legibility klicha

LEGIBILITY OF ORIENTEERING

MAPS

László ZENTAI

presented by Martin KLÍCHA

4.10. 2012

Trondheim

WHAT IS ORIENTEERING?

4.10. 2012 Trondheim

HISTORY

• started as military navigation training (1866)

• 1897 – first civil orienteering race in Norway

• 1930 – firmly estabslished in Skandinavia

• 1937-1938 – national orienteering federation in Norway and Sweden


HISTORY

• civil topographic or turist maps (1 : 20 000 – 1 : 40 000)

» in some countries classified, problem of copying, offset printing to

expensive and technically difficult

• 1941 – first orienteering map created in Norway

• 1950 – first colour orienteering map

• more 15-20 years took to using colour in every orienteering map


HISTORY


HISTORY

• 1961 – The International Orienteering Federation (IOF)

» founding members – Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East

Germany, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and

West Germany

• 1962 – first European Orienteering Champioship in Norway

• 1966 – first World Championship


HISTORY

• 1965 – Map Committee of the IOF

• main goal to develop specifications of World Champions maps

» maps based on a new field work

» show every detail of terrain that could affect the route

choice

» accuracy and legibility (generalization)

» map for international events use the same specification

» scales 1 : 25 000 and 1 : 20 000, contour interval 5m


MAP SPECIFICATIONS

• 1969 – first issue of International Specification of Orienteering Maps

(ISOM)

» black, brown, blue for topography

» yellow for open ground

» grey, green or black for restricted runnability

• ISOM 1975,

ISOM 1882,

ISOM 1990,

ISOM 2000

ISSOM


MAP SPECIFICATIONS


LEGIBILITY ISSUE OF ORIENTEERING MAPS

• important part of the standardisation proces

• conected with generalization (selective, graphic)

• orienteering map

» better describe relief

» main purpose of contours is the indication of shape and steepness

» show all details which are easily recognized by the runner during

the event


CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES

• first iternational races - maps was based on topografic

maps

• few point, line and area symbols → good legibility » scale 1: 25 000 did not allow to add many details



• WOC 1972 Czechoslovakia



• change to larger scale 1 : 15 000 (1970s)

• map-makers tried to fill „empty areas“

• Map-makers added more point features

» easy manageable in Nordic countries

» in continental areas map-makers tried to add more vegatation

features



• ISOM 1975 defined several minimum values of map symbols

• minimum line width » 0.1 mm in dark colours

» 0.25 mm in green

» 0.4 mm yellow

• minimum area » 1 mm2 for screens

» 0.5 mm2 for full colors

• ISOM 2000 defined combination of different area symbols (full

colours, shades, patterns)



• changes in the programme of international orienteering events

• short (middle) distance was developed (WOC 1991)

• media attractiveness became an important factor

• larger scale 1 : 10 000 due to larger speed

• sprint distance was developed (WOC 2001)



• 1980s – computer drawing became possible

• 1989 – Swiss OCAD was lunched


DIGITAL ERA

• new technology – stereo photogrametry, digital elevation models,

orthophotos, GPS, air-borne laserscanning

• new reproduction method – inkjet, laser printing

» less expensive

» poor simulation of overprint effect

» minimum values of symbols are based on ofset printing


SPRINT DISTANCE

• first used at WOC 2003 (Finland)

• new separate specification – ISSOM (new scales 1 : 5000, 1 : 4000)

• regularly organized in urban environment (parks, historical towns)

• much more features, but minimum dimensions are the same

• running speed is much higher


SPRINT DISTANCE


LEGIBILITY OF O-MAPS OF OTHER

DISCIPLINES

• ski-orienteerig, mountain bike orienteering (trail-O)

• each discipline has own special specification (based on ISOM)

• due to larger speed the scales are smaller (1 : 15 000, 1 : 20 000)

• most important element is road network, not relevant things in

forrest are ommit

• very good legibility of these maps!


SKI-ORIENTEERING


MOUNTAIN BIKE ORIENTEERING


CONCLUSION

• legibility issue of O-maps is the sample of how users can demands

influence of the map

• in early years were used topografic maps

• later were used more detailed maps (new scales, disciplines..etc)

• IOF found ISOM and ISSOM

• new ISOM 2013 ??


legibility klicha

Documents

colour orienteering

graphic orienteering

map specifications

legibility generalization

map committee

chronological changes

chronological changes

issom new isom