on the erson 6ho alleges 7,olat,on o Art,cle 14 to ro7e the assert,on. Fo6e7er 6here

no la's,le reason or r,nc,le ,s ,nd,cated nor ,s ,t d,scern,le and the ,m'gned &tate act,on thereoreaears to e e ac,e ar,trary the ,n,t,al 'rden to ro7e the ar,trar,ness ,s d,scharged sh,t,ng on's on

the &tate to ='st,y ,ts act,on as a,r and reasonale. the &tate ,s 'nale to rod'ce mater,al to ='st,y ,tsact,on as a,r and reasonale the 'rden on the erson alleg,ng ar,trar,ness m'st e held to e

d,scharged. $he scoe o ='d,c,al re7,e6 ,s l,m,ted as ,nd,cated ,n !6aradas Marat,a case to o7ersee the

&tate act,on or the 'rose o sat,sy,ng that ,t ,s not 7,t,ated y the 7,ce o ar,trar,ness and no more.$he 6,sdom o the ol,cy or the lac o ,t or the des,ra,l,ty o a etter alternat,7e ,s not 6,th,n the

erm,ss,le scoe o ='d,c,al re7,e6 ,n s'ch cases. t ,s not or the +o'rts to recast the ol,cy or tos'st,t'te ,t 6,th another 6h,ch ,s cons,dered to e more aror,ate once the attac on the gro'nd o

ar,trar,ness ,s s'ccess'lly reelled y sho6,ng that the act 6h,ch 6as done 6as a,r and reasonale ,n

the acts and c,rc'mstances o the case. As ,nd,cated y !,loc .*. ,n +o'nc,l o +,7,l &er7,ce >n,ons7. M,n,ster or the +,7,l &er7,ce (184) 3 All % 35 the o6er o ='d,c,al re7,e6 ,s l,m,ted to the

gro'nds o ,llegal,ty ,rrat,onal,ty and roced'ral ,mror,ety. n the case o ar,trar,ness the deect o,rrat,onal,ty ,s o7,o's.

3. o do't ,t ,s or the erson alleg,ng ar,trar,ness 6ho has to ro7e ,t. $h,s can e done y sho6,ng,n the ,rst ,nstance that the ,m'gned &tate act,on ,s 'n,normed y reason ,nasm'ch as there ,s no

d,scern,le r,nc,le on 6h,ch ,t ,s ased or ,t ,s contrary to the rescr,ed mode o eerc,se o the o6er

or ,s 'nreasonale. th,s ,s sho6n then the 'rden ,s sh,ted to the &tate to reel the attac y d,sclos,ngthe mater,al and reasons 6h,ch led to the act,on e,ng taen ,n order to sho6 that ,t 6as an ,normed

dec,s,on 6h,ch 6as reasonale. ater a r,ma ac,e case o ar,trar,ness ,s made o't the &tate ,s 'naleto sho6 that the dec,s,on ,s an ,normed act,on 6h,ch ,s reasonale then &tate act,on m'st er,sh as

ar,trary.

22. n the case o &terl,ng +om'ters td. 7. MH# P'l,cat,ons td. : A%1&+51 the Ae +o'rt

has held that contracts are legally ,nd,ng comm,tments and they comm,t the a'thor,ty 6h,ch they may eheld to e a &tate 6,th,n the mean,ng o Art,cle 12. P'l,c a'thor,t,es are essent,ally d,erent rom thoseo r,7ate ersons. 7en 6h,le ta,ng dec,s,on ,n resect o commerc,al transact,ons a 'l,c a'thor,ty

m'st e g',ded y rele7ant cons,derat,ons and not y ,rrele7ant ones. s'ch dec,s,on ,s ,nl'enced yetraneo's cons,derat,ons 6h,ch ,t o'ght not to ha7e taen ,nto acco'nt the 'lt,mate dec,s,on ,s o'nd to


10/12

e 7,t,ated e7en , ,t ,s estal,shed that s'ch dec,s,on had een taen 6,tho't ,as. $he &'reme +o'rt'rther held that ,n a6ard o 'l,c contracts or sec'r,ng 'l,c ,nterest one o the methods recogn,Ced ,s

to ,n7,te tenders aord,ng oort'n,ty to s'm,t oers or cons,derat,on ,n an o=ect,7e manner.Fo6e7er there may e cases 6here ,n the sec,al acts and c,rc'mstances and d'e to comell,ng reasons

6h,ch m'st stand the test o Art,cle 14 deart're o the aoresa,d r'le can e made. n the case o $ata

+ell'lar td. 7. >n,on o nd,a (14) &++ 51 the ae +o'rt 6h,le hold,ng that the +o'rt cannot,nterere 6,th the 9o7ernmentn,ted ao'r Dederat,on re. y ,ts 9eneral &ecretary 7. >n,on o nd,a %e. y


11/12

&ecretary to 9o7ernment 2002 (1) M* 25" (!@) 6here,n ,t ,s held that to ac?',re the sa,d rod'cts rom the ,th resondent comany. t ,s e7,dent rom the 7ar,o's

mater,al aers and the records that the sa,d dec,s,on ,s taen ater d'e del,erat,ons at 7ar,o's stages andthe dec,s,on to 'rchase rom the ,th resondent comany as ro=ected y the ,rst resondent 6ere

acceted on the gro'nd that the sa,d comany ossesses all the re?',red technolog,es or ,mlementat,on

o the ro=ect. t may e a act that there ,s no s'ch cond,t,on ,mosed o man'act'r,ng and the M> ,sto s'ly 't ,n 7,e6 o the ,mlementat,on o the ol,cy or transer o technology man'act'r,ng asect

,s r,ghtly taen ,nto cons,derat,on 6h,le enter,ng ,nto M> 6,th the ,rst resondent to ac?',re scann,ngsystems rom the ,th resondent. A er'sal o the ,le also d,scloses that etens,7e st'd,es 6ere

cond'cted to ,dent,y commerc,ally a7a,lale technolog,es 'sed ,n conta,ner scann,ng systems y 7ar,o'scoman,es ,ncl'd,ng that o the Feman &ystem Pr,7ate ,m,ted 9ermany. D'rther the 9o7ernment hasentr'sted the =o to a cororat,on o6ned y ,t 6h,ch ,s engaged ,n s,m,lar ,nd o 's,ness ,n nd,a. n

that 7,e6 o the matter and ,n 7,e6 o the eert,se ossessed y the + ,t has s'm,tted ,ts technocommerc,al roosals 6h,ch are also 'rther scanned y the 9o7ernment at 7ar,o's le7els and 'lt,mately

,t 6as dec,ded to 'rchase the sa,d t6o scann,ng systems ,n 'rtherance o the ,lot ro=ect rom the ,th

resondent comany. $he sa,d 'rchases cannot e 7,e6ed ,n ,solat,on. $he sa,d asect has to econs,dered 6,th reerence to ol,cy o the 9o7ernment or transer o technology. nasm'ch as the

re?',red technology ,s ossessed y the ,th resondent the dec,s,on o the 9o7ernment not go,ng oroen tenders cannot e sa,d to e ,llegal ar,trary and 'nreasonale. Aly,ng the r,nc,les la,d do6n ,n

7ar,o's ='dgments o the &'reme +o'rt reerred to ao7e there are 7al,d and cogent reasons or not

,n7,t,ng gloal tenders 't to 'rchase these t6o systems or ,mlementat,on o the ,lot ro=ects yenter,ng ,nto M> 6,th ,rst resondent and to lace 'rchase order or the re?',red systems on the ,th

resondent comany. 7en 6,th reerence to the case o the et,t,oner that merely eca'se they ha7e =o,ntstaes ,n o'rth resondent comany ,rst resondent has reerred to 'rchase rom the ,th resondent

has no legs to stand. nasm'ch as the transact,on ,s not or a 'rchase s,ml,c,tor and ,n 7,e6 o the


12/12

ol,cy dec,s,on or transer o technology ,t ,s to e not,ced that the ,rst resondent 6h,ch ,s a &tateo6ned cororat,on has good 6or,ng relat,onsh, 6,th the %a,scan and has a s'ccess'l technology

transer arrangement o7er the last years as stated ,n the co'nter-a,da7,t. $he r,mary a,m and o=ect ,nroc'r,ng the scanners rom the ,th resondent ,s to ,nd,gen,se the sens,t,7e technolog,es ,n7ol7ed and

to commence rod'ct,on 6,th,n the co'ntry 6,tho't deend,ng 'on ore,gn organ,Cat,ons and thereore

no a'lt can e o'nd 6,th the act,on o the resondents ,n lac,ng the order 6,th the ,th resondent.Added to that st'd,es ha7e re7ealed that the a7a,lale technolog,es are only a7a,lale 6,th the ,th

resondent and ater rel,m,nary st'd,es made 6,th regard to the 7ar,o's coman,es occ',ed ,n the ,eld

o re?',red technology across the 6orld dec,s,on 6as taen. As s'ch ,t cannot e sa,d that the ,thresondent 6as ='st e,ng ,ced ' and ,t ,s not 6,tho't any 7al,d reason. n that 7,e6 o the matter also

there ,s no scoe to challenge the transact,on on acco'nt o s'erance o 'l,c ,nterest. $he 7ar,o's='dgments o the Ae +o'rt reerred to y me ao7e lead to an 'ne?',7ocal concl's,on that 6h,le sell,ng

'l,c roerty or or d,str,'t,on o &tate largesse the normal method ,s call,ng or or ,n7,t,ng tenders sothat all ,ntend,ng 'rchasers/lessees/grantees 6o'ld ha7e an e?'al oort'n,ty o s'm,tt,ng the,r ,ds/

tenders 't e7en ecet,ons are 6ell recogn,Ced. Fo6e7er ,n e7ery case adot,ng s'ch co'rse may not

e ,ns,sted 'on. n the resent case ,t ,s not a case o d,str,'t,on o largesse alone 't the dec,s,on ,s orac?',s,t,on o technolog,es co'led 6,th the ol,cy dec,s,on o the 9o7ernment to ,nd,gen,Ce the

scann,ng systems or 't're re?',rements. Dloat,ng o tenders may not e the only re?',rement ,n thec,rc'mstances. n that 7,e6 o the matter ,t cannot e sa,d that the act,on o the resondents ,n dec,d,ng to

ac?',re 6,tho't ,ss',ng not,ce ,n7,t,ng tenders ,s ar,trary and 'nreasonale. 7en 6,th reerence to'rther dec,s,on to 'rchase rom the ,th resondent also ,t cannot e sa,d to e aga,nst 'l,c ,nterest.n act the 'l,c ,nterest ,s 6ell ser7ed ,n 7,e6 o the dec,s,on o the 9o7ernment to eed,te stes ,n

7,e6 o the he,ghtened sec'r,ty threat and also ol,cy to ,nd,gen,Ce or 't're re?',rements and ,t ,s not ,nd,s'te that the ,th resondent ossessed all the re?',rements o the system technolog,es. n that 7,e6 o

the matter also no lase can e o'nd ,n the dec,s,on ma,ng rocess o the 9o7ernment ,n enter,ng ,nto

M> and to 'rchase rom the ,th resondent to the etent o these ,lot re?',rements. $ho'gh ,t ,so,nted o't y the learned +o'nsel or the et,t,oner &r, P. +h,damaram that M> ,s not only or

lacement o orders on the ,th resondent 6,th regard to these ,lot ro=ects 't also co7ers 't'rero=ects 't rom a read,ng o the ro7,s,on 'nder 2.4 o the M> ,t ,s clear that the 't're re?',rement

,s s'=ect to cons,derat,on y the ++. As s'ch there ,s no ,nal dec,s,on taen 6,th resect to lac,ng

o order or 't're re?',rements.

2". Dor the orego,ng reasons am o the cons,dered o,n,on that the dec,s,on o the 9o7ernment ,n

enter,ng ,nto M> ,s ne,ther ar,trary nor 'nreasonale one nor ,s taen ,n 7,olat,on o Art,cle 14 o the+onst,t't,on. am also o the 7,e6 that no 'l,c ,nterest 6o'ld s'er ,n the rocess o ,mlementat,on

o the ol,cy to ac?',re the conta,ner scanners rom the ,th resondent comany.

28. Dor the orego,ng reasons the 6r,t et,t,on ,s de7o,d o mer,ts and ,s accord,ngly d,sm,ssed.

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