leila petry_pos marketing_monografia final

8/9/2019 LEILA PETRY_pos Marketing_monografia Final

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/leila-petrypos-marketingmonografia-final 1/82

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1 TLOBCTM_JH+ T( @( a} ck( Vasqlc jolck0 eì}jmj a }ìohloc( 4( am( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<2<( 7 _LKWC+ A( K( mc> EAHAPA_+ A( E( Ea}jmjkjilc mc vasqlc a akcdjtcéïj ma mlat}céïj(Gkjtlchÿvjkl0 Kcdjtc}ÿtlj ma Ahlhj c Ml}äholc mc QG_O+ 4663+ v( 46(9 TLOBCTM_JH+ T( @( a} ck( Vasqlc jolck0 eì}jmj a }ìohloc( 4( am( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<2<(2 ILK+ C( O( Eì}jmj a }ìohloc ma vasqlc jolck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<1(< TLOBCTM_JH+ T( @( a} ck( Vasqlc jolck0 eì}jmj a }ìohloc( 4( am( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<2<(



3=

a}qmj vj}atljta36( _aiqhmj Ec}}ct "3<<7+ v(2=,+ c vasqlc arvkjtc}ÿtlc ì

cvtjvtlcmc vctc j vtlealtj a}ãilj ma lhwa}licéïj sqchmj c gcelklctlmcma+ j

ojhbaoleah}j a c ojevtaahïj mj gahýeahj vjt vct}a mj vasqlcmjt ïj+

iatckeah}a+ lhqglolah}a jq lharl}ah}a33( C vasqlc arvkjtc}ÿtlc }cedìe vjma

at qcmc ojej qe vcj lhlolck ma qe vtjoaj ojh}åhqj ma vasqlc(

Vjt gle+ sqch}j cj vtjoamleah}j }ìohloj+ c vasqlc q}lklpjq c vasqlc

dldkljitãgloc+ mjoqeah}ck a kawch}ceah}j ae ocevj34(

Ae qec+ c ea}jmjkjilc iatck cmj}cmc gjl0

․ Sqch}j æ glhcklmcma0 cvklocmc>

․ Sqch}j æ cdjtmciae0 sqckl}c}lwc>

․ Sqch}j cj jdà}lwj0 arvkjtc}ÿtlc a maotl}lwc>

․ Sqch}j æ gjh}a ma lhgjtecéïj0 dldkljitãgloc+ mjoqeah}ck a kawch}ceah}j

ae ocevj(

3(2 A}tq}qtc mj }tcdckbj

J }tcdckbj lhlolc%a oje c ojh}ar}qcklpcéïj mj jdà}j ma a}qmj+ arvjhmj%a

aq jdà}lwj+ `q}lgloc}lwc+ blvÿ}aa a ea}jmjkjilc q}lklpcmc( Ae aiqlmc+ ì

cvtaah}cmj qe ctocdjqéj }aÿtloj sqa lhokql ojhoal}j ma ectna}lhi+ vasqlc ma

eatocmj a a cvtjgqhmc hj }aec mj ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt( Kjij cvÿ+

arvña%a j ojh}ar}j mj eatocmj ma ocobcéc ct}achck hj vcå+ dae ojej c

tacklmcma mj ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt ae takcéïj cj vtjmq}j eaholjhcmj(

Gcp%a ah}ïj+ c maotléïj mj eì}jmj mc vasqlc ma ocevj+ c chãkla mj mcmj a+

vjt gle+ c ojhlmatcéña glhcl mj a}qmj(

36 ILK+ C( O( Eì}jmj a }ìohloc ma vasqlc jolck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<1+ v(=?( 33 EC]]CT+ G( Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<7(34 _LKWC+ A( K( mc> EAHAPA_+ A( E( Ea}jmjkjilc mc vasqlc a akcdjtcéïj ma mlat}céïj(Gkjtlchÿvjkl0 Kcdjtc}ÿtlj ma Ahlhj c Ml}äholc mc QG_O+ 4663+ v( 43(



31

4 TAGATAHOLCK ]AßTLOJ

J a}qmj jdta j ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt cdtchiae qec ar}ahc

icec ma ãtac ma ojhbaoleah}j( Dqojq%a kawch}ct ojhoal}j ma ectna}lhi+

lhgjtecéña jdta j gc}jta sqa lhgkqaholce j ojhqelmjt+ ckìe ma mcmj jdta j

eatocmj ma ocobcéc ct}achck hj Dtclk(

C arvjléïj }aÿtloc wlc aedcct j a}qmj+ sqa+ cklcmj cj mcmj ojka}cmj

ae ocevj+ dqoc lhgjtecéña ecl coqtcmc jdta j ojevjt}ceah}j mj

ojhqelmjt ma ocobcéc ct}achck(

4(3 Ectna}lhi

Ma cojtmj oje Mtqonat "4664+ v( ?7,+ c glhcklmcma ma qec aevtac ì otlct

qe ojhqelmjt a ïj aka sqae ma}atelhce j sqa ì qec aevtac( Aka arvkloc

clhmc sqa

j watmcmaltj ectna}lhi ojeaéc "(((, oje j ojhqelmjt+ aq mcmj maejitãgloj+ qc tacklmcma+ qc haoalmcma+ aq wckjta( Hïj vatiqh}c ‛J sqa sqataej wahmat―( Vatiqh}c ‛J sqa j ojhqelmjt sqat ojevtct:―( Hïj mlp ‛Lj ì j sqa hjj vtjmq}j jq atwléj gcp―( Mlp ‛_ïj ac c c}lgcéña sqa j ojhqelmjta vtjoqtce+ wckjtlpce a haoal}ce― "MTQONAT+ 4664+ v( ?7,3?(

C maglhléïj ma ectna}lhi mcmc vjt Nj}kat "4666+ v( ?6, ì ma qe vtjoaj

jolck mj sqck vajc "(((, jd}àe csqlkj ma sqa haoal}ce a j sqa maa`ce oje c

otlcéïj+ jgat}c a klwta haijolcéïj ma vtjmq}j a atwléj ma wckjt oje jq}tj 3= (

Mch}c "4661+ v( ?4, tack}c sqa j ojhoal}j ma ectna}lhi gjtc cevklcmj vjt Nj}kat+

cj a}ahmat c cvklocéïj mj ojhoal}j æ jtichlpcéña+ vajc a c}ì lmìlc31(

3? MTQONAT+ V( G( J eakbjt ma Va}at Mtqonat0 C Cmelhl}tcéïj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Hjdak+ 4664(3= NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 c amléïj mj hjwj elkàhlj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+4666(31 MCH]C_+ A( D( Ectna}lhi Maojevklocmj( Dtcåklc0 Aml}jtc _ahco MG+ 4661(



37

J ectna}lhi eql}c wapa ì ojhgqhmlmj oje wahmc jq vtjvcichmc+ ec hc

tacklmcma ì qe vtjoaj ecl cevkj+ aka gjthaoa c mltaéïj haoaãtlc vctc c

vtjmqéïj a c`qmc c caiqtct sqa j vtjmq}j a`ce mlvj}j ae }aevj oat}j+ hj

kjock oat}j a hj vtaéj sqa j ojhqelmjta a}ïj mlvj}j c vcict37( C

cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi ahikjdc j vkcha`ceah}j+ c ojhoavéïj+ ojh}tjka a

tawlïj ma wãtlj gc}jta sqa ojevñae j eatocmj0 vtjmq}j+ vtaéj+ vtcéc+

vtjejéïj> wlchmj c aojkbc ma eatocmj%ckwj a ocv}céïj+ echq}ahéïj a

glmaklpcéïj ma oklah}a vjt ealj mc otlcéïj+ mc ah}taic a mc ojeqhlocéïj ma qe

wckjt qvatljt vctc j oklah}a 39 (

4(3(3 Ojevj}j ma ectna}lhi

Ojej ml}j ch}atljteah}a+ j ectna}lhi klmc dcloceah}a oje sqc}tj }ÿvloj0

vtjmq}j+ vtaéj+ vtcéc a vtjejéïj( A}a gjtece j elr ma ectna}lhi+ jq ojevj}j

ma ectna}lhi( _aiqhmj Nj}kat "4666+ v( ?9,+ j elr ma ectna}lhi ì j ojh`qh}j ma

gattceah}c ma ectna}lhi sqa c aevtac q}lklpc vctc vataiqlt aq jd`a}lwj ma

ectna}lhi hj eatocmj%ckwj 32 ( J =V tavtaah}ce qec echaltc ma levklgloct c

itchma icec ma wctlãwal vtaah}a hc cmelhl}tcéïj mj ectna}lhi(

Ocda tack}ct sqa hahbqe mj ojevjhah}a ì ecl levjt}ch}a+ hc watmcma+

aka mawae a}ct wlhoqkcmj `ã sqa }jmj ojh}tldqae vctc j ojh`qh}j( J sqcmtj c

aiqlt ej}tc ckiqec mc wctlãwal ma maolïj a}tc}ìiloc jtichlpcmc vctc j

=V(

J vtjmq}j ì j dae jq atwléj jgataolmj vctc c}lgcpat qec haoalmcma jq

37 EoOCT]B\+ VATTACQK]( Ectna}lhi Aaholck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<9+ v( 4<(39 NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 c amléïj mj hjwj elkàhlj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+4666+ v( ?6(32 NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 c amléïj mj hjwj elkàhlj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+4666(



39

maa`j( Mavahmahmj mj }lvj ma vtjmq}j ‟ dae jq atwléj+ mqtãwak jq hïj%mqtãwak+

ma ojevtc gtasûah}a jq avjtãmloc ‟ c céña ma ml}tldqléïj+ vtaéj a ojeqhlocéïj

a mlgataholce( J vtjmq}j vjmae at okclglocmj+ aiqhmj Nj}kat "3<<2+ v( ?21,+

ojej ma ojhwahlàholc "ojevtc gtasûah}a sqa arliae vjqoj agjtéj ma vasqlc

a ojevctcéïj,+ ma ojevtc ojevctcmc "ïj ojevtc eahj ojeqh a arliae qec

ojevctcéïj ma octco}atå}loc ah}ta j vtjmq}j cwcklcmj,+ jq ma avaolcklmcma

"dah oje octco}atå}loc arokqlwc+ sqa arlia qe agjtéj avaolck vctc qc

csqlléïj+ lhokqae ectoc a ct}lij avaoågloj ma kqrj,3<( Ckiqec maolña sqch}j

cj vtjmq}j ahwjkwae c octco}atå}loc mj vtjmq}j ae l+ mc aedckciae+ mc

wctlcéña mj vtjmq}j "cdjt+ }cechbj+ ojta+ ah}ta jq}tj, a mc ectoc(

C ma}atelhcéïj mj vtaéj ma qe vtjmq}j cga}c+ hïj cvahc c taoal}c mj

vtjmq}j+ ojej j vjloljhceah}j maka hj eatocmj( Nj}kat "3<<2+ v( =?7, arvkloc sqa

ì vjåwak a vjloljhct ae a}a håwal ae }atej ma sqcklmcma a vtaéj0 maglhl}lwj+

kqrj+ haoalmcma avaocl+ eìmlj+ gcolklmcma+ ojhwaholjhck a ecl dctc}j a

jtlah}cmj vctc j vtaéj46( J jd`a}lwj mj vtaéj a}cdakaolmj vjma a takcoljhct oje j

gc}qtceah}j+ oje ecrlelpcéïj mj kqotj+ oje mahc}céïj ma eatocmj jq oje

klmatchéc ma vtjmq}j%sqcklmcma( C maolña sqch}j cj vtaéj mawae at

ojhl}ah}a oje c maolña sqch}j cj vtjmq}j+ qec wap sqa a j a}cdakaoleah}j

ma vtaéj akawcmj oje c glhcklmcma ma }tcmqplt sqcklmcma mawa a}ct ae cojtmjoje c tacl octco}atå}loc mj vtjmq}j "sqcklmcma akawcmc,( Vjt gle+ ì haoaãtlj

jdatwct sqa}ña sqch}j æ cmcv}céña mj vtaéj ma cojtmj oje c tailña

iajitãgloc+ sqch}j æ vjkå}loc ma maojh}j+ vtjejéña a jq}tc mlgataholcéña(

C ml}tldqléïj mj vtjmq}j mawa c}ahmat cj jd`a}lwj ma vjloljhceah}j mj

3< NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 chãkla+ vkcha`ceah}j+ levkaeah}céïj a ojh}tjka(_ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<2(46 NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 chãkla+ vkcha`ceah}j+ levkaeah}céïj a ojh}tjka(_ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<2(



32

vtjmq}j( C ml}tldqléïj ì gal}c c}tcwì mj ochcl ma ectna}lhi+ maglhlmj vjt Nj}kat

ojej j ojh`qh}j ma jtichlpcéña lhmavahmah}a ahwjkwlmj hj vtjoaj ma }jthct

qe vtjmq}j mlvjhåwak vctc qj jq ojhqej 43

( A}c lh}l}qléña ahwjkwae

ml}tldqlmjta+ c}cocml}c+ wcta`l}c+ tavtaah}ch}a+ gcolkl}cmjta+ ciah}a ma

wahmc+ ah}ta jq}tj( C q}lklpcéïj ma lh}ateamlãtlj hj vtjoaj ma ml}tldqléïj

gcwjtaoa c ojka}c ma lhgjtecéña jdta oklah}a a ojhojttah}a+ c mlaelhcéïj ma

lhgjtecéña jdta j vtjmq}j a vtjejéña+ ckìe ma gcolkl}ct j gkqrj ma dah c}ì j

ojhqelmjt glhck( Nj}kat "3<<2+ v( =77, tack}c sqa c aojkbc mj lh}ateamlãtlj

mawa kawct ae ojhlmatcéïj c a}tc}ìilc ma ml}tldqléïj aojkblmc0 arokqlwc "}ahma

c gjt}ckaoat c leciae mj vtjmq}j a vatel}lt ectiah ecl akawcmc,+ aka}lwc

"vatel}a qec ojdat}qtc tcpjãwak+ oje ecl ojh}tjka a eahj oq}j sqa c

ml}tldqléïj lh}ahlwc,+ jq lh}ahlwc "wlc mlvjt j dah hj ecljt hðeatj vjåwak

ma a}cdakaoleah}j,44(

Sqcmtj 30 Ãtac ma maolïj a}tc}ìiloc jtichlpcmc vctc j sqc}tj V ( "EoOCT]B\+VATTACQK]+ 3<<9+ v( =1,4?(

43 NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 chãkla+ vkcha`ceah}j+ levkaeah}céïj a ojh}tjka(

_ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<2(44 NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 chãkla+ vkcha`ceah}j+ levkaeah}céïj a ojh}tjka(_ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<2(4? EoOCT]B\+ VATTACQK]( Ectna}lhi Aaholck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<9(



3<

Vjt gle+ c ojeqhlocéïj mlp taval}j æ maolña mj sqa lhgjtect+ c sqae

lhgjtect a oje sqa gtasûàholc( Nj}kat "3<<2+ v( =91, ma}coc sqa oje j cwchéj hj

a}qmj mj ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt+ gloc awlmah}a sqa c ojeqhlocéïj vjma

lh}atgatlt a cmelhl}tct j vtjoaj ma ojevtc+ mqtch}a j a}ãilj ma ojka}c ma

lhgjtecéïj+ cwcklcéïj+ maolïj+ ojhqej a vÿ%ojhqej+ a cotaoah}c sqa c

}aohjkjilc mlvjhåwak c}qckeah}a vatel}a sqa c ojeqhlocéïj a`c ocmc wap ecl

mltaoljhcmc a vatjhcklpcmc4=(

EoOct}b| a Vattacqk} "3<<9+ v( =1, takaedtce sqa j ojhqelmjt hïj gcp vct}a

mj ojevj}j ma ectna}lhi a cgltece sqa aka ì j oah}tj+ jq a`c+ j ckwj ma }jmj j

agjtéj ma ectna}lhi 41 (

4(3(4 Jtlah}céña aevtactlcl

Qec wap arvj}j c c}lwlmcma sqa vjmae ojevjt qec ia}ïj ma

ectna}lhi+ ocda cvtaah}ct ckiqec jtlah}céña sqa atwae ma dca vctc sqa c

jtichlpcéña ojhmqpce qc c}lwlmcma(

Mch}c "4661+ v( 42, arvñae sqc}tj jtlah}céña sqa c a}tc}ìilc

aevtactlcl vjmae aiqlt0 jtlah}céïj vctc c vtjmqéïj jhma c aglolàholc ae

vtjmqéïj a ml}tldqléïj ïj j jd`a}lwj mc jtichlpcéïj> vctc j vtjmq}j+

octco}atlpcmc vakj aiqleah}j mc kÿiloc mj gcdtloch}a a hïj c mj ojhqelmjt > vctc

c wahmc+ jhma bã qec àhgca hj qj mj lh}tqeah}j vtjejoljhcl ‟

vtjvcichmc+ vtjejéïj ma wahmc+ wahmc vajck+ ah}ta jq}tj ‟+ c gle ma iatct

wahmc vctc c aevtac ae oqt}j vtcpj > a+ glhckeah}a+ c jtlah}céïj vctc j

ectna}lhi( A}a ðk}lej dqoc j c}ahmleah}j tack mc haoalmcma a mj maa`j

4= NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 chãkla+ vkcha`ceah}j+ levkaeah}céïj a ojh}tjka(_ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<2+ v( 147(41 EoOCT]B\+ VATTACQK]( Ectna}lhi Aaholck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<9(



46

mj ojhqelmjta+ ae kjhij vtcpj 47(

Hj gle mc mìocmc ma 16+ ckiqec aevtac mal}ltce mc }ah}c}lwc ma

vatqcmlt j ojhqelmjt c ojevtct vtjmq}j sqa bcwlce vtjmqplmj a cmj}ctce c

a}tc}ìilc ma vtjmqplt j sqa j ojhqelmjt ojevtctlc 49 ( Cvact ma ckiqec

aevtac hïj cmj}ctae a}tc}ìilc jtlah}cmc cj oklah}a+ a}c vctaoa at qec

}ahmàholc+ `ã sqa j ojhbaoleah}j mj ojhqelmjt a ma qc c}lgcéïj ae takcéïj c

qec aevtac ì gc}jt ma mlgataholcéïj ah}ta j ojhojttah}a( Tjjhl ol}chmj

Eltchmc "4664+ v( 3<, cotaoah}c clhmc sqa a}c ì ojhmléïj lha sqc hjh vctc ecljt

ictch}lc ma qc jdtawlwàholc a qoaj 42(

Ojej a jdatwc+ j ojhqelmjt }ae a }jthcmj j oah}tj mc c}ahéña vctc

c maolña a}tc}ìilc mc aevtac( Hïj vjmatlc at mlgatah}a+ ojej cgltec

_ba}b+ El}}ck a Hayech "4663+ v( ?1,+ ichbct mlhbaltj ì qec haoalmcma a hïj qe

jd`a}lwj mc jtichlpcéña> j vtjvÿl}j mj haiÿolj ì otlct a ech}at oklah}a

c}lgal}j( Arvkloce+ clhmc+ sqa a qe hðeatj qglolah}a ma oklah}a gloct

lhc}lgal}j+ hïj ÿ aka malrctïj ma ojevtct mc aevtac+ ec }jmc c jolamcma c

ojhmahctã a vjmatã c}ì vahcklpã%kc ‟ c vjh}j ma vtjwjoct qc ar}lhéïj 4<(

4(3(? Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi

Oje j ojhqelmjta ae gjoj+ c aevtac haoal}ce ma ealj vctc

ojevtaahmà%kj( Qec }ahmàholc hj cedlah}a c}qck ì c àhgca mcmc cj

vkcha`ceah}j a æ lhgjtecéña sqa qdlmlce }ck céïj( C atc mc lhgjtecéïj ì

ectocmc vakj cevkj coaj a cj vtjoaceah}j ma mcmj( Mac gjtec+ j

47 MCH]C_+ A( D( Ectna}lhi Maojevklocmj( Dtcåklc0 Aml}jtc _ahco MG+ 4661(

49 OJ]C+ K( J wckjt mc ectoc vctc ojhqelmjta ma qtgyact( Gkjtlchÿvjkl+ 4663+ v(34 42 TJ__JHL+ A( V( Cwcklcéïj mc sqcklmcma mj atwléj jgataolmj ae qvateatocmj aiqhmjc vatoavéïj mj ojhqelmjta mc olmcma ma Ocojck+ TJ( Gkjtlchÿvjkl+ 4664(4< _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(



43

vtjglljhcl ma ectna}lhi vtjoqtce maahwjkwat vasqlc a ckleah}ct l}aec ma

lhgjtecéïj sqa gjthaéce aedcceah}j vctc c }jecmc ma maolña jdta j

vkcha`ceah}j mc jtichlpcéña( Mch}c "4661+ v( ?9, tagjtéc cj arvkloct sqa0

J c}j ma vtawat c haoalmcma mj eatocmj gjthaoa æ aevtac c aiqtchéc ma sqa arl}a eatocmj vctc aq vtjmq}j jq atwléj+ vjl akc ltã c}lgcpat haoalmcma watlglocmc ae ocevj( C haoalmcma a j chalj ïj ma}ao}cmj vjt ealj ma a}qmj ma eatocmj+ sqa lhokqae c vasqlc ma ectna}lhi takcoljhcmc c vtjmq}j+ vtaéj+ vtjejéïj a ml}tldqléïj+ c vasqlc ma eatocmj "maechmc+ aieah}céïj,+ c vasqlc ma jvlhlïj a c vasqlc ma c}lgcéïj( "MCH]C_+ 4661+ v(?9,?6

C vasqlc ma ectna}lhi+ aiqhmj _cectc "4669+ v( ?3,+ vjmae at

okclglocmc ae mjl itqvj0 vasqlc ma jvjt}qhlmcma ma wahmc a vasqlc ma

jtichlpcéïj ma wahmc( J vtlealtj itqvj gjthaoa lhgjtecéña jdta jvjt}qhlmcma

arl}ah}a hj eatocmj ma c}qcéïj jq ma arvkjtcéïj vj}aholck( @ã j aiqhmj gjthaoa

lhgjtecéña jdta cwcklcéïj mc céña mj ojevj}j eatocmjkÿiloj?3(

Ah}ta c vasqlc ma jvjt}qhlmcma ma wahmc+ kl}ce%a c vasqlc ma

eatocmj "aieah}céïj, a ma vtjmq}j> a+ ah}ta c vasqlc ma jtichlpcéïj ma

wahmc+ kl}ce%a c vasqlc ma ml}tldqléïj+ ma ojeqhlocéïj a ma chãkla ma

wahmc(

C vasqlc ma ectna}lhi vjmae clhmc at ml}lhiqlmc ma cojtmj oje c

gjh}a ma mcmj+ c cevkl}qma mj a}qmj+ j }lvj ma chãkla "sqch}l}c}lwj jq sqckl}c}lwj,

a ma cojtmj oje j ojh}tjka mc wctlãwal(

Maa ejmj+ _cectc "4669+ v( ?=, maotawa j eì}jmj ma vasqlc?4

ojej0

․ A}qmj arvkjtc}ÿtlj0 vtjoqtce a}cdakaoat qe ojh}c}j lhlolck oje j

cqh}j cdjtmcmj+ iatckeah}a q}lklpce mcmj aoqhmãtlj+ a

?6 MCH]C_+ A( D( Ectna}lhi Maojevklocmj( Dtcåklc0 Aml}jtc _ahco MG+ 4661(?3 _CECTC+ D( _( Vasqlc ma Ectna}lhi0 ojhoal}j a ea}jmjkjilc( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vactjh Vtah}loaBckk+ 4669(?4 _CECTC+ D( _( Vasqlc ma Ectna}lhi0 ojhoal}j a ea}jmjkjilc( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vactjh Vtah}loaBckk+ 4669(



44

octco}atlpce vakc lhgjtecklmcma+ gkarldlklmcma a otlc}lwlmcma( C gjh}a

vjmae at mcmj `ã arl}ah}a+ ojhwatc lhgjtecl+ a}qmj ma

ocj takcoljhcmj a vasqlc ch}atljta(

․ A}qmj maotl}lwj0 vtjoqtce maotawat l}qcéña ma eatocmj

c}tcwì ma mcmj vtleãtlj( ]cl mcmj vjmae at jd}lmj vjt ealj

ma ah}tawl}c vajcl jq mloqña ae itqvj( J a}qmj

maotl}lwj vjmae }at ojej jd`a}lwj chcklct sqch}l}c}lwceah}a c

wctlãwal ma chãkla "vasqlc sqch}l}c}lwc, jq chcklct c takcéña ma

ojhqej ‛ae vtjgqhmlmcma― "vasqlc sqckl}c}lwc,(

․ A}qmj arvatleah}cl jq ocqcl0 vtjoqtce a}cdakaoat qec takcéïj

ma ocqc a agal}j ah}ta wctlãwal ae a}qmj ma gjtec vtã}loc ?? ( _ïj

q}lklpcmj vctc }a}a ma eatocmj a cwcklcéïj ma eqmchéc hj

ojevjt}ceah}j ma ojhqej ma cojtmj oje wctlcéña hc céña ma

ectna}lhi( Vjmae q}lklpct itqvj ma ojh}tjka jq hïj vctc }jthct c

jdatwcéïj ecl aglocp ae takcéïj æ lhgkqaholc ma wctlãwal ar}athc(

Sqch}j æ ojka}c ma mcmj+ a}c vjma q}lklpct j eì}jmj ma jdatwcéïj+

ojh}c}j jq lh}atcéïj( C jdatwcéïj ì taojeahmcmc vctc kawch}ct blvÿ}aa

vtaklelhcta jdta j ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt+ vjtìe vjma at lhgkqaholcmc

vakc qd`a}lwlmcma mj jdatwcmjt a haoal}c ma qe hðeatj tavtaah}c}lwj ma ocjvctc ictch}lt c ojhl}àholc a tavtaah}c}lwlmcma mj a}qmj(

J ojh}c}j jq lhsqìtl}j vjma jojttat vjt ealj vajck+ vjt }akagjha jq vjt

ojttavjhmàholc( Hj ojh}c}j vajck ì vjåwak ar}tclt ecl lhgjtecéña mj

ah}tawl}cmj+ qec wap sqa bã ecljt lh}atcéïj ah}ta j vasqlcmjt a j vasqlcmj+

ec mawa%a a}ct c}ah}j æ cdjtmciae vctc awl}ct wlaa vjt vct}a mj ah}tawl}cmjt(

?? _CECTC+ D( _( Vasqlc ma Ectna}lhi0 ojhoal}j a ea}jmjkjilc( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vactjh Vtah}loaBckk+ 4669+ v( 367(



4?

J ojh}c}j vjt }akagjha }ae ojej mawch}ciae j ck}j itcq ma malh}ataa vjt vct}a

mj ah}tawl}cmj( Vjt gle+ j ojh}c}j vjt ojttavjhmàholc vjma cvtaah}ct wlaa

vjt mlgloqkmcma ma vtaahobleah}j a vakj ck}j åhmloa ma hïj%tavj}c(

J eì}jmj lh}atc}lwj ì gal}j vjt ealj aka}týhloj+ ae sqa j ah}tawl}cmj

tavjhma æ sqa}ña ae qe ojevq}cmjt a j mcmj ïj vtjoacmj

cq}jec}loceah}a( C mawch}ciae ì sqa hïj bã qe ojh}tjka mc ml}tldqléïj cej}tck

a j ah}tawl}cmj }cedìe vjmae }at mðwlmc sqch}j cj cq}j%vtaahobleah}j?=(

C a}cvc ma qec vasqlc ma ectna}lhi ïj0 akcdjtcéïj mj vtj`a}j

"maglhléïj mj vtjdkaec+ mj jd`a}lwj+ mj eì}jmj ma vasqlc a mc ojka}c ma mcmj,+

ojka}c ma mcmj ae ocevj a chãkla mj taqk}cmj(

4(4 Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt

J ojhqelmjt+ aiqhmj _cectc "4661+ v( 4, ì }jmc ah}lmcma ojevtcmjtc

vj}aholck sqa }ae qec haoalmcma jq qe maa`j c c}lgcpat ?1( C céña sqa

ahwjkwae j vtjoaj ma ojevtc ïj a}qmcmc vakj ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt+

sqa maotl}j vjt Ncct`lch a Tjdat}jh "3<72+ v(4,0

arvkjta jea jg }ba gco}jt yblob lhgkqahoa vqtocba maolljh "lhokqmlhi }ba maolljh hj} }j vqtobca,+ chm c}}aev} }j mawakjv c tc}ljhcka gjt ojhqeat co}ljh+ jh }ba cqev}ljh }bc} ojhqeat dabcwljt oje da arvkclham+ hj ec}}at bjy tchmje jt levqklwa l} ec| cvvact ( "NC__CT@LCH

' TJDAT]_JH+ 3<72+ v( 4,?7

Ncct`lch a Tjdat}jh "3<72+ v(?, arvñae ckiqec vatvao}lwc mj

a}qmj mj ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt+ lhatlhmj wat}ah}a mc olàholc mj

?= _CECTC+ D( _( Vasqlc ma Ectna}lhi0 ojhoal}j a ea}jmjkjilc( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vactjh Vtah}loaBckk+ 4669(?1 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(?7 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+ TJDAT]_JH+ ](_( Vatvao}lwa( Lh0 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+ TJDAT]_JH+ ](_"jti(, Vatvao}lwa lh ojhqeat dabcwljt( Ikahwlay+ Lkklhjl0 _oj}}+ Gjtaech chm Ojevch|+ 3<72(

"}tcmqéïj mc cq}jtc0 arvkjtc ckiqh mj gc}jta sqa lhgkqaholce c maolïj ma ojevtc "lhokqlhmj c maolïj ma hïj ojevtct, a dqoc lmah}lgloct tcoljhcklmcma hc céña mj ojhqelmjt+ vtaqelhmj sqa }ck ojevjt}ceah}j vjma at arvklocmj+ hïj levjt}chmj j sqïj tchmýeloj jq levqklwj }cl céña vjce vctaoat,(



4=

ojevjt}ceah}j hj a}qmj mj ectna}lhi0 vlojkjilc+ joljkjilc a ch}tjvjkjilc( J

ojhqelmjta vcce c at wl}j ojej ah}lmcma vlojkÿiloc c}qchmj hqe

ojh}ar}j jolck a oqk}qtck?9

( Lj arvkloc vjtsqa c vajc ojevtce hïj cvahc

vakc gqholjhcklmcma mj vtjmq}j+ ec }cedìe vakj j sqa aka tavtaah}ce hj

ojh}ar}j jolck(

Haa aojvj+ c csqlléïj ma qe vtjmq}j jojtta vctc c}lgcpat qec

haoalmcma jq maechmc mj ojhqelmjt( Ac haoalmcma ïj ma}atelhcmc+

ae vct}a+ vakc ojihléña+ ej}lwcéña a vatjhcklmcma mj ojhqelmjt( Vjt qc wap+

aa gc}jta ïj lhgkqaholcmj vakc gceåklc+ celij a jq}tj itqvj mj sqcl j

lhmlwåmqj gcp vct}a( A+ hqec vatvao}lwc ecl cevkc+ }jmj jgtae lhgkqàholc mc

a}tq}qtc jolck+ aojhýeloc a oqk}qtck sqa ojevñae aq cedlah}a( Ckiqh gc}jta

sqa c vtlhoåvlj vjce vctaoat taej}j hj a}qmj mj ojevjt}ceah}j mj

ojhqelmjt cocdce a tawakchmj qec ocqc takawch}a ma lhgkqàholc(

J a}qmj mj ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt gjl maglhlmj vjt _oblggech a

Nchqn "4666, ojej0

a}qmj ojej j lhmlwåmqj }jece maolña ma ic}ct aq taoqtj mlvjhåwal "}aevj+ mlhbaltj+ agjtéj, ae l}ah takcoljhcmj cj ojhqej( J ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt ahikjdc j a}qmj ma j sqa ojevtct+ vjt sqa ojevtce+ jhma ojevtce+ oje sqa gtasûàholc ojevtce a oje sqa gtasûàholc qce j sqa ojevtce ?2 (

4(4(3Vtjoaj maolÿtlj mc ojevtc

J ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt }cedìe vjma at wl}j ojej qe vtjoaj

maolÿtlj( _cectc "4661+ v( 44, arvkloc sqa c maolïj ma ojevtc a maahwjkwa vjt

ealj ma qe vtjoaj ojevkarj sqa ahwjkwa mlwatc a}cvc asûaholcl a

?9 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+ TJDAT]_JH+ ](_( Vatvao}lwa( Lh0 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+ TJDAT]_JH+ ](_

"jti(, Vatvao}lwa lh ojhqeat dabcwljt( Ikahwlay+ Lkklhjl0 _oj}}+ Gjtaech chm Ojevch|+ 3<72+v(?(?2 _OBLGGECH a NCHQN "4666, ol}cmj vjt _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mjojhqelmjt0 ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( ?(



41

lh}aitcmc+ cga}chmj qc vatoavéïj a aojkbc ae takcéïj æ takawäholc a æ

cmasqcéïj mj vtjmq}j ?< (

J vtjoaj maolÿtlj vjma at araevklglocmj vakj asqaec cdclrj a ì

arvklocmj vjt _ba}b+ El}}ck a Hayech "4663+ v( =27,0

Gliqtc 30 A}cvc mj vtjoaj ma maolïj ma ojevtc "_BA]B+ EL]]CK a HAYECH+ 4663+ v( =27,

J taojhbaoleah}j ma qec haoalmcma mã lhåolj cj vtjoaj ma dqoc ma

c}lgcéïj( J cq}jta arvkloce sqa qe vtjdkaec mj oklah}a ì sqcksqat a}cmj ma

vtlwcéïj+ maojhgjt}j jq gck}c "a`c gåloc jq vlojkÿiloc, ah}lmj vjt qec vajc( J

taojhbaoleah}j mj vtjdkaec ì c vatoavéïj ma sqa vtaolc ojevtct ckij vctc wjk}ct

cj a}cmj hjteck ma ojhgjt}j ae }atej gåloj jq vlojkÿiloj( A}c a}cvc vjma

jojttat vjt ealj ma a}åeqkj lh}athj "gåloj jq vlojkÿiloj, jq ar}athj "vjt

lhgjtecéña mj eatocmj sqa kawce j oklah}a c vatoadat j vtjdkaec , =6 (

J vcj aiqlh}a ì j ma dqoc ma lhgjtecéña mj lhmlwåmqj vctc }ah}ct

qvtlt c haoalmcma taojhbaolmc( J akaeah}j takawch}a ha}c a}cvc ïj c

gjh}a ma lhgjtecéïj+ c a}tc}ìilc ma dqoc a c sqch}lmcma ma dqoc( C

lhgjtecéña vjmae qtilt mc aevtac sqa jgataoae j vtjmq}j+ vjt ealj ma

vtjvcichmc+ céña ma wahmc+ ahoct}a+ l}a+ ah}ta jq}tj+ jq vjmae wlt ma gjh}a

lhmavahmah}a mc aevtac+ ojej celij+ ojhbaolmj sqa `ã q}lklpctce j vtjmq}j+

avaolckl}c a jq}tj( C gjh}a lhmavahmah}a ïj wl}c ojej ecl ojhglãwal+

?< _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(=6 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(



47

vjl qc lhgjtecéña hïj }àe j cvakj jdtlic}ÿtlj ma magahmat jq vtjejwat j

vtjmq}j(

C a}tc}ìilc ma dqoc a tagata cj vcmtïj ma csqlléïj ma lhgjtecéïj sqa

j oklah}a q}lklpce vctc tajkwat aq vtjdkaec maolÿtlj =3( Mavahmahmj mc

ojevtc c at tacklpcmc+ j ojhqelmjta takawce j oq}j ae }atej ma }aevj a

agjtéj a ojevctce oje j vtjwãwal dahagåolj mc csqlléïj vctc ma}atelhctae c

sqch}lmcma ma lhgjtecéïj a j ahwjkwleah}j sqa oamatïj vctc aga}qctae c ojevtc(

Cle+ ma cojtmj oje _cectc "4661+ v( ?3,+ c a}tc}ìilc vjmae at ma0

jkqéïj tj}lhaltc ma vtjdkaec "hïj ïj ojhlmatcmc hjwc lhgjtecéña,+jkqéïj klel}cmc ma vtjdkaec "j ojhqelmjt lhwa}a }aevj a ahatilc hc dqoc a hc cwcklcéïj ma jkqéña ck}athc}lwc, a jkqéïj cevklcmc ma vtjdkaec "c dqoc ì cevklcmc a c makldatcéïj ì vtjkjhicmc,=4 (

J gc}jta sqa cga}ce c sqch}lmcma ma dqoc ïj j tloj ahwjkwlmj "j itcq

ma vatmc hj ocj ma qec aojkbc attcmc,> j itcq ma ahwjkwleah}j hc ojevtc a hc

q}lklpcéïj mj vtjmq}j> c gcelklctlmcma mj ojhqelmjt oje j vtjmq}j "sqch}j ecljt c

arvatlàholc ch}atljt+ eahj lhgjtecéña ar}atljta ïj dqocmc,> c mlvjhldlklmcma

ma }aevj vctc vasqlc( Vasqlc ej}tce sqae j ojhqelmjta ïj aka}lwj

sqch}j æ lhgjtecéña sqa taoadae+ vjt lj mawa bcwat qec vtajoqvcéïj mc

aevtac ae takcéïj æ lhgjtecéña sqa maa`ce vcct cj oklah}a+ }ch}j ae

wjkqea sqch}j ae ojh}aðmj=?(

C cwcklcéïj ma ck}athc}lwc gjl mlwlmlmc ae mqc a}cvc vjt _cectc "4661+ v(

?4,0 qec cwcklcéïj mc octco}atå}loc mj vtjmq}j a jq}tc mc ojevtc( C

octco}atå}loc kl}cmc vctc j vtjmq}j ïj c gqholjhcklmcma ‟ takcoljhcmj oje

c sqa}ña tcoljhcl a cvao}j aojhýeloj mc ojevtc> c c}lgcéïj aejoljhck> a+

=3 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(=29(=4 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(=? _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(166(



49

j dahagåolj ma qj a vja==( Nc}jhc "3<72, takaedtc sqa vajc hc eaec

ojhmléïj vjmae }at c}l}qma mlgatah}a hj vtjoaj ma ojevtc+ ahsqch}j vajc

ae ojhmléña mlgatah}a vjmae cilt lelkcteah}a=1

+ lj vjtsqa j gc}jta ma

lhgkqàholc a j gc}jta cwcklcmj vjt aka wctlce oje c ej}lwcéïj+ oje j }aevj+

oje c cvltcéña+ vakj itqvj jolck( Cle+ j vtjglljhcl mawae a}ct

ojholah}a mj otl}ìtlj `qkicmj takawch}a ‟ a`ce gqholjhcl jq aejoljhcl ‟

vctc sqa c céña ma ojeqhlocéïj a`ce aglocpa=7(

Qec wap maglhlmj j vtjmq}j c at cmsqltlmj+ j ojhqelmjt vcc c cwcklct c

jvéña ma ojevtc0 wcta`j+ lh}atha}+ vjt}c c vjt}c+ oc}ãkjij a jq}tj( C}qckeah}a+ c

jvéña }àe cqeah}cmj ae gqhéïj mc otaoah}a ojhojttàholc+ mc lhjwcéïj mc

aevtac vctc qvatct j ojhojttah}a a mj cwchéj mc }aohjkjilc mc lhgjtecéïj( J

ojhqelmjt takawc j dahagåolj a oq}j ma ocmc gjtec ma ojevtc+ dqochmj

lhgjtecéña a vtljtlpchmj c octco}atå}loc sqa ojhlmatce takawch}a(

_ba}b+ El}}ck a Hayech "4663+ v( 166, arvñae ckiqh ejmakj ma cwcklcéïj

ma ck}athc}lwc( Hj ejmakj ojevahc}ÿtlj+ j ojhqelmjt itcmqc j vjh}j gjt}a a

gtcoj mj vtjmq}j vctc }ject qc maolïj( J itcq ma levjt}äholc mcmj c ocmc

c}tldq}j vjma wctlct ma qe lhmlwåmqj vctc jq}tj( Vjma%a+ }cedìe gcpat qec

cdjtmciae ojevctc}lwc+ ae sqa j åhmloa ïj `qkicmj ae takcéïj cj vtjmq}j

mlvjhåwal "eakbjt watq vljt,( Mah}ta j ejmakj hïj ojevahc}ÿtlj+ bã jejmakj ojh`qh}lwj+ hj sqck a maglha otl}ìtlj eåhlej coal}ãwal+ a qe vtjmq}j hïj

}ae qec mc octco}atå}loc ma}atelhcmc+ aka ì ta`al}cmj( J ejmakj ml`qh}lwj

levkloc ae ojevahcéña ah}ta cvao}j mc ck}athc}lwc ma aojkbc ‟ hj ocj ma

== _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(=1 NC]JHC+ I( Tc}ljhck dabcwljt chm aojhjelo dabcwljt( Lh0 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+ TJDAT]_JH+

](_ "jti(, Vatvao}lwa lh ojhqeat dabcwljt( Ikahwlay+ Lkklhjl0 _oj}}+ Gjtaech chm Ojevch|+3<72(=7 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( ??(



42

qec jvéïj hïj c}lhilt qe akaeah}j eåhlej+ ec vjqlt jq}tj sqa vjmae cocdct

ojevahcmj c ojevtc+ ah}ïj+ j ojhqelmjt ltã cwcklct a c csqlléïj ì eakbjt jq

hïj( Jq}tj ejmakj+ j kìrloj+ ojhl}a ae jtmahct a okclgloct j c}tldq}j mc

ck}athc}lwc ae }atej ma levjt}äholc( Vjt gle+ j ejmakj ma aklelhcéïj vjt cvao}j

ojedlhc j ejmakj karjitãgloj æ qec aiqhmc a}cvc ma cwcklcéïj mc ck}athc}lwc

ta}ch}a dcacmc ae qe aiqhmj c}tldq}j=9(

Ha}a vtjoaj mc ojevtc+ j ojhqelmjta cocdctïj maojhlmatchmj

ckiqec ck}athc}lwc a hïj cwcklctïj }jmc c vjåwal( C cmjéïj ma ejmakj ma

aojkbc vjma aklelhct vtjmq}j vjt ojh}c ma qe otl}ìtlj+ eaej sqa vctc j

maecl+ a}a vjc at qec jvéïj djc( Batdat} _lejh ol}cmj vjt _ba}b+ El}}ck a

Hayech "4663+ v( 162, cj lmah}lgloct j gahýeahj ma c}glolhi mlp sqa0

oklah}a "jq maoljt, coal}c qec ck}athc}lwc sqa aka `qkic c}lgc}ÿtlj+ ae wap ma aevtaahmat qec dqoc ãtmqc mc eakbjt ck}athc}lwc sqa vjc arl}lt(Cle+ c}ì eaej j ctmah}a ojevtcmjta vjt ojevctcéïj glhckeah}a mal}ae a ojevtce j vtjmq}j jq atwléj sqa `qkice ecl coal}ãwak ah}ta

j ojhlmatcmj c}ì ma}atelhcmj ejeah}j+ eaej taojhbaoahmj sqa vjmatlc bcwat qe vtjmq}j+ atwléj jq haiÿolj vjqoj jq qd}cholckeah}a eakbjt hc kj`c aiqlh}a =2 (

C a}cvc ma maolïj ma ojevtc ahwjkwa }tà a}cvc( Vtlealtceah}a+ jojtta c

aojkbc vakj vtjmq}j a vakc ojevtc+ dqochmj cmasqcéïj ah}ta j vtjmq}j a j

otl}ìtlj maglhlmj vakj ojhqelmjt( Ae aiqlmc bã c gjtecéïj mc lh}ahéïj ma

ojevtc+ ae sqa j ojhqelmjt a cq}j%lh}tql c ojevtct+ dqochmj cmasqct aq

jtéceah}j+ vkcha`chmj c lmc cj eatocmj jq c tacklpct c klicéïj vctc c aevtac(

Glhckeah}a+ bã c levkaeah}céïj mc ojevtc( Jdatwc%a sqa ae ckiqh ocj+ c

ojevtc vjma hïj at ojevka}cmc+ cvact ma }at obaicmj c}ì a}a a}ãilj0 a j

ojhqelmjt klijq vctc c aevtac a a}c lhgjtec sqa j vamlmj ÿ vjmae at gal}j

ae jq}tj bjtãtlj a aka asqaoa ma klict hjwceah}a+ jq a j ojhqelmjt mavahma mc

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aq eaedtj dqoce sqchmj ojhjeae ckij( C levjt}äholc mc gceåklc hj

vtjoaj ma maolïj ma ojevtc jojtta ae gqhéïj mc gjt}a a ojh}ch}a lh}atcéïj

ah}ta j eaedtj ma qec gceåklc+ oq`c ojeqhlocéïj gcoa c gcoa mc vtagatàholc a

maa`j mj eaedtj taoada qe gaamdcon ojh}åhqj+ ahmj ochcklpcmc a ejkmcmc

vakj tagjtéj a chéña mj jq}tj eaedtj 91 (

Cle+ c lhgkqàholc mc gceåklc hïj jojtta cvahc vakc amqocéïj hj

vtlealtj chj ma wlmc+ ec vakc ojhwlwàholc ojh}ch}a oje j eaedtj( Jq}tj

gc}jt levjt}ch}a ì sqa eql}c wapa j maa`j lhmlwlmqcl a}ïj qdjtmlhcmj cjma jq}tj eaedtj mc gceåklc+ ae gqhéïj mc blatctsqlc sqa arl}a vakc lmcma+ arj+

wckjta oqk}qtcl ojevct}lkbcmj ah}ta l a ah}ta c ojeqhlmcma æ sqck c gceåklc

94 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(9? _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0

Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( 9?(9= _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(91 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(393(



?9

vat}ahoa97(

Vjt gle+ _cectc "4661+ v( 97, tack}c qe cvao}j levjt}ch}a sqa ì c

eqmchéc ma ojevjt}ceah}j a c}l}qma mj vtÿvtlj itqvj gcelklct0 vasqlcmjta

ceatlochj ojh}c}ctce sqa c ‛qhlïj ma gceåklc― sqa ch}a a tagatlc cj

citqvceah}j gåloj vctc tacklpcéïj ma c}lwlmcma+ ojej ckejéct jq vcact+ cijtc

a}ã a ejmlglochmj vctc ckij ojej talmlt jd j eaej }a}j+ ocmc qe tacklpchmj

qc c}lwlmcma ma lh}ataa99(

4(4(4(4 Lhgkqàholc lhmlwlmqcl

Cvÿ chcklcmj j ojh}ar}j cedlah}ck+ mc lhgkqàholc joljoqk}qtcl+ ocda

watlgloct sqa j ojhqelmjta cvtaah}ce mlwatc octco}atå}loc sqa j }jthce

lhmlwlmqcl( J gc}jt taoqtj ma ojhqej }ckwap a`c j ecl takawch}a a levjt}ch}a+

qec wap sqa a}ã mlta}ceah}a takcoljhcmj cj ojhoal}j ma }tjoc0 ectna}lhi ahwjkwa c

}tjoc a j taoqtj mlhbaltj+ }aevj a c}ahéïj ïj j sqa ma}atelhce a c }tjoc ltã

jq hïj cojh}aoat92(

J taoqtj aojhýeloj ‟ ckãtlj+ tahmc a otìml}j ‟ cga}c j bãdl}j ma

ojhqej( C vct}lt mc chãkla maa mcmj+ vjma%a watlgloct j ojevjt}ceah}j ma

ojhqej ma gceåklc+ arvao}c}lwc ma ojevtc gq}qtc+ vj}aholck ma ojevtc a

jq}tj( Mcmj ej}tce sqa j ic}j gcelklcta oje ojelmc+ tjqvc a vtjmq}j

mjeì}loj }lwatce qc vct}lolvcéïj vatoah}qck mlelhqåmc gjt}aeah}a hj ðk}lej

wlh}a chj+ cqeah}chmj j ojhqej oje jq}tj vtjmq}j+ j sqa cdta ectiae vctc

j vtjmq}j qvìtgkqj a vctc c céña ma ectna}lhi9<(

97 ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2+ v( 326(99 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0

Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(92 AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6+ v( 449(9< AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0



?2

Ahiak+ Dkconyakk a Elhlctm "3<<6+ v( 4?2, maotawae clhmc j taoqtj ma

ojhqej sqch}j cj }aevj+ ahmj a}a }ïj levjt}ch}a sqch}j j mlhbaltj( C vajc

ic}ce aq }aevj ae }tcdckbj+ c}lwlmcma glljkÿiloc a jq}tc+ ah}ta}ch}j+ bã qec

vctoakc mj }aevj mc vajc+ j kcpat+ sqa tagka}a octco}atå}loc mc vatjhcklmcma

a mj a}lkj ma wlmc26( J }aevj vjma at mlwlmlmj ae }tà itqvj0 j }aevj ma }tcdckbj

"vcij,+ j }aevj ma jdtlicéña gåloc+ jolcl a ejtcl a+ vjt gle+ j }aevj

mlotloljhãtlj sqa tavtaah}c kl}atckeah}a j }aevj klwta( Vctc cqeah}ctae a}a

ðk}lej+ j ojhqelmjta cocdce vtjoqtchmj c ojh}tc}céïj ma atwléj "`ctmlhaltj+

gcrlhaltc+ vtjgajta vct}loqkcta vctc j glkbj, a ojhjeae vtjmq}j sqa

jgataéce gcolklmcma "ojelmc ojhiakcmc, c gle ma mlvjhldlklpctae ma ecljt gc}lc ma

}aevj klwta( Vjt gle+ a}qmj ej}tce sqa j ceatlochj ic}ce oatoc ma 7 bjtc

aechcl ae c}lwlmcma ma ojhqej> ojhqelmjta cvtacmj gcpae eahj

ojevctcéña a ojhlmatce eahj c}tldq}j a ectoc> a+ c wctlãwal l}qcoljhcl

lhgkqaholce ecl sqa c vajcl+ hc maolña ma ojej c vajc ltïj ic}ct aq

}aevj+ vtlholvckeah}a ma kcpat23(

C octco}atå}loc maejitãgloc mj ojhqelmjta+ ojej arj+ lmcma+

vjléïj hj olokj ma wlmc+ vtjglïj a joqvcéïj+ ojhmléña aojhýeloc a a}lkj ma

wlmc }cedìe cga}ce aq ojevjt}ceah}j ma ojevtc24( Bjeah a eqkbata vjqae

haoalmcma mlgatah}a+ a`c ma wa}leah}c jq ma eamloceah}j+ a }cedìecvtaah}ce vtagatàholc ml}lh}c( C lmcma ma}atelhc c haoalmcma ma vtjmq}j

avaoågloj vctc dadà+ jq vctc otlchéc a `jwah( C}qckeah}a arl}a qec icec ma

atwléj jgataolmj æ }atoaltc lmcma "cocmaelc ma ilhã}loc+ bj}ìl+ otqpaltj,(

]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6+ v( 442(26 AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0

]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6(23 AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6+ v( 4=4(24 ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2+ v( 37<(



?<

Sqch}j cj olokj ma wlmc+ bã }tà itchma a}ãilj oq`j ojevjt}ceah}j ma

ojhqej wctlce cj kjhij mj }aevj0 `jwae+ ealc%lmcma a lmjj( Vjt gle+ vtjglïj+

joqvcéïj a ojhmléña aojhýeloc+ gtasûah}aeah}a matlwcmc ma}a+ maglhae

}c}q a vjmat csqll}lwj+ }tcpahmj ojhlij ojhqej ma vtjmq}j avaoågloj 2? (

C vatjhcklmcma mlp taval}j æ echaltc ojhl}ah}a ma tavj}c ma qe

lhmlwåmqj hc l}qcéña vakc sqcl wlwa( C vatjhcklmcma mavahma mc ojhl}àholc

ma ojevjt}ceah}j> j gc}j ma qe ojhqelmjt cmsqltlt qe vtjmq}j taoìe%kchécmj hïj

j octco}atlpc lhjwcmjt+ c hïj at sqa a}a a`c qe ojevjt}ceah}j tava}lmj

ojh}ch}aeah}a2=( C vatjhcklmcma cqrlklc hc maolña tava}lmc+ hïj arlilhmj sqa

j ojhqelmjt tavl}c }jmj j vtjoaj ma dqoc ma lhgjtecéña+ chãkla a aojkbc ma

ck}athc}lwc vctc maolmlt jdta ckij sqa aka `ã vtaaholctc ch}atljteah}a(

Arl}ae wãtlc }ajtlc sqa mïj qvjt}a cj a}qmj mc vatjhcklmcma> c

wat}ah}a ma _nlhhat qiata sqa c tavj}c ojhl}ah}a ma ojevjt}ceah}j

jojttae ae gqhéïj ma taojevahc a vqhléña jgataolmc vakj cedlah}a+ vjt}ch}j+

ahmj vjåwak ejkmct c vatjhcklmcma c vct}lt ma tacéña mc jolamcma( @ã j

a}qmj ma A|ahon tagjtécwce c lmìlc ma sqa j gc}jta iahì}loj atce ocqc

mc mlgataholc lhmlwlmqcl ma vatjhcklmcma21(

Jq}tc }ajtlc ïj c ma Gtaqm a c }ajtlc mj }tcéj ma vatjhcklmcma( Gtaqm

ctiqeah}c sqa c vatjhcklmcma ì iqlcmc vjt ej}lwj ojholah}a a lhojholah}a(Vctc arvkloct j ojevjt}ceah}j+ aka mlwlma c vlsqa bqechc ae lm "tavtaah}c j

levqkj lhojholah}a a jtlah}c j lh}lh}j hc dqoc ma vtcpat a hc gqic mc mjt,+

qvataij "kcmj ejtck mc vlsqa sqa tagka}a j lmacl jolcl, a j aij "eamlcmjt mj

lh}lh}j lhojholah}a a mj lmacl jolcl,( Mac gjtec+ j ojevjt}ceah}j bqechj

2? ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2+ v( 394( 2= _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(4?4(21 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(4?4(



=6

ì iqlcmj vjt lh}lh}j+ vjtìe taiqkcmj vjt eaochlej ma magac sqa ta`al}ce c

ejéña jolckeah}a lhcoal}ãwal mj lm ( Vctc eamlct aa ojhgkl}j ah}ta j lm a j

qvataij + j aij q}lklpc ckiqec }ã}loc0 citaïj "lhgklilt jgtleah}j ae ckiqìe vjt

ocqc ma qec gtq}tcéïj a ae hahbqec `q}lgloc}lwc,+ tcoljhcklpcéïj "arvkloct qec

céïj oje qe ej}lwj ecl coal}ãwak sqa j tack,+ vtj`aéïj "oqkvct j jq}tj vakc

vtÿvtlc gckbc jq c}tldqlt ah}leah}j vajcl cj jq}tj,+ tavtaïj "mavahmat

itchma sqch}lmcma ma ahatilc vctc ech}at ma}atelhcmj vahceah}j jq ah}leah}j

ae håwak lhojholah}a,+ ml}cholceah}j "cgc}ceah}j mc l}qcéïj ae gqhéïj ma hïj

}at jd}lmj àrl}j hakc,+ taitaïj "‛wjk}ct― c ojevjt}ceah}j lhgch}l,27(

C }ajtlc mj }tcéj ma vatjhcklmcma magahma c lmìlc ma sqa c vajc ïj

ojevj}c vjt wãtlj }tcéj ma vatjhcklmcma ‟ ah}ahmlmj ojej qe ejmj ma

ojevjt}ceah}j ojhl}ah}a a octco}atå}loj 29 ( Aedjtc arl}c qec lhglhlmcma ma

}tcéj ma vatjhcklmcma+ gjtce kl}cmj 37 }tcéj gqhmceah}cl+ cqelhmj sqa j

maecl }tcéj qvatglolcl matlwce ma}a0

Mapaal gc}jta jq }tcéj ma gjh}a ma vatjhcklmcma lmah}lglocmj vjt Oc}}akk

Taatwcmj + otå}loj+ lh}tjvao}lwj+ tåilmj( watq Ar}tjwat}lmj + ockjtjj+ gkaråwak+ vct}lolvc}lwj(

A}ðvlmj + vjqoc lh}akliàholc( watq Dtlkbch}a + eql}c lh}akliàholc(

Cga}cmj vjt ah}leah}j + eahj a}ãwakaejoljhckeah}a+ gcolkeah}a lttl}ãwak+ eq}ãwak( watq Aejoljhckeah}a a}ãwak + ecmqtj+ ahgtah}c c

tacklmcma+ ockej(

Bqelkma + iah}lk+ gcolkeah}a ojhmqplmj+ mÿolk+cojejmcmj( watq Cat}lwj + citalwj+ ojeva}l}lwj+ }alejj(

_ÿdtlj + }col}qthj+ ìtlj( watq Ckaita + chlecmj+ ah}qlcecmj(Arvamlah}a + maojhlmatc taitc( watq Ojholaholjj + vatl}ah}a+ ejtckl}c+ itcwa(

]åelmj + ahåwak c ceacéc( watq Cwah}qtaltj + malhldlmj+ jolckeah}a c}ltcmj(

Ocdaéc gltec + ojhglc ae l eaej+ tackl}c( watq Ocdaéc hj ct + ahåwak+ mavahmah}a+ qvatvtj}ailmj(

Ojhglch}a + coal}c ojhmléña( watq Maojhglcmj + mlgåolk ma ahichct(

Vtã}loj + vtajoqvcéña ‛vì hj obïj―( watq Lecilhc}lwj + djàelj+ vatma%a ae mawchalj(

Gtchoj + mavta}ahljj+ iahqåhj+ ec watq C}q}j + vjklmj+ }ae vatoavéïj jolck(

27 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(4?=(29 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(4?1(



=3

jolckeah}a mac`al}cmj(

Cq}jojhglch}a + vtã}loj+ aiqtj+ ojevkcoah}a+atahj( watq

Cvtaahlwj + cq}j%tavtjwcmjt+ lhaiqtj+vtajoqvcmj+ vat}qtdcmj(

Ojhatwcmjt + taval}c lmìlc }tcmloljhcl+ojhatwcmjtlej ma }aevatceah}j( watq Arvatleah}cmjt + kldatck+ klwta%vahcmjt+tcmlocklej(

Mavahmah}a ma itqvj + qha%a cj itqvj+ qeglak aiqlmjt( watq Cq}j%qglolah}a + obalj ma taoqtj+ vtagata c

vtÿvtlc jvlhlña(

Cq}jojhgkl}j lhmlolvklhcmj + haikliah}a+ aiqa cvtÿvtlc wjh}cma+ hïj a vtajoqvc oje taitcjolcl(

watq Ojh}tjkcmj + arliah}a+ jolckeah}a vtaolj+ojevqklwj+ aiqa qc cq}j%leciae(

Takcrcmj + }tchsûlkj+ ae gtq}tcéña+ ojevj}jcvã}loj( watq ]ahj + gtq}tcmj+ mltlilmj+ a}tacmj(

Sqcmtj ?0 Mapaal gc}jta jq }tcéj ma gjh}a ma vatjhcklmcma lmah}lglocmj vjt Oc}}akk "_BA]B+EL]]CK+ HAYECH+ 4663+ v( 4?7, 22(

Aedjtc eql}c vasqlc sqa cwcklce j ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt oje

ahgjsqa hc qc vatjhcklmcma gjtce tacklpcmc+ j taqk}cmj makc hïj }àe }tcplmj

lhgjtecéña vtã}loc vctc j maahwjkwleah}j ma céña ma ectna}lhi2<( Cle+ ojej

cgltec EoOct}b| a Vattcqk} "3<<9+ v( 346,+ j vasqlcmjta vcctce c mct ecljt

ahgjsqa hj a}lkj ma wlmc sqa hc vatjhcklmcma mj ojhqelmjta(

C chãkla mj a}lkj ma wlmc+ jq chãkla vlojitãgloc+ dqoc lhwa}lict c

c}lwlmcma+ lh}ataa a jvlhlña+ lhokqlhmj cle wctlãwal vlojkÿiloc hc

vasqlc sqa }tcdckbce oje gc}jta vajcl a maejitãgloj <6 ( _cectc "4661+ v(

3?<, maotawa ojej qec }ah}c}lwc ma maotawat j ojhqelmjta oje dca ae

qc tavj}c a maokctcéña jdta wckjta+ lh}ataa a ejmcklmcma ma wlmc <3( C

cdjtmciae WCK_ "wckjta a a}lkj ma wlmc, maahwjkwlmc vakc aevtac ma vasqlc

_TL Lh}athcoljhck ì qec mc ecl q}lklpcmc a }ae vjt dca mqc mleahña0 c ma

jtlah}céña a c ma taoqtj(

22 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(4?7(2< EoOCT]B\+ VATTACQK]( Ectna}lhi Aaholck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<9+ v( 346(<6 ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2+ v( 394(<3 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(



=4

Gliqtc 40 J l}aec WCK_ 4+ mc _TL Lh}athc}ljhck+ ma okclglocéïj mj a}lkj ma wlmc awckjta mj ojhqelmjt( "_CECTC+ EJT_OB+ 4661+ v( 3=6,(<4

_cectc "4661+ v( 3?<, arvkloc sqa bã c jtlah}céïj vctc vtlhoåvlj "maolmae

vjt qe l}aec ma otahéc a hïj a vtajoqvce oje c jvlhlïj ckbalc ,> c jtlah}céïj

vctc }c}q "maolmae oje dca hc céña+ cvtjwcéïj a jvlhlña mj jq}tj ,+ a c

jtlah}céïj vctc céïj "sqa a ej}lwce vakj maa`j ma qec c}lwlmcma jolck jq gåloc+

vakc wctlamcma a cqhéïj ma tloj+ a ojevtce vtjmq}j vctc ocqct levco}j jdta

j eqhmj æ qc wjk}c ,<?( J gc}jt taoqtj ahwjkwa sqa}ña ojej c tahmc+ c

amqocéïj+ c cðma+ håwal ma ahatilc a wjh}cma ma ojevtct( Mac gjtec+ Icma

"3<<2+ v( 394,<= a _cectc "4661+ v( 3?<,<1 cvtaah}ce c okclglocéïj ma jl}j vatgl

vlojitãgloj0

․ _c}lgal}j0 ïj ecmqtj+ }tchsûlkj a tagkarlwj+ a lh}atace vjqoj

vjt leciae jq vta}åilj+ cvtaolce c vtc}lolmcma a c gqholjhcklmcma+

a}ïj c}lgal}j oje qc octtaltc a gceåklc a ïj ojhqelmjta colec

<4_CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0 ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(<? _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0

Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(<= ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2(<1 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(



=?

mc eìmlc ma vtjmq}j mj kct(

․ Otah}a0 ïj ojhatwcmjta a vtawlåwal+ ojhwaholjhcl a

ojevtjea}lmj oje c gceåklc+ lita`c+ ojeqhlmcma a hcéïj+ cotaml}ce

glakeah}a ae ectoc a}cdakaolmc+ }ae vjqoj a}qmj a tahmc a

vtjoqtce vaoblhobc(

․ Aga}lwcmjta0 vajc dae qoamlmc+ cvtaolce ct}lij glhj+ ïj

taoav}lwj c hjwj vtjmq}j+ }aohjkjilc+ lhjwcéïj a eqmchéc+ vctc

aka c leciae ì levjt}ch}a vjl tagka}a aq ij}j+ lhmavahmàholc a

vatjhcklmcma+ vtajoqvce%a oje sqa}ña jolcl a ïj

maojhglcmj ma vtjvcichmc(

․ Tacklpcmjta0 wckjtlpce c coahïj "hj }tcdckbj a hc octtaltc,+ j

}c}q sqj a c cq}jtlmcma+ ij}ce ma }at ojh}tjka jdta qc wlmc a

a cttloce vjqoj+ ïj klmata ma jvlhlïj(

․ Dc}ckbcmjta0 ïj vajc ma ealc%lmcma+ oje vjqoj a}qmj a

bcdlklmcma+ vtajoqvcéïj oje aiqtchéc+ cðma a haoalmcma

qtiah}a+ ïj glìl æ ectoc+ vtjoqtce klsqlmcéïj a q}lklpce oqvjh

ma maojh}j(

․ Agjtécmj0 ïj `jwah a dqoce j qoaj+ a vtajoqvce oje c

jvlhlïj mj jq}tj a dqoce cvtjwcéïj mj eqhmj cj aq tamjt+

vjqae vjqoc tahmc a }aevj+ ec q}lklpce j otìml}j vctc ic}ct+ a

ah}amlce gãolk a ojhjeae vtjmq}j sqa ictch}ae c}lgcéïj tãvlmc(

․ Arvatleah}cmjta0 ïj `jwah+ levqklwj a ah}qlc}c+ vtc}loce

avjt}a a a ahic`ce ae c}lwlmcma jolcl+ ij}ce ma wctlamcma a

arol}céïj(

․ Gcpamjta0 ïj vajc vtã}loc+ ij}ce ma ojh}tqlt a gcpat ojlc+



==

wckjtlpce c cq}j%qglolàholc a wlwae hqe ojh}ar}j }tcmloljhck ma

gceåklc+ hïj a levtaljhce oje j kqrj(

4(4(4(? Vtjoaj vlojkÿiloj

Ojej wl}j hj ejmakj jdta j ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt ma _ba}b+

El}}ck a Hayech "4663+ v( ?47,+ j vtjoaj ma maolïj ma ojevtc a lhlolc oje c

ah}tcmc ma lhgjtecéña ar}athc+ aiqlmc ma qec ìtla ma vtjoaj eah}cl sqa

jojttae hc eah}a mj ojhqelmjt+ a+ vjt gle+ taqk}c hc c}l}qma ma ojevtc jq

taàléïj mc ojevtc( J gjoj ma chãkla ha}a ejeah}j ïj }cl vtjoaj(

J vtjoaj ma ojhqej jojtta vakc arl}àholc ma haoalmcma mj

ojhqelmjta( C ej}lwcéïj ì c gjtéc ej}tlp ma }jmj ojevjt}ceah}j bqechj a c

haoalmcma ïj c gjtéc dãloc sqa ej}lwce qec vajc c cilt<7( _cectc

"4661+ v( 364, arvkloc sqa

vctc c}lgcpat qc haoalmcma jq c}lhilt qc ea}c+ }jmj lhmlwlmqj ì jtlah}cmj vjt qec gjtéc ahatiì}loc lh}athc0 c ej}lwcéïj bqechc(Tavjhãwak vakc lh}ahlmcma+ mltaéïj a vatl}àholc mj agjtéj ma qec vajc vctc ckochéct ma}atelhcmc ea}c+ c ej}lwcéïj ì qec gjtéc wctlãwak a mlhäeloc sqa taqk}c mc qc lh}atcéïj oje c l}qcéïj( "_CECTC aEJT_OB+ 4661+ v( 364,<9

J lhmlwåmqj vjmae }at wãtlc haoalmcma cj kjhij ma qc wlmc+ lhokqlwa

vjmae }at wãtlc haoalmcma cj eaej }aevj( Akc vjmae at ma oqhbj

dljiàhloj "haoalmcma glljkÿiloc+ aaholcl vctc c echq}ahéïj mc wlmc, jq

vlojiàhloj "haoalmcma cvtahmlmc hc jolcklpcéïj+ oje jdà}lwj ma a lhatlt hc

jolamcma+ jd}at }c}q a taojhbaoleah}j,( ]cedìe vjmae at okclglocmc ae

q}lkl}ãtlc "ojhqelmjta mïj àhgca cj c}tldq}j gåloj+ jdà}lwj a }chiåwal mj

vtjmq}j, jq bamýhloc "j c}tldq}j qdà}lwj+ c ahcéña a c arvatlàholc mj

<7 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(<9 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(



=1

ojhqej ïj cwcklcmj,<2( Eckjy cvtaah}c olhoj aockc ma haoalmcma+ ae

sqa dqoc mj vtÿrlej håwak ma haoalmcma ÿ jojtta sqchmj j håwak ch}atljt `ã gjl

c}lgal}j+ ahmj aka0 haoalmcma glljkÿiloc "gjea+ ama+ ct+ cdtlij+ arj,+

haoalmcma ma aiqtchéc "vtj}aéïj+ jtmae+ a}cdlklmcma+ oat}apc+ ojh}tjka jdta

c wlmc+ cðma,+ haoalmcma jolcl "cgaléïj a lh}aitcéïj+ ah}leah}j ma vat}ahéc+

coal}céïj+ cglklcéïj+ cga}j a takcoljhceah}j,+ haoalmcma ma a}lec

"taojhbaoleah}j+ }c}q a vta}åilj, a haoalmcma ma cq}j%tacklpcéïj

"maahwjkwleah}j a tacklpcéïj vtÿvtlj,<<(

J ojhqelmjta ïj djedctmacmj mlctlceah}a oje elkbcta ma

lhgjtecéña+ a`ce ae gjtec ma ojeatolcl }akawllwj+ jq}mjjt + aedckciah ma

vtjmq}j+ hjea ma ectoc jq vtaéj( C tavj}c c a}a a}åeqkj mavahma ma

ojej c lhgjtecéña ïj vtjoacmc vjt ocmc lhmlwåmqj( _aiqhmj Ahiak+

Dkconyakk a Elhlctm "3<<6+ v( ?7?,+ j vtjoaceah}j ma lhgjtecéña a tagata cj

vtjoaj ma taoavéïj ma a}åeqkj+ lh}atvta}céïj+ ctecpahceah}j hc eaeÿtlc a

vj}atljt taoqvatcéïj366( Icma "3<<2+ v( 4<, arvkloc sqa cj gle ma}c a}cvc+

obaic%a æ vatoavéïj363(

C vatoavéïj lhokql c ahcéña a aq lihlglocmj+ ojhjklmcmj c vct}lt

ma vtjoaj vatoav}lwj sqa ojh`qice ojevjhah}a ahjtlcl ar}athj oje

ojevjhah}a lihlgloc}lwj lh}athj

364

( Aa vtjoaj a lhlolc oje c arvjléïj cmlwatj a}åeqkj( C arvjléïj ì ojhlmatcmc aka}lwc qec wap sqa mj lhðeatj

a}åeqkj cj sqcl j lhmlwåmqj a}ïj arvj}j+ cvahc ckiqh ltïj tackeah}a at

<2 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( 36?(<< _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+ v(?42( a _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïjVcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( 36?(366 AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6(363 ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2(364 ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2+ v( 4<(



=7

vatoadlmj vjt aka+ a`c vakc lh}ahlmcma mj a}åeqkj+ mc klelhctlmcma ma vatoavéïj

mj ojhqelmjt jq vakc levka lhc}lwcéïj mj ocevj ahjtlcl "wlïj+ }c}j+

cqmléïj+ jkgc}j+ iq}céïj,(

J vcj aiqlh}a ì j ma kawct c lhgjtecéña ojka}cmc vctc atae

vtjoacmc hj oìtadtj+ a}c a}cvc ì mahjelhcmc c}ahéïj aka}lwc( _qc

aka}lwlmcma jojtta ae gqhéïj mj vtÿvtlj lh}lh}j ma jdtawlwàholc0 j lhmlwåmqj gjoc

qc c}ahéïj ae a}åeqkj aojkblmj ah}ta jq}tj( C aka}lwlmcma+ aiqhmj Icma

"3<<2+ v( ?4,+ vjma jojttat vjt haoalmcma "sqchmj j lhmlwåmqj a}ã oje gjea+

}ahma c jdatwct ecl j a}åeqkj sqa taea}ae c ckleah}j,+ vjt magac

vlojkÿiloc "sqchmj j a}åeqkj wïj ma ahojh}tj oje wckjta mj lhmlwåmqj+ a}a

vcc c haiã%kj jq c taoqã%kj+ glochmj eahj vatoadlmj,+ vjt wlilkäholc

vatoav}qck "sqchmj+ cj ojh}tãtlj mj ch}atljt+ j akaeah}j ma a}åeqkj tavtaah}ce

wckjta levjt}ch}a vctc j ojhqelmjt, a+ vjt gle+ vjt ojhl}àholc ojihl}lwc

"sqchmj j lhmlwåmqj ahojh}tc lhgjtecéïj mlotavch}a mcsqakc sqa ojevñae qc

a}tq}qtc ojihl}lwc+ taoqchmj%a c vta}ct c}ahéïj ae }cl a}åeqkj,36?(

C lh}atvta}céïj mlp taval}j æ maojmlglocéïj a c}tldqléïj ma lihlglocmj cj

a}åeqkj vatoadlmj( Ha}c a}cvc+ j lhmlwåmqj dqoc jtichlpct j akaeah}j ar}athj

oje csqaka `ã clelkcmj ch}atljteah}a+ a`c vtjoqtchmj lelkctlmcma+

vtjrlelmcma jq ojh}lhqlmcma( ]cedìe bã c oc}aijtlpcéïj+ jq a`c+ c ma}atelhcéïjma vcmtña a oc}aijtlc+ citaichmj j hjwj lihlglocmj cj vtaarl}ah}a+

vjmahmj lhokqlwa ejmlgloct a}a ðk}lej+ a+ bã }cedìe c lhgatàholc( Lhgatlt levkloc

c gjtecéïj ma otahéc c vct}lt ma octco}atå}loc mj a}åeqkj a mj ojh}ar}j

l}qcoljhck sqa kawce j ojhqelmjt c c}tldqlt+ vjt araevkj+ sqcklmcma cj vtjmq}j 36= (

C lh}atvta}céïj mj wãtlj a}åeqkj vjma kawct j ojhqelmjt c mamqplt

36? ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2(36= ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2+ v( =7(



=9

octco}atå}loc mj vtjmq}j ojej mqtcdlklmcma+ ojhglchéc a sqcklmcma(

C a}cvc glhck+ ma ta}ahéïj+ mlp taval}j æ }tchgatàholc mc lhgjtecéïj vctc c

eaeÿtlc ma kjhij vtcpj( Ahiak+ Dkconyakk a Elhlctm "3<<6+ v( ?<4, tack}ce sqa c

ojevtaahïj ma ojej c lhgjtecéña a }tchgjtece ae eaeÿtlc ma kjhij vtcpj

ì gal}c c}tcwì mj a}qmj mj cvtahmlpcmj361(

J ojevjt}ceah}j ma ojhqej ì qe ojevjt}ceah}j cvtahmlmj+ cgltece

Ahiak+ Dkconyakk a Elhlctm "3<<6+ v( ?<7,0 ]ba }c}a+ wckqa+ daklag+ vtagatahoa+

chm bcdl} }bc} }tjhik| lhgkqahoa ojhqeat“ bjvvlhi+ vqtobca+ chm ojhqev}ljh

dabcwljt cta }ba taqk} jg vtljt kacthlhi 367 ( _aiqhmj j eaej cq}jta+ j

cvtahmlpcmj ì qe vtjoaj ae sqa c arvatlàholc kawc æ eqmchéc hj

ojhbaoleah}j+ c}l}qma a*jq ojevjt}ceah}j+ jq+ ojej cgltec _ba}b+ El}}ck a

Hayech "4663+ v( 4<9,+ j cvtahmlpcmj ì qec eqmchéc hj ojh}aðmj mc eaeÿtlc ma

kjhic mqtcéïj 369 ( Ac vjåwal eqmchéc ma ojevjt}ceah}j a c}l}qma ïj

levjt}ch}a+ vjl jtlah}ce c vj}aholcl csqlléña gq}qtc mj ojhqelmjt(

J cvtahmlpcmj vjma at arvklocmj vjt wãtlc }ajtlc+ a}a a}qmj ojhoah}tct%

a%ã ae mqc0 c dabcwljtl}c a c ojihl}lwc( C }ajtlc dabcwljtl}c a dcalc hc

vtaelc ma sqa j ojhqelmjt vtjoac a}åeqkj a cia+ jojttahmj ae aiqlmc qe

tagjtéj+ a a}a gjt vjl}lwj+ j ojevjt}ceah}j }ahma c at tava}lmj ae l}qcéña

lelkcta> a a}a gjt haic}lwj+ j ojevjt}ceah}j }ahma c a ar}lhiqlt( Ha}a ocj+ jmaaevahbj mj vtjmq}j+ c c}lgcéïj oje j ojhqej a arvatlàholc vjmae at

tagjtéj vjl}lwj jq haic}lwj vctc qec gq}qtc csqlléïj( Jq}tj ejmj ma tava}lt qe

ojevjt}ceah}j ì c}tcwì mj ojhmloljhceah}j+ ae sqa a cjolce mjl a}åeqkj

361 AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6(367 AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am( Jtkchmj"AQC,0

]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6( "}tcmqéïj mc cq}jtc0 J ij}j+ wckjta+ otahéc+ vtagatàholc a bãdl}jsqa lhgkqaholce gjt}aeah}a j ojevjt}ceah}j ma ojhqej a ojevtc ïj taqk}cmj ma cvtahmlpcmjvtleãtlj,(369 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(



=2

vakc cvctléïj ojh}ch}a maka ae vcta+ ojej hj ocj ma vtjvcichmc ma

tagtliatch}a sqa cjolce aq ojhqej cj ojhqej ma vlppc ‟ sqchmj j

ojhqelmjt jklol}ct qec vlppc+ vjmatã vahct hj tagtliatch}a a ojhqel%kj(

C }ajtlc ojihl}lwc ahgc}lpc c levjt}äholc mj vtjoaj eah}cl lh}athj hj

vtjoaceah}j mc lhgjtecéïj+ lhojtvjtchmj c}l}qma+ otahéc a arvatlàholc

vccmc362( C cvtahmlpciae ojihl}lwc vjma jojttat vakc jkqéïj ma vtjdkaec+

eaeÿtlc a cjolcéïj( Hc jkqéïj ma vtjdkaec+ j lhmlwåmqj citqvc mlwatc vct}a

ma lhgjtecéña a gcp qec chãkla tcoljhck mj mcmj "vjhmatchmj%c+ maojh}chmj

ckiqh cvao}j+ ojedlhchmj a lh}aitchmj gtcieah}j mlwatiah}a ma

lhgjtecéïj 36< , c gle ma ckochéct qec jkqéïj336(

C eaeÿtlc a tagata cj ctecpahceah}j+ ahjtlck+ ma oqt}j jq kjhij vtcpj+

mc lhgjtecéña vtjoacmc( C ta}ahéïj hc eaeÿtlc ma kjhij vtcpj vatel}a sqa j

lhmlwåmqj takcoljha lihlglocmj hjwj oje ch}lij333( Qe ealj ma ctecpahct mcmj

hc eaeÿtlc ma kjhij vtcpj ì vakc eaejtlpcéïj eaoähloc ae sqa a gcp qe

agjtéj gåloj "tava}lt qe hðeatj c}ì hïj asqaoat ecl, jq arvjléïj tava}lmc c

qe a}åeqkj "jqwlt qe `lhika wãtlc wapa,334(

Vjt gle+ c cjolcéïj jq ejkmciae jojtta sqchmj c vajc cvtahmae cj

jdatwctae jq}tc+ a`ce vajc ecl wakbc jq åmjkj( Cj watae j

ojevjt}ceah}j ma jq}tc vajc a watae sqa a}c ïj taojevahcmc+ cvajc cocdce lel}chmj%c c gle ma taoadat c eaec taojevahc33?( _cectc

362 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïjVcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( 333(36< _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+v( 4<2(336 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïjVcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( 333(333 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj

Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661+ v( 334(334 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+v( 4<2(33? _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663+



=<

"4661+ v( 33?, takaedtc sqa c ejmakciae gcp tagatàholc mlta}c c lhgkqaholc mj

itqvj ‟ gcelklcta+ celij+ oakadtlmcma33=(

Vctc ojevtaahmat vjt ojevka}j j vtjoaj ma maolïj ma ojhqej+ ì

vtaolj chcklct j vcvak mc c}l}qma ha}a ojh}ar}j( C}l}qma ïj vtamlvjléïj ma

tavj}c c qe a}åeqkj ma gjtec ojhl}ah}aeah}a gcwjtãwak jq magcwjtãwak(

_ba}b+ El}}ck a Hayech "4663+ v( ?79, ahgc}lpce ckiqh cvao}j maa ojhoal}j0

c}l}qma ïj cvtahmlmc+ ïj dcacmc ae arvatlàholc vccmc> ‛talmae― hc

eah}a> akc vtaoamae a vtjmqpae j ojevjt}ceah}j331( C c}l}qma ì j ejmj ojej

qe jd`a}j+ vajc+ lmìlc+ ectoc jq vtjmq}j ì cwcklcmj+ ocj a}c cwcklcéïj a`c

vjl}lwc+ ì vtjwãwak sqa hqec l}qcéïj gq}qtc+ a}a vtjmq}j vjc at cmsqltlmj jq

qec lmìlc vjc at cmj}cmc(

_cectc "4661+ v( 332, arvkloc sqa c c}l}qma taqk}ce ma }tà

ojevjhah}a0 j ojihl}lwj "cdamjtlc jq otahéc,+ j cga}lwj "ah}leah}j a aejéña,

a j ojhc}lwj "lh}ahéïj ma cilt,( Ojej ïj lh}at%takcoljhcmc+ hïj ì vjåwak cgltect

sqa qe ojevjhah}a wcl jojttat aevta ch}a ma jq}tj( C mlwatc gjh}a ma

lhgkqàholc chcklcmc c}ì ah}ïj cga}ce c gjtecéïj ma c}l}qma0 c arvjléïj c

lhgjtecéña+ j vtjoaceah}j ma lhgjtecéña+ j itqvj+ j ojh}ar}j joljoqk}qtck(

C cq}jtc cotaoah}c clhmc sqa+ aedjtc c c}l}qma a`ce vtamlvjléña

ahtclpcmc+ sqa vjma bcwat qec eqmchéc ma c}l}qma+ a`c ma wckàholc+ar}taelmcma a ojhglchéc337(

Jdatwc%a sqa j ojhqelmjt taoada wãtlc lhgjtecéña hj vtjoaj ma

ojevtc a sqa jgta wãtlc lhgkqàholc cj kjhij mj vtjoaceah}j a maolïj( Vjt gle+

v( ?6?(33= _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïj

Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(331 _BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 4663(337 _CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0ojhoal}j a ocj( _ïjVcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(



16

}jmc arvatlàholc coqeqkcmc+ j kcéj cga}lwj a}cdakaolmj a j c}j ma ojhqelt

ej}lwcmj vjt qec haoalmcma kawce c c}l}qma+ sqa iatckeah}a ïj ojh}ch}a a

tagka}ae c cwcklcéña mj ojhqelmjt( Ocda tack}ct sqa+ aedjtc ojh}ch}a+ c

maolña ma ojevtc vjmae hïj ojhmlpat oje c c}l}qma mj ojhqelmjt+ ae gqhéïj

ma wctlãwal l}qcoljhcl(



13

? C OCOBCÉC CT]A_CHCK

Ocobcéc ì c mahjelhcéïj arokqlwc mc ciqctmah}a ma ochc vtjmqplmc hj

Dtclk+ oje }ajt ckojÿkloj ah}ta ?2¶ IK a =2¶ IK( C ciqctmah}a ma ochc vjma }at

itcq ckojÿkloj ah}ta ?2¶ IK a 1=¶ IK+ ec colec ma =2¶ IK hïj vjma at

mahjelhcmc ocobcéc339(

C ochlhbc lhmq}tlck vjql }ajt ckojÿkloj ah}ta ?2¶ IK a 1=¶ IK+ æ

}aevatc}qtc ma 46¶ O+ jd}lmc mc ma}lkcéïj levka mc ochc%ma%céðoct+ ae ojkqhc

ojh}åhqc+ oje }ajt ckojÿkloj ojttlilmj vakc mlkqléïj ma ãiqc a cmléïj ma cmjéch}a a

ojtch}a(

@ã c ocobcéc ct}achck ma ckcedlsqa ì jd}lmc vakc ma}lkcéïj mj ej}j

gateah}cmj ma ochc%ma%céðoct+ ae ckcedlsqa ma ojdta+ ae cmléïj ma céðoct+

ojtch}a jq jq}tj lhitamlah}a sqcksqat332(

J hjea mc dadlmc wae mj }atej ocicéc + ojej atc obcecmj j ockmj

gateah}cmj mc ochc> jq ma aq lelkct ae avchbjk+ ocobcpc 33< (

Ciqctmah}a ma ochc+ ochlhbc jq ocobcéc+ aiqhmj c kal dtclkaltc346 ì ‛c

dadlmc oje itcmcéïj ckojÿkloc ma ?2! c 1=! w*w æ }aevatc}qtc ma 46¶O jd}lmc mj

ma}lkcmj ckojÿkloj levka ma ochc%ma%céðoct+ jq clhmc+ vakc ma}lkcéïj mj ej}j

gateah}cmj ma ochc%ma%céðoct+ vjmahmj at cmloljhcmj ma céðocta c}ì 7i*kl}tj―(

?(3 Bl}ÿtloj

Ojej ojh}ce Eclc a Ocevakj "4661,+ c jtliae mc ocobcéc dtclkaltc

339 ECLC+ C(D(T( ma C(> OCEVAKJ+ A(C(V( ]aohjkjilc mc ocobcéc ma ckcedlsqa( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0_ADTCA%EI*_LHMDADLMC_+ 4661(332 IJEA_+ Y( J( J Vatglk mc Ocobcéc( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0 _adtca%EI+ 466=(33< ECLC+ C(D(T( ma C(> OCEVAKJ+ A(C(V( ]aohjkjilc mc ocobcéc ma ckcedlsqa( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0

_ADTCA%EI*_LHMDADLMC_+ 4661( (346 DTC_LK( Maota}j h°( 4(?3=+ ma = ma a}aedtj ma 3<<9( Taiqkceah}c c Kal h° 2(<32+ ma 3= ma `qkbj ma 3<<=+ sqa mlvña jdta c vcmtjhlpcéïj+ c okclglocéïj+ j tail}tj+ c lhvaéïj+ c vtjmqéïj ac glocklpcéïj ma dadlmc(



14

taejh}c cj lhåolj mj vtjoaj ma ojkjhlpcéïj mj Dtclk vakj vjt}qiqaa( Clhmc hj

ìoqkj OWL+ c oqk}qtc mc ochc gjl lh}tjmqplmc vjt Ect}le Cgjhj ma _jqpc hc

Ocvl}chlc ma _ïj Wloah}a "bj`a _ïj Vcqkj+ 31?4,+ vjt Mqct}a Ojakbj+ hc Ocvl}chlc

ma Vathcedqoj "31?1, a vjt Vatj ma Iÿa+ hc Ocvl}chlc mc Vctcådc mj _qk

"Ocevj mj Ijl}coca ‟ T@+ 31=6,( C vtlhoåvlj+ j vjt}qiqaa }ah}ctce q}lklpct c

vjvqkcéïj hc}lwc "åhmlj, hj }tcdckbj dtcéck( Ojej hïj jd}lwatce qoaj+

maolmltce taojttat æ eïj%ma%jdtc cgtlochc+ `ã q}lklpcmc ae jq}tc ojkýhlc aqtjvìlc(

Leahj ojh}lhiah}a ma cgtlochj gjtce }tcplmj vctc j Dtclk( J céðoct vtjmqplmj

vjt aotcwj hj ‛ahiahbj― gjl c dca mc aojhjelc a mj ojeìtolj lh}athcoljhck

dtclkaltj vjt eql}j }aevj+ octco}atlpchmj qe mj olokj ma maahwjkwleah}j mj

Vcå0 j olokj mc ochc%ma%céðoct( J aotcwj jgtlce ecq }tc}j+ oqevtlce

`jthcmc ma }tcdckbj ma 34 c 37 bjtc mlãtlc+ ejtcwce hc ahpckc+ a jdtawlwlce

ctmqceah}a343(

Haa ojh}ar}j+ vtlealtj qtilq j wlhbj mc ochc a+ kjij mavjl+ c ocobcéc(

J ockmj ma ochc sqa ‛cpamcwc― "wlhbj mc ochc, hïj atwlc vctc c vtjmqéïj ma

céðoct a atc malrcmj hj ojobj vctc j ojhqej mj chlecl( Arckcwc qe ctjec

gtq}cmj+ sqa ciqéjq c oqtljlmcma mj aotcwj( Kjij+ vatoadatce sqa cj ctjec a

cjolcwc qe cdjt a}åkloj a qe agal}j aedtlcicmjt sqa c`qmcwce c asqaoat+ vjt

ejeah}j+ c hj}ckilc a c ojhmléña qdqechc ae sqa wlwlce( A}leqkcmj ma}ck gjtec+ kjij cvtahmatce+ q}lklpchmj j dcttj+ c vtjmqplt ckcedlsqa a vj}a vctc j

ctecpahceah}j mj ma}lkcmj( _qtilq+ cle+ c ocobcéc(

Oje j }aevj+ c ocobcéc clq mc ahpckc a vcjq c at ojhqelmc hc

occ itchma+ }jthchmj%a qec dadlmc ojeqe a levjt}ch}a hj Dtclk Ojkýhlc+ hïj

cvahc hc maiq}céïj+ ec }cedìe vakj aq vcvak aojhýeloj+ qec wap sqa

343 ECLC+ C(D(T( ma C(> OCEVAKJ+ A(C(V( ]aohjkjilc mc ocobcéc ma ckcedlsqa( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0_ADTCA%EI*_LHMDADLMC_+ 4661(



1?

vcjq c a}ct vtaah}a }cedìe hc occ vjt}qiqac(

C tacéïj mc Ojtjc oqkelhjq oje c vtjldléïj mc wahmc ma ocobcéc+ ae

37?1+ ae mlwatj kjocl+ ojej vjt araevkj+ hc Dcblc a ae Elhc Iatcl( Hj chj

aiqlh}a+ }ah}jq%a c}ì levamlt c gcdtlocéïj mc dadlmc344( C}qckeah}a+ c ocobcéc

ichbc vct}lolvcéïj ae dcta a ta}cqtch}a mj vcå+ qvatchmj cj vjqoj c gcec

ma dadlmc vjqoj hjdta( Cj eaej }aevj+ j arliah}a eatocmj lh}athcoljhck wae a

tahmahmj c a}c dadlmc dtclkaltc(

?(4 Eatocmj ma ocobcéc

C vtjmqéïj dtclkaltc ma ocobcéc "jglolck, ì ma 3+7 dlkbña ma kl}tj*chj(

Mcmj+ vjtìe+ a}lece sqa c vtjmqéïj tack atlc j mjdtj mc jglolck+ oatoc ma ?+6

dlkbña ma kl}tj*chj( _ïj Vcqkj ì j vtlholvck a}cmj vtjmq}jt "16! mc vtjmqéïj

hcoljhck, a Elhc Iatcl ì j aiqhmj ecljt vtjmq}jt "3=!,34?

( Elhc Iatcl aoctco}atlpc vakc vtjmqéïj ma ocobcéc ct}achck+ ojh}c oje 2(=77 vtjmq}jta a qec

vtjmqéïj ma 326 elkbña ma kl}tj*cgtc oje 21! maka æ ectiae mc kal34=(

A}lec}lwc ej}tce sqa arl}ae hj Dtclk ah}ta ?6 c =6 elk vtjmq}jta ma ocobcéc

oje ecl ma 1 elk ectoc+ iatchmj cvtjrlecmceah}a =66 elk aevtaij mlta}j a

lhmlta}j+ ae sqa oatoc ma ?6! mc vtjmqéïj a`c lhgjteck341(

C arvjt}céïj dtclkaltc ma ocobcéc clhmc ì eql}j vasqahc+ oatoc ma 33

elkbña ma kl}tj*chj+ }ahmj ojej ea}c vctc 4636 c arvjt}céïj ma+ hj eåhlej+ =4

elkbña ma kl}tj*chj347( C ocobcéc `ã ì ojhqelmc ae ecl ma 96 vcåa+ oje

ma}csqa vctc Vctciqcl+ Ckaechbc+ Oblka+ Lhikc}attc+ A}cmj Qhlmj+ Bjkchmc+

344 IQLC JGLOLCK MC OCOBCÉC( Chqãtlj Dtclk 4661( _cdctã0 Gjkbc ma _cdctã+ 4661+ v(33(34? OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+ 4667+ v( 4<(34= _ADTCA( Mlcihÿ}loj mc ocobcéc ma Elhc Iatcl( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a+ `qk( 4663+ v( <(341 OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+ 4667 cvqmVDMCO+ 3<<9+ v( =36(347 OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+ 4667+ v( 4<(



1=

Dìkiloc+ L}ãklc a @cvïj349(

_aiqhmj mcmj mc Cjolcéïj Dtclkaltc ma Dadlmc "CDTCDA,+ hj chj ma

3<96+ c eìmlc chqck ma ojhqej ma ocobcéc vjt bcdl}ch}a hj Dtclk atc ma =+=3

kl}tj( Ae 3<21+ `ã atce ojhqelmj+ ae eìmlc 2+94 kl}tj a+ taoah}aeah}a+ `ã

ckochéc c ectoc ma 33 kl}tj vjt bcdl}ch}a342(

C ocobcéc ì c aiqhmc dadlmc ecl ojhqelmc hj vcå+ vatmahmj cvahc

vctc c oatwa`c( Ah}ta c dadlmc ma}lkcmc+ ma}ìe vtagatàholc cdjkq}c ah}ta j

dtclkaltj( _aq ojhqej ì sqca 1 wapa ecljt mj sqa mj ybln| "?=2 elkbña ma

kl}tj, a mc wjmoc "496 elkbña ma kl}tj,34<(

Sqch}j æ ojhojttàholc ma eatocmj+ vjma%a mlpat sqa j vtjmq}jta

ahgtah}ce qe eatocmj c}cocml}c lh}atacmj hc qc vtjmqéïj+ sqa ì gjtecmj hc

qc ecljtlc vjt qlhc ma céðoct+ ma}lkctlc ma ãkojjk+ ma}lkctlc ma ciqctmah}a a

ckcedlsqa+ a }jecmj ojej araevkj j a}jt ma ochc%ma%céðoct( Aa ì qe

eatocmj octco}atlpcmj vjt qec ojhojttàholc jklijvýhloc+ `ã sqa arl}ae vjqoj

ojevtcmjta vctc qec itchma sqch}lmcma ma ochc%ma%céðoct vtjmqplmc( J

vtjmq}jta ïj c ecljtlc a+ vjt lj+ eaej sqa hïj ojhaiqae lhgkqaholct j

eatocmj ml}chmj vtaéj+ clhmc sqa a}a`ce taqhlmj ae cjolcéña(

?(? Ocmalc vtjmq}lwc mc ocobcécHj ocj mc ocobcéc+ j vtjoaj lhlolc%a oje c vtjmqéïj ma ochc%ma%

céðoct+ sqa ì wahmlmc mlta}ceah}a æ aevtac vtjoacmjtc+ jq a`c+ æ qlhc+

ma}lkctlc jq ckcedlsqa( J vtjmq}jta wahmae qc vtjmqéïj lhmlwlmqckeah}a jq

taqhlmj ae cjolcéña(

349 IQLC JGLOLCK MC OCOBCÉC( Chqãtlj Dtclk 4661( _cdctã0 Gjkbc ma _cdctã+ 4661+ v(39(342 IQLC JGLOLCK MC OCOBCÉC( Chqãtlj Dtclk 4661( _cdctã0 Gjkbc ma _cdctã+ 4661+ v( 39(34< IJEA_+ Y( J( J Vatglk mc Ocobcéc( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0 _adtca%EI+ 466=(



11

C itchma qlhc q}lklpce c ochc%ma%céðoct vctc vtjmqéïj ma céðoct a mj

ãkojjk ojedq}åwak chlmtj a blmtc}cmj( @ã c ma}lkctlc+ c q}lklpce vctc vtjmqplt

ãkojjk jq ciqctmah}a ae itchma aockc( A j ckcedlsqa sqa ïj vasqahc

ma}lkctlc+ q}lklpce c ochc%ma%céðoct vctc vtjmqplt arokqlwceah}a c ocobcéc3?6(

Gliqtc ?0 Ocmalc vtjmq}lwc mc ocobcéc "OCTMJ_J+ 4667,

Hj a}jt ma vtjoaceah}j ma ocobcéc+ watlgloc%a sqa c aevtac a

mlgataholce ae takcéïj æ sqch}lmcma ma wjkqea vtjoacmj+ æ }aohjkjilc q}lklpcmc

vcmtña ma sqcklmcma a vtlholvckeah}a hj kqotj jd}lmj( C ma}lkctlc sqa

vtjmqpae ocobcéc+ aiqhmj Octmjj "4667+ v( =6<,+ ojeatolcklpce qc vtjmqéïj+

ae itchma vct}a+ wahmahmj vctc c aevtac vcmtjhlpcmjtc jq

a}chmctmlpcmjtc+ sqa vcmtjhlpce a ahicttcgce j vtjmq}j eamlch}a vtjoaj

lhmq}tlck( Akc cmsqltae c ocobcéc oje ck}j }ajt ma ãkojjk+ mlkqae ae ãiqc+ glk}tce

a cmjéce oje rctjva ma céðoct a ahwcpce j vtjmq}j( Hj ocj mj ckcedlsqa+ c

3?6 OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+ 4667+ v( =6<(



17

ocobcéc vtjmqplmc vjt aka vjma at ahwcpcmc vakc vtÿvtlc aevtac ma gjtec

ct}achck+ hïj cq}jec}lpcmc3?3(

J ckcedlsqa+ ae iatck+ a}ïj lh}ckcmj ae vasqahc a eìmlc

vtjvtlamcma sqa hïj }àe c ochc%ma%céðoct ojej c}lwlmcma vtlholvck a a mamloce

æ vtjmqéïj ma ocobcéc+ ae qc ecljtlc+ ma qec gjtec dc}ch}a ct}achck( Hc

ecljtlc mc wapa+ vtjmqpae c vtÿvtlc ec}ìtlc%vtlec+ hïj ahojh}tchmj vtjdkaec

ma cdc}aoleah}j+ c hïj at sqchmj cqeah}ce c aockc ma vtjmqéïj( J

vtjdkaec ahgtah}cmj a}ïj0

․ Hc levkaeah}céïj ma qe l}aec ma sqcklmcma mj vtjoaceah}j>

․ Q}lklpcéïj ma }aohjkjilc cmasqcmc>

․ Ocv}céïj ma taoqtj glhchoaltj "hïj vjqae taoqtj vtÿvtlj+ vjl a

}tc}c ma citloqk}qtc gcelklct a ae taoqtj mj ijwathj, ‟ ej}lwj sqa gcp

oje sqa eql}j vtjmq}jta vatechaéce hc ectilhcklmcma>

․ C lhgjtecklmcma gcp oje sqa ojeatolcklpae ae cq}jtlpcéïj+ kawchmj c

qec vtaïj vctc coal}ctae j vtaéj ma sqae maa`c ojevtct>

․ Sqchmj kaicklpcmj+ j ckcedlsqa jgtae c ojhojttàholc makack oje j

lhgjtecl(

C mlaelhcéïj mj ojhoal}j ma citloqk}qtc jtiähloc+ ae citj}ÿrloj a

gat}lklpch}a sqåeloj kawjq vtjmq}jta ma ocobcéc c cmj}ctae c eaec glkjjglc( Hj

glhck mc mìocmc ma 3<<6+ qtiltce c vtlealtc lhlolc}lwc+ aedjtc oje tal}àholc

mj a}jt( C jd}ahéïj mc oat}lglocéïj ma vtjmq}j jtiähloj arlia qec ìtla ma

oqlmcmj sqa+ hj ocj mc ocobcéc+ levkloce aevtaahmat j oqk}lwj jtiähloj mj

ochcwlcl ae jkj ahtlsqaolmj oje cmqdj taqk}ch}a mc el}qtc mj dcicéj mc ochc

a ma jq}tj akaeah}j hc}qtcl ae ojevj}ciae+ ah}ta jq}tj( Ahsqch}j c dadlmc c

3?3 OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+ 4667(



19

itchak wcka ae eìmlc 46 oah}cwj ma mÿkct j kl}tj hj eatocmj lh}athcoljhck+ qec

icttcgc ma ocobcéc jtiähloc oq}c oatoc ma < aqtj ae vcåa mc Aqtjvc+ jq ecl

ma T- ?6+663?4

(

?(= Ojevj}j ma ectna}lhi mc ocobcéc

C ocobcéc ì qe dae hïj%mqtãwak+ vjma at ojhlmatcmc dae ma

ojhwahlàholc+ ma ojevtc ojevctcmc jq ma avaolcklmcma+ mavahmahmj mj aq

vjloljhceah}j( Ma echaltc iatck+ c ocobcéc lhmq}tlck ì qe dae ma ojhwahlàholc a

c ocobcéc ct}achck ì qe dae ma ojevtc ojevctcmc( C ocobcéc ct}achck vjql

qe vtaéj ecl akawcmj+ qc ml}tldqléïj ì ecl aka}lwc a vjqae sqcklmcma ma

cdjt mlgataholcmc(

C ocobcéc ct}achck cvtaah}c wctlcéña ae cdjt+ mavahmahmj mj }lvj ma

ochc+ mj }lvj ma vtjoaj ma vtjmqéïj+ mj }lvj ma ecmaltc a }aevj ma

ctecpahciae( Mac gjtec+ ì vjåwak sqa vasqahj vtjmq}jta vjqce ecl ma

qe }lvj ma ocobcéc c jgataoat( Bã }cedìe jq}tj vtjmq}j sqa ojevñae c gceåklc

ma vtjmq}j ojej vjt araevkj iakc}lhc ma ocobcéc+ klojt ma ocobcéc a jq}tj(

C aedckciah mc ocobcéc ct}achck vjmae at tð}loc ‟ icttcgc ma wlmtj

taq}lklpãwal jq ma vkã}loj ‟ jq ma jq}tj ec}atlcl }tcdckbcmj+ ojej c oatäeloc jq

wlmtj ae gjtec}j vatjhcklpcmj( A}c ðk}lec ïj ojeatolcklpcmc c vtaéj ecl

akawcmj(

Sqch}j cj lhwa}leah}j ae ectoc a ojeqhlocéïj+ a}a hïj ïj eql}j

arvtalwj+ ckwj vjqoc aroaéña+ ojej c ectoc _cic}ldc+ sqa tacklpjq

ocevchbc c håwak hcoljhck( C ojeqhlocéïj iatckeah}a a taqea æ aedckciae+

eatobchmllhi hj vjh}j ma wahmc+ l}a a vc}tjoåhlj ma awah}j(

3?4 IQLC JGLOLCK MC OCOBCÉC( Chqãtlj Dtclk 4661( _cdctã0 Gjkbc ma _cdctã+ 4661+ v( 49(



12

C ml}tldqléïj mc ocobcéc+ ojej ml}j ch}atljteah}a+ ahwjkwa ahwccmjtc+

ojjvatc}lwc+ cjolcéña+ ma}lkctlc+ c}cocml}c+ wcta`l}c a c wahmc mlta}c( C

ocobcéc ct}achck iatckeah}a ì mlvjhldlklpcmc ae galtc+ dcta a ta}cqtch}a+

qvateatocmj a wcta`l}c avaolcklpcmj ae dadlmc( Ì vjåwak cmsqltlt c dadlmc

vjt ojevtc aka}týhloc vakc lh}atha} (

Hc takcéïj arl}ah}a ah}ta j vtjmq}jta ma ocobcéc+ jq a`c+ j a}jt

c}cocml}c a*jq vtjoacmjt a j wcta`l}c+ vjma%a mlpat sqa ì qe eatocmj

octco}atlpcmj vjt qec ojhojttàholc jklijvjkå}loc mlgataholcmc( Jklijvjklpcmj+

vjtsqa ïj ae vasqahj hðeatj a wahmae ae kj}a itchma vctc j ml}tldqlmjta(

A mlgataholcmj vjtsqa mlgatae ae }cechbj ma gltec+ ae sqa ckiqh kåmata

mjelhce j a}jt+ qec wap sqa ma}ìe ecljt wjkqea mc vtjmqéïj mj eatocmj a

jq}tj dae eahjta ojhsql}ce cvahc qec vasqahc vctoakc mj eaej eatocmj(

Vatoada%a sqa j a}jt wcta`l}c+ ojevj}j vakj qvateatocmj+

ta}cqtch}a+ a}o+ a}ïj a gltechmj hj eatocmj ae }atej ma vjmat ma dctichbc a

ojh}tjka ma }jmc c ocmalc+ vjl+ ah}ta jq}tj ej}lwj+ ïj csqaka sqa a}ïj dae

vtÿrlej cj ojhqelmjta glhcl a taojhbaoae aq maa`j+ haoalmcma a

}ahmàholc ma ojhqej3??(

Vjt gle+ ae takcéïj cj vtaéj+ a}a wctlce ma T-1+66 c}ì ecl ma

T-716+66( C ocobcéc lhmq}tlcl a c ct}achcl ma eahjt vtjmqéïj a eahjtsqcklmcma vjmae a ahojh}tcmc c eahj ma sqlhpa tacl c icttcgc( A}lec}lwc ma

oq}j vctc qec vasqahc vtjmqéïj ma ocobcéc ct}achck ej}tce sqa j }tldq}j

jece 4<+3! mj vtaéj gc}qtcmj+ j oq}j mlta}j tavtaah}ce oatoc ma 46! a c

ectiae mj tawahmamjt gloc ae }jthj ma 46!(

3?? OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+ 4667+ v( =69(



1<

L}ae T- !

Vtaéj gc}qtcmj vjt icttcgc 3<+?= 366

]tldq}js vjt icttcgc 1+716 4<+43LOE_ 39! ?+422 39+66

LVL 4+4?6 33+1?

OVEG 6+69? 6+?2

OJGLH_ 6+64? 6+34

O__K 6+6?6 6+31

VL_ 6+667 6+6?

Oqs}js mlta}js =+323 43+74Ocobcéc ?+6<3 31+<2

Icttcgc 6+263 =+3=

]cevc 6+664 6+63

Oclrc lhmlwlmqck 6+346 6+74

Oclrc vcvakïj 6+377 6+27

Tÿ}qkj 6+664 6+63

Oqs}js . ]tldq}js <+2?3 16+2?

Vtaéj % "Oqs}js . ]tldq}js, <+16< =<+39

Ectiae mj tawahmamjt ?+272 46+66

Kqotj 1+7=3 4<+39

As}lec}lwc ma oqs}j+ }tldq}js a vtaéj mc ocobcéc

ct}aschck

J vtaéj mc ocobcéc ct}achck tagka}a aq vtjoaj ma vtjmqéïj+ ojh}tjka ma

sqcklmcma a }tcmléïj( J vtaéj a akawce a bã oat}lglocéïj ma sqcklmcma+ jq a

}tc}c ma ocobcéc ahwakbaolmc( Ckiqec ectoc ojhcitcmc hj eatocmj+ ojej cChålj _ch}lcij "ch}lic Bcwchc, vjma at ahojh}tcmc c ecl ma T-376+66 c icttcgc(

?(1 Ojhqelmjt ma ocobcéc

C ocobcéc ì c aiqhmc dadlmc ckojÿkloc ecl ojhqelmc hj vcå+ glochmj

c}tã cvahc mc oatwa`c( Mcmj ej}tce sqa bã qec a}cihcéïj hj ojhqej ma

ocobcéc a cotaml}c%a sqa lj wae jojttahmj ae gqhéïj mc a}cdlklpcéïj mc

aojhjelc a cdat}qtc ma eatocmj cj vtjmq}j a}tchialtj( Vlta cgltec sqa a}a

gc}jta ae ojh`qh}j glpatce oje sqa j ojhqelmjta ma ocobcéc elitcae vctc

j ojhqej ma dadlmc ma ectoc+ ecl jgl}locmc a ecl octc( Ckìe mlj+ j cq}jt

}cedìe tack}c sqa c ocobcéc ì ojhqelmc dcloceah}a ae dcta+ ta}cqtch}a a



76

ma qj mjeì}loj+ coaåwak æ ocecmc ecl dclrc mc vjvqkcéïj 3?= (

C ocobcéc ì qec dadlmc ojhqelmc vjt vajc ma wãtlc okca jolcl(

Vakc mlwatlmcma ma jvéña a vtaéj+ vatoada%a sqa bã ojhqelmjta }cedìe hc

okca ecl ck}c( Tldaltj ej}tc sqa qec vasqlc lhmq}tlck cvjh}jq qe hlobj ma

eatocmj sqa wckjtlpc c sqcklmcma mc ocobcéc ct}achck ae ma}tleah}j mc ocobcéc

lhmq}tlcklpcmc ma vtaéj ecl coaåwal3?1( Gjl dcacmj ha}a a}qmj sqa j

vtjmq}jta ma ocobcéc ct}achck elhaltc maahwjkwatce otl}ìtlj ma sqcklmcma+

gjochmj hc }tcmléña mc vtã}loc ct}achcl vctc ojeva}ltae oje c itchma

lhmð}tlc vcqkl}c(

Hj ðk}lej chj+ c ocobcéc wae tjevahmj dcttaltc bã eql}j

a}cdakaolmc( Mqtch}a eql}j }aevj+ j vtaojhoal}j oje takcéïj c ac dadlmc gcp

makc qe vtjmq}j ojhqelmj vjt vajc ma dclrc tahmc+ j sqa levjldlkl}cwc qc

arvchïj eatocmjkÿiloc( Bj`a ae mlc+ c ocobcéc vjma at ahojh}tcmc ae mlwatj

}lvj ma dcta+ ta}cqtch}a+ bj}ìl a occ hj}qthc ma }jmj j vcå+ lhokqlwa hj

ecl jgl}locmj(

C cvtaolcéïj mc ocobcéc ct}achck a}ã vtaah}a ae wãtlj aieah}j mc

jolamcma+ a`ce mc okca dclrc+ eìmlc jq ck}c( Vatoada%a sqa ckiqh

cvtaolcmjta aratoae oqk}j æ dadlmc+ ojkaoljhchmj l}ah+ }tjochmj ah}ta l

lhgjtecéña a araevkcta ma ocobcéc(C ocobcéc }cedìe ì ojhqelmc hj eatocmj ar}atljt( Hc Ckaechbc+ c

oclvltlhbc ì c dadlmc vtagatlmc+ hj}cmceah}a vakj vðdkloj gaelhlhj+ a c ocobcéc ì

ojhlmatcmc qe vtjmq}j gcbljh ( Hj @cvïj+ ojhjea%a c oclvltlhbc ahicttcgcmc

ae kjhi haon + oje 1! ma ãkojjk+ sqa mlvq}c avcéj hj eatocmj ma dadlmc loa ( Hj

eatocmj ceatlochj+ `ã a ahojh}tc c oclvltlhbc ae vj}a ma vkã}loj+ }lvj ljiqt}a+

3?= VLTA_+ C( O( T( Ocobcéc0 chãkla ma qe aevtaahmleah}j( Taolga0 _adtca%VA+ 4663(3?1 TLDALTJ+ @( O( Gcdtlocéïj ct}achck mc ocobcéc elhaltc( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0 am( J kq}cmjt+ 4664+v( 3=4(



73

oje vamcéj ma kleïj3?7(

Vatoada%a sqa hj ar}atljt+ c ocobcéc ì maojhbaolmc ae aq gjtec}j

jtlilhck+ ahmj ojhqelmc vtlholvckeah}a jd c gjtec ma oclvltlhbc( Qe mj

macglj dtclkaltj+ vtlholvckeah}a ma Elhc Iatcl+ talma hj maahwjkwleah}j ma

qe hlobj ma eatocmj ma maiq}céïj mc dadlmc+ qec gjtec ma citaict wckjt cj

vtjmq}j taojhbaoahmj aq wckjt ct}achck a oqk}qtck3?9(

Tavtaah}ch}a a ml}tldqlmjta cvjh}ce c mlgloqkmcma ocqcmc vakj

vtaojhoal}j cj vtjmq}j+ vakc gcec ma dadlmc ma dclrc sqcklmcma a ma}lhcmc cj

‛dadqh―( @ã j wcta`l}c ojhlmatce j vtaéj mc ocobcéc eql}j akawcmj( Ckìe

mlj+ aiqhmj j wcta`l}c+ arl}ae vtjdkaec oje c cvctàholc mj vtjmq}j

"lmah}lmcma wlqck+ tÿ}qkj+ c vtÿvtlc icttcgc+ eql}c wapa tacvtjwal}cmc ma jq}tc

dadlmc+ hj ocj mc vtjmqéïj ct}achck, a ckiqh ah}tcwa hc haijolcéïj oje

vtjmq}jta jq ml}tldqlmjta+ ocqcmj vjt gck}c ma gkarldlklpcéïj mj a}jt( C jkqéïj

mj vtjdkaec oje c lmah}lmcma wlqck a aedckciah c`qmc c aklelhct j a}liec

sqa j ma}lkcmj clhmc octtaic( C mlaelhcéïj mj ojhoal}j ma sqa c ocobcéc ma

sqcklmcma ì qe vtjmq}j hjdta c`qmctã c ejmlgloct c vatoavéïj ma sqa j vtjmq}j

a`c octj maecl+ ojej gjl cvjh}cmj vakj wcta`l}c3?2(

3?7 IQLC JGLOLCK MC OCOBCÉC( Chqãtlj Dtclk 4661( _cdctã0 Gjkbc ma _cdctã+ 4661+ v( 4?(3?9 IJEA_+ Y( J( J Vatglk mc Ocobcéc( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0 _adtca%EI+ 466=(3?2 OCOBCÉC clhmc jgta j a}liec ma at ma}lhcmc c dadqh( Ojttalj mc ocobcéc h°4(Gkjtlchÿvjkl0 cdt 4661(



74

= EÌ]JMJ MC VA_SQL_C MA OCEVJ

J vtaah}a a}qmj }ae ojej jdà}lwj lmah}lgloct j gc}jta sqa lhgkqaholce c

vatoavéïj mj ojhqelmjta ma ocobcéc ct}achck ae takcéïj cj ml}j vtjmq}j( Vctc

ojka}ct ac lhgjtecéña+ gap%a qec vasqlc mlta}c gal}c oje ojhqelmjta ma}a

vtjmq}j vctc jd}at lhgjtecéña jdta0 bãdl}j a c}l}qma ae takcéïj æ oc}aijtlc ma

vtjmq}j0 sqae qc> sqae ojevtc> sqae lhgkqaholc c aojkbc> c gtasûàholc a c

ojhmléña ma qj(3?<

Vctc c}ahmat cj jdà}lwj vtjvj}j+ c vasqlc aojkblmc gjl mj }lvj

sqckl}c}lwc+ ae sqa a vtjoqtc sqcklgloct j qhlwatj vjt ealj ma cdjtmciah sqa

ahwjkwae c chãkla ma c}l}qma+ ojevjt}ceah}j+ jvlhlña+ a}o(+ sqat mlpat+ cdjtmc

jd qe ähiqkj tackl}c c ej}lwcéña mj ojhqelmjt 3=6 (

C vasqlc wljq maklel}ct qec ojevtaahïj sqckl}c}lwc mc gc}jta sqa

lhgkqaholce j ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt+ }tcdckbchmj oje qe hðeatj vasqahj

ma ocj hïj%tavtaah}c}lwj( ]tcdckbjq%a oje mjl vðdkloj0 j vtlealtj ma

wcta`l}c ae sqa gjtce ojka}cmj mcmj jdta j eatocmj ma ocobcéc ma Dtcåklc a

aq ojhqelmjta jd c ÿ}loc mj ojeatolch}a+ a j aiqhmj ma ojhqelmjta ma

ocobcéc ct}achck(

J kawch}ceah}j ma arvatlàholc oje vtjglljhcl mc ãtac "ojeatolch}a,

vatel}a cevklct c vatvao}lwc mj vasqlcmjt ae takcéïj æ vtjdkaeã}loc ae

a}qmj3=3( J a}qmj ma ocj akaoljhcmj "ojhqelmjta, vatel}a octco}atlpct a

arvkloct ma}ckbcmceah}a j cvao}j lhiqkcta mj ocj ae a}qmj+ ckìe ma

vjldlkl}ct c lh}aitcéïj ma mlwatj cvao}j mj jdà}j vasqlcmj hqec ðhloc

3?< MCH]C_+ A( D( Ectna}lhi Maojevklocmj( Dtcåklc0 Aml}jtc _ahco MG+ 4661+ v(<=(3=6 MCH]C_+ A( D( Ectna}lhi Maojevklocmj( Dtcåklc0 Aml}jtc _ahco MG+ 4661+ v( 321(3=3 EC]]CT+ G( H( Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi0 ea}jmjkjilc a vkcha`ceah}j(_ïj Vcqkj> C}kc+ 3<<<+v( 2?(



7?

lh}atvta}céïj3=4( C vasqlc aiqlq qec ojka}c ma mcmj hïj a}tq}qtcmc a qec

chãkla ma mcmj hïj a}c}å}loc+ qec wap sqa hïj vta}ahma sqch}lgloct c

ojhokqña+ hae iahatcklpct taqk}cmj vctc }jmc c vjvqkcéïj(

J mcmj gjtce ojka}cmj vjt ah}tawl}c lhmlwlmqck ae vtjgqhmlmcma+ }ch}j

oje j ojeatolch}a ojej oje j ojhqelmjta( J tj}altj aiqlmj }tc}cwc%a ma

qe eì}jmj hïj mlgctécmj a hïj a}tq}qtcmj( A}c }ìohloc vatel}a sqa j vtjvÿl}j

mc vasqlc a`ce ckochécmj+ ae ahiact c tavj}c+ vatel}lhmj qe ecljt

cvtjgqhmceah}j hc ojka}c a chãkla mj mcmj( Ec}}ct "3<<<+ v( 374, tack}c clhmc

sqa c tavj}c cdat}c cqeah}ce c kldatmcma mj tavjhmah}a c arvtact qc

vatoavéña+ otahéc+ wckjta+ jvlhlña+ arvatlàholc+ c}l}qma+ ojevjt}ceah}j a

lh}ahéña3=?( J tj}altj mc ah}tawl}c ahojh}tce%a ae charj cj glhck mj

}tcdckbj(

C cej}tc vctc c vasqlc gjl ma}atelhcmc lh}aholjhckeah}a vjt

ojhwahlàholc cj taoqtj aocj a+ }ahmj ae wl}c sqa+ vctc c glhcklmcma

arvkjtc}ÿtlc a hïj%ojhokqlwc mc vasqlc+ a}a }lvj ma cej}tc hïj%vtjdcdlkå}loj ì

qglolah}a( Gjtce akaoljhcmj olhoj ojeatolch}a a map ojhqelmjta(

C ah}tawl}c jojttatce ah}ta 34 a 42 ma gawataltj ma 4669 a gjtce

itcwcmc vctc vj}atljt chãkla( J mcmj gjtce citqvcmj a atïj chcklcmj hj

ocvå}qkj aiqlh}a(

3=4 EC]]CT+ G( H( Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi0 ea}jmjkjilc a vkcha`ceah}j(_ïj Vcqkj> C}kc+ 3<<<+v( 2=(3=? EC]]CT+ G( H( Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi0 ea}jmjkjilc a vkcha`ceah}j(_ïj Vcqkj> C}kc+ 3<<<(



7=

1 CHÃKL_A MJ_ MCMJ_ A TA_QK]CMJ_

J mcmj ojkblmj ae ocevj+ }ch}j oje ojeatolch}a ojej ojhqelmjta

vjldlkl}jq qe ecljt ojhbaoleah}j jdta j eatocmj ma ocobcéc a jdta j bãdl}j

mj ojhqelmjta( Vqmatce at cwcklcmc sqa}ña eatocmjkÿiloc "vtjmq}j+

vtaéj+ ml}tldqléïj a ojeqhlocéïj, a sqa}ña tagatah}a cj ojevjt}ceah}j mj

ojhqelmjt(

Gjtce ah}tawl}cmj olhoj ojeatolch}a sqa gjthaoatce lhgjtecéña jdta

j eatocmj ae l+ ckiqec a}tc}ìilc ma ojeatolcklpcéïj+ octco}atå}loc ma aq

ojhqelmjta a qec vatvao}lwc gq}qtc mj eatocmj ma ocobcéc( Mj wcta`l}c+ mjl

}tcdckbce qhloceah}a oje c ml}tldqléïj ma dadlmc+ }ch}j hj wcta`j ojej hj

c}cocmj> jq}tj mjl jgataoae atwléj ma dct a }cedìe tawahmae icttcgc> a qe

}tcdckbc arokqlwceah}a oje c wahmc ma mja "atwléj ma dct,( ]jmj c}qce c

ecl ma 36 chj hj eatocmj dtclklaha(

J ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj gjthaoatce mcmj jdta vtagatàholc+

bãdl}j ma ojhqej+ gjh}a ma lhgjtecéïj a cjolcéña sqa gcpae ae takcéïj cj

vtjmq}j eaholjhcmj( Gjtce ah}tawl}cmc mqc eqkbata `jwah "c}ì ?6 chj, a jl}j

bjeah+ ahmj sqa }tà }àe c}ì ?6 chj a j jq}tj olhoj colec ma 16 chj(

Cle+ qdmlwlmlq%a c chãkla ae l}ah maotl}j hj tagataholck }aÿtloj(

1(3( Vtjmq}j

C ocobcéc ì qe vtjmq}j ojeatolcklpcmj ae mja jq icttcgc( Vjma at

jgataolmj vqtj jq ae ojsqa}ìl "vjt araevkj+ c oclvltlhbc,( J mlwatj }lvj ma

ocobcéc a ml}lhiqae ae gqhéïj ma0 }lvj ma ochc%ma%céðoct q}lklpcmj+ kawamqtc

q}lklpcmc vctc ma}lkcéïj+ ecmaltc ma ctecpahceah}j+ }aevj ma ahwakbaoleah}j+



71

q}lklpcéïj "jq hïj, ma ojtch}a a ctjec}lpch}a( Ckiqh dcta itcmqce c sqcklmcma

mc ocobcéc ae gqhéïj maa gc}jta(

C jgat}c ma ocobcéc hj ojeìtolj ah}tawl}cmj ì itchma+ wctlchmj ma ?66

c 34=6 ectoc*}lvj( Ae }jmj+ c gjtec ecl ojhqelmc ì c mja vqtc( Ae ckiqh

dcta+ }cedìe ïj ojeatolcklpcmc jq}tj }lvj ma dadlmc+ ojej oatwa`c+ qåsqa+

ah}ta jq}tj> ocda tack}ct sqa ae qe mj a}cdakaoleah}j+ j vtaéj mc oatwa`c ì

ecl akawcmj sqa j vtaéj eìmlj ma eatocmj `q}ceah}a vctc sqa akaoljhct aq

ojhqelmjta ‟ j cvtaolcmjta ma ocobcéc a hïj j dadamjta ma oatwa`c(

J a}cdakaoleah}j }cedìe wahmae vtjmq}j ojttakc}j ojej ojvj+

dcttl+ mjoa ma ocobcéc a jq}tj(

J wjkqea ma wahmc hïj gjl lhgjtecmj vjt }jmj j ojeatolch}a( Qe

ojeatolch}a cgltejq wahmat oatoc ma 316 icttcgc vjt eà a+ hj gjtec}j ma mja+

}ae qec cåmc eìmlc ma 416 icttcgc vjt eà( Jq}tj a}cdakaoleah}j cgltejq sqa

aq wjkqea ma wahmc ì ma oatoc ma 316 mja vjt aechc(

1(4( Vtaéj

J vtaéj mc icttcgc ma ocobcéc wctlc ma T- ?+66 c T- 466+66 a j vtaéj mc

mja wctlc ma T- 4+46 c T- 46+66( J vtaéj lhgkqaholc eql}j vjqoj c maolïj mj

ojhqelmjta( Qe ojeatolch}a cgltejq sqa ‛aq vðdkloj ckwj vtagata ojhqelt

ocobcéc ma ecljt sqcklmcma+ hïj a levjt}chmj eql}j oje j vtaéj―( Mah}ta j

ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj+ }jmj cgltectce vtlect vakc sqcklmcma+ aedjtc j

ah}tawl}cmj ecl `jwah }ahbce cgltecmj sqa takawce j vtaéj "ic}ce c}ì T-

?6+66 c icttcgc, ha}c maolïj( Jq}tj ojhqelmjt cgltejq sqa j vtaéj cga}c c

maolïj0 ‛sqchmj a}ã dctc}j maecl hïj ojevtc "vjt maojhglchéc ae takcéïj æ

sqcklmcma, a at gjt octj a ma qec ectoc maojhbaolmc }cedìe hïj ojevtc "vjt



77

hïj taojhbaoat j ej}lwj mj vtaéj }ïj akawcmj,―(

1(? Ml}tldqléïj

C ojeatolcklpcéïj ma ocobcéc jojtta ae kj`c avaolcklpcmc+ eatocmj+

dcta a ta}cqtch}a( Hj Ml}tl}j Gamatck+ gjtce lmah}lglocmj sqc}tj dcta

avaolcklpcmj ‟ Ocobcéctlc 4° Oklobà "369 hjt}a,+ Dq}lsqle "436 hjt}a,+ Ocobcéctlc

Ãiqc Mjoa "=31 qk, a Cmaic mc Ocobcéc "]ciqc}lhic, ‟+ a mqc kj`c

avaolcklpcmc ‟ Ctecpìe mc Ocobcéc "=33 qk, a Aevÿtlj mc Ocobcéc "?3= hjt}a,(

]jmc c kj`c wahmae hj wcta`j a+ ckiqec+ wahmae hj c}cocmj(

Ckiqec kj`c vjqae l}a+ ec hahbqec tacklpc wahmc vakc lh}atha} jq

vakj }akagjha( J Ctecpìe mc Ocobcéc gcp ah}taic cj oklah}a ocmc}tcmj a c

Cmaic mc Ocobcéc vta}ahma gq}qtceah}a wahmat vakc lh}atha}+ ec cgltejq }at

mlgloqkmcma haa }lvj ma ojeatolcklpcéïj+ vjl ckiqh ojh}tc}j oje gjthaoamjta

hïj vatel}ae }ck vtã}loc(

Ma ejmj iatck+ j a}cdakaoleah}j chcklcmj vjqae qec }aeã}loc a

cedlah}céïj wjk}cmc vctc j ojhqej mc ocobcéc+ ojej atã wl}j vj}atljteah}a+

aa gc}jt ì gcwjtãwak cj dae a}ct mj ojhqelmjta sqa cgltece hïj ah}lt

vtaojhoal}j jq ojh}tchileah}j cj ojhqelt ocobcéc qec wap sqa gtasûah}ce

kqicta sqa lhldae taotlelhcéña haa ah}lmj(

Jq}tj gc}jt levjt}ch}a ì sqa cvahc qec mc kj`c vjql ecl ma qe

a}cdakaoleah}j+ }jmj j maecl }tcdckbce cvahc oje qe vjh}j ojeatolck( C

Ocobcéctlc Ãiqc Mjoa ì qec gtchsqlc+ oje ama ae ]qvï % _V+ `ã arl}ae ecl ma

<6 qhlmcma gtchsqacmc ae }jmj Dtclk(

Mah}ta j ojhqelmjta+ j ecl `jwah cgltectce sqa j ojhqej ma

ocobcéc jojtta vtlholvckeah}a ae dcta( @ã ah}ta j maecl+ j ojhqej jojtta ae



79

occ+ ae ta}cqtch}a jq ae okqda(

1(= Ojeqhlocéïj

Ma echaltc iatck+ bã vjqoc mlwqkicéïj mc ocobcéc ct}achck( Hj

a}cdakaoleah}j cwcklcmj+ }jmj cgltectce sqa bã vjqoc vtjvcichmc a vjqoj

agjtéj ma ojeqhlocéïj mj gjthaoamjta( Hïj bã vchgka}j+ oct}cpa+ dtlhma jq

sqcksqat ec}atlck vtjejoljhck mc ocobcéc( C mlwqkicéïj ma ectoc a vtjmq}j a

taqea cj tÿ}qkj+arvjléïj mc icttcgc a cj hjea hj octmãvlj(

Vjqoc ectoc gjtce kaedtcmc vakj ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj+ ahmj

ac0 \vlÿoc "lhmq}tlck,+ Ojkjhlck "lhmq}tlck,+ _cvqvctc+ _aka}c+ Djcplhbc+ Bcwchc

"c}qck Chålj _ch}lcij, a _cklhc( C ectoc _cic}ldc ì qec mc vjqoc aevtac

sqa lhwa}lq ae mlwqkicéïj }akawllwc a eatobchmllhi a+ eaej cle+ hïj gjl

ol}cmc hc vasqlc(

Ocda ma}coct sqa j ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj ahgc}lpctce j gc}j ma

bcwat vjqoc vtjvcichmc+ qe maka cgltejq sqa ‛hïj }àe vtagatàholc vjt ectoc+ `ã

sqa hj dcta c jvéña ïj vjqoc a sqca hïj }ae vtjvcichmc jdta ocobcéc―(

C vjqoc ojholah}lpcéïj ma ectoc }cedìe cga}c j eatocmj sqchmj j

ojhqelmjta hïj kaedtce mc ectoc vctc lhmloã%kc cj ojhbaolmj( A}a ì qe

eatocmj ae sqa c vtjvcichmc djoc%c%djoc ì eql}j q}lklpcmc+ ec hïj a ojeqhloc

c ectoc a le c octco}atå}loc mc ocobcéc( A}a eaej ojhqelmjt mla

‛cobct lh}atach}a j gc}j mc vajc qiatltae jvéña ma ocobcéc vakc

octco}atå}loc "ecmaltc+ tailïj ma vtjmqéïj+ ahwakbaoleah}j+ a}o(, a hïj vakc

ectoc> cj ojh}tãtlj ma jq}tc dadlmc+ hlhiqìe lhmloc qec ectoc ma ocobcéc oje

oat}apc a aiqtchéc―(

Clhmc ae takcéïj æ ojeqhlocéïj+ vjqoj ïj j ojhqelmjta sqa



72

vtjoqtce lhgjtecéña hc lh}atha}( Cvahc mjl ah}tawl}cmj ïj ojhbaoamjta

vtjgqhmj mj cqh}j ‟ ojhbaoae mama j vtjoaj vtjmq}lwj c}ì itqvj ma

sqcklmcma a lhlolc}lwc vctc cvtlejtceah}j mc ocobcéc( Ma }jmj j ah}tawl}cmj+

cvahc qe vct}lolvc ma galtc ma ocobcéc+ jhma cgltec at ‛qe dje kqict vctc

maiq}ct a ojhbaoat ecl jdta c ectoc a gjthaoamjta―(

1(1 Vatglk mj ojhqelmjta

J ojeatolch}a ah}tawl}cmj cgltectce sqa hïj bã qe vatglk ðhloj ma

ojhqelmjta ma ocobcéc( J ojhqelmjta wctlce eql}j ma lmcma a iàhatj( Hj

a}cdakaoleah}j wll}cmj+ j vðdkloj ì ecl akl}lpcmj "okca eìmlc*ck}c,+ cle

ojej j ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj(

Cle ojej c cej}tc ma ah}tawl}cmj+ j ojeatolch}a lmah}lgloctce

oat}c octco}atå}loc ecl vaoqklcta ma mjl itqvj ml}lh}j0 j `jwah a j ecl

wakbj(

Ae takcéïj cj `jwah+ j ojhqej ma ocobcéc ah}ta aka a}ã ae håwal

otaoah}a> oj}qece gtasûah}ct dcta ae itqvj( Qe mj ojeatolch}a ahgc}lpjq

sqa c vtaahéc ma qhlwatl}ãtlj ae aq a}cdakaoleah}j atc ojhlmatãwak( @ã j

ecl wakbj oj}qece gtasûah}ct j dcta jplhbj+ vtagatae ojhqelt ocobcéc

ae occ+ a dqoce ocobcéc ma ecl sqcklmcma+ a}chmj mlvj}j c vcict ecl

octj vjt lj(

Jq}tj itqvj ma ma}csqa ïj c eqkbata( J ojhqej }ae cqeah}cmj

}cedìe ah}ta akc( ]tà ojeatolch}a ahgc}lpctce sqa c eqkbata ojhjeae ecl

sqa j bjeah a sqa a}c vtagatae c ocobcéc cmjolocmc jq cdjtlpcmc+

aedjtc }cedìe ojhqece ae gjtec vqtc( Mc mqc ojhqelmjtc

ah}tawl}cmc+ qec cgltejq vtagatlt c ocobcéc cmjolocmc+ ec c jq}tc mla hïj



7<

cvtaolct a}a }lvj(

1(7 Bãdl}j ma ojhqej

J bãdl}j ma ojhqej ah}ta j ah}tawl}cmj wctlctce dc}ch}a( Ckiqh

gc}jta vjmae at ma}cocmj0

․ J ecl `jwah cgltectce }at vjqoj ojhbaoleah}j jdta ocobcéc+

hïj cdahmj mlgataholct j }lvj wctlcmj(

․ J sqa ej}tctce }at ecl ojhbaoleah}j mc vtjmqéïj a mj }lvj ma

ocobcéc gjtce j ecl wakbj(

․ J vtaéj ÿ gjl ol}cmj ojej gc}jt ma cwcklcéïj vjt mjl ah}tawl}cmj+

ahmj sqa a}a ojevñae j itqvj mj ecl `jwah(

․ C gtasûàholc ma ojhqej wctlc( Cvahc qe ah}tawl}cmj cgltejq

ojhqelt mlctlceah}a "ch}a mc tagaléña,( A}a eaej ojhqelmjt

ì j ðhloj sqa hïj gtasûah}c dcta a ojhjea arokqlwceah}a ae

occ( J maecl ojhjeae vakj eahj mqc wapa hj eà+

iatckeah}a ae dcta jq oje celij "ae occ jq ae okqda,(

․ Ea}cma mj ah}tawl}cmj mla wckjtlpct c arvatleah}céïj a c

mlwatlglocéïj mj ojhqej+ wctlchmj c ectoc+ j }lvj ma ocobcéc a c

tailïj ma vtjmqéïj( Ma}coce%a mjl ojhqelmjta sqa cgltectce

hïj bcwat ej}lwcéïj avaolgloc vctc c ojevtc ma ocobcéc0 ‛a a}ã

hc tqc+ ae sqcksqat kqict a bjtc+ a`c ae Dtcåklc jq ae wlciae+ a

}ae ocobcéc ae arvjléïj vctc wahmc+ bã ma a gcpat qec cwcklcéïj

mc dadlmc―(

․ C mqc ojhqelmjtc ah}tawl}cmc cgltectce sqa j ðhloj gc}jt ma

maolïj ma aojkbc ì c lhmlocéïj ma celij "hïj ì c ectoc+ tailïj



96

jq vtaéj,(

․ Cvahc }tà mj ah}tawl}cmj ojhjeae c ocobcéc ae gjtec ma

oclvltlhbc+ oje eak+ cmjolocmc jq cdjtlpcmc( ]jmj j maecl

cgltectce ojhqelt arokqlwceah}a hc gjtec vqtc(

․ Cvahc mjl mj ah}tawl}cmj cgltectce sqa c ocobcéc ì qc dadlmc

vtagatlmc+ ch}a eaej mc oatwa`c(

1(9 Gjh}a ma lhgjtecéïjQec mc a}cvc mj vtjoaj maolÿtlj ma ojevtc vcc vakc dqoc ma

lhgjtecéña( @ã gjl cgltecmj sqa bã eql}j vjqoc mlwqkicéïj jdta c ocobcéc

ct}achck a ectoc( J ojeatolch}a ah}tawl}cmj cgltectce mah}ta j

ojhqelmjta sqa ojevtce vctc ojhqej vtÿvtlj+ c ecljtlc `ã cda sqck ocobcéc

ltã ojevtct( Haa ocj+ aka cvahc jklol}ce lhmlocéña sqchmj maa`ce wctlct

ma ectoc+ ec oj}qece vamlt lhmlocéña ma ocobcéc oje octco}atå}loc

aeakbch}a cj ma aq ojhqej bcdl}qck jq hjwlmcma(

Hj maecl ocj ‟ ojhqej avjtãmloj jq ojevtc vctc vtaah}act ‟ j

ojhqelmjta jklol}ce lhgjtecéña cj ojeatolch}a a ictéjh jdta c ocobcéc>

iatckeah}a sqa}ljhce jdta c tailïj ma vtjmqéïj+ c ocobcéc ma ecljt wahmc jq

c ecl ojhbaolmc( J kalij ïj j sqa oj}qece maiq}ct qec ecljt wctlamcma

ma ocobcéc+ a`c vjt lhmlocéïj jq vjt oqtljlmcma(

Mah}ta j ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj+ }jmj cgltectce dqoct lhgjtecéña

oje celij+ avaolckl}c a ictéjh sqchmj `qkice haoaãtlj( Tack}chmj sqa

hae aevta c ojevtc a}ã c}takcmc æ dqoc ma jvlhlña ‟ vjma jojttat vjt levqkj+

vjt oqtljlmcma jq vjt ojhbaoleah}j vtìwlj "arvatlàholc ch}lic,(J håwak ma ojhbaoleah}j mj ah}tawl}cmj `ã gjl ol}cmj ch}atljteah}a+ ec



93

wcka at kaedtcmj0 cvahc j ojhqelmjta ecl wakbj maejh}tctce ojhbaoat

eakbjt c mlgatahéc ah}ta c ocobcéc+ lhokqlhmj vtjoaj ma vtjmqéïj+

wctlamcma ma ocobcéc a vatoavéïj iq}c}lwc a ahjtlck mc ocobcéc( A}a

ojhqelmjta cgltectce sqa+ vjt }atae arvatleah}cmj wãtlc ocobcéc+

ojeaéctce c vatoadat c mlgatahéc "eaej sqa }àhqa, ah}ta c mlwatc

ocobcéc+ ojhaiqlhmj ml}lhiqlt eakbjt c sqcklmcma makc(

Mjl mj ah}tawl}cmj `jwah taojhbaoatce sqa ‛hïj }ae qe vckcmct eql}j

taglhcmj vctc ocobcéc― a sqa ij}ctlce ma ojhbaoat ecl(

1(2 Gc}jta sqa lhgkqaholce c ojevtc

Mah}ta j gc}jta sqa lhgkqaholce j ojhqej ol}cmj vakj ah}tawl}cmj

a}ïj c sqcklmcma+ c tailïj ma vtjmqéïj+ j vtaéj+ j oklec a c vtagatàholc

lhmlwlmqcl ma }lvj ma ocobcéc(

C sqcklmcma ì qe gc}jt qd`a}lwj+ vjmahmj at }tcmqplmj ojej c ocobcéc

sqa vcc vjt ojh}tjka ma watlglocéïj mqtch}a c vtjmqéïj "qhlgjtelmcma hj ij}j a

itcmcéïj ckojÿkloc,+ vakj vtjoaj ma ahwakbaoleah}j "}lvj ma ecmaltc a mqtcéïj,+

a vakc hïj cmléïj ma ojhatwch}a sqåeloj+ ojkjtch}a ct}lglolcl jq cdjtlpch}a

sqa ck}atae c vqtapc mc ocobcéc(

Ae takcéïj æ tailïj ma vtjmqéïj+ ckiqh ojhqelmjta vtagatae ecl c

ocobcéc vtjmqplmc ae Elhc Iatcl a+ sqchmj jklol}ce lhmlocéña+ vatiqh}ce

a ì ma}c tailïj( Jq}tj ojhqelmjta wckjtlpce arc}ceah}a j jvj}j0 c

arvatleah}céïj ma ocobcéc ma tailña mlwatc ‟ Tlj Itchma mj Hjt}a+ _ch}c

Oc}ctlhc+ Tlj ma @chaltj+ Avåtl}j _ch}j+ _ïj Vcqkj+ ah}ta jq}tc(

J vtaéj hïj gjl eql}j ol}cmj ojej gc}jt ma maolïj+ ec a}a cga}c c

maolïj( Cj cgltectae sqa hïj a}ïj vtajoqvcmj oje j vtaéj+ j ojhqelmjta



94

a}ïj mlpahmj sqa qc maolïj hïj a}ctã klel}cmc ae gqhéïj mj sqch}j atã ic}j+

ec ae eql}j ocj+ j vtaéj lhgkqaholc c maolïj ma ojevtc+ vjl ì qe tagkarj mc

‛sqcklmcma― mc ocobcéc( Ae a}cdakaoleah}j sqa bã okclglocéïj mc ocobcéc ma

cojtmj oje c ‛sqcklmcma―+ j vtaéj a akawc vtjvjtoljhckeah}a c eakbjt

okclglocéïj mj vtjmq}j(

J oklec gjl ol}cmj hïj cvahc vjt ojhqelmjta+ ec }cedìe vjt

ojeatolch}a ojej gc}jt sqa lhgkqaholc j ojhqej0 mqtch}a j lhwathj j ojhqej ì

ecl akawcmj( Ocda tack}ct sqa lj jojtta oje c maecl dadlmc ma}lkcmc(

Mqtch}a j watïj+ j ojhqej mc oatwa`c iakcmc ì ecljt a j ma ocobcéc ì eahjt(

Vjt gle+ ocmc ojhqelmjt vjql vtagatàholc vct}loqkcta ae takcéïj cj }lvj

ma ocobcéc0 ckiqec vajc vtagatae ocobcéc ahwakbaolmc+ jq}tc vtagatae

ocobcéc cdjtlpcmc+ jq}tc ÿ dadae ma}atelhcmc ectoc jq ma ma}atelhcmc

tailña(

1(< Cjolcéïj a vatoavéïj ae takcéïj æ ocobcéc

Vctc j ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj+ c ocobcéc a}ã cjolcmc c gc}jta

vjl}lwj( _jolckeah}a+ c ocobcéc ì qec dadlmc sqa a}ã takcoljhcmc c celij+

ojhgtc}athlpcéïj+ ckaitlc+ mlwatïj a djh ejeah}j( Mavjleah}j mj

ah}tawl}cmj ma}coce0

․ ‛C ocobcéc ì qec dadlmc jolck ojej }jmc dadlmc ckojÿkloc> dadj c

ocobcéc ojej c maecl vajc dadae qåsqa―(

․ ‛C ocobcéc }tcp ckij ma gcelklctlmcma a celpcma+ a}ã vtaah}a ae

}jmj j kqicta―(

Jq}tj gc}jt lh}atach}a ì sqa ea}cma mj ah}tawl}cmj cgltejq ichbct

ojh}ch}aeah}a ocobcéc ma celij+ ojej a c vtagatàholc vakc ocobcéc `ã glpaa



9?

vct}a mc vatjhcklmcma mc vajc gtah}a cj celij( Qe mj ojhqelmjta

ah}tawl}cmj mla sqa bã oat}j }aevj otljq j bãdl}j ma vtaah}act j celij oje

icttcgc ma ocobcéc cj lhwì ma qåsqa+ taojeahmchmj lhokqlwa echaltc ma

ojhqej "vqtc+ iakcmc+ jh }ba tjon ,(

Bã }cedìe qec cjolcéïj oqk}qtck mc ocobcéc+ ae sqa j ah}tawl}cmj c

ma}coctce hj ojh}ar}j bl}ÿtloj mj vcå0

․ ‛C ocobcéc ì j hjj datledcq mc dadlmc hcoljhck―(

․ ‛Cjolj c ocobcéc c tcåpa+ c ojlc mj lh}atljt―(

Ae takcéïj ã vatoavéïj mj ojhqelmjta ae takcéïj æ ocobcéc+ glojq

awlmah}a+ }ch}j ae ah}tawl}c oje ojeatolch}a ojej oje ojhqelmjta+ sqa a}ã

bcwahmj qec eqmchéc vjl}lwc( Gjtce lmah}lglocmj mjl }lvj ma ojhqelmjta0

3( Ojhqelmjta ma dclrc tahmc+ sqa ojevtce ocobcéc c itchak

jq dctc}c+ ae itchma sqch}lmcma+ a sqa cocdce cvtaah}chmj

ojevjt}ceah}j lhojhwahlah}a vctc c jolamcma "dtlic+

wljkàholc+ ml}ðtdlj jolcl+ ah}ta jq}tj,(

4( Ojhqelmjta ma okca eìmlc*ck}c+ sqa ojevtct ocobcéc ma

vtaéj ecl akawcmj a ojhjeae jolckeah}a "vjqoc

sqch}lmcma,(

J vtlealtj }lvj ma ojhqelmjt }ae j a}liec ma ‛vlhiqéj― a jgtamlotlelhcéïj mc jolamcma( @ã j aiqhmj }lvj ma ojhqelmjt ì ojhbaolmj ojej

‛cvtaolcmjt― a+ aedjtc }cedìe a`c ‛ocobcoaltj―+ hïj jgta mlotlelhcéïj(

J vtaojhoal}j oje }jmj j ojhqelmjta `ã arl}lq ma echaltc dae

vtaah}a( Gjtce ol}cmj ckiqh gc}jta sqa wàe ojkcdjtchmj vctc c jolcklpcéïj mc

ocobcéc+ mah}ta aka0 eqmchéc jolcl a oqk}qtcl+ c}takcmc c eakbjtlc hc

vtjmqéïj+ cqeah}j mc sqcklmcma mj vtjmq}j+ a jq}tj( Ma}coc%a sqa hïj gjl qe



9=

gc}jt ljkcmj+ ec qec ojh`qhéïj ma gc}jta sqa wàe gcwjtaoahmj vctc c eqmchéc

ma ojevjt}ceah}j ae takcéïj æ ocobcéc(

Ì lh}atach}a ma}coct sqa+ aedjtc }jmj }ahbce cgltecmj sqa hïj bã

vtaojhoal}j oje j sqa ojhjeae ocobcéc+ hc okca ecl akawcmc+ }jmj j

ah}tawl}cmj cgltectce }at ojholàholc ma sqa j ojhqelmjta ma dclrc tahmc

vjqae qec leciae haic}lwc(

J gc}j mc vajc cjolctae }ïj ml}lh}ceah}a j ojhqelmjta ma qe

eaej vtjmq}j "dclrc tahmc0 vlhiqéj R tahmc ecl akawcmc0 cvtaolcmjta, ej}tc

sqa c ocobcéc a}ã cj vjqoj maahwjkwahmj ojhoal}j sqa tavtaah}ce }c}q(

Vjt ahsqch}j j ojhqelmjta ma ocobcéc hïj ïj mlotlelhcmj+ hae }ïj vjqoj

ecl coal}j+ ojej j ojhqelmjta ma qåsqa+ qec wap sqa clhmc hïj bã qec

mlwqkicéïj ÿklmc jdta c ocobcéc ct}achck( J ojeatolch}a cvjh}ctce sqa bã

ocobcéc ma sqcklmcma oq`c icttcgc ì ecl octc sqa ma qåsqa( Qe avaolckl}c

arvklojq sqa c mlgatahéc ah}ta j ojhqelmjt ma qåsqa vctc j ma ocobcéc ì sqa ‛c

vajc sqa ojhjeae qåsqa j gcpae vakj }c}q+ vjtsqa cdae sqa sqchmj

vamae qe qåsqa Dkqa Kcdak + ej}tc vctc j sqa a}ïj ae qc wjk}c sqa }ae vjmat

csqll}lwj ck}j+ ec eql}c wapa hïj cda j vjtsqà mc mlgatahéc ma vtaéj a

el}qtc j qåsqa oje ahatiì}loj+ ãiqc ma ojoj a hïj cvtaolce c dadlmc( @ã j

cvtaolcmjta ma ocobcéc eql}c wapa ojevtct mja ecl octc sqa ma qåsqaoctj a ojhjeae ac ocobcéc vakj vtjmq}j ae l a hïj vakj }c}q( Akc

cdae sqa a}ïj vcichmj ecl octj ae gqhéïj mj vtjoaj ma gcdtlocéïj+

arokqlwlmcma+ cgtc+ ah}ta jq}tj―(

1(36 Vatvao}lwc mj eatocmj

Ma echaltc iatck+ j ojeatolch}a cgltectce sqa j ojhqej ma ocobcéc



91

wae otaoahmj ojh}ch}aeah}a hj ðk}lej chj a cotaml}ce sqa ojh}lhqctã ae

arvchïj( c vasqlc+ maahwjkwleah}j+ lhwa}leah}j ae sqcklmcma+ ectoc a

cvtaah}céïj `q}lgloce c ecljt coal}céïj mc ocobcéc hj eatocmj(

Eaej oje vjqoj lhwa}leah}j ae vqdklolmcma+ j ojhbaoleah}j mj

ojhqelmjta jdta c ocobcéc ct}achck }ae cqeah}cmj a a vtjklgatcmj0 vajc

sqa ojhqelce ckac}jtlceah}a a}ïj a }jthchmj watmcmaltj cvtaolcmjta a

vajc sqa maojhbaolce c ocobcéc ct}achck a}ïj cvtahmahmj c mlgataholã%kc

mc lhmq}tlcl(



97

7 OJHOKQ_ÏJ

J vtaah}a a}qmj a lhloljq oje c vtjvj}c ma watlgloct c c}l}qma mj

ojhqelmjta dtclklaha mc okca D a C ae takcéïj ã ocobcéc ct}achck(

Watlglojq%a sqa bã ckiqec kj`c a dcta avaolcklpcmj ha}a vtjmq}j+ aedjtc

}cedìe a`c ojeatolcklpcmj ae sqca }jmj dct a ta}cqtch}a mc olmcma "aedjtc

oje eahj jvéña a wctlamcma,(

Ma echaltc iatck+ c jgat}c ma ocobcéc ct}achck ae Dtcåklc }ae itchma

wctlamcma ma ectoc a vtjmq}j( J vtaéj hïj wctlce eql}j a bã vjqoc céña ma

ojeqhlocéïj }ch}j mj gjthaoamjta ojej mj ml}tldqlmjta(

J ojhqelmjta ïj wctlcmj+ mama `jwah c vajc ecl wakbc(

Vqmatce at maglhlmc ckiqec octco}atå}loc bjejiàhac vctc ocmc itqvj ojej

j håwak ma ojhbaoleah}j "ecljt ah}ta j ecl wakbj,+ j oj}qea ma dadat ae dcta

oje celij "ecljt ah}ta j ecl `jwah,( A }cedìe a watlglojq vtagatàholc ae

ojeqe ojej c maiq}céïj hc gjtec vqtc mc ocobcéc+ c cjolcéïj c ckaitlc+

celij a ojhgtc}athlpcéña(

Vjma%a jdatwct sqa }jmj j ojhqelmjta ah}tawl}cmj ojhaiqae

ml}lhiqlt mlgatahéc ah}ta c ocobcéc ct}achcl mc lhmq}tlcl+ ahmj sqa c

itchma ecljtlc hïj ojhjea c lhmq}tlcl( Ah}ta}ch}j+ vatoadaq%a sqa bã vjqoc

mlwqkicéïj mc ocobcéc ct}achck+ }ch}j ma ectoc+ ojej ma gc}jta sqa `q}lglsqae

aq vtaéj ecl akawcmj sqa c maecl(

Ojhokqlq%a sqa hïj bã ojholah}lpcéïj ma ectoc> c lhmlocéïj ma

avaolckl}c a celij }ae qe vaj itchma hc maolïj ma aojkbc a a}c lhmlocéïj

iatckeah}a ì dcacmc ae octco}atå}loc mc ocobcéc a hïj hc ectoc( Eql}j

ojhqelmjta hïj lhmloce c ocobcéc sqa ij}ce vjtsqa hïj taojtmce mj hjea(

J ojhqej mc ocobcéc a}ã klicmj cj a}lkj ma wlmc mc vajc> j `jwah



99

ah}tawl}cmj vjqae bãdl}j ae ojeqe ojej clt oje celij+ gtasûah}ct dcta+

vtc}loct avjt}a "ocvjaltc, a jqwlt jq }joct eðloc( @ã ah}ta j ecl wakbj+ c

ecljtlc ì cvjah}cmc a gtasûah}c okqda avjt}lwj vctc ahojh}tct celij( A c

ocobcéc vctaoa a}ct vtaah}a haa ejeah}j ma ojhgtc}athlpcéïj+ `ã sqa }jmj

cjolctce æ celpcma(

C oqk}qtc ì jq}tj gc}jt ma ma}csqa0 akc }ch}j lhgkqaholc j ojhqej "vjt at

qec dadlmc hcoljhck, ojej a}ã ahmj ejmlglocmc vakc c}l}qma vjl}lwc mc vajc

ae takcéïj cj ojhqej mc ocobcéc( Cj eaej }aevj ae sqa a ahgc}lpc c

vtaahéc mc ocobcéc hc bl}ÿtlc a hj oj}qea dtclkaltj+ arl}ae vatjhciah

ma octã}at va`jtc}lwj ‟ j vlhiqéj+ ocobcoaltj ‟ sqa }cedìe gcpae vct}a ma}c

eaec oqk}qtc hcoljhck( Gaklpeah}a+ j vtaojhoal}j oje j ojhqelmjta ma okca

ecl akawcmc a}ã ahmj aklelhcmj(

Vjt gle+ vjma%a ojhokqlt sqa c vasqlc tavjhma cj vtjdkaec mc

vasqlc0 j ojhqelmjta dtclklaha }àe qec vatoavéïj vjl}lwc ae takcéïj æ

ocobcéc ct}achck(

Wcka tack}ct sqa ae gqhéïj mj octã}at arvkjtc}ÿtlj a mc vasqahc cej}tc+

j mcmj hïj vjmae at a}ahmlmj vctc }jmc c vjvqkcéïj+ eaej cle c}ahma

cj jd`a}lwj mc vasqlc(

Vctc a}qmj gq}qtj+ taojeahmc%a cevklct j aojvj ma ah}tawl}cmj+chcklchmj ecl c gqhmj c mlgatahéc ma vatglk mj ojhqelmjta kalij a mj

ojhbaoamjta(



92

9 TAGATÀHOLC_

DTC_LK( Maota}j h°( 4(?3=+ ma = ma a}aedtj ma 3<<9( Taiqkceah}c c Kal h° 2(<32+

ma 3= ma `qkbj ma 3<<=+ sqa mlvña jdta c vcmtjhlpcéïj+ c okclglocéïj+ j tail}tj+c lhvaéïj+ c vtjmqéïj a c glocklpcéïj ma dadlmc( Mlvjhåwak ae0;b}}v0**yyy(vkchck}j(ijw(dt*oolwlkZ6?*maota}j*M4?3=(b}e8 Coaj ae0 ?3 `qk( 4667(

OCOBCÉC clhmc jgta j a}liec ma at ma}lhcmc c dadqh( Ojttalj mc ocobcéch°4( Gkjtlchÿvjkl0 cdt 4661(

OCTMJ_J+ E( mc I( Vtjmqéïj ma ciqctmah}a ma ochc( 4(am( Kcwtc0 QGKC+4667

OJ]C+ K( J wckjt mc ectoc vctc ojhqelmjta ma sqtgyact( Gkjtlchÿvjkl+ 4663Mlat}céïj "Ea}tcmj ae Ahiahbctlc ma Vtjmqéïj, % Vtjitcec ma Vÿ%Itcmqcéïjae Ahiahbctlc ma Vtjmqéïj+ QG_O(

MCH]C_+ A( D( Ectna}lhi Maojevklocmj( Dtcåklc0 Aml}jtc _ahco MG+ 4661(

MTQONAT+ V( G( J eakbjt ma Va}at Mtqonat0 C Cmelhl}tcéïj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Hjdak+

4664(

AHIAK+ @(G(+ DKCONYAKK+ T( M(+ ELHLCTM+ V( E( Ojhqeat dabcwljt( 7}b am(Jtkchmj"AQC,0 ]ba Mt|mah Vta+ 3<<6(

ICMA+ O( Vlojkjilc mj ojhqelmjt a mc vtjvcichmc( _ïj Vcqkj0 AMQ+ 3<<2(

ILK+ C( O( Eì}jmj a }ìohloc ma vasqlc jolck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<1(

IJEA_+ Y( J( J Vatglk mc Ocobcéc( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0 _adtca%EI+ 466=( Mlvjhåwakae ;b}}v0**yyy(dldklj}aoc(adtca(oje(dt*d}a*d}a(hg*MMM7=33A3C3GC?MA6?417A3=66=9AG19*-Glka*H]666?O9<7(vmg8( Coaj ae0 49 hjw ma 4667(

IQLC JGLOLCK MC OCOBCÉC( Chqãtlj Dtclk 4661( _cdctã0 Gjkbc ma _cdctã+4661(

NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+ TJDAT]_JH+ ](_( Vatvao}lwa( Lh0 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+TJDAT]_JH+ ](_ "jti(, Vatvao}lwa lh ojhqeat dabcwljt( Ikahwlay+ Lkklhjl0_oj}}+ Gjtaech chm Ojevch|+ 3<72(



9<

NC]JHC+ I( Tc}ljhck dabcwljt chm aojhjelo dabcwljt( Lh0 NC__CT@LCH+ B(B(+TJDAT]_JH+ ](_ "jti(, Vatvao}lwa lh ojhqeat dabcwljt( Ikahwlay+ Lkklhjl0_oj}}+ Gjtaech chm Ojevch|+ 3<72(

NJ]KAT+ V( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma ectna}lhi0 chãkla+ vkcha`ceah}j+levkaeah}céïj a ojh}tjka( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<2(

ZZZZZZZ( Cmelhl}tcéïj ma Ectna}lhi0 c amléïj mj hjwj elkàhlj( _ïj Vcqkj0Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4666(

ECLC+ C(D(T( ma C(> OCEVAKJ+ A(C(V( ]aohjkjilc mc ocobcéc ma ckcedlsqa( Dakj

Bjtlpjh}a0 _ADTCA%EI*_LHMDADLMC_+ 4661(

ECKBJT]C+ H( N( Vasqlc ma Ectna}lhi0 qec jtlah}céïj cvklocmc( Vjt}j Ckaita0Djjnech+ 4663(

EC]]CT+ G( Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<7(

ZZZZZZZ( Vasqlc ma ectna}lhi0 ea}jmjkjilc a vkcha`ceah}j( _ïj Vcqkj> C}kc+

3<<<(

EoOCT]B\+ VATTACQK]( Ectna}lhi Aaholck( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 3<<9(

JKLWALTC+ C( G( ma a} ck( _l}aec citjlhmq}tlck mc ocobcéc a vj}aholcklmcmama arvchïj mc arvjt}céña( ^( k(+ ( h(U

VLTA_+ C( O( T( Ocobcéc0 chãkla ma qe aevtaahmleah}j( Taolga0 _adtca%VA+4663

TLDALTJ+ @( O( Gcdtlocéïj ct}achck mc ocobcéc elhaltc( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a0 am( Jkq}cmjt+ 4664(

TLOBCTM_JH+ T( @( a} ck( Vasqlc jolck0 eì}jmj a }ìohloc( 4( am( _ïj Vcqkj0C}kc+ 3<2<(

TJ__JHL+ A( V( Cwcklcéïj mc sqcklmcma mj atwléj jgataolmj aeqvateatocmj aiqhmj c vatoavéïj mj ojhqelmjta mc olmcma ma Ocojck+TJ( Gkjtlchÿvjkl+ 4664( Mlat}céïj "Ea}tcmj ae Ahiahbctlc ma Vtjmqéïj, %Vtjitcec ma Vÿ%Itcmqcéïj ae Ahiahbctlc ma Vtjmqéïj+ QG_O(



26

_CECTC+ D( _(+ EJT_OB+ E( C( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj ojhqelmjt0 ojhoal}j aocj( _ïj Vcqkj0 Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4661(

_CECTC+ D( _( Vasqlc ma Ectna}lhi0 ojhoal}j a ea}jmjkjilc( _ïj Vcqkj0Vactjh Vtah}loa Bckk+ 4669

_ADTCA( Mlcihÿ}loj mc ocobcéc ma Elhc Iatcl( Dakj Bjtlpjh}a+ `qk( 4663(Mlvjhåwak ae0 ;b}}v0**yyy(adtcaei(oje(dt*ctsqlwj*vtjitcecavtjà}j*citjhaijolj*Ocobcoc*Ocobc!o?!c9c!46EI(vmg8( Coaj ae0 64 cij( 4667(

_BA]B+ @( H(+ EL]]CK+ D( HAYECH+ D( L( Ojevjt}ceah}j mj Oklah}a( _ïj Vcqkj0

C}kc+ 4663(

_LKWC+ C( O( T( mc( Ea}jmjkjilc mc vasqlc cvklocmc æ ojh}cdlklmcma0jtlah}céña ma a}qmj+ vtjà}j+ ct}lij+ takc}ÿtlj+ ejhjitcglc+ mlat}céña+}aa( _ïj Vcqkj0 C}kc+ 466?+ v( 47(

_LKWC+ A( K( mc> EAHAPA_+ A( E( Ea}jmjkjilc mc vasqlc a akcdjtcéïj mamlat}céïj( Gkjtlchÿvjkl0 Kcdjtc}ÿtlj ma Ahlhj c Ml}äholc mc QG_O+ 4663(Mlvjhåwak ae 0 ; b}}v0**vtjà}j(lhg(qgo(dt*ctsqlwj*Ea}jmjkjilc!46mc!46

Vasqlc!46?c!46amlocj(vmg8 Coaj ae0 47 cij( 4661(



23

CVÀHMLOA_

Cvàhmloa C

Tj}altj ma ah}tawl}c ‟ Vasqlc 3 "wcta`l}c,

3( ]lvj ma a}cdakaoleah}j

4( Sqch}lmcma ma ectoc ma ocobcéc jgat}cmc

?( Wjkqea ma wahmc

=( Vjh}j gjt}a a gtcoj mj eatocmj "gjthaoamjta+ ml}tldqlmjta,

1( Vtaéj

7( Ojeqhlocéïj ‟ gjh}a ma lhgjtecéïj cj ojhqelmjta

9( Gjtec ma wahmc ‟ lh}atha}+ }akagjha+ wcta`j+ ah}taic

2( Sqa}ña okleã}loc+ aojhýeloc a vjkå}loc sqa cga}ce j a}jt

<( Octco}atå}loc mj ojhqelmjta ‟ lmcma+ arj+ okca jolck(36( Bãdl}j ma ojhqej mj ojhqelmjta ‟ ojhjeae ae itqvj jq

lhmlwlmqckeah}a+ sqck c gtasûàholc+ sqck j ej}lwj "ojhqej vtÿvtlj jq

vtaah}act,(

33( Sqa}ña oqk}qtcl a jolcl sqa cga}ce j ojhqej(



24

Cvàhmloa D

Tj}altj ma ah}tawl}c ‟ Vasqlc 4 "ojhqelmjta,

3( Vatglk mj ah}tawl}cmj0 lmcma+ arj+ a}cmj olwlk+ tahmc+ håwak ma aojkctlmcma

4( Vatjhcklmcma a a}lkj ma wlmc "bjddla + vtagatàholc,

?( Bãdl}j ma ojhqej "jhma+ sqchmj+ sqch}j+ sqck gtasûàholc+ oje sqae,

c( Ectoc sqa oj}qec ojhqelt

d( Gtasûàholc ma ojhqej

o( Gjtec ma ojhqej mc ocobcéc

m( Joclña ma ojhqej

=( Vjtsqa ojhjea ocobcéc "ej}lwcéña+ a}åeqkj,

1( Jhma dqoc lhgjtecéña "gjh}a ma lhgjtecéïj+ itqvj ma tagataholc+

vqdklolmcma,

7( Ojej cwcklc c ck}athc}lwc ma vtjmq}j "octco}atå}loc gqholjhcl a aejoljhcl

cwcklcmc+ vatoavéïj+ c}tldq}j wckjtlpcmj hc ojevtc ma ocobcéc,

9( Ojej aojkba "maolïj ma ojevtc,

2( Ojevjt}ceah}j vÿ%ojevtc

<( Cj sqa cjolc c ocobcéc "oqk}qtckeah}a a jolckeah}a+ }c}q,

36( Gcp vct}a ma itqvj jq cjolcéña

33( C}l}qma mc gceåklc ae takcéïj cj ojhqej ma ocobcéc

leila petry_pos marketing_monografia final

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