lekt'kkl=k ,oa hkkjrh; lekt
TRANSCRIPT
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt
BASOC-102
Self Learning Material
Directorate of Distance Education
SWAMI VIVEKANAND SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY
MEERUT-250005
UTTAR PRADESH
SIM Module Developed by :
Reviewed by :
•
Assessed by:Study Material Assessment Committee, as per the SVSU ordinance No. VI (2).
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Published by : Laxmi Publications Pvt Ltd., 113, Golden House, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110 002.Tel: 43532500, E-mail: [email protected]
DEM C—Typeset at: Printed at: Edition: 2020
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 1
fo"k;&lwph
1- lekt'kkL=k%,difjp; 1&22
1-1 mís';(Objectives) 1 1-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 1 1-3 lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kk,oavFkZ(Meaning and Definition of Sociology) 2 1-4 lekt'kkL=kdhizo`Qfr(Nature of Sociology) 3 1-5 lekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekuktkldrk(Sociology cannot be Regarded as a Science) 3 1-6 lekt'kkL=kfoKkugS(Sociology is a Science) 5 1-7 lekt'kkL=kdk{ks=k(Scope of Sociology) 7 1-8 lekt'kkL=kdkdk;Z&{ks=k(Fields of Sociology) 10 1-9 lekt'kkL=kdkegÙo(Importance of Sociology) 11 1-10 lekt'kkL=kvkSjvU;fo"k;(Sociology and Other Subjects) 15 1-11 lkjka'k(Summary) 21 1-12 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 21 1-13 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings) 22
2- lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡ 23&66
2-1 mís';(Objectives) 23 2-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 24 2-3 lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology) 24 2-4 vuqlaèkkufØ;kfofèkosQizeq[klS¼kafrdrRo(Main theoretical Element of Research Method) 26 2-5 fo'kq¼'kksèk (Pure Research) 30 2-6 lkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frdkmi;ksx (Scientific Method in Studying Social Phenomena) 33 2-7 oLrqfu"Brk,oaewY;fujis{krk(Objectivity and Value Neutrality) 35 2-8 rF;dhifjHkk"kk,oafo'ks"krk,¡(Definition and Characteristics of Fact) 44 2-9 voèkkj.kk(Concept) 47 2-10 fl¼kar(Theory) 50 2-11 ifjdYiukdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and Definition of Hypothesis) 55 2-12 lkekftdlosZ{k.ki¼fr(The Social Survey Method) 62 2-13 izdj.k&vè;;ui¼fr(The Case Study Method) 62 2-14 iz'ukoyh,oalk{kkRdkji¼fr(Questionnaire and Interview Method) 63 2-15 yksder&laxzgi¼fr(The Public Opinion Poll Method) 64 2-16 oLVZgui¼fr(The verstehen Approach) 64 2-17 izdk;kZRedi¼fr(The Functional Theory) 64 2-18 lkjka'k(Summary) 65 2-19 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 66 2-20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further readings) 66
2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
3- lekt'kkL=k,oalkekftdO;oLFkk 67&116
3-1 mís';(Objectives) 67 3-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 68 3-3 lekt(Society) 69 3-4 leqnk;(Community) 71 3-5 lfefr(Association) 73 3-6 laLFkk(Institution) 75 3-7 laxBu(Organisation) 77 3-8 lkekftdlajpuk(Social Structure) 78 3-9 lkekftdO;oLFkkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Social System : Meaning and Definition) 80 3-10 lkekftdLrjhdj.kdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification) 82 3-11 lkekftdLrjhdj.kosQfl¼kar(Theories of Social Stratification) 83 3-12 èkeZ&ra=kdhvoèkkj.kk(Concept of Hierarchy) 86 3-13 vlekurkrFkkLrjhdj.k(Inequality and Stratification) 88 3-14 tkfrrFkkoxZ(Caste and Class) 89 3-15 D;ktkfroxZesaifjo£rrgksjghgS(Is Caste Changing into Class?) 92 3-16 O;fDrrFkklektesaokLrfodlacaèk(The Relationship between Individual and Society) 93 3-17 lektdhmRifÙk(The Origin of Society) 95 3-18 lektosQizdkj(Types of Society) 97 3-19 vkS|ksfxdlekt(Industrial Society) 100 3-20 lektdkLo:irFkkrqyukRedvè;;u(Structure of Society and Comparative Study) 103 3-21 ekuo&lektvkSji'kq&lekteasHksn(Difference between Human Society and Animal Society) 107 3-22 Hkk"kkrFkklekt(Language and Society) 109 3-23 lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Social Mobility) 112 3-24 lkekftdxfr'khyrk,oalkekftdifjorZu(Social Mobility and Social Change) 114 3-25 lkjka'k(Summary) 115 3-26 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 116 3-27 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings) 116
4- lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkvkSjfodkl 117&143
4-1 mís';(Objectives) 117 4-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 117 4-3 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙk(Origin of Sociology) 118 4-4 lekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology) 118 4-5 Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology in India) 120 4-6 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkosQfl¼kar(Theories of the Origin of Sociology) 126 4-7 /eZvkSjlekt(Religion and Society) 130 4-8 /k£edvYila[;dksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Religious Minorities) 133 4-9 /eZfujis{krk(Secularisation) 137 4-10 /eZfujis{krkosQdkj.k(Causes of Secularisation) 138 4-11 /k£ed:f<+okn(Religious Fundamentalism) 139 4-12 /k£ed:f<+okn&,doSf'odleL;[email protected](Religious Fundamentalism – A Global Problem) 140 4-13 /k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~HkoosQdkj.k(Origin Causes of Religious Fundamentalism) 141
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3
4-14 lkjka'k(Summary) 142 4-15 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 143 4-16 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further readings) 143
5- lekthdj.k 144&183
5-1 mís';(Objectives) 144 5-2 izLrkouk(Introduction) 144 5-3 lekthdj.kdkvFkZ(Meaning of Socialization) 145 5-4 lekthdj.kdhizfozQ;k(Process of Socialization) 146 5-5 lekthdj.kosQvfHkdj.k(Agencies of Socialization) 149 5-6 lekthdj.kosQrÙo(Elements of Socialization) 152 5-7 lekthdj.kosQegÙo(Role of Socialization) 153 5-8 izkS<+ksadklekthdj.k(Socialization of Adults) 154 5-9 oS;Drhdj.k(Individualization) 154 5-10 oS;Drhdj.kosQi{k(Aspects of Individualization) 155 5-11 efgyk,¡,oalekt(Women and Society) 156 5-12 dU;kèku,oangst&izFkk(Bride-wealth and Dowry System) 165 5-13 efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkosQdkj.k,oamik;(Causes and Measures of Violence Against Women) 169 5-14 fgUnwefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Hindu Women) 172 5-15 eqfLyeefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Muslim Women) 177 5-16 efgykvksadhleL;kvksaosQlekèkkugsrqiz;Ru(Efforts to Solve Problems of Women) 178 5-17 ljdkj}kjkfd;sx;siz;Ru(Efforts Made by the Government) 179 5-18 lkjka'k(Summary) 183 5-19 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions) 183 5-20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further readings) 183
BA-SOCIOLOGY-I YEAR
Sociology & Indian Society
Unit – I
The Meaning and Definitions of Sociology, Nature of Sociology, Scope of Sociology,
Fields of Sociology, Importance of Sociology and Social Science, Sociology the Discipline.
Sociology and its relationship with history, economics, political science, psychology,
anthropology, law and biology. Sociology as a science.
Unit – II
Methods of Sociology, The Scientific or Experimental Method, Historical Method,
Scientific study of Social Phenomena, Problem of objectivity and value neutrality, issue of
measurement in social science, elements of scientific method concepts theory an facts,
hypothesis, research designs descriptive, The Social survey methods. The Case study method,
Questionnaire method, Interview method, the public opinion Poll method. The Verstehen's
approach, The Functional Theory.
Unit – III
Sociology and Society, Community, Association, Institution, Organization, Social
structure, Social System, Social stratification, concept of hierarchy, inequality and stratification,
theories of stratification class different conceptions of class, caste and class, caste as a class.
Man and Society, The origin of Society, Tribal Society, Agrarian society, Industrial society,
BASOC-102
Nature of Society, Human and Animal society, Language & Society Social mobility, Types of
mobility open and closed models, intra and intergenerational mobility, vertical and horizontal
mobility, social mobility and social change.
Unit – IV
The origin of Sociology, Development of Sociology, Psychological approach, Important
theories of the origin of sociology, Religion and Society, Size, growth and regional distribution of
different religions groups, educational levels of different groups, problems of religious
minorities, communal tension, secularism, conversions, religious fundamentalism.
Unit – V
Socialization Process of Socialization, Agencies of Socialization, Elements and Role of
Socialization, Socialization of Adults, Individualization, women and Society, Demographic profile
of women, special problems dowry, atrocities, discrimination, existing programmes for women
and their impact situational analysis of children, child welfare programmes reservation to
women.
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 1
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
bdkbZ&1(Unit–1)
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
:ijs[kk1.1 mís';(Objectives)1.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)1.3 lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kk,oavFkZ(Meaning and Definition of Sociology)1.4 lekt'kkL=kdhizo`Qfr(Nature of Sociology)1.5 lekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekuktkldrk(Sociology cannot be Regarded as a Science)1.6 lekt'kkL=kfoKkugS(Sociology is a Science)1.7 lekt'kkL=kdk{ks=k(Scope of Sociology)1.8 lekt'kkL=kdkdk;Z&{ks=k(Fields of Sociology)1.9 lekt'kkL=kdkegÙo(Importance of Sociology)1.10 lekt'kkL=kvkSjvU;fo"k;(Sociology and Other Subject)1.11 lkjka'k(Summary)1.12 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)1.13 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
1-1 mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxs%
• lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kk]izo`Qfr,oa{ks=kdhO;k[;k]
• lekt'kkL=kosQegÙodko.kZuvkSj
• lekt'kkL=kvkSjvU;fo"k;osQlacaèkksadhtkudkjhA
1-2 izLrkouk (Introduction)
lektdk,dvar%lacafèkrlexzosQ:iesavè;;udjusijlekt'kkL=kosQeq[;ljksdkj,oa lekt'kkL=kh;dYiukvksa osQ ckjs esa ifjp; feyrk gSA O;fDrxr ilanvkSj ukSdjh osQ cktkjijgekjhifjppkZlsirkpyrkgSfdfdlizdkjvk£Fkd]jktuhfrd]ikfjokfjd]lkaLo`Qfrd,oa'kS{kf.kdlaLFkk,¡var%lacafèkrgSavkSjfdlizdkj,dO;fDrbllsc¡èkkgqvkHkhgSrFkkfioqQNlhekrdbldkscnyHkhldrkgSA
vxysoqQNvè;k;fofHkUulaLFkkvksavkSjlkFkghlkFklaLo`QfrijvkèkkfjrgksaxsA;slekt'kkL=kdhoqQNizeq[k'kCnkoyh,oaladYiukvksaijHkhosaQfnzrgksaxs]ftllslektdksle>usesavkidksennfeysxhD;ksafdlekt'kkL=kequ";osQlkekftdthou]lewgksavkSjlektksadkvè;;ugSAbldhfOk"k;&oLrqgS,dlkekftdizk.khdhrjgLo;agekjkO;ogkjA
2 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
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gelHkhosQviuhjkstejkZdh¯tnxhosQckjsesavkSjnwljksadh¯tnxhosQckjsesaHkhvius&viusfopkjjgrsgSavkSjblhrjgviuslektvkSjnwljslektksaosQckjsesaHkhA;sjkstkukdhgekjhèkkj.kk,¡vkSjgekjhlkekU;ckSf¼dle>ghgSftlosQvuqlkjgeviukthouthrsgSaArksHkh,dfo"k;osQ:iesalekt'kkL=kdk,dlektosQckjsesaizs{k.k,oafopkjnk'kZfudvuq¯pruksa,oalkekU;ckSf¼dle>lsgVdjgSA
1-3 lekt'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa vFkZ (Meaning and Definition of Sociology)
lksf'k;ksykWth (Sociology) 'kCn 1839 esa izQkalhlh fo}kuvkxLVdkEVs }kjk x<+k x;k FkkAlekt'kkL=kdk,di`Fkdfo"k;osQ:iesavè;;ula;qDrjkT;vesfjdkesa1876esa]izQkalesa1889esa]xzsVfczVsuesa1907esa]iksyS.M,oaHkkjresaizFkeegk;q¼osQckn]feÏ,oaeSfDldksesa1925esarFkkLohMsuesa1947esavkjEHkgqvkA
‘Sociology’nksfofHkUuHkk"kkvksalsfy,x,nks'kCnksaSocius,oaLoguslsfeydjcukgSAblesaSociusySfVuHkk"kklsfy;kx;kgSAftldkvFkZgS^lekt*vkSjnwljk'kCnLogusxzhdHkk"kklsfy;kx;kgSftldkvFkZgS^'kkL=k*AblizdkjSociologydk'kkfCndvFkZlektdk'kkL=k;klektdkfoKkugSAtgk¡rdbldhifjHkk"kkdkiz'ugSrksvyx&vyxfo}kuksausbldhifjHkk"kkvyx&vyx<axlsnsusdkiz;klfd;kgSAfx¯MXl]leuj]okMZvkfnuslekt'kkL=kdks,d,slsfoKkuosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krdjusdkiz;klfd;kgStkslektdksbdkbZekudjlexz:ilsbldkvè;;udjrkgSAokMZosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=klektdkfoKkugSAblhrjgfx¯MXlusfy[kkgSfd]lekt'kkL=klektdkoSKkfudvè;;ugSAnwljhvksj]eSdkbojrFkkist]vkuksZYM,e-jkst]ikoZQ,oacxsZltSlsvusdfo}kuksauslekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksadkO;ofLFkrvè;;udjusokykfoKkudgkgSAeSdkboj,oaistuslekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kknsrsgq,fy[kkgS]lekt'kkL=klkekftdlacaèkksaosQfo"k;esagS]lacaèkksaosQblhtkydksgelektdgrsgSaA
ysfdu fxUlcxZ] flesy]gkWcgkmlrFkkxzhutSlslekt'kkfL=k;ksadk fopkjgS fdlkekftdlacaèkksadhvis{kklkekftdvar£ozQ;k,¡vfèkdegÙoiw.kZgSaAlkekftdlacaèkrksbrusizdkjosQgSafdmudkO;ofLFkrvè;;udjukHkhdfBugSAvr%,slhfLFkfresalekt'kkL=kdks;fngelkekftdvUr£ozQ;kvksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkudgdjifjHkkf"krdjsarksbldhizo`QfrdksT;knkLi"V:ilsle>ktkldrkgSA
lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkosQlacaèkesateZufopkjdeSDloscjdk,dvyxn`f"Vdks.kgSAbuosQvuqlkjlkekftdlacaèkksadksle>usosQfy,lkekftdvUr£ozQ;kvksadksle>ukghi;kZIrughagSAnjvlyvUr£ozQ;kvksadkfuekZ.klkekftdfozQ;kvksalsgksrkgSvkSjbudksdrkZosQn`f"Vdks.klsghle>ukpkfg,Avr%oscjosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kogfoKkugStkslkekftdfozQ;kvksadhO;k[;kO;fDrijdvFkZosQvkèkkjijdjrkgSA
tkWulu]cksxkMZlrFkkÝiiQys¯extSlsvusdlekt'kkfL=k;ksadh;gekU;rkgSfdlekt'kkL=klkekftdlewgksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkugSAtkWuludhekU;rkgSfdlekt'kkL=kdksosQoylkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;udgnsuki;kZIrughagSA,slkblfy,D;ksafdlkekftdlacaèkdk{ks=kcgqrO;kidgS]tSls&lacaèkvfrlkèkkj.kHkhgksldrkgSvkSjizfrLièkkZRedHkhA,slhifjfLFkfresalkekftdlacaèkksaosQvè;;ulsgefdlhfu"d"kZijughaigq¡pldrsAvr%lekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlewgksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkudgukpkfg,A
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 3
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
Li"Vr%lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkosQlacaèkesamQijhrkSjijerHksnt:jgSijewyr%lHkhfo}ku;gLohdkjdjrsgSafdlekt'kkL=k]lkekftd&fozQ;k]lkekftd&vUr£ozQ;k]lkekftd&ewY;ksa;klkekftd&lacaèkksadklexz:ilsvè;;udjusokykfoKkugSA
1-4 lekt'kkL=k dh izo`Qfr (Nature of Sociology)
lekt'kkL=kfoKkugS;kugha]blfo"k;esafo}kuksaesacM+kerHksngSAoqQNvkykspdlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekurs]tcfdnwljsvkykspdksaosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kHkhjktuhfr'kkL=k]bfrgklvkSjvU;lkekftd'kkL=kksadhHkk¡fr,dfoKkugSA
blfo"k;ijfdlhfu.kZ;ijigq¡puslsiwoZgesa^foKku*'kCnosQvFkZdksHkyhHkk¡frle>ukgksxkA
foKku dk vFkZ
foKku¶KkuvFkokvè;;udkogvaxgSftlesaozQec¼<axls,oalkekU;fu;eksadhfozQ;kdksfn[kykrsgq,rF;ksavFkoklR;ksadko.kZugksrkgSA¸blesarF;ksadksbdV~BkdjosQmUgsaO;ofLFkr<axlsla;qDrfd;ktkrkgSrkfdizekf.kdfu"d"kks±dh[kkstdhtklosQAoSKkfudKkuizek.k,oaroZQijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAvr,o;glR;kiu;ksX;gksrkgSrFkkblslapfjrfd;ktkldrkgSAfoKkudhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡gSaµ
(i) lqLi"V]vfojksèkh,oaewÙkZlw=kfuekZ.kdhlaHkkouk]
(ii) lkekU;hdj.kksaosQfuekZ.k,oaHkfo";ok.khdjusdh;ksX;rk]
(iii) vk¡dM+s,oalkekU;hdjosQlR;kiudhlaHkkoukA
oSKkfudfofèkesaiz;qDrfofHkUuiFkgSaAi;Zos{k.k]vadu]oxhZdj.k]ifjdYiuk]lR;kiu,oaHkfo";ok.khA
fofy;e bl¯yxj(William Esslinger)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkudhizeq[kHksndfo'ks"krk;ggSfdogvuU;:i,oafofèkor<axlsroZQijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAiz;ksx,oaHkfo";ok.khbldhvis{kk,¡ughagSaAblesaleh{kkdhfofèk;k¡ozQec¼gksrhgSaA¸gDlysosQvuqlkjHkh]¶foKkuroZQ,oaizek.kijvkèkkfjrKkudkozQec¼iqatgSA¸
1-5 lekt'kkL=k dks foKku ugha ekuk tk ldrk (Sociology cannot be Regarded as a Science)
tksys[kdlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuekuuslsbadkjdjrsgSa]muosQroZQfuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- iz;ksx dh deh (Lack of experimentation)µlekt'kkL=k,dfoKkugS;kugha]bllacaèkesaHkzkfUrdkdkj.k;ggSfdfoKku'kCnosQdbZvFkZcrk;sx;sgSaA;fn^foKku*'kCndkiz;ksxmlhvFkZesafd;ktk;sftlvFkZesaHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesafd;ktkrkgS]rkslekt'kkL=kfoKkugksusdknkokughadjldrkAtc^foKku*'kCndkiz;ksxHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesafd;ktkrkgSrksblesaiz;ksxrFkkiwoZdFku(prediction)dhtqM+ok¡izfozQ;k'kkfeygksrhgSAbln`f"Vlslekt'kkL=kfoKkuughagS]tSlkfdLizkWV(Sprout)usdgkgS]¶;fnvkiiz;ksxughadjldrs];fnvkiuki&rksyughadjldrs];fnvkieksVsrkSjij,dRocksèkdèkkj.kkLFkkfirughadjldrs];fnvkiviuhlkekftdbathfu;¯jxosQfo"k;esavk'oLrughagksldrsrksvkidksfdlhHkhrjgoSKkfudvè;;uesaO;LrughadgktkldrkgSA¸
blesadksbZlansgughagS fdlekt'kkL=kHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhHkk¡friz;ksx,oaiwoZdFku
4 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
ughadjldrk]D;ksafdekuo&O;ogkjrFkkekuo&lacaèkksadhlkexzhftldklekt'kkL=kvè;;udjrkgS]cM+hfofp=krFkkvfuf'prgSAoqQNHkkouk,¡,slhgksrhgSaftuosQlacaèkesadksbZiz'ughugha fd;ktkldrkAmudk fujis{kHkkoHkhugha fd;ktkldrkAmnkgj.kosQfy,]dke&thou(sex life)vkSjèkeZtSlsfo"k;xaHkhjokn&fookndksHkM+dknsrsgSaAfooknxzLrfo"k;kasdkvè;;udjusokykO;fDrfojksèkherksadhfuUnkdkik=kculdrkgSA;fn;gfo"k;u'kkcUnh]xksgR;k]xHkZikr]ifjokjfu;kstu;kNqvkNwrgSrks'kksèkdrkZvo';ghbuosQi{kesagksxk;kfoi{kesaAmlosQ}kjkfn;kx;kdksbZHkhfujis{kfo'ys"k.knksuksaghi{kksadks#"VdjusokykgksldrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrlektbruktfVy,oaifjorZu'khygSfdmlosQfofHkUurRoksadksi`Fko~QdjukrFkkmudkfo'ys"k.kdjukµtSlkHkkSfrdfo"k;ksaesafd;ktkldrkgS]lEHkoughagSAgelalkjdksfdlhHkhiz;ksx'kkykesaiz;ksxdjosQns[kldrsgSafdikuhosQnksrÙogksrsgSaAblesanksHkkxgkbMªkstuvkSj,dHkkxvkWDlhtugksrkgS]ijarqlekt'kL=kesa,slhiz;ksx'kkykeasiz;ksxdhckrdfBurFkkvlaHkogSA
2- oLrqfu"Brk dh deh (Lack of Objectivity)µoSKkfudfofèkviukusesalekt'kkL=khosQlkeusnwljhdfBukbZ;ggSfdogviusiz;ksxkèkhuoLrqosQlkFkiw.kZr%fujis{kughajgldrk]tcfdHkkSfrd'kkL=khjgldrkgSAekuodhviuh#fp;k¡rFkkviusiwokZxzg(prejudices)gksrsgSa]vr,omlosQfy;s;glaHkoughagSfdiz;ksxdhoLrqdksfcYoqQyfu£yIrHkkolsns[ksAfdlhoLrqosQlacaèkesacpiulsgekjseuesatksdYiuk,¡gSa]mulsgefcYoqQyeqDrgkstk;sa]cgqrdfBuckrgSAvr%gekjsewY;kaduiwokZxzgdkjhgksaxs];gfuf'pr&lkgSAblosQvfrfjDr;fndksbZO;fDrekuo&O;ogkjosQvè;;uesafujis{kjgusdkiz;RudjrkgS]rksmldks'kh?kzghludh]la'k;oknh]ikxy;kns'knzksghdgktkldrkgSAviuh'kksèkesaturk}kjklg;ksxosQLFkkuijmlsmuosQfojksèkdklkeukdjukiM+ldrkgSrcvkRej{kkosQfy,ogoqQNsdlkekftdewY;ksadksLohdkjdjysrkgSvkSjviusvè;;ulsmu?kVukvksadksfudkynsrkgStkslekt'kkL=kh;mi;ksfxrkj[krhgSavkSjlkekftdvfLrRodkewykèkkjgSaArhljhdfBukbZ;ggSfdlkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;u'kkjhfjdbafnz;ksalsughfd;ktkldrkAlkekftdlacaèkksaesagetksoqQNns[krsgSa]oggekjsvkarfjdthoudkckã:iek=kgSAvr%;fndksbZlekt'kkL=khfdlhO;fDrdhczkãfozQ;kvksadksHkyhHkk¡frle>ukpkgrkgS]rksmlsmlO;fDrosQeudhfozQ;kdksHkhle>ukiM+sxkAHkkSfrdfoKkuosÙkkdks,slhtfVyleL;kdklkeukughadjukiM+rkA
3- ;FkkrF;rk dh deh (Lack of Exactivity)µfoKkudk,dvkSjy{k.k;ggSfdmlesai;Zos{k.k(observation)rFkkvuqeku(hypothesis)osQvkèkkjijoqQNfu;ecuk;stkldrsgSavkSjmufu;eksadhdlkSVhijHkfo";ok.khdhtkldrhgSAlekt'kkL=kdksbln`f"VlsHkhfoKkuughadgktkldrk]D;ksafdigyhckr;ggSfdblosQfu;eksadksuis&rqys'kCnksaesaO;Drughafd;ktkldrkvkSjnwljhckr;gHkhgSfdbldhHkfo";ok.khlghufudysA
blosQfu"d"kZcgqèkkdkyvkSjLFkkuosQdkj.kifjlhfergksrsgSaAblrF;osQdkj.kfdlkekftdlacaèkksadk{ks=k foLr`rgSrFkkekuoh;vfHkizsj.kk;satfVygSa]blfy,ekuoO;ogkjosQckjsesadksbZiwoZdFkudjukdfBugSA
4- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh vLi"V (Terminological Theofficiency)µ;groZQHkhizLrqrfd;kx;kgSfdlekt'kkL=kesavLi"V,oalqfuf'pr'kCnkoyhdkvHkkogksrkgSAfofHkUuO;fDroqQN'kCnksadksfofHkUuvFkks±esaiz;qDrdjrsgSaAmnkgj.kr;k]^tkfr*,oa(caste)oxZ'kCnksadkvHkhrdlqLi"VvFkZmiyCèkughagSAeaMyfooknesaloksZPpU;k;ky;us
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 5
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
viusfu.kZ;esadgkgSfdoxZdhvoèkkj.kkdkstkfrlsi`Fko~Qughafd;ktkldrkAD;ktkfresaoxZfufgrgS\;gHkzkafrvHkhrdnwjughagqbZgSA'kCnfopkjksa&oSKkfudvFkokvU;Fkk&dkekè;egksrsgSaAlekt'kkL=kesavHkhrd;Fks"VoSKkfud'kCnkoyhdkfodklughagksik;kgSAgekjsvusdikfjHkkf"kd'kCn;FkkµèkeZ]tkfr]oxZ]lewgnSfudthouesaiz;qDr'kCngSaAtcrdgeHkzked'kCnksadksiz;qDrdjrsjgsaxs]ikfjHkkf"kd'kCnkoyhdkiz;ksxlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudkinfnykusesackèkdgksxkA
mi;qZDrdfBukb;ksadksè;kuesaj[krsgq,;gdgktkrkgSfdlekt'kkL=kukedhdksbZoLrqughagSµvfèkdlsvfèkd;fnoqQNgSrks^lkekftdvè;;u*(social studies)Alkekftdlacaèkksadkfujis{kvè;;ulaHkoughagS_'kksèkdrkZfujis{kgksghughaldrkAfujis{kfo'ys"k.kosQfcukfoKkuvlaHkogSA
1-6 lekt'kkL=k foKku gS (Sociology is a Science)
vkykspdksaosQroZQoqQNlhekrdlR;izrhrgksrsgSaAoLrqr%lkekftd?kVukoLrqdhoSKkfudleh{kkdfBukb;kasls;qDrgSAlekftdvè;;uviusLo:iosQdkj.kmrus;FkkFkZughagksldrsftrukizko`QfrdvFkokHkkSfrdfoKkuAijarqvkykspdviusi{kdksc<+k&p<+kdjo£.krdjrsgSa]tcoglekt'kkL=kdksoSKkfudrklsiw.kZr;kbadkjdjrsgSaAdnkfpr~mudhèkkj.kkgSfdfu"d"kks±dh;FkkFkZrk,oaiwoZdFkudh;ksX;rkghfdlhvè;;udksoSKkfudrkdkinnsldrkgSAijarq;gèkkj.kkfoKkuosQLo:iosQckjsesalghle>ughagSAekSlefoKkulghiwoZdFkuughadjikrk]ijarqD;kblvkèkkjijmlsfoKkudguslsbadkjfd;ktkldrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]fu"d"kks±dhlkoZHkkSfedekU;rk,oaiwoZdFkudhiw.kZ:is.klR;rkfoKkuosQekinaMughagSaAfdlhfo"k;osQoSKkfudLo:idkfuèkkZjdrRoblosQ}kjkiz;qDrfofèk;k¡gSaA;fnvè;;udhfofèk;k¡oSKkfudgSarksmlfo"k;dksfoKkudguk=kqfViw.kZughagksxkAlekt'kkL=kviusfo"k;&oLrqosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèk;ksadkiz;ksxdjrkgStSlkfuEuvafdrgSA
lekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudgstkusosQfo#¼nhx;hvkifÙk;ksadksroZQlsdkVktkldrkgSAoLrqr%viuhfo"k;&lkexzhdkvè;;udjrsle;lekt'kkL=koSKkfudfofèkdkiz;ksxdjrkgS]vr%;gfoKkudgykus;ksX;gSA
igyhckr;ggSfdlekt'kkL=khizR;{k:ilsiz;ksx'kkykesaiz;ksxughadjldrkAlekt'kkL=kdhfo"k;&oLrqvFkkZr~lkekftdO;ogkjfdlhHkhnwljhizko`Qfrd?kVukosQlekuoSKkfud'kksèkosQ;ksX;gSAoqQNfo'ks"k{ks=kksa];Fkk&vkS|ksfxd{ks=kksaesaeuq";ksadhlgefrlsmuijvusdvizR;{kiz;ksxfd;stkjgsgSaAblosQvfrfjDrlekt'kkL=klektfefr(sociometry)]iz'ukoyhfofèk(question-naire)]lk{kkRdkj fofèk (interview)] O;fDrxrthouvè;;ufofèk (case study method)vkfnfofèk;ksadkiz;ksxdjrkgSftlesalkekftdO;ogkjosQvè;;uesaifjek.kkRedekiksadkbLrsekyfd;ktkrkgSAbufofèk;ksadksiz;ksxkRedfofèkosQlekuBgjk;ktkldrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fnge;gtkuukpkgrsgSafdD;kvYi&vk;okysifjokjksaesaf'k'kqvksadhe`R;q&njvfèkdgSrksgevk¡dM+sbdV~BsdjrsgSaAlekt'kkL=kosQikli;kZIr;Fks"Bfofèk;k¡gSaAdfBukbZosQoylkexzhbdV~BkdjusdhgS]D;ksafdlkexzhbdV~BkdjusdhizfozQ;keg¡xhgSA
nwljhckr;ggSfdoSKkfud'kksèkdhnkscqfu;knhfofèk;k¡&i;Zos{k.k,oarqyuklekt'kkL=khdkslqyHkgSavkSjogbudkiz;ksxdjrkgSA
rhljh ckr ;g gS fd lHkh HkkSfrd foKkuksa esa iz;ksx cUn iz;ksx'kkyk esa ugha fd;s tkrsA[kxksyfoKku (astronomy)esamldh fo"k;&lkexzhdksiz;ksx'kkykesacUndjosQiz;ksxugha fd;ktkldrkAu{k=kksarFkkxzgksadksiz;ksx'kkykesaughayk;ktkldrkAfiQj;fn[kxksyfoKkudks]tksiz;ksx'kkykesaiz;ksxughadjldrk]foKkudgktkldrkgSrkslekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekuusdkdksbZvkSfpR;ughagSAU;wVu(Newton)rFkkvkoZQfeMht(Archimedes)usviusfu;eksadh[kkst
6 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
iz;ksx'kkykesacSBdjughadhFkhA,dlekt'kkL=khosQekxZesackèkk,¡mldhfo"k;&oLrqlsmRiUuughagksrh]ijUrqmlosQviusghlekt}kjkmlijyknhx;hlhekvksalsmRiUugksrhgSaA
pkSFkhckr;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kfu;eksadkfuekZ.kdjrkgSvkSjiwoZdFkuHkhdjrkgS]pkgsmldkiwoZdFkuiw.kZr%Bhdfl¼ugksA;g,slsfu;eksadks[kkstusdkiz;RudjrkgStkslaLo`QfresafofHkUurkvksadhmis{kkdjrsgq,HkhlkekU;r%ykxwgksrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,];gfu;efdfdlhleqnk;(community)dhlkekftdfozQ;k,¡mlleqnk;osQyksxksa}kjkmfprle>htkrhgSa]D;ksafdosjhfr;k¡(mores)gksrhgSa]blfy,ughafdosfozQ;k,¡jhfr;k¡blfy,gSa]D;ksafdosmfprgSaAyksxfookgdhlaLFkkdksblizdkjlsfu;ferdjrsgSafdlxks=k&xeu(incest)dksjksdktklosQA;sfu;elkoZHkkSfedgSaAmudhU;k;laxrrklsbadkjughafd;ktkldrkAblosQvykok]dksbZHkhfoKkublckrdkxoZughadjldrkfdmldkiwoZdFkudHkhxyrughagksxkAvU;foKkuksa}kjkLFkkfirfu;eksaesaHkhcknesale;osQlkFkifjorZudjukiM+kgSALizkWV(sprott)osQvuqlkj]¶fl¼karksesamuifjorZuksaustksbruh'kh?kzrk;krsthlsgq,gSa]gesa'kafdrcukfn;kgSfdfoKkugesavkttksf'k{kknsjgkgS]D;kogh^dy*nsxkAlkekftdthouosQoqQN{ks=kksaesaiwoZdFkuoqQNlhekrdlaHkogSA¸D;wohj(Cuvier)osQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kosQiwoZdFkuh;ewY;dksmUurfd;ktkjgkgSAcPpksaosQO;fDrRovkSjikfjokfjdlacaèkksaijdkiQhlghlwpukmiyCèkgSAtclekt'kkL=kvkSjvfèkdifjiDogkstk;sxkvkSjekuoh;O;ogkjosQihNsfufgrfu;eksadksvfèkdiw.kZ:ilsle>usyxtk;sxkrksogvfèkd;FkkFkZiwoZdFkudjus;ksX;gkstk;sxkA¸
ik¡pohckr;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kdk;Z&dkj.klacaèkksadhLFkkiukdjrkgSAifjokjosQvè;;uesa]blusikfjokfjdfo?kVu,oarykd]uxjhdj.k,oaikfjokfjdfo?kVuosQchplacaèkdh[kkstdhgSAblizdkj];glkekftdizfozQ;kvksa,oalacaèkksaosQ^oSQlk*(how),oa^D;ksa*(why)dkmÙkj<w¡<usdkiz;RudjrkgSA
vfUrer;k];fn^foKku*'kCndksmlvFkZesaiz;qDrfd;ktk;ftuvFkks±esaD;wohj(Cuvier)]fi;lZu(Pearson)]fx¯MXl(Giddings)rFkkvU;'kkfL=k;ksausfd;kgSrkslekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudgstkusosQfo#¼lHkhvkifÙk;k¡fuewZyfl¼gkstk;sxhAD;wohj(cuvier)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkui;Zos{k.k,oaiqu%i;Zos{k.kdhizfozQ;k}kjkfo'oesalekurkvksadh[kkstdhfofèkgS]ftlosQifj.kke]varesafu;eosQ:iesa?kksf"krfd;stkrsgSatksKkuosQ{ks=kksaesalqO;ofLFkrdjfy;stkrsgSaA¸fi;lZu(Pearson)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkudkdk;ZrF;ksadkoxhZdj.k]muosQrkjrE;,oalkis{kegÙodkirkyxkukgSA¸fx¯MXl(Giddings)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkurF;ksadkirkyxkusvkSjmudksle>usosQiz;RulsuoqQNvfèkdgSvkSjudeAfoKkurF;ksadklkeukdjusesalgk;rkdjusosQvfrfjDroqQNughadjrkA¸foKkudh,dljyifjHkk"kk;ggSfd;gosQoylaxfBrlw>cw>gSftlesarF;ksadkO;fDrfu"Bi;Zos{k.krFkkmudhlS¼kfUrdO;k[;kdhtkrhgSAfoKkudh,dijaijkxrifjHkk"kk;ggSfd;gfdlhfo"k;lslacafèkrozQec¼i;Zos{k.k]vuqHko,oavè;;u}kjkizkIrKkudklaxzggSftlosQ,dho`Qrlaiw.kZesafo'ys"k.k,oaoxhZdj.kfd;ktkrkgSAyqaMcxZ(Lundberg)osQvuqlkj]¶foKkumuvoLFkkvksaftuosQvèkhu?kVuk,¡?kfVrgksrhgSa]dh[kkstdhizfozQ;kgSA¸oscj(Weber)osQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kogfoKkugStkslkekftdfozQ;kdhlkFkZdO;k[;kdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSftllsdk;Z&dkj.kdh,dlkekU;O;k[;kijigq¡pktklosQA¸vr,olekt'kkL=k,doSKkfudvuq'kklugStks^foKku*'kCn}kjkfu£n"Vek¡xksadhiw£rdjrkgSAogviuhfo"k;&oLrqdkoSKkfud<axlsvè;;udjrkgSA;glkekftdlacaèkksa]fo'ks"kr;klaLFkkvksa,oalfefr;ksaosQizdkjksa,oa:iksadkoxhZdj.kdjusdkiz;rudjrkgSA;glkekftdthouosQfofHkUudkjdksa,oaHkkxksaosQchplacaèkksadksfuèkkZfjrdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSA;gviuhlkexzhosQozQec¼vè;;ulslkekU;fu;eksadks<w¡<usdkiz;RudjrkgSA,slsfu;elkekftdleL;kvksaosQlekèkkuesaiz;qDrfd;stkrsgSaAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kHkhvFkZ'kkL=k]jktuhfr'kkL=krFkkeuksfoKkudhghHkk¡fr,dfoKkugSA;|fi;gvHkhrdiw.kZrkdksizkIrughagqvkgS]rFkkfilekt'kkL=kh,slsmidj.kksadh[kkstesagSatksblosQvè;;u
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 7
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
dksvfèkdlw{erFkkblosQfu;eksadksvfèkdoSKkfudcukusesalgk;dgksaxsAdkEVs(Comte)usbls^lkekftdHkkSfrd'kkL=k*(Social physics)dkukefn;kFkkA
jkcVZchlZVsM(Robert Bierstedt)usviuhiqLrd^lkekftdO;oLFkk*(The Social Order)esalekt'kkL=khdhizo`QfrdhfuEufyf[krfo'ks"krkvksadko.kZufd;kgSµ
1- lekt'kkL=k,dlkekftd]ufdizko`QfrdfoKkugSA
2- lkekt'kkL=kLohdkjkRed(positive)]ufdvkn'kkZRed(normative)foKkugSA
3- lekt'kkL=k,dfo'kq¼vFkoklS}kfUrd]ufdO;kogkfjdfoKkugSA
4- lekt'kkL=k,dvewrZ]ufdewrZfoKkugSA
5- lekt'kkL=k,dlkekU;ho`Qr]ufdfo'ks"kho`QrfoKkugSA
6- lekt'kkL=kroZQijd,oavkuqHkfod(empirical)foKkugSA
1-7 lekt'kkL=k dk {ks=k (Scope of Sociology)
vysDlbaosQYlosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kifjorZu'khylektdkvè;;udjrkgS] blfy,lekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhurkslhekfuèkkZfjrdhtkldrhgSvkSjughblosQvè;;u{ks=kdksfcYoqQyLi"V:ilsifjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgS¸lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=klsrkRi;Z;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kdkfoLrkjfdulhekvksardgSAlekt'kkL=kosQfo"k;&{ks=kosQlacaèkesafo}kuksaosQerksadkseq[;:ilsnksHkkxksaesackaVktkldrkgSA
1- Lo:ikRedvFkokfof'k"VkRedlEiznk;rFkk(Formal or Specialistic or Particularistic School)
2- leUo;kRedlaiznk;(Synthetic School)izFkefopkjèkkjkosQiks"kdlekt'kkL=kdks,dfo'ks"kfoKkuekursgSatcfdf}rh;fopkjèkkjkosQleFkZdlekt'kkL=kdks,dlkekU;foKkuekuusosQi{kesagSA
1- Lo:ikRed laiznk; (Formal School)
teZulekt'kkL=khtktZflesybllaiznk;osQizorZdgSaAbllaiznk;lslacafèkrvU;fo}kuksaesaohjdkUr]okuf;t]eSDloscjrFkkVkuhtvkfnizeq[kgSaAbl fopkjèkkjklslacafèkr lekt'kkfL=k;ksa osQ ekU;rkuqlkj vU; foKkuksa tSls jlk;u'kkL=k] HkkSfrd 'kkL=k]bfrgkl]vFkZ'kkL=k]Hkwxksy]jktuhfr'kkL=kvkfnosQlekulekt'kkL=kHkh,dLora=k,oafo'ks"k foKkugSAtSlsizR;sdfoKkudhviuhdksbZizeq[kleL;k;klkexzhgksrhgSftldkmlh'kk[kkosQvarxZrvè;;udhtkusokyhHkhdksbZeq[;leL;k;klkexzhgksuhpkfg,A,slkgksusdhfLFkfresghlekt'kkL=k,dfof'k"V,oaLora=kfoKkuculosQxkvkSjbldk{ks=kfuf'prgkslosQxkAbllEiznk;osQvuqlkj];fnlekt'kkL=kdkslaiw.kZlektdk,dlkekU;vè;;ucukusdhdksf'k'kdhx;hrksoSKkfudvkèkkjij,slkdjuklaHkoughajgtk,xkA
(i) tktZ flesy osQ fopkj (Views of George Simmel)%tktZflesyuslekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksa osQ Lo:iksadkvè;;uekuk gSA buosQvuqlkj];fnvU;foKkuksaosQlekulekt'kkL=kHkhlkekftdlacaèkksadhvUroZLrqdkvè;;udjusyxkrks;g,dfof'k"VfoKkuughaculosQxkAvr%lekt'kkL=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksa osQ Lo:iksa dk vè;;u djuk pkfg,A buosQ vuqlkj] lHkh HkkSfrd ,oavHkkSfrdoLrqvksadkviuk,dLo:ivkSj,dvaroZUrqgksrhgStks,dnwljslsfHkUugksrsgSaALo:ivkSjvaroZLrqdk,dnwljsijdksbZizHkkoughaiM+rkAmnkgj.kgsrqµrhu,dlekucksryksaesals,desaikuh]nwljsesanwèkvkSjrhljsesa'kjkcHkjh
8 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
tkldrhgSAikuh]nwèkvkSj'kjkcdkcksryksaosQLo:iijvkSjbuosQLo:idkcksryksadhvaroZLrqijdksbZizHkkoughiM+sxkAcksrydhfo'ks"kvko`Qfr;kcukoVmldkLo:igSvkSjmlesaHkjkgqvkikuh]nwèkvkSj'kjkcmldhvaroZLrqgSAblhizdkjlkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksavkSjvaroZLrqesaHkhvarjik;ktkrkgSvkSj;sHkh,d&nwljsdksizHkkforughadjrsgSaAvuqdj.k]lg;ksx]izfrLièkkZ]izeq[kvèkhurk]JefoHkktuvkfnlkekftdlacaèkksaosQbUghaLo:iksadkvè;;udjusokykfoKkugSA
(ii) ohjdkar osQ fopkj (Views of Vier Kant)%lekt'kkL=kdksrks,dfof'k"VfoKkuosQ:iesaekufldlacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;udjukpkfg,tksO;fDr;ksadks,d&nwljslsvFkoklewglsckaèkrsgSaAlekt'kkL=k;'k]lEeku]izse]yTtk]Lusg]leiZ.k]?k`.kk]lg;ksx]la?k"kZvkfnHkkoukRed;kekufldigyqvksadkvè;;udjrkgSA
(iii) okufot osQ fopkj (Views of Von Wiese)% bUgksaus lkekftdlacaèkksa osQ 650Lo:iksadkmYys[kfd;kgSvkSjcrk;kfdlekt'kkL=kdksLo;adksbUghaLo:iksaosQvè;;uesavius&vkidksyxkukpkfg,A
(iv) eSDl oscj osQ fopkj (Views of Max Weber)%bUgksausHkhlekt'kkL=kdks,dfof'k"VfoKkuekukgSAbuosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=klkekftdfozQ;kvksadkvè;;ugSAlkekftdfozQ;kvksadksbUgksausmuO;ogkjksaosQ:iesaLi"Vfd;kgStks fdvFkZiw.kZvkSjlkFkghlkFktksvU;O;fDr;ksaosQO;ogkjksalsizHkkforHkhgksrsgSaA
vr%lekt'kkL=kdkdk;ZlkekftdO;ogkjdksle>ukvkSjmudhO;kjdkdjukgSA
Vkuht] oksxy] jkWl] ikoZQ ,oa oxsZlvkfn lekt'kkfL=k;ksa us Hkh Lo:ikRedlEiznk;dkleFkZufd;kgSAbllEiznk;lslac¼lHkhlekt'kkL=kh]lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksardghlhferekursgSaA
Lo:ikRed lEiznk; dh vkykspuk
(i)lkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;ufdlhvU;foKku}kjkughafd;ktkrk]vr%lekt'kkL=kdks,duohufoKkuosQ:iesabudkvè;;udjukpkfg,A,slkdgukfujkèkkjgSAlkekftdlacaèkksaosQcgqrlsLo:itSls&izHkqRo]lÙkk]'kfDr]LokfeRo]vkKkikyu]nklrk]la?k"kZvkfndkvè;;udkuwu'kkL=kesadkiQhlhekrdO;ofLFkr:iesafd;ktkrkgSAlksjksfduosQvuqlkj¶Lo:iksadkvè;;uvU;foKkuksaosQ}kjkHkhfd;ktkrkgS]vr%lekt'kkL=kosQfy,ekuoh;lacaèkksaosQLo:iksaosQfoKkuosQ:iesadksbZLFkkuughagSA¸
(ii)bllEiznk;osQleFkZdksausLo:ivkSjvuroZLrqesaHksnfd;kgSvkSjbUgsa,dnwljslsi`Fko~QekukgS]ysfdulkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:ivkSjvaroZLrqdks,d&nwljslsi`Fko~QdjuklaHkoughagSA
(iii)bllEiznk;osQleFkZdlekt'kkL=kdksvU;lkekftdfoKkuksaesai`Fko~Q,oaLora=kfoKkucukusosQi{kèkjgSaAijarq;glaHkoughagS]D;ksafdfofHkUulkekftdfoKkuksaesaikjLifjdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSAlHkhlkekftdfoKkuFkksM+hcgqrek=kkesa,d&nwljslsoqQNuoqQNxzg.kdjrsgSaAlksjksfduosQvuqlkj¶'kk;ngh,slkdksbZfoKkugkstksvU;foKkuksalsfdlhufdlh:iesalacaèkuj[krkgksA¸
(iv)bllaiznk;dhekU;rkosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kesaosQoylkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;u fd;ktk,rkslkekftdthouosQ fofHkUui{klekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=k(lhek)osQvarxZrughavk;saxsA,slhfLFkfresalekt'kkL=kdk{ks=kcgqrlaoqQfprgkstk,xktksfdblfo"k;osQfodkldhn`f"VlsmfprughagSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 9
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
(v)lket'kkL=klaiw.kZ:ilslektdkfoKkugSA;gizekf.krgksx;kgSfdlkekftdthouosQfofHkUui{k,d&nwljsosQlkFk?kfu"B:ilslacafèkrgSaA;fnlkekftdthouosQfdlh,dHkhHkkx;ki{kesaifjorZuvkrkgSrksmldkvljvU;Hkkxksa;ki{kksaijHkhiM+rkgSAvr%bllaiznk;osQleFkZdksaosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kosQvarxZrosQoylkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksaosQvè;;uijtksjnsukmfprughagSA
(vi)Lo:ikRedlaiznk;osQleFkZdksauslekthdj.kosQLo:iksavkSjlkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksaesadksbZfoHksnughafd;kgSArFkknksuksadks,d&nwljsdki;kZ;ekufy;kgStcfd;FkkFkZesa,slkughagSAlkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:iksaesaosQoylkekthdj.kosQughacfYdvlekthdj.kosQLo:iHkhekStwngSaA
2- leUo;kRed laiznk; (Synthetic School)
lksjksfdu]nq[khZe]gkWcgkmlrFkk ¯xloxZbllaiznk;osQizeq[kleFkZdksaesalsgSaA;sfo}kulekt'kkL=kdksfof'k"Vdhctk;lkekU;foKkucukukpkgrsgSaAbufo}kuksaosQvuqlkj]lektosQlacaèkesalaiw.kZKkuizkfIrgsrqlekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kdkslkekftdlacaèkksaosQLo:irdghlhferughaj[kktkldrkAblsrkslaiw.kZlektdklkekU;vè;;udjukpkfg,bllacaèkesabllaiznk;osQleFkZdksausnksroZQfn;sgSaA
(i)lektdhizo`Qfrthfor'kjhjdhHkkafrgSftlosQfofHkUuvax,d&nwljsosQlkFk?kfu"B:ilsvarlZEcfUèkrgSavkSj,dvarjgksusokykdksMZHkhifjorZunwljsvaxksadksizHkkforfd,fcukughajgldrkgSAvr%lektdksle>usosQfy,mldhfofHkUubdkbZ;ksa;kvaxksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksadkstkuukvfrvko';dgSA;gdk;Zmlhle;gksldrkgStclekt'kkL=kdkslkekU;foKkucuk;ktk,vkSjblosQ{ks=kdksdkiQhO;kidfd;ktk;sA
(ii)lekt'kkL=kdks,dlkekU;foKkucukusosQi{kesa,droZQ fn;ktkrkgS fdizr;sdlkekftdfoKkuosQ}kjklektosQ,dHkkx;ki{kdkghvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQrkSjijjktuhfr'kkL=k}kjklektosQ,di{k&jktuhfrdthoudkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAblhizdkjvFkZ'kkL=kosQ}kjkvk£Fkdthoudkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA,slkdksbZHkhfoKkuughagSatkslkekftdthouosQlHkhi{kksadklaiw.kZle>;klexz:iesavè;;udjrkgksAvr%lekt'kkL=kdks,dfoKkuosQ:iesa;gdk;ZdjukgSA,slkgksusijghlekuokLrfodizo`Qfrdksle>ktkldrkgSAblosQlacaèkesagekjkKkudkiQhlaoqQfprvkSj,dkdhgS;FkkFkZesalekt'kkL=kdkyksxksadkslkekftdthoudhvoLFkkvksalsifjfprdjkusdhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkgSvkSj;gmlhle;laHkogStcblosQ{ks=kdks,dfoKkuosQ:iesafoLr`rfd;ktk;sA
(d) nq[khZe osQ fopkj (Views of Durkheim)%izQkalhlhlekt'kkL=khbZekbynq[khZeHkhblhfopkjèkkjkosQleFkZdgSaAnq[khZeosQvuqlkj],dlkekU;lekt'kkL=kdkfuekZ.kdjuklaHkogStksfof'k"VfoKkuksaosQfo'ks"k{ks=kksaosQfu;eksaijvkèkkfjrvfèkdlkekU;fu;eksalsfudydjcukgksA;sghlkewfgd:iesalkekftdthouosQfofHkUui{kksadkizfrfufèkRodjrsgSaAbUghaosQvè;;ulslektdksHkyhHkkafrle>ktkldrkgSAnq[khZeosQvuqlkj¶gekjkfo'oklgSfdlekt'kkfL=k;ksadksfof'k"VfoKkutSlsdkuwudkbfrgkl]izFkk,a,oaèkeZ]lkekftdvad'kkL=k]vFkZ'kkL=kvkfnesafd,x,vUos"k.kksalsfu;fer:ilsifjfprjgusdhcgqrvfèkdt:jrgSD;ksafdbuesamiyCèklkefxz;ksalsghosQlekt'kkL=kdks,dfof'k"VLora=kfu;keksadkfodkldjlosaQxsAblosQi'pkr~bls,dlkekU;foKkuosQ:iesavU;lkek-ftdfoKkuksaosQlkFkleUo;LFkkfirdjukgSA¸
10 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
([k) lksjksfdu osQ fopkj (Views of Sorokin)%lksjksfduosQvuqlkj&ekuyhft,;fnlkekftd?kVukvksadksLoho`Qrdjfn;ktk,vkSjizR;sdoxZdkvè;;u,dfo'ks"klkekftdfoKkudjsrksbufo'ks"klkekftdfoKkuksaosQvfrfjDr,slsfoKkudhvko';drkgksxhtkslkekU;,oafo'ks"kfoKkuksaosQlacaèkksadkvè;;udjsAdksbZHkhlkekftdfoKkuiw.kZr%Lora=kgSAizR;sdlkekftdfoKkudksfdlhufdlh:iesavU;lkekftdfoKkuksaijfuHkZjjgukiM+rkgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfd,dfoKku}kjklkekftdthouosQfdlh,di{k;k,dfof'k"VekU;rk,aikjaifjd:ils,d&nwljsdksizHkkfordjrhgSaAvr%,dfu"d"kZesaleUo;LFkkfirdjlosQrkfdlektdkslexz:ilsle>ktklosQAlekt'kkL=kdkdk;ZfofHkUulkekftdfoKkuksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksa;kmuosQlkekU;rRoksadkvè;;udjukgSApkgsfdlhHkhizdkjosQlacaèkvk£Fkd]jktuhfrd;kèkk£edLFkkfirdjsavFkokdksbZHkhfozQ;kdjsa]muesaoqQNlkekU;rRovo';gksrsgSaAbUghalkekU;rRoksa;kvUrlZEcaèkksadkvè;;ulekt'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSA
eSdkboj,oaistosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=khgksusosQdkj.kgekjh#fplkekftdlacaèkksaesagS]bldkj.kughafdoslacaèkvk£Fkd]jktuhfrdvFkokèkk£edgSacfYdbldkj.kHkhfdoslkFkghlkekftdHkhgksrsgSaA¸
lksjksfduosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kdkvè;;u{ks=klkekU;gksukpkfg,vkSjblslkekftdfoKkuosQizR;sdi{kdkvè;;udjukpkfg,A¸
leUo;kRed lEiznk; dh vkykspuk (Criticism of Synthetic School)
1- ;fnlekt'kkL=kesalHkhizdkjosQrF;ksa,oaiz?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktk,xkrks;gvU;lkekftdfoKkuksadh,df[kpM+hek=k;k^gjiQuekSyk*foKkucutk,xkA
2- ;fnlket'kkL=k,dlkekU;foKkugksxkrksbldkviukdksbZLora=k{ks=kughagksxkA,slhfLFkfresablsvU;lkekftdfoKkuksaijvkfJrjgukiM+sxkA
3- ;fnlekt'kkL=kesalHkhizdkjosQlkekftdrF;ksa,oa?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkusyxkrks,slhfLFkfresa;gfdlhHkhrF;;kiz?kVukdkiw.kZrkosQlkFkvè;;uughadjik,xkA
4- ;fnlekt'kkL=k fofHkUu foKkuksadk;ksx;kladyuek=kgksxkrksbldhviuhdksbZfuf'pri¼frfodflrughagksik;sxhA
1-8 lekt'kkL=k dk dk;Z&{ks=k (Fields of Sociology)
D;ksafdlekt'kkL=kdkfo"k;&{ks=kdkiQhO;kidgS]vr,oblosQvè;;udksfofHkUu{ks=kksaesafoHkkftrdjusdkiz;Rufd;kx;kgSAizeq[k{ks=kfuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) lekt'kkL=kh; fl¼kar (Sociological theory)%blesalekt'kkL=kh;voèkkj.kkvksa]fu;eksa,oalkekU;hdj.kksadkvè;;ulfEefyrgSA
(ii) ,sfrgkfld lekt'kkL=k (Historical theory)% blosQ varxZr Hkwrdkyhu lkekftdlaLFkkvksa,oaorZekulaLFkkvksadhmRifÙkdkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA
(iii) ifjokj dk lekt'kkL=k (Sociology of family)%ifjokjdktUe]fodkl]blosQdk;Zizdkj]Lo:irFkkbldhleL;kvksa]tSlsrykdvkfndkvè;;ulfEefyrgSA
(iv) ekuo&lkaf[;dh ,oa ifjfLFkfr foKku (Human ecology and demography)%blesatula[;krFkklektesaHkkSxksfydrRoksaosQizHkkodkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 11
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
(v) leqnk; dk lekt'kkL=k (Sociology of Community)%;gleqnk;dkvè;;ugSAblosQnksHkkxgSaµ
(i)xzkeh.klekt'kkL=k],oa (ii)uxjh;lekt'kkL=kA
(vi) fo'ks"k lekt'kkL=k (Special Sociology)% fiNys oqQNsd fnuksa esa lkekftd lacaèkksaosQ fofHkUuigyqvksadkvè;;udjusosQ fy, fo'ks"klekt'kkL=kksadk fodkl fd;kx;kgSAblizdkjvktgekjslkeus;sfo'ks"klekt'kkL=kgSaµ'kSf{kdlekt'kkL=k]èkeZdk lekt'kkL=k] vk£Fkd lekt'kkL=k] jktuhfrd lekt'kkL=k] dkuwu dk lekt'kkL=k]lkekftdfo?kVu]vijkèkfoKku]lkekftdeuksfoKku]lkaLo`Qfrdlekt'kkL=k]lkekftdeu%fpfdRlk'kkL=k] yksd&lekt'kkL=k (folk sociology)] vkS|ksfxd lekt'kkL=k] dykdklekt'kkL=k]lsukdklekt'kkL=k]fpfdRlkdklekt'kkL=k]O;kfèkdklekt'kkL=k]euksjatudk lekt'kkL=k] NksVs legksa dk lekt'kkL=k] ukSdj'kkgh (bureaucracy)dklekt'kkL=k]lkekftdLrjhdj.kdklekt'kkL=k]¯yx(sex)dklekt'kkL=kA
Hkfo";esa]vU;u;sfof'k"Vlekt'kkL=kksaosQfodflrgksusdhlaHkkoukgSA
1-9 lekt'kkL=k dk egÙo (Importance of Sociology)
;giz'uLokHkkfodgSfdlekt'kkL=kdkegÙoD;kgS]bllsfdliz;kstudhiw£rgksrhgSvkSjblosQvè;;ulsD;kykHkgksrkgS\ijsVks(Pareto)tSlsoqQNvkykspdksadkdFkugSfdlekt'kkL=kdkdksbZegÙoughagS]D;ksafdblesathoudh;FkkFkZokLrfodrkvksadkvè;;uughafd;ktkrkvkSjpw¡fdbldklacaèk,slsfopkjksalsgStksoSKkfud[kkstksalsrfudHkhlacafèkrughagS]vr%lkekftdthouesamudkdksbZmi;ksxughagSAijarqlekt'kkL=kosQegÙoosQckjsesa;gn`f"Vdks.kBhdughagSAlekt'kkL=kdhegÙoiw.kZvoèkkj.kkvksaosQvè;;ulsblosQegÙodkirkyxtkrkgSµ
1- lekt'kkL=k lekt dk oSKkfud vè;;u djrk gS (Sociology makes a scientific study of society)%lekt'kkL=kosQtUelsiwoZlektdkdHkhHkhoSKkfud<axlsvè;;uughafd;ktkrkFkk]vkSjlektfdlhHkhfoKkudhfo"k;&lkexzhughaFkkAlekt'kkL=k}kjkghlektdkokLrfodoSKkfudvè;;ulaHkogSAbrukghsugha]cfYdvkèkqfudlalkjdhvusdleL;kvksalslacafèkrgksusosQdkj.klekt'kkL=kusbrukvfèkdegÙoiw.kZLFkkuizkIrdjfy;kgSfdlekt'kkL=khmikxedksvU;lHkhlkekftd'kkL=kksadksle>usdkJs"BremikxeekuktkrkgSAlektdkoSKkfudKkuekuo&lacaèkksaesa fdlhHkhegÙoiw.kZlqèkkjdhiwoZvko';drkgSA
2- lekt'kkL=k O;fDr osQ fodkl esa laLFkkvksa osQ LFkku dk vè;;u djrk gS (Sociology studies the role of institution in the development of individual)%lekt'kkL=kosQekè;elsghegkulkekftdlaLFkkvksarFkkizR;sdlaLFkklsO;fDrosQlacaèkdkoSKkfudvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA ?kjrFkkifjokj]LowQyrFkk f'k{kk]ppZrFkkèkeZ] jkT;rFkkljdkj]m|ksxrFkkdk;Z]leqnk;rFkkla?kvkfn,slhegkulaLFkk,¡gSaftuosQekè;elslektdhxkM+hpyrhgSAblosQvfrfjDr;slaLFkk,¡euq";dhvoLFkk,¡fuèkkZfjrdjrhgSaAlekt'kkL=kbulaLFkkvksavkSjeuq";osQfodklesamuosQ;ksxdkvè;;udjrkgSvkSjbulaLFkkvksadksvfèkdkfèkd'kfDr'kkyhcukusosQfy,mi;qDrmik;ksadklq>konsrkgS]rkfd;svPNs<axlsO;fDrdhlsokdjlosaQA
3- lekt&lacaèkh Kku rFkk mlosQ vk;kstu osQ fy, lekt'kkL=k dk vè;;u vfuok;Z gS (The study of sociology is indispensable for understanding and planning of society)% lektdhjpukcM+htfVyrFkkfofp=kgSAlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uosQfcukbldhfofHkUuleL;kvksadksle>uk,oagydjikukvlaHkogSAmfprghdgkx;k
12 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
gSfdgelektdksrcrdughale>ldrsgSavkSjumlslqèkkjldrsgSa]tcrdfdgemldhjpukrFkkmldhlapkyu&fofèkosQckjsesatkudkjhizkIrughdjysrs]BhdmlhizdkjtSlsdksbZHkhO;fDrdkjdhe'khujhvkSjmlosQiqtsZfiQVdjusdhfofèkvkfndkstkusfcukfcxM+hgqbZdkjdksBhdughadjldrkAlkekftdleL;kvksadklekt'kkL=kosQlkFkoSlkghlacaèkgS]tSlk fdthofoKkuvkSjdhVk.kq'kkL=kdkvkS"kèkfoKkuosQlkFkgS];kxf.krrFkkHkkSfrdfoKkudkbathfu;¯jxosQlkFkgSA
ftlizdkjlS¼kfUrdrFkkiz;ksxkRedfoKkuksaesavuqlaèkkufd;sfcukjksxksadksnwjdjus;kiqy&fuekZ.kdhvkèkqfudfofèkekywedjikuklaHkoughagS]mlhizdkjlekt'kkL=klslacafèkrvuqla?kkuksaosQfcukliQylkekftdvk;kstuHkhlaHkoughagSA;gekU;mís';ksadhizkfIrosQfy,oqQ'kyremik;ksaosQfuèkkZj.kesalgk;rkdjrkgSA
fdUghaHkhlkekftduhfr;ksaosQfozQ;kUo;ulsigyslektosQlacaèkesaoqQNKkuizkIrdjukvko';dgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]ekuyksfdtuu&njdks?kVkusdhuhfrokaNuh;le>htkrhgS]blmís';dhizkfIrosQfy,mÙkelkèkuksadkfu.kZ;osQoyvk£Fkdn`f"Vlsugha fd;ktkldrk]D;ksafdifjokj&O;oLFkk] jhfr&fjoktvkSj:f<+xrewY;ksadksvo';è;kuesaj[kukiM+sxkvkSjbuosQfy,lekt'kkL=kh;<axdkfo'ys"k.kvko';dgSA
4- lkekftd leL;kvksa dks gy djus osQ fy, lekt'kkL=k cgqr egÙoiw.kZ gS (Sociology is of great importance in the solution of social problems)%vkèkqfudlalkjosQlkeusvusdleL;k,¡gSaftUgsalektosQoSKkfudvè;;u}kjkghgyfd;ktkldrkgSALi"VgSfdlkekftdcqjkb;k¡vdkj.kghughaiSnkgksrha]cfYdgjckrdkmfprdkj.kgksrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdkdkeoSKkfudvuqlaèkkuosQekè;elslkekftdleL;kvksadkvè;;udjukvkSj mudk gy<w¡<+uk gSA ekuoh; O;ogkjksadkoSKkfudvè;;udjusosQiQyLo:igesamlKkurFkkmufl¼karksadkirkyxsxkftulsgelkekftdvoLFkkvksaijfu;a=k.kiklosaQxsvkSjmudkslqèkkjlosaQxsA
5- lekt'kkL=k us euq"; osQ okLrfod egÙo rFkk mlosQ lEeku dh vksj gekjk è;ku vko`Q"V fd;k gS (Sociology has drawn our attention to the intrinsic worth and dignity of man)%euq";osQizfrgekjkn`f"Vdks.kcnyusesalekt'kkL=kdkcM+k;ksxjgkgSA,dc`gr~fof'k"VlektesagelHkhlhfergSa]mllhekrdtgk¡rdgelaiw.kZlaLFkkvkSjlaLo`QfrdkizR;{kvuqHkodjldrsgSaAgenwljs{ks=kksaosQyksxksadksfudVrklsughatkuldrsAmudksfudVlstkuusvkSjmuy{;ksadkvuqekuyxkukftuosQlgkjsnwljsthforgSavkSjmuifjfLFkfr;ksadkstkuukftuesaosjgjgsgSa]osQfy,lekt'kkL=kdkKkuvfuok;ZgSAvcgeuseuq";osQokLrfodewY;ksadks,deuq";osQ:iesavkSjtkfr]jax]fo'oklrFkknwljsrRoksaosQHksnHkkodhO;FkZrk,oavuqi;qDrrkdksle>ukvkjaHkdjfn;kgSAftltkrh;;klkekftdHksnusigys,dO;fDrdksnwljslsi`Fkddjfn;kFkk]ogvclekIrgksjgkgSvkSjgeèkhjs&èkhjsekuoh;Hkzkr`&Hkkoukdhvksjc<+jgsgSaA
6- vijkèk vkfn leL;kvksa osQ lacaèk esa lekt'kkL=k us gekjk n`f"Vdks.k cny fn;k gS (Sociology has changed our outlook with regard to the problems of crime etc.)%blosQvfrfjDrlekt'kkL=kusfofHkUuizdkjosQvijkèkksaosQckjsesagekjkn`f"Vdks.kcnyfn;kgSAvcvijkfèk;ksadksifrri'kqvksadhHkk¡frughanqRdkjktkrkAblosQfoijhr]mUgsaekufldjksxxzLreuq";le>ktkrkgSvkSjmuosQjksxdksnwjdjosQmUgsalektdkmi;ksxhlnL;cukusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSAvijkèk'kkL=k]n.M&lekt&lqèkkj&dk;ZrFkklkekftdfpfdRlkvkfntkslkekftdvoLFkkvksadksle>usvkSjyksxksadhO;fDrxr
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 13
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
leL;kvksadksgydjusosQ{ks=kesaiz'kaluh;dk;ZdjjgsgSa]lekt'kkL=kosQlgk;d'kkL=kghrksgSaA
7- ekuo&laLo`Qfr dks le`¼ cukus es lekt'kkL=k us cM+k ;ksx fn;k gS (Sociology has made great contirbution to enrich human culture)%lekt'kkL=kusekuo&laLo`Qfrdksle`¼cukusesacM+k;ksxnkufn;kgSAblusgekjseulsvusdHkzkfUr;ksadksgVk;kgSAlekt'kkL=kusgesa,slhVsª¯uxnhgSfdgjO;fDrviusèkeZ]jhfr&fjokt]uSfrdrkrFkklaLFkkvksalslacafèkriz'uksadksroZQiw.kZn`f"Vlsns[ksAblosQvfrfjDrblusgesaoLrqfu"B]xq.knks"krFkkfujis{kcukfn;kgSA;geuq";dksLo;arFkknwljksadksvPNhizdkjle>us;ksX;cukrkgSAviusvfrfjDrvU;lektksavksjlewgksaosQrqyukRedvè;;ulsogviusvfLrRolslacafèkrcgqr&lhoLrqvksadksns[kusesaleFkZgksrkgStksvU;FkkmlosQè;kuesaughavkrhAmldkthouvfèkdèkuhvkSjiw.kZgkstkrkgStksfdvU;FkkughagksldrkFkkAlekt'kkL=kgesaladh.kZO;fDrxrjkx&}s"k]vgaoknhegÙokdka{kkvksarFkkoxZ&}s"kdksR;kxusdkegÙoHkhle>krkgSAla{ksiesadgktkldrkgSfdlekt'kkL=kosQfl¼karizR;sdO;fDrdksnwljsO;fDr;ksarFkklaiw.kZlektdh;FkklaHkoiwjhlsokdjusdkizksRlkgunsrsgSaA
8- lekt'kkL=k varjkZ"Vªh; leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku esa vfr egÙoiw.kZ gS (Sociology is of great importance in the solution of international problems)%HkkSfrdfoKkuksaesagqbZmUufÙkosQiQyLo:ilalkjosQns'k,dnwljsosQfudVvkx;sgSaAijarqlkekftdlacaèkksaosQ{ks=kesaog,dnwljslsnwjgSaAewyHkwriz'u;ggSfdlHkhizdkjdhoSKkfudizxfrlsD;kykHkgSa;fnjk"Vª,dnwljsosQ[kwuosQI;klsgSaAlektosQmQijvkèkqfud;q¼osQvusdHk;adjifj.kkegksrsgSaAvkèkqfud;q¼dhlkekftdykxrfofoèk:iesaizn£'krgksrhgSaA;q¼osQvusddkj.kgksrsgSaijarqlokZfèkdegÙoiw.kZdkj.kgSa%µjkT;ksaosQjktuhfrdlaxBuksa,oamuosQlacaèkksaosQeè;izdk;kZRedvlarqyuAgechloha'krkCnhosQlalkjesafuokldjrsgSatksjktuhfrdrkSjijvBkjgoha'krkCnhdhifjfLFkfr;ksaesafoHkkftrgSAifj.kkeLo:i]jktuhfrdbdkb;ksaosQeè;,oamuosQvanjmifLFkrrukosa]la?k"kZ,oa;q¼dksle;≤ijLFkkunsrsgSaA jk"Vª&jkT;dhgeiwtkdjrsgSarksfo'o&jkT;oSQlsLFkkfirfd;ktkldrkgSA;q¼osQlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uls;q¼osQfofHkUudkj.kksadhghle>mRiUugksxhtks,slslHkhdkj.kksadksnwjdjusesalgk;dgksxhftulsjk"VªksaosQeè;rukoc<+rkgS,oavarr%;q¼dhmRifÙkgksrhgSA
9- f'k{kk osQ fo"k; osQ :i esa Hkh lekt'kkL=k mi;ksxh gS (Sociology is useful as a teaching subject)%pw¡fdlekt'kkL=k,degÙoiw.kZ'kkL=kgS]vr%f'k{kkosQ:ieas Hkh ;g yksdfiz; gks jgk gSA dkWystksa rFkk fo'ofo|ky;ksa osQ ikB~;&fo"k; esa blsegÙoiw.kZLFkkufn;ktkusyxkgSAgkyesaVªs¯uxdkWystksaesaHkhblsfo"k;osQ:iesaLFkkufn;kx;kgS]D;skafdvè;kidksadksosQoyviukfo"k;rFkkviusf'k";ksadksO;fDrxr:iesaghtkuusdhvko';drkughagksrh]cfYdmUgsamllkewfgd&thoudhizo`QfrosQckjsesaHkhtkuukvko';dgksrkgSftlosQfy,mUgsaviusfo|k£Fk;ksadksrS;kjdjukgksrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdhf'k{kknsuslslektho`QrfopkjèkkjkdktUegksxk]lektho`QrO;ogkjdkfodklgksxk]lkekftd;kstukdho`f¼gksxhvkSj,du;hlkekftdO;oLFkkdkmn;gksxkA
lekt'kkL=kosQegÙodk,dvU;izek.k;ggSfdvkbZú,ú,lúvkSjihúlhú,lúrFkk,slhghvU;mPpijh{kkvksaesacSBusokysfo|k£Fk;ksaosQikB~;ozQeesaHkhblslfEefyrdjfy;kx;kgSA;gfopkjBhdghgSfdlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uosQfcukmuyksxksadhVªs¯uxrFkkmudkKkuvèkwjkghjgsxkftUgsans'kosQ'kkluesaegÙoiw.kZinksadksl¡HkkyukgSA
14 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
O;olk; osQ :i esa lekt'kkL=k (Sociology as a Profession)
lekt'kkL=kosQfo|kFkhZfuEufyf[kr{ks=kksaesajkstxkjikldrsgSaµ
(i) m|ksxksa ,oa ljdkj esa yscj osyisQ;j vfèkdkjh] ekuo&lacaèk vfèkdkjh rFkk ilZuyvkWiQhljosQ:iesaA
(ii) lkekftdlqj{kk];Fkkµjkstxkjdk;kZy;]csjkstxkjhchek;kstuk]lkekftdlqj{kk;kstukosQ{ks=kesaA
(iii) vijkfèk;ksaosQlqèkkj&lacaèkh{ks=kesa];Fkkµizkscs'kuvfèkdkjh]ckyHkouksa;klqèkkj&?kjosQvèkh{kdosQ:iesaA
(iv) lkekftddY;k.kosQ {ks=kesalektdY;k.kvfèkdkjh]ckydY;k.kvfèkdkjh]xzkedY;k.kvfèkdkjh]gfjtudY;k.kvfèkdkjh]dchykdY;k.kvfèkdkjhosQ:ieasA
(v) lkekftdf'k{kkosQ{ks=kesalkekftdf'k{kk;kizkS<+f'k{kkvfèkdkjhosQ:iesaA
(vi) foèkok&dY;k.kosQ{ks=kesaukjhfuosQruosQvèkh{kdosQ:iesaA
(vii) cw<ksa]vaixks]vukFkksaosQfy,[kksysx;svkJeksaesamuosQvèkh{kdosQ:iesaA
(viii) ifjokjfu;kstuosQ{ks=kesalkekftd'kksèkdrkZosQ:iesaA
la{ksiesa]lekt'kkL=kdklclsvfèkdegÙoblckresagSfd;gvkèkqfudvoLFkkvksaosQvkèkqfudreKkulsifjfprdjkrkgS]vPNsukxfjdksaosQfuekZ.kesa;ksxnsrkgS]leqnk;dhleL;kvksadksgydjusesalgk;rknsrkgS]lektosQckjsesaKkudho`f¼djrkgS]O;fDrdkslektosQlkFkmlosQlacaèklsifjfprdjkrkgS]vPNslektosQlkFkrknkRE;djrkgSrFkkyksxksadhvusd?kVukvksa,oackrksadkdkj.ktkuusesalgk;rkdjrkgSAizksúchp(Beach)dkdFkugS]¶lekt'kkL=kvkèkqfudlalkjdhcgqr&lhewyleL;kvksaijizR;{kizHkko}kjklcizdkjosQO;fDr;ksadksHkkrkgSA¸izksúfx¯MXldkdFkugS]¶ftlizdkjvFkZ'kkL=k;gcrykrkgSfdftuoLrqvksadksgeizkIrdjukpkgrsgSa]mUgsaoSQlsizkIrdjsa_mlhizdkjlekt'kkL=kcrykrkgSfdgetkscuukpkgrsgSa]oSlsfdlizdkjcusaA¸
lekt'kkL=kosQegÙodkrkRi;Z;gughagSfdblslekt'kkL=kdhvko';drkgS;kugha]cfYdiz'u;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kosQ}kjkizkIrKkudkiz;ksxfdlizdkjfd;ktk;sALi"Vr%bllsO;fDrxr,oalkekftdnksuksaizdkjosQykHkgSaA
Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udkegÙovkSjHkhvfèkdgSAik'pkR;izHkkoosQdkj.kHkkjrh;lektèkzqoxfrlsifjo£rrgksjgkgSAbldhjhfr;k¡cnyjghgSaAla;qDrifjokjksadkfo?kVugksjgkgSAfookg&caèkuf'kfFkyiM+jgsgSaAVwVsifjokjksadhla[;kc<+jghgSAfL=k;ksa,oacPpksaesaLora=krkdhHkkoukc<+jghgSaifjokj&fu;kstudhvko';drkvuqHkodhtkjghgSApyfp=kksausfopkjèkkjk,oajgu&lguosQ<axdksizHkkforfd;kgSAHkk"kkokn]{ks=kh;rkoknrFkktkfroknfljmBkjgsgSaAjktuhfrdnyksaesalÙkkdhgksM+pjelhekijgSAiz'kkldh;ra=kosQizR;sdLrjijHkz"VkpkjgSAcsjkstxkjhdhleL;kxaaHkhjgSAc<+rsgq,uxjhdj.kusvusdleL;kvksa];FkkµvkRegR;k]>qXxh&>ksiM+h]laozQkedjksx]vijkèk]cky&vijkèk]lewg&la?k"kZvkfndkstUefn;kgSAyksxvkanksyudkjhrjhdksadklgkjkvfèkdek=kkesaysjgsgSaAf'k{kkiz.kkyhesa?kksjvO;oLFkkgSAf'k{k.k&laLFkkvksaesa¯glkReddk;Zokfg;k¡c<+jghgSavkSj;gk¡rdfdmPp&inLFk,oalEekfurO;fDr;ksarFkkmioqQyifr;ksarddksviekfurfd;ktkjgkgSAla{ksiesa]izR;sdvksjpkfjf=kdfo?kVuvkSjladVekStwngSaA
Hkkjrh;lektesaO;kIrmDrfofHkUuleL;kvksaosQlekèkkuosQfy,buleL;kvksadhlkekftdi`"BHkwfedksle>ukgksxkAlekt'kkL=kbli`"BHkwfedksle>usesadkiQhlgk;dgksxkA
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 15
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)1-10 lekt'kkL=k vkSj vU; fo"k; (Sociology and Other Subjects)
lekt'kkL=k rFkkvU;lkekftd foKkuksa osQlacaèkksa osQ fo"k;esa oqQN fo}kuksa esa erHksn gSAlekt'kkL=kosQvfrfjDrvU;vusd foKkuHkhlektdkghvè;;udjrsgSaA buesaeuksfoKku]ekuo'kkL=k]bfrgklvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kvkfnvkrsgSaAdkWEVsusbunwljslkekftdfoKkuksadkscsdkjekukgS]D;ksafdlektdkvè;;uVqdM+ksaesack¡Vdjughafd;ktkldrkAdkWEVsdkdgukgSfdlekt,diw.kZrkgSvkSjmldkvè;;uHkhiw.kZrkesaghgksukpkfg,AblrjgdkWEVsosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=kgh,dek=klkekftdfoKkugSA
1- lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl (Sociology and History)
bfrgklekuotkfrosQdk;ks±dkvè;;udjrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdksmllslektosQvè;;uesalgk;rkfeyrhgSAikWycFkZosQ'kCnksaesa]¶laLo`QfrvkSjlaLFkkvksadkbfrgkllekt'kkL=kdksle>usvkSjmudhlkexzhtqVkusesalgk;dgksrkgSA¸
vuksZYMV;uchdhiqLrdlekt'kkL=kesacM+hlgk;dfl¼gksjghgSAvktdylekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.klsHkhbfrgkldkvè;;ufd;ktkjgkgSAbfrgklvkSjn'kZurkslekt'kkL=kosQfy;scM+kghmi;ksxhfl¼gqvkgSAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjbfrgklesacM+kfudVlacaèkgSA
lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl esa varj%mijksDrlacaèkgksrsgq,Hkhlekt'kkL=kvkSjbfrgklesafuEufyf[krvarjgSa%
1- n`f"Vdks.k dk varj µlekt'kkL=kvkSjbfrgklosQn`f"Vdks.kfHkUu&fHkUugSAlkèkkj.kr;kbfrgklesamu?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAtksvuks[kh;kvlkèkkj.kgksrhgSAlekt'kkL=kmu?kVukvksadkvè;;udjrkgSftudhiqujko`fÙk;k¡vfèkdgksrhgSaAbfrgklfo'ks"kns'kdkydh?kVukvksadko.kZudjrkgSAlekt'kkL=klkoZHkkSfedfu;eksadh[kkstdjrkgSvkSjfo'ks"kns'kdkydh?kVukvksalslacaèkughaj[krkA
2- Lo:i dk varj µbfrgklewÙkZvkSjlekt'kkL=kvewÙkZfoKkugSAikoZQosQ'kCnksaesa]¶blhvFkZesabfrgklekuovuqHkovkSjekuoizo`QfrdkewÙkZvkSjlekt'kkL=kvewÙkZfoKku gSA¸ bfrgkl ?kVukvksa] laLo`Qfr;ksa vkfn dk bfro`ÙkkRed o.kZu djrk gS] ijarqlekt'kkL=kmuosQdkj.kksavkSjlkekU; fl¼karksadh[kkstdjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]bfrgkl;q¼ksadko.kZuek=kdjrkgSvFkokmuosQLFkwydkj.kcrykrkgSAlekt'kkL=kmuizfrfozQ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgStks;q¼dksizksRlkfgrdjrhgSaA
3- fo"k;&lkexzh dk varj µ bfrgkl Hkwrdky dh ?kVukvksa dk vè;;u djrk gSAlekt'kkL=klkèkkj.kr;korZekulektlslacafèkrgSAmldksHkwrdkydh?kVukvksaesaoghard#fpgStgk¡rdmulsorZekulektksadksle>usesalgk;rkfeyldrhgSA
4- tksj nsus dk varj µbfrgklO;fDr;ksaosQdk;ks±ijcynsrkgSAlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhbdkbZekuolewggSAfuEufyf[krrkfydklslekt'kkL=kobfrgklosQvarjdksle>ktkldrkgSµ
lekt'kkL=k vkSj bfrgkl esa varj
lekt'kkL=k bfrgkl
1- orZekun'kkvksadkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA 1- okLrfod?kVukvksadko.kZudjrkgSA
2- izkphu ?kVukvksa ls vfèkd iz;kstu ughaj[krkA
2- izkphu?kVukvksadkHkho.kZudjrkgSA
3- oSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrkgSA 3- ,sfrgkfldi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrkgSA
16 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society) 4- iz;ksxkRedgSA 4- fu'p;kRedgSA
5- O;kogkfjdgSA 5- ekSf[kdgSA
6- leqnk;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSA 6- O;fDr;ksaosQdk;ks±dkvè;;udjrkgSA
7- leqnk;ksaosQfu;a=k.kksadksvfèkdegÙonsrkgSA
7- leqnk;ksaosQfu;a=k.kdksdeegÙonsrkgSA
8- iqujko`fÙkokyh?kVukvksalslacafèkrgSA 8- vfèkdrjvf}rh;?kVukvksalslacafèkrgSA
9- loZHkkSe ?kVukvksa osQ lkekU;hdj.k lslacafèkrgSA
9- fo'ks"k ns'kdky dh ?kVukvksa osQ ;FkkFkZo.kZulslacafèkrgSA
10- lH;rkrFkklaLo`QfrdhmRifÙkrFkkfodkldhns'kdkyosQizlaxesao.kZudjrkgSA
10- lH;rk rFkk laLo`Qfr dh fozQ;kvksa dkvè;;udjrkgSA
11- ;q¼dksizksRlkgunsusokyhizfozQ;kvksadkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA
11- ;q¼osQo`Qf=kedkj.kksadko.kZudjrkgSA
12- lkekftd?kVukosQ:iesa;q¼dkvè;;udjrkgSA
12- jktuhfrd?kVukosQ:iesa;q¼dko.kZudjrkgSA
13- fo'ys"k.k osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;kvksa dkslqy>kusdkHkhlq>koughansrkA
13- osQoy;Fkk rF;o.kZudjrk gS] lq>kkonsrkgSA
2- lekt'kkL=k vkSj jktuhfr'kkL=k (Sociology and Political Science)
lekt'kkL=kvkSjjktuhfr'kkL=kosQ?kfu"BlacaèkosQfo"k;easckUlZusfy[kkgS]¶lekt'kkL=kvkSjvkèkqfudjktuhfrfl¼karosQfo"k;esalclsvfèkdegÙoiw.kZckr;ggSfdjkT;fl¼karesafiNysrhlo"kks±esatksifjorZugq,gSamuesalsvfèkdrjlekt'kkL=k}kjklq>k;sgq,vkSjcryk;sgq,ekxZijghgq;sgSaA¸okLroesajktuhfr'kkL=kdhleL;kvksadksHkyhizdkjle>usosQfy,lekt'kkL=kdkkkuvko';dgS]D;ksafdjktuhfrdleL;kvksadklkekftdi{kHkhgksrkgSAfxfMXalosQ'kCnksaesa]¶lekt'kkL=kosQizkjafHkdfl¼karksadksui<+sgq,yksxksadkjkT;dkfl¼kari<+kukoSlkghgStSlkfdU;wVu}kjkcryk;sgq,xfrosQfu;eksadksutkuusokysdks[kxksyfo|kvFkokm".krkvkSj;kfU=kdrkosQlacaèkdk'kkL=ki<+kukA¸th-bZ-th-oSQVfyuusjktuhfr'kkL=krFkklekt'kkL=kdks,dfp=kosQnksi{kdgkgSdkWEVsvkSjLisUljosQvuqlkjjktuhfr'kkL=kvkSjlekt'kkL=kesadksbZvarjughagSA,iQ-th-foYluosQeresa¶okLroesa];gekufy;ktkukpkfg;sfdcgqèkk;gfuf'prdjukcM+kdfBugkstkrkgSfddksbZfo'ks"kys[kdlekt'kkL=khekuktk,;kjktuhfr'kkL=kh;knk'kZfudA¸
lekt'kkL=k vkSj jktuhfr'kkL=k esa varj
lekt'kkL=k jktuhfr foKku
1- lektdkfoKkugSA 1- jkT;;kjktuhfrdlektdkfoKkugSA
2- lkekftdn`f"Vdks.kj[krkgSA 2- 'kkludkn`f"Vdks.kj[krkgSA
3- laxfBrvkSjvlaxfBrleqnk;ksadkvè;;ugSA
3- osQoylaxfBrleqnk;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSA
4- lcizdkjlslkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSA
4- osQoyjktuhfrdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSA
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 17
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)5- lektosQlc:iksadkvè;;udjrkgSA 5- osQoyjktuhfrdlektdkvè;;udjrk
gSA
6- lkekftd fu;a=k.k osQ lc lkèkuksa dkvè;;udjrkgSA
6- osQoy jkT; }kjk Loho`Qr fu;a=k.k dkvè;;udjrkgSA
7- lcleqnk;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSA 7- osQoy,dlfefr;k jkT;dkvè;;udjrkgSA
8- psruvkSjvpsrudkeksadhO;k[;kdjrkgSA
8- osQoypsrudk;ks±dkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA
3- lekt'kkL=k vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k (Sociology and Economics)
lekt'kkL=k vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k dk ijLij lacaèk µ vFkZ'kkL=k dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, isQ;jpkbYMcdvkSjLy¯lxjusfy[kkµ¶vFkZ'kkL=keuq";dhmufozQ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgStksfdvko';drkvksadkslarq"VdjusosQHkkSfrdlkèkuksadksizkIrdjusosQfy;sdhtkrhgSA¸blizdkjvFkZ'kkL=kvk£Fkdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSAvk£FkdlacaèkksadklkekftdfozQ;kvksavkSjlacaèkksalscM+k?kfu"BlacaèkgSAnwljhvksjlkekftdlacaèkksaijHkhvk£FkdlacaèkksadkizHkkoiM+rkgSAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=k,d&nwljsdksizHkkfordjrsgSaAblizdkj?kfu"BlacaèkosQdkj.koqQNlekt'kkfL=k;ksausvFkZ'kkL=kdkslekt'kkL=kdh,d'kk[kkghekufy;kgSAFkkelosQ'kCnksaesa]¶okLroesavFkZ'kkL=kfoLr`rfoKkudh,d'kk[kkek=kgSA¸flYojeSuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶lkèkkj.kiz;kstuksaosQfy;sblslkekftdlacaèkksaosQlkekU;fl¼karksadkvè;;udjusokysfir`foKkulekt'kkL=kdh,d'kk[kkekuktkldrkgSA¸
lkekU; leL;k,¡ µ bl izdkj lekt'kkL=k rFkk vFkZ'kkL=k dk cM+k gh fudV lacaèk gSAeSdkbojusfy[kkgSµ¶vk£Fkd?kVuk;salnSolkekftdvko';drkvksavkSjfozQ;kvksaosQleLrLo:iksa}kjkfuf'prgksrhgSavkSjoslnSoizR;sdizdkjdhlkekftdvko';drkvksavkSjfozQ;kvksadkiwoZfuf'prl`tu]Lo:ihdj.kvkSjifjorZudjrhjgrhgSA¸blizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kdhvusdleL;k;salkekU;gSaAmnkgj.kosQfy;scsdkjhdhleL;keq[;:ilsvk£FkdgS]ijarqmldk,dlkekftdi{kHkhgSAvusdlkekftdizfozQ;k,¡Hkhcsdkjhc<+krhgSAbudkj.kksadkfo'ys"k.klekt'kkL=kesafd;ktkrkgSAvFkZ'kkL=klscsdkjhosQvk£Fkddkj.kksadkirkyxrkgSvkSjmuosQfuokj.kosQfy;slq>komifLFkrdjrkgSAHkkjrdhiapo"khZ;;kstukesacsdkjhdksnwjdjusosQfy;sps"VkdhtkjghgSAblps"Vkesa;gckrè;kuesaj[khxbZgSfdlkekftdi{kdklqèkkjgq,fcukcsdkjhnwjughagksldrhAf'kf{krcsdkjhdk,dcM+kdkj.kf'kf{krO;fDr;ksadk'kkjhfjdJedjusls?k`.kkdjukHkhgSAbllsf'kf{krO;fDroqQNFkksM+h&lhukSdfj;ksaosQihNsHkkxrsgSaAf'kf{kresatks[kemBkusdhHkhcM+hdehgSAvr%O;kikjvkSjO;olk;dhvksjHkhvis{kko`QrdeyksxtkrsgSaAbllsukSdfj;ksaesacM+hizfr;ksfxrkjgrhgSvkSjyk[kksaf'kf{kr;qodcsdkjjgrsgSaAblcsdkjhdksnwjdjusosQfy,osQoyukSdfj;ksadhla[;kc<+kuslsghdkeughapyldrkD;ksafdns'kosQlkjsf'kf{kruo;qodksaosQfy;sukSdfj;ksadhO;oLFkkdjikukvlaHkogSAblosQfy,yksxkssaosQn`f"Vdks.krFkkvkns'kksaesaifjorZudjukiM+sxkA;gcsdkjhdhleL;kdklkekftdi{kgSA
csdkjhdhleL;kosQlkFk&lkFkvusdleL;k,¡,slhHkhgSaftldkvFkZ'kkL=kvkSjlekt'kkL=kesalkekU;:ilsvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]tSlsfuèkZurk]tula[;k]vk£Fkdfu;kstu]mRiknulacaèkhleL;kbR;kfnAokLroesavk£FkdfØ;kosQpkjksai{kksa&mRiknu]fofue;]forj.krFkkmiHkksxvkfnijlekt'kkL=kHkhlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.klsfopkjdjrkgS]D;ksafdbulcijlkekftdlajpukrFkklaLFkkvksavkfndkHkhizHkkoiM+rkgSAlprks;ggSfdvfèkdka'kvk£FkdleL;kvksadkoqQNuoqQNlkekftdi{kvo';gksrkgSftldklekt'kkL=kesavè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA
18 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
ijarqlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kosQbl?kfu"BlacaèkdkvFkZ;gughagSfdvFkZ'kkL=kdksbZLora=kfoKkuughagSAogLora=kfoKkugS]mlesavkSjlekt'kkL=kesafuEufyf[krvarjHkhgSaµ
lekt'kkL=k vkSj vFkZ'kkL=k esa varj
lekt'kkL=k vFkZ'kkL=k
1- lekt'kkL=k lkekftd lacaèkksa dk vè;udjrkgSA
1- vFkZ'kkL=kvk£Fkdlacaèkksadkvè;;ugSA
2- lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesaiwjklektlfEefyrgksrkgSA
2- vFkZ'kkL=kdk{ks=kvis{kkÑrvfèkdlhfergSA
3- lekt'kkL=kdkn`f"Vdks.kO;kidgSA 3- vFkZ'kkL=k osQoy vk£Fkd n`f"Vdks.k lslacaèkksavkSjfØ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgSA
4- lekt'kkL=k lektdkvè;;udjrk gS]mldhbdkbZlewggSA
4- vFkZ'kkL=k esa bdkbZ euq"; gS vkSj ogfo'ks"kr;keuq";osQvk£Fkdi{kdkewyr%vè;;udjrkgSA
5- lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡vFkZ'kkL=klsfHkUugSA
5- vFkZ'kkL=kesafuxeuvkSjvkxeulsdkefy;ktkrkgSA
blizdkjlekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kesa{ks=k]fo"k;&lkexzh]n`f"Vdks.krFkki¼fr;k¡vyx&vyxgSaAvr%vFkZ'kkL=k,dLora=kfoKkugSvkSjlekt'kkL=klsijLijlgk;rkdklacaèkj[krkgSA
lekt'kkL=k]ekuo'kkL=kovFkZ'kkL=k]burhuksafoKkuksaesavusdleL;kvksadklkekU;:ilsvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]tula[;kdhghleL;kdksyhft,AvFkZ'kkL=kesatula[;kosQvè;;udkcM+kegÙogSAekYFkudkizfl¼tula[;kdkfl¼karvFkZ'kkL=kesa,degÙoiw.kZfl¼kargSAblesa;gcryk;kx;kgSfdtula[;kT;kferh;vuqikresac<+rhgSvFkkZr~nqxquh]pkSxquh]vBxquhgksrhtkrhgS]thou;kiuosQlkèkuksalsvR;fèkdc<+tk;sxhvkSjizÑfrdksck<+ksa]vdkyksaegkekfj;ksavkfnosQ}kjktula[;kdedjuhiM+sxhA
ekuo'kkL=kesavkfnelaLÑfr;ksaosQvè;;uesatula[;kosQ:irFkkek=kkosQizHkkodksHkhè;kuesaj[kukiM+rkgS]D;ksafdbldklkaLÑfrdthouijvo';izHkkoiM+rkgSAetjsykusfy[kkgS]¶cfg£ookgvkSjcgqfookgmulektksaesaik;stkrsgSatgk¡ijvlhfervk£FkdlkèkugksrsgSa]ftuosQmi;ksxosQfy,cgqr&lseuq";ksadhvko';drkgksrhgStu&jhfr;ksa]:f<+;ksavkSjijEijkvksaijHkhtula[;kdkcM+kizHkkoiM+rkgSA¸
4- lekt'kkL=k vkSj euksfoKku (Sociology and Psychology)
lekt'kkL=klektdkvè;;udjrkgSAeuksfoKkuekuoO;ogkjdkfoKkugSSAFkkmylosQ'kCnksaesaµ¶euksfoKkuekuoh;vuqHkovkSjO;ogkjdk;FkkFkZfoKkugSA¸blrjglekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkudkfo"k;{ks=kcgqroqQNfeyrk&tqyrkgSvkSjnksuksagh;FkkFkZfoKkugSaAnksuksaghrF;kRedgSavkSjoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAnksuksadhHkfo";ok.khdjusdh'kfDrvU;foKkuksaosQeqdkcysesadegSAnksuksaesarVLFkrkj[kukdfBugSA
lekt'kkL=k vkSj euksfoKku esa varjµlekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkuesabruhvfèkdlekurkgksrsgq,HkhnksuksaesafuEufyf[krvarjgSaµ
1- n`f"Vdks.kdkvarjµeSdkbojusfy[kkgSfd¶;gosQoylkekU;lkexzhdhvksjn`f"Vdks.kdkvarjgSA¸euksfoKkuosQvuqlkjeuq";osQgj,dO;ogkjdkvkèkkjeuq";dkeu
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 19
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
;kpsrukgSAlekt'kkL=kosQvuqlkjlkekftdO;ogkjksadkvkèkkjeuq";dhlewgesajgusdhizo`fÙkgSAeuksfoKkudkn`f"Vdks.koS;fDrdgS]lekt'kkL=kdklkekftdgSA
2- euksfoKkudhbdkbZO;fDrgS]lekt'kkL=kesalewgdksbdkbZekuktkrkgSAblrjgeuksoSKkfudlkaLÑfrdvkSjHkkSxksfydi;kZoj.klsfudkydjeuq";dkvè;;udjrkgSAnwljhvksjlekt'kkL=khlektosQizlaxesaeuq";dkvè;;udjrkgSA
3- euksfoKkurFkklekt'kkL=kdhiz.kkfy;k¡vyx&vyxgaSA
euksfoKku vkSj lekt'kkL=kµn`f"Vdks.krFkkiz.kkfy;ksavkfnesavarjgksusijHkhlekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkuesacM+k?kfu"BlacaèkgSAekuoeuksfoKkudksle>sfcuklekt'kkL=kesaekuolacaèkhfØ;kvksa]var%lacaèkksavkfndksle>ukyxHkxvlaHkogSAmlhizdkjlkekftdlacaèkksa]O;ogkjksa]fØ;kvksarFkk?kVukvksadkstkusfcukekuoeuksfoKkuosQcgqrlsxw<+jgL;fNisghjgtkrsgSaAblizdkjnksuksafoKku,d&nwljsosQiwjdgSaaeSdkbojosQ'kCnksaesa¶lekt'kkL=kfo'ks"k:ilseuksfoKkudkslgk;rknsrkgStSlsfdeuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdksfo'ks"klgk;rknsrkgSA¸
lekt'kkL=k vkSj lekt euksfoKkuµlekt euksfoKku dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, ozsQu vkSjozQpiQhYMusfy[kkgS]¶lekteuksfoKkulektesaO;fDrosQO;ogkjdkfoKkugSA¸lekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkuesabruhvfèkdlekurkgSfddkyZfi;lZuusrksmlesadksbZvarjghughaekukgSAeuksfoKkudh;g'kk[kklekt'kkL=klsmlosQlacaèkdksvkSjHkhfudVdjnsrhgSAokMZosQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkudh;g'kk[kklekt'kkL=klsmlosQlacaèkdksvkSjHkhfudVdjnsrhgSAokMZosQvuqlkj]¶euksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdhegt,ddM+hgSA¸ysfi;jvkSjÚkaloFkZfy[krsgSafd¶lekteuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kvkSjeuksfoKkuosQfy,oSlkghgStSlkfd'kkjhfjdjlk;u'kkL=kthou'kkL=kvkSjjlk;u'kkL=kosQfy,gSaA¸
blrjg;gLi"VgSfdlekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkuesacgqroqQNlekurkgSAijarqfiQjHkhbunksuksaesaekSfydvarjgSA;gekSfydvarjvxzfyf[krgSµ
1- fo"k; lkexzh dk varjµlekt'kkL=klewgosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSAijarqlekteuksfoKkulektesaO;fDrosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSADykbuoxZosQ'kCnksaesa¶blle;;gHkhlpgS]fdlekt'kkL=kdkekSfydlacaèklewgosQO;ogkjlsgSvkSjlekteuksfoKkudklkewfgdifjfLFkfresaO;fDrosQO;ogkjlsA¸blrjglekt'kkL=kvkSjlekueuksfoKkudhfo"k;lkexzhvyx&vyxgSAcksxkMZlfy[krkgS¶tSlseuksfoKkuekufld fØ;kvksa dkvè;;udjrk gS oSls gh lekt'kkL=k lkekftd izfØ;kvksa dkfo'ys"k.kdjrkgSA¸
2- n`f"Vdks.k dk varjµlekt'kkL=kvkSjlekteuksfoKkuosQvè;;udjusosQn`f"Vdks.kesa varj gSA lekt euksfoKku esa lkaLÑfrd o lkekftd ewY;ksa osQ izfr O;fDr osQn`f"Vdks.kksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kbun`f"Vdks.kksalslacafèkrlkekftdfu;eksa;kewY;ksadkvè;;udjrkgSAfjolZusfy[kkgSfdnksuksa'kkL=kksadkijLijlacaèkt:jgSijarq,d'kkL=kdksnwljsijfuHkZjughajgukpkfg,A
blizdkjeuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdks?kVdrRoiznkudjrkgSAlekteuksfoKkulekt'kkL=kdksizHkkodrRoiznkudjrkgSA
5- lekt'kkL=k vkSj u`foKku (Sociology and Anthropology)
ekuo'kkL=kdhfofHkUu'kk[kkvksadhvusd[kkstksauslekt'kkL=kosQfl¼karksaiju;kizdk'kMkykgSAekuo'kkL=kdhlekt'kkL=kosQlclsfudV'kk[kklkekftdekuo'kkL=kgSbldkmís';lkekftdifjfLFkfr;ksaesaeuq";ksaosQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjukgSAmldhvusd[kkstksalslekt'kkL=kosQvusd
20 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fo"k;ksa dks u;k izdkj feyk gSA lekt'kkL=k us lkaLÑfrd {ks=k] lkaLÑfrd midj.k] vU;ksU;kfJrmidj.k]lkaLÑfrdi'pk;uvkfn èkkj.kk;sa lkekftdekuo'kkL=klsyhgSavkSj muosQvkèkkj ijlkaLÑfrdlekt'kkL=kdkfodklgqvkgSA
6- lekt'kkL=k vkSj fofèk'kkL=k (Sociology and Jurisprudence)
fofèk'kkL=k dkuwu dk foKku gSA ;gdkuwuh fu;eksa dk vè;;udjrk gSA fofèk'kkL=k rFkklekt'kkL=kdkfudVrjlacaèkgSAlekt'kkL=k]lektesaeuq";osQO;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSAeuq";dkO;ogkjdkuwu}kjkfu;af=kr,oafu;fergksrkgS]vr%dkuwulekt'kkL=khosQfy,Hkhvè;;udk,dfo"k;cutkrkgSAijarqdkuwuosQvè;;uesalekt'kkL=khrFkkfofèk'kkL=khnksuksadkn`f"Vdks.kvyx&vyxgksrkgSAodhymudkuwuksadkvè;;udjrkgSftudkikyudjukeuq";osQfy,vfuok;ZgSAmldkblckrlsdksbZerycughagksrkfd;sdkuwuukxfjdksaosQO;ogkjijfdlizdkjvkSjfdllhekrdizHkkoMkyrsgSaA
nwljhvksj]lekt'kkL=khdkuwudklkekftd?kVukoLrqosQ:iesavè;;udjrkgSAmldheq[;vfHk#fpLo;adkuwuksadkstkuusesaugha]vfirq;gtkuusesagSfdD;kdkuwuksadkikyufd;ktkrkgSA;fngk¡]rksfdlizdkj\bln`f"Vdks.klslekt'kkL=kh}kjkdkuwuosQvè;;udksdkuwudklekt'kkL=k(sociology of law);klekt'kkL=kh;fofèk'kkL=k(sociological jurisprudence)dhlaKknhx;hgSAvijkèk'kkL=k,oan.M'kkL=kbldhegÙoiw.kZ'kk[kkgSAvijkèk'kkL=k]vijkèkrFkkvijkèkhosQO;ogkjdkvè;;ulkekftdn`f"VlsdjrkgSAnaM'kkL=kfofHkUuizdkjdhnaMiz.kkfy;ksarFkkvijkfèk;ksadksmi;ksxhukxfjdcukusosQfy,fofHkUulqèkkjksa,oaiuqokZl&;kstukvksaosQizHkkoksadkvè;;udjrkgSAdkuwulekt'kkL=kdhbu'kk[kkvksausdkuwufuekZrkvksa,oadkuwudksfØ;kfUordjusokyksaosQKkuesao`f¼djmudhdkiQhlgk;rkdhgSrkfdmudks;gKkugkslosQfddkuwuokLrfod:iesafdlizdkjdk;ZdjrsgSarFkkvijkèkdksfdlizdkjlekIrfd;ktkldrkgSAblizdkj]lekt'kkL=kusmufofoèkleL;kvksadks]tkslektosQlkeusmifLFkrgSarFkkftudksgydjukgS]ijvkijkfèkdfofèk'kkL=kdhn`f"VlsdkiQhizdk'kMkykgSAifj.kker%fofèk'kkL=kus,du;kvFkZxzg.kdjfy;kgSfddkuwueuq";ksaosQfy,cuk;stkrsgSarFkkmudksfu£er,oafØ;kfUordjrsle;ekuoh;rFkklkekftdigywdksHkhè;kuesaj[kktkukpkfg,A
7- lekt'kkL=k rFkk thofoKku (Sociology and Biology)
thofoKku euq"; osQ tSfod fodkl] mldh yS¯xd] 'kjhj'kkL=kh; ,oa oS;fDrd fo'ks"krkvksadkfoKkugSAbllsirkpyrkgSfdeuq";osQ'kjhjvkSjeudkfodklfdlizdkjgqvk]mldh'kkjhfjdiz.kkyhckgjhlalkjosQizfrfdlizdkjizfrfØ;kdjrhgSrFkkmlosQlexzO;fDrRoesamldh'kkjhfjdlajpukD;kdk;ZdjrhgSA
lekt'kkL=kekuoh;vUr%fØ;k,oavUrlZEcUèkksadkvè;;ugSA,u-th-eqyj(N.G. Muller)osQvuqlkj]¶euq";osQfy,fdlizdkjdhizxfrlaHkovFkokokaNuh;gS]bllacaèkesagekjsfopkjvkaf'kd:iesablckrijfuHkZjgSfdeuq";dkLoHkkoD;kgS]mldkmn~Hkofdlizdkjgqvk]mlesaifjorZufdlizdkjgq,;kgksldrsgSarFkkmldk'ks"kizÑfr(nature)osQlkFkD;klacaèkgSA¸euq";dhlkekftdizxfrosQ<axksa,oabldhlhekvksadksfuèkkZfjrdjukmldh'kkjhfjdleFkZdrk,oalhekosQKkuosQfcuklaHkoughagSA
fe'kkVhVho(Mischa Titiev)osQvuqlkj]¶euq";dhlaLÑfrosQckjsesaiw.kZKkuizkIrdjukmldh 'kjhj&jpuk osQ ckjs esa fcuk oqQN tkudkjh izkIr fd;s vlaHko gSA¸ Mk£oudk fodklh;fl¼karlekt'kkL=kesadkiQhmi;ksxhjgkgSALisalj],dizeq[klekt'kkL=kh]uslektosQfodkldhizkÑfrdfodklosQfl¼karosQvkèkkjijO;k[;kdhgSAekuo&ifjfLFkfr&foKku(ecology)tSfodifjfLFkfr&foKku ij vkèkkfjr gSA tuufoKku (genetics), ftldk lekt'kkL=k esa cgqr egÙo gS]
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 21
lekt'kkL=k % ,d ifjp;(Sociology : An Introduction)
thofoKkudh,degÙoiw.kZ'kk[kkgSAekuoh;O;ogkjksaijvkuqoaf'kdrk(heredity)osQizHkkodkKkuizkIrdjusosQfy,thofoKkulsdkiQhlgk;rkfeyrhgSA
lekt'kkL=kviuhvksjlsthofoKkudksu;hfn'kkvksalsKkuizkIrdjusdhizsj.kknsrkgS_mnkgj.kr;k]tula[;kdkslhferdjusdhvko';drklstUe&fu;a=k.k(birth control)osQlkèkuksadh[kkstgqbZA
ijarqthooSKkfudfl¼karksadklekt'kkL=kesavUèkkèkqUèkiz;ksxughafd;ktkukpkfg,Ablfo"k;ijfxUlcxZdkdFkugS]¶tSfodrRolektosQfo|k£Fk;ksaosQfy,Li"Vr;kegÙoiw.kZgSa]D;skafdlektdhbdkbZthforizk.khgS]ijarqlkekftdrF;ksadksle>usesathooSKkfudfl¼kUrksaosQlqyHkiz;ksx,oafo'ks"kr;klkekftdfodkl;kifjorZuesafo'kq¼iztkrh;rRoksaijvfèkdcynsusdhizo`fÙklscM+hHkzkfUrgqbZgSaA¸
1-11 lkjka'k (Summary)
• lksf'k;ksykWth (Sociology) 'kCn 1839Úkalhlh fo}kuvkxLVdkEVs }kjk x<+k x;k FkkAlekt'kkL=kdk,di`Fkdfo"k;osQ:iesavè;;ula;qDrjkT;vesfjdkesa1876esa]Úkalesa1889esa]xzsVfczVsuesa1907esa]iksyS.M,oaHkkjresaizFkeegk;q¼osQckn]feÏ,oaeSfDldksesa1925esarFkkLohMsuesa1947esavkjEHkgqvkA
• lekt'kkL=k foKku gS ;k ugha] bl fo"k; esa fo}kuksa esa cM+k erHksn gSA oqQNvkykspdlekt'kkL=kdksfoKkuughaekurs]tcfdnwljsvkykspdksaosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kHkhjktuhfr'kkL=k]bfrgklvkSjvU;lkekftd'kkL=kksadhHkk¡fr,dfoKkugSA
• vysDlbaosQYlosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kifjorZu'khylektdkvè;;udjrkgS]blfy,lekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhurkslhekfuèkkZfjrdhtkldrhgSvkSjughblosQvè;;u{ks=kdksfcYoqQyLi"V:ilsikfjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgSA¸lekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=klsrkRi;Z;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kdkfoLrkjfdulhekvksardgSA
• bfrgklekuotkfrosQdk;ks±dkvè;;udjrkgSAlekt'kkL=kdksmllslektosQvè;;uesalgk;rkfeyrhgSAikWycFkZosQ'kCnksaesa¶laLÑfrvkSjlaLFkkvksadkbfrgkllekt'kkL=kdksle>usvkSjmudhlkexzhtqVkusesalgk;dgksrkgSA¸
• lekt'kkL=kvkSjvFkZ'kkL=kdkijLijlacaèk&vFkZ'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkdjrsgq,isQ;jpkbYMcdvkSjLy¯lxjusfy[kkµ¶vFkZ'kkL=keuq";dhmufØ;kvksadkvè;;udjrkgStksfdvko';drkvksadkslarq"VdjusosQHkkSfrdlkèkuksadksizkIrdjusosQfy,dhtkrhgSA¸blizdkjvFkZ'kkL=kvk£Fkdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrkgSA
1-12 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ¶lekt'kkL=klektdkfoKkugSA¸O;k[;kdhft,A
2- lekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkdjrsgq,uhfr'kkL=k,oalkekftdeuksfoKkulsblosQlacaèkdhO;k[;kdhft,A
3- lekt'kkL=kdkbfrgkl]vFkZ'kkL=krFkkjktuhfr'kkL=klsD;klacaèkgS\
4- lkekftdthouijHkkSxksfydrRoksadkD;kizHkkoiM+rkgS\
5- ¶bfrgklHkwrdkyhulekt'kkL=kgSrFkklekt'kkL=korZekudkyhubfrgklgSA¸O;k[;kdhft,A
22 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society) 1-13 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
• ckWVkseksj] Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth %,xkbMVw izkWCyEl,aM fyVjspj]tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA
• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA
• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth % , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA
• ¯x¯Ml],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhcsl]osaQfcztA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 23
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
bdkbZ&2(Unit–2)
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
:ijs[kk2.1 mís';(Objectives)2.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)2.3 lekt'kkL=kdhi¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)2.4 vuqlaèkku fØ;kfofèk osQ izeq[k lS¼kafrd rRo (Main theoretical Element of Research
Method)2.5 fo'kq¼'kksèk(Pure Research)2.6 lkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frdkmi;ksx(Scientific Method in Studying
Social Phenomena)2.7 oLrqfu"Brk,oaewY;fujis{krk(Objectivity and value Neutrality)2.8 rF;dhifjHkk"kk,oafo'ks"krk,¡(Definition and Characteristics of Fact)2.9 voèkkj.kk(Concept)2.10 fl¼kUrD;kgS(What is Theory)2.11 ifjdYiukdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and definition of Hypothesis)2.12 lkekftdlosZ{k.ki¼fr(The Social Survey Method)2.13 izdj.k&vè;;ui¼fr(The Case Study Method)2.14 iz'ukoyh,oalk{kkRdkji¼fr(Questionnaire and Interview Methods)2.15 yksder&laxzgi¼fr(The Public opinion poll method)2.16 oLVsZgui¼fr(The Versterhen Approach)2.17 izdk;kZRedi¼fr(The Function theory)2.18 lkjka'k(Summary)2.20 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)2.20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
2-1 mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxs%
• lekt'kkL=kdhfofHkUui¼frdhO;k[;k]
• rF;dhifjHkk"kk,oafo'ks"krkdko.kZu,oa
• lkekftdlosZ{k.ki¼frdhtkudkjhA
M-pc/E/Laxmi/Kunal ji 11-09-2020
24 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
2-2 izLrkouk (Introduction)
lekt'kkL=kdhizÑfrvkSjbldhmi;ksfxrkosQlkFk&lkFkftlfo"k;dhvfèkdppkZgksrhgSoggSµlekt'kkL=kdhi¼frAgeusigysghdgkgSfdviusfodklosQvkjaHklsghlekt'kkL=kusoSKkfudrkdksviuk;k,oamlosQfy,lrr~iz;klHkhfd;kAfuf'pr:iesalkekftd;FkkFkZdkvè;;udjusdhi¼fr;k¡,dughavusdgSaA
bldk,ddkj.krks;gHkhgSfdoqQNfo}kublsizkÑfrdfoKkuekursgSavkSjnwljsblsizkÑfrdfoKkuksals fHkUuvFkokbfrgkl;kn'kZutSlkekursgSaAvkèkqfudle;esavcdksbZHkhlekt'kkL=khbUgsaizkÑfrdfoKkuughaekurkvkSjosle>rsgSafdlekt'kkL=kh;rF;ksadkvè;;uO;ofLFkr:ilsgksukpkfg,A
2-3 lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡ (Methods of Sociology)
izkÑfrdfoKkuksa,oalkekftdfoKkuksaeasfo}kuksaosQvuqlkjnksegÙoiw.kZvarjgSAizkÑfrdfoKkuksaesaoLrqdhO;k[;kvkSjfujh{k.koLrqosQckgjlsghlaHkogStcfdlkekftdfoKkuksaesafujh{k.k,oaO;k[;kvanjlsvFkoklkekftdbdkb;ksaosQlaioZQesalaHkogSAnwljhfHkUurk;ggSfdizkÑfrdfoKkuksaesafujh{k.kvkSjo.kZufujis{kvFkokiw.kZr%oLrqfu"BgksldrsgSatcfdlkekftdfoKkuksaesafujh{k.kvkSjo.kZuesaewY;mís';,oavFkZtqM+tkrsgSaAeSDloscjuslkekftdfoKkuksaesaHkhewY;fujis{krkdhodkyrdhgSijarqvfèkdka'kfo}kublslaHkoughaekursgSaA
lekt'kkL=k ,d lkekftd foKku osQ :i esa vusd i¼fr;ksa vFkok mikxeksa dk iz;ksx djrk gS ftuesa izeq[k gSaµ
1- ,sfrgkfldi¼fr(Historical Method)
2- rqyukRedi¼fr(Comparative Method)
3- izdk;Zoknhi¼fr(Functional Method)
4- Lo:ikRedi¼fr(Formal Method)
5- lajpukRedi¼fr(Structural Method)
1- ,sfrgkfld i¼fr (Historical Method)
bldkvkjaHklekt'kkL=kosQvkjaHklsghgqvkAoLrqr%fodkloknh(Evolutionist)lekt'kkfL=k;ksausekuolektdkvè;;u,dc`gr~,sfrgkfld;kstukosQvuq:idjuk'kq:fd;kAbuvè;;uksaesalket'kkfL=k;ksausfodklosQfu;e]fodklosQpj.k,oafodklosQifj.kkeksadhppkZlkekftdlaLFkkvksa]lkekftdlajpukvksa]lektksa,oalaLÑfrosQlanHkZesadhAblosQvarxZrlkekftdrF;ksadhO;k[;kmudhmRifÙkmuosQØfedfodkl,oafodklosQvyx&vyxpj.kksaosQ:iesadhxbZAvxLrdkEVs]gcZVZ]leuj]gkWcgkmlvkfnlekt'kkL=khblhvkèkkjijviusvè;;udjrsjgsA
,sfrgkfldi¼frdk,dnwljkLo:ieSDl oscjdhjpukvksaesaifjyf{krgksrkgSAmUgksausfodkldh;kstuk,oapj.kksadhO;k[;kughadhijarqvkèkqfudiwathokn]ukSdj'kkgh,oausr`Rodkvè;;u,sfrgkfldlanHkZesafd;kAgkyosQo"kks±esalh- jkbV feYl,oajseka ,juusHkh,sfrgkfldi¼frosQvkèkkjijvkS|ksfxdlektksaosQifjorZudkvè;;ufd;kgSA
dkyZ ekDlZ,oamlosQvuq;kf;;ksausHkh,sfrgkfldi¼frdkvuqlj.kfd;kAbllacaèkesaifjorZuosQlanHkZesa,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdoknvFkokbfrgkldkHkkSfrdoknhfo'ys"k.kdhèkkj.kknhx;hAiwjsekuolektosQbfrgkldksrhupj.kksaesackaVdjns[kusdhdksf'k'kdhx;h,oaØkafrdkfl¼karHkhizfrikfnrfd;kx;kA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 25
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
bli¼frdhvkykspuk;gdgdjdhx;h fdcgqèkklkekftdrF;ksadhmRifÙkvFkok,sfrgkfldfodkldkirkyxkukcgqrdfBugksrkgSA;gHkhdgkx;kfdfodkldh;kstuk,¡,dghfn'kkokyhgSatksxyrgSaAfodklosQpj.kokLrfodrkosQvuq:iughagSa,oaleLrlektksadkfodkl,dghØeesaughagqvkgSAbuvkykspukvksaosQckotwn;gi¼frdkiQhizpfyrgS,oaekuobfrgklosQpj.kksaesack¡Vdjns[kusdhizo`fÙkvcyxHkxloZekU;gkspqdhgSA
2- rqyukRed i¼fr (Comparative Method)
;|firqyukRedi¼frdkmn; fodklokfn;ksa osQlkFk gh gqvk ijarq bldk foLr`ro.kZuloZizFkebekby nq[khZeusfn;kAmlosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kh;O;k[;kdkj.kkRedlacaèkksadh[kkstesafufgrgSAizÑfrfoKkuhblsiz;ksxksaosQ}kjkizkIrdjrsgSaijarqlekt'kkL=kesa;glaHkoughagSblfy;sblsnks;knkslsvfèkdlkekftdrF;ksadhrqyuklsizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSAvkRegR;klacaèkhviusvè;;uesatgk¡mlusvkRegR;kdhnjksadkslkekftdlajpukdhvoLFkkkvksalstksM+koghamlusfHkUu&fHkUulektksadhrqyukHkhdhgSA
vkèkqfudlekt'kkL=kesa,l- ,e- fyilsV,oafjpMZ csufMDlusvkS|ksfxdlektksaesalkekftdxfr'khyrkdkvè;;udjusosQfy,]cS¯jxVuewjusyksdra=k,oarkuk'kkghdhlkekftdtM+ksadkstkuusosQfy,,oagkjksfotusizxfrosQLrjksadkstkuusosQfy,rqyukRedi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;kgSA
rqyukRedi¼frdkseSDl oscjusHkh,dlgk;di¼frosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;kgSAbllacaèkesamlusvkn'kZizfr:idhèkkj.kknh,oabldkiz;ksxfd;kAlekt'kkL=keasvusdlekt'kkL=khoscjdksghrqyukRedi¼frdktudekursgSaA
bldhvkykspukdjrsgq,jsMfDyiQ czkmuusdgkfdLora=k:ils;gi¼frfujFkZdgSAtcrdbldkiz;ksxfdlhO;kid;kstukvFkokfl¼karosQvarxZrufd;ktk,;gizHkkohughagksrkgSArqyukdhbdkb;ksaosQlacaèkesavLi"VrkHkhbli¼frdhewydetksjhgSA
3- izdk;Zoknh i¼fr (Functional Method)
izdk;Zoknh i¼fr dk fodkl fodkloknh i¼fr dh vkykspuk osQ iQyLo:i gqvkA ;gfodklokfn;ksaosQblnkosdksekuusdksrS;kjughaFkkfdekuoleqnk;osQiwjslkekftdbfrgkldh,dghlkFkoSKkfudO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA
lkekftdizdk;Zdh èkkj.kkdkiz;ksx19oha 'krkCnhesa gksusyxk FkkAÚkalhlhlekt'kkL=khbekby nq[khZeuslclsigysizdk;Zdhlqfuf'prifjHkk"kknhAmlusbli¼frosQvkèkkjijèkeZdhO;k[;kHkhdhAizfl¼ekuo'kkL=kheSfyuksLdhusbli¼frdkO;kikdiz;ksxvkLVªsfy;kosQvkl&iklosQtutkfr;ksaosQvè;;uesafd;kAmlusblsfl¼kardevkSji¼frvfèkdekukAcknesavesfjdhlekt'kkfL=k;ksaVkydkWV ikjlal,oavkj osQ eVZuusblsvR;fèkdyksdfiz;cukfn;kA
bli¼frdhekU;rkgSfdlektO;oLFkkdhvusdva'kksaesatholslekurkgSAlektosQvax,d&nwljslstqM+sgSaALFkkfiryachvofèkokysvkSjfu;fervaxlajpukdgykrsgSaAlajpukvksaosQvyx&vyxifj.kkegksldrsgSaijarqosvkerkSjijlektesa,drk]lqn`<+rk]fLFkjrkvkSjlarqyudk;edjrsgSaAblfy,bli¼frdk,dvko';ddnelajpukvksaosQldkjkRedifj.kkeksadks[kkstfudkyukgSA
bli¼frdhcgqrvfèkdvkykspukgqbZgSAblijvkjksigSfd;g;FkkfLFkfroknhgS]orZekuiawthoknhO;oLFkkdkiks"kdgS,oaifjorZurFkkifjorZudh'kfDr;ksadhO;k[;kdjusesavleFkZgSAvesfjdhlekt'kkL=kheVZuusvizdk;Zdhèkkj.kknsdjbuvkjksiksalsmcjusdkiz;klfd;kgSA
26 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
4- Lo:ikRed i¼fr (Formal Method)
Lo:ikRedi¼frHkhfodkloknh,oaloZKkuhmik;ksaosQfo#¼,dizfrfØ;kosQLo:imHkjhAblsteZulekt'kkL=khtktZ flesyusfodflrfd;kvkSjdkiQhfnuksard;gteZui¼frghjgx;hAblosQvarxZrlkekftdlacaèkksa,oalaidks±osQLo:iksadkirkyxk;ktkrkgSAflesy}kjkO;oârLo:icgqrBkslughaFksAgkyosQo"kks±esath lh gksekUluslkekftdO;ogkjosQizkjafHkdLo:iksaosQ:iesalewgksadkvè;;ufd;kgSA20osQn'kdesatksvkS|ksfxdlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;ufd;sx;sFksmudhennlsmluslewgksafu;eksavkn'kks±osQLo:iksadkirkyxkusdhps"VkdhgSA;gi¼frlekt'kkL=kesa,dneghyksdfiz;ughagksldhgSA
5- lajpukRed i¼fr (Structural Method)
fo'ks"k:ilsekuo'kkL=kesa,dvkSji¼frftlsysoh LVªklusfodflrfd;kizpfyrgStkslajpukoknosQukelstkuktkrkgSAblosQvarxZrekuolektosQlkoZHkkSfedrRoksadh[kkstdhps"VkdhtkrhgSApawfdlajpukosQvusdvFkZizpfyrgSablfy;s;gi¼frlekt'kkL=kesavfèkdizpfyrughagqbZgSA
i¼frosQlacaèkesa;gfooknlekt'kkL=kesavHkhrdpyjgkgSAvkerkSjijorZekule;esanksghi¼fr;k¡izpfyrgSa],drksuoizR;;oknhftlijizdk;ZoknhdhNkigSAbuesaHkhvusdvkarfjdfHkUurk,¡gaSAuoizR;;okndk,dizdkjlekt'kkL=kh;i¼fresavfèkdlsvfèkdlkaf[;dhosQiz;ksxosQi{kèkjgaSAvkerkSjij;giz;ksxkReduewuksaosQvkèkkjijmidYiuk]funsZ'ku]vkadM+ksaosQlaxzgdjusosQfHkUurjhdksa,oalkekU;hdj.kdhrduhdksadkiz;ksxdjrkgSAnwljhgS}a}oknhi¼frftlesaoxhZ;fo'ys"k.kosQvkèkkjijlkekftd?kVukvksa,oalaxBuksadhO;k[;kdhtkrhgSA,sfrgkfldvè;;u lektksa dk lef"Vxr ys[kk&tks[kk ,oa }a}kRed ifjizs{; bl i¼frdh eq[;fo'ks"krk,¡gSaA;gi¼fr;wjksiesavfèkdizpfyrgStcfduoizR;;oknhi¼frvesfjdkesavfèkdizpfyrgSAHkkjresavfèkdrjlekt'kkfL=k;ksausuoizR;;oknhi¼frdksviuk;kgSAijarqMh- ih- eq[kthZ],- vkj- nslkbZlekt'kkfL=k;ksaus}a}oknhi¼frosQvkèkkjijHkkjrh;lektosQfo'ys"k.kosQcgqrghvPNsiz;klfd,gSaA
2-4 vuqlaèkku fØ;kfofèk osQ izeq[k lS¼kafrd rRo (Main theoretical Element of Research Method)
izR;sdlkekftd'kksèkosQoqQNfuf'prmís';gksrsgSavkSjmís';ksadhizkfIrrcrdlaHkoughagksldrhtcrdfd;kstukc¼:iesa'kksèk&dk;ZdksvkjaHkufd;ktk;sAblh;kstukdh:ijs[kkdks'kksèk&izjpukdgrsgSaA,dlkekftd'kksèkdhleL;k;kmidYiukftlizdkjdhgksxh]mlhosQvuqlkj'kksèkizjpukdkfuekZ.kfd;ktkrkgSftlls'kksèk&dk;Zdks,dfuf'prfn'kkizkIrgkslosQA
'kksèk izjpuk dk vFkZ (Meaninig of Research Design)
'kksèkosQmís';osQvkèkkjijvè;;ulsiwoZghbldkfuèkkZj.kdjfy;ktkrkgSA'kksèkosQmís';osQvkèkkjijvè;;ufo"k;osQfofHkUui{kksadksLi"V'kksèkdjuslsiwoZcuk;hx;h;kstukdh:ijs[kkdks'kksèk&izjpuk,¡dgrsgSaA
,dkWiQosQvuqlkj]¶fu.kZ;fØ;kfUordjusdhfLFkfrvkuslsiwoZghfu.kZ;fuèkkZfjrdjusdhizfØ;kdksizjpukdgrsgSaA¸tc;g'kksèkdk;Zfdlhlkekftd?kVuklslec¼gksrkgSrksoglkekftd'kksèkdhizjpukdgykrkgSA'kksèk&dk;ZdhizÑfroy{;osQvuq:imi;qDr'kksèkizjpukdksfofHkUuizdkjksaesalspqudj'kksèkdÙkkZviusmi;ksxesaykrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 27
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
'kksèk izjpuk osQ izdkj (Types of Research Design)
'kksèkdk;Zesami;ksxhpkjizdkjdh'kksèkizjpuk,¡dkeesayk;htkrhgSa]bUgsami;ksfxrkosQvkèkkjijvuqlaèkkudÙkkZLo;apqurkgSA
1- vUos"k.kkRed vFkok fu:i.kkRed 'kksèk&izjpuk,¡ (Exploratory or Formulative Research Design)µ
tcfdlh'kksèkdk;Zdkmís';fdUghalkekftd?kVukesavUr£ufgrdkj.kksadks<wa<fudkyukgksrkgSrksmllslaca¼:ijs[kkdksvUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdgrsgSaAblizdkjdh'kksèkizjpukesa'kksèkdk;Zdh:ijs[kkblizdkjizLrqrdhtkrhgSfd?kVukdhizÑfroèkkjk&izokgksadhokLrfodrkvksadh[kkstdhtklosQAleL;k;kfo"k;osQpqukoosQcknizkDdYiukdkliQyrkiwoZdfuekZ.kdjusosQfy,blizdkjosQizjpukdkcgqregÙogS]D;ksafdblosQlg;ksxlsgekjsfy,fo"k;dkdk;Z&dkj.klacaèkLi"VgkstkrkgSA
dHkh&dHkhleL;kosQpqukovkSj 'kksèk&dk;Z osQ fy,mldhmi;qDrrkosQlacaèk esagesavU;fdlhÏksrlsoqQNKkuizkIrughagksikrkgSAmlvoLFkkesavUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdhlgk;rkls'kksèkdk;Zesagesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA
vUos"k.kkRed'kksèkizjpukdhliQyrkgsrqfuEuckrksadkè;kuj[kukvko';dgSµ
(i)laca¼lkfgR;dkvè;;ublfn'kkesaizFkevfuok;ZrkgSD;ksafdblosQvHkkoesafo"k;osQlacaèkesadksbZHkhvkjafHkdKkugesaizkIrughagksldrkgSAlacaèklkfgR;dkvè;;udjosQ fo"k;dh izÑfr osQ ckjs esa lkekU; Kku izkIrdjukvR;arykHkdkjhfl¼gksrkgSA
(ii)vuqHkolosZ{k.k]blfn'kkesanwljhvko';drkgS]gekjsfy,;gHkhvko';dgkstkrkgSfdgemulHkhO;fDr;ksalsviuklaioZQLFkkfirdjsaftuosQfo"k;esagesaoglwpukfeysfd'kksèk&fo"k;osQlacaèkesamudksi;kZIrvuqHko;kKkugS]ijvf'k{kk]voljdkvHkko;kvU;fdlhdkj.klsosviusvuqHko]Kkudksfyf[krLo:insughalosQgSaA,slsyksxksadkO;kogkfjdKkugekjsfy,iFk&izn'kZddkdk;ZdjldrkgSAvr%bulsykHkumBkusdheq[kZrk,dxaHkhj'kksèkdrkZdnkfiughadjldrkAblfy,lwpuknkrkvksadkpqukobl<axlsdjukpkfg,fdfo"k;;kleL;kosQlacaèkesavuqHkooKkuj[kusokyslaHkkforlHkhO;fDrmlpqukoesavktk;sa]pkgsosdeZpkjhgksvFkokleL;kosQfofHkUun`f"Vdks.klsns[kusokysleFkZdgksa;kvkykspd,slkdjuslsghfo"k;osQdkj.kksadh[kkstokLrfod:iesagkslosQxhA
(iii)vUrn`Zf"V&izsjd?kVukvksadkfo'ys"k.k]vUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdkrhljkvko';drRogSAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfdvè;;ufo"k;lslaca¼oqQN,slsrF;HkhgksldrsgSaftudkfo'ys"k.kdjusijvè;;uoLrqosQlacaèkesaO;kogkfjdvUrn`Zf"ViuildrhgSAblizdkjdhvUrn`Zf"V}kjkizkDdYiukosQfuekZ.kesarFkkokLrfod'kksèkdk;ZesavR;fèkdlgk;rk feyrhgSAizR;sdleqnk;;klewgosQthouesaoqQNn`f"V&vkd"kZd]oqQNvR;UrljyoLi"V]oqQNO;kfèkdh;]oqQNO;fDrxrfof'k"Vxq.klacaèkh?kVuk,¡gksrhgaStksfdvUrn`Zf"VdksizksRlkfgrdjusesalgk;dfl¼gksrhgSaA
28 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
vUos"k.kkRed 'kksèk&izjpuk osQ eq[; dk;Z (Main Functions of Exploratory Research Design)µ
vUos"k.kkRed'kksèk&izpukosQeq[;dk;ZlkrgSaµ(d)iwoZ&fuèkkZfjrizkDdYiukdkrkRdkfydfLFkfr;ksa osQ lUnHkZ esa ijh{k.k djuk] ([k) fofHkUu 'kksèk&i¼fr;ksa osQ iz;ksx dh laHkkoukvksa dkLi"Vhdj.kdjuk(x)lkekftdn`f"Vdks.klsegÙoiw.kZleL;kvksadhvkSj'kksèkdÙkkZosQè;kudksvkd£"krdjuk](?k)foLr`r'kksèkdk;ZosQfy,vifjfpr{ks=kesaO;ofLFkrizkDdYiukdkvkèkkjizkIrdjuk](p)foKkuksadhlhekvksaesafoLrkjdjosQmlosQ{ks=kdkfodkldjuk]vkSj(N)vfèkdegÙoiw.kZfo"k;ksaijè;kuosQfUnzrdjusgsrq'kksèkdÙkkZdksvkd£"krdjukA
blizdkjvUos"k.kkRed'kksèkizjpukmuvkèkkjksadksizLrqrdjrhgStksfd,dliQy'kksèk&dk;ZosQfy,egÙoiw.kZgksrsgSaAlsYofVyrFkkvU;osQvuqlkj]¶vUos"k.kkRedvuqlaèkkumlvuqHkoosQgsrqlaca¼izkDdYiukosQfu:i.kesalgk;dgksxkA¸
2- o.kZukRed 'kksèk izjpuk (Descriptive Research Design)µfo"k;;kleL;kosQlacaèkesaokLrfodrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijo.kZukRedfooj.kizLrqrdjuko.kZukRed'kksèk&izjpukdkeq[;mís';gSAblgsrq;gvko';dgksrkgSfdfo"k;osQlacaèkesagesa;FkkFkZrFkkiw.kZlwpuk,¡izkIrgkstk,¡D;ksafdbuosQfcukvè;;ufo"k;;kleL;kosQlacaèkesagetksoqQNHkho.kZukRedfooj.kizLrqrdjsaxsogoSKkfudugksdjosQoynk'kZfudghgksxkAoSKkfud&o.kZudkvkèkkjokLrfod;kfo'oluh;rF;ghgksaxsAftl'kksèk&izjpukdkmís';o.kZukRedfo'ys"k.kizLrqrdjukgksrkgSmlso.kZukRed'kksèk&izjpukdgrsgSaA
blizdkjdh'kksèk&izjpukesarF;ksadkladyufdlhHkhoSKkfudizfofèkosQ}kjkfd;ktkldrkgSAizk;%lk{kkRdkjvuqlwphoiz'ukoyh]izR;{kfujh{k.k]lgHkkxh&fujh{k.k]lkeqnkf;dfjdkMZdkfo'ys"k.kvkfnizfofèk;ksadkso.kZukRed'kksèk&izjpukesalfEefyrfd;ktkrkgSAo.kZukRed'kksèkizjpukesafuEufyf[krckrksadkè;kuj[kukvko';dgSµ
(v)vè;;ufo"k;osQpqukogsrqlkoèkkuhcjrukvko';dgS]D;ksafd'kksèkfo"k;blizdkjgksukpkfg,ftllslaca¼vko';dofuHkZj;ksX;rF;gesaizkIrgkslosQ](c)burF;ksadks ftu fofèk;ksa osQ }kjklclsvfèkdmi;qDr:iesaladfyrfd;ktklosQmldkpqukoHkh[kwclkoèkkuhlsgksukpkfg,AfdlhHkh'kksèkdk;Zdh;FkkFkZrk]izfrfufèk;ksaosQpqukodkvkSjHkhvfèkdegÙoblfy,gS]fdpqukoBhd<axlsughafd;kx;krks'kksèkdk;ZesaoSKkfudrkiuiusosQLFkkuijmlesank'kZfudrRoksadkvfèkdizos'kgkstk,xk](l)blizdkjosQ'kksèkesafo"k;osQo.kZukRedi{kijvfèkdcyfn;ktkrkgSAvr%i{kikr]feF;k&>qdko]iwoZèkkj.kkvkfnosQo.kZukRedfooj.kesaizfo"VgksusdhlaHkkoukvfèkdjgrhgS]viuso.kZudksvfèkdjkspdovkd"kZdcukusosQfy,'kksèkdÙkkZosQo.kZuesavfrjaftrvkSjvfr';ksfDrls;qDrrF;ksadklekos'kgkstkrkgSAvr%blizdkjdhfLFkfrlscpusdhlaHkkoukgS(n)fof'k"Vovkd"kZdrF;ksaosQlacaèkesaHkhvfrlarqfyrn`f"Vdks.kdks viukusdht:jr gSA o.kZukRed fooj.kdks ,d ^lkèkkj.k*:iiznku djus osQ fy, izk;% 'kksèkdÙkkZ viuk è;ku vkd"kZd o fof'k"V rF;ksa ijvfèkdosQfUnzrdjldrsgSaAysfdu;g^izo`fÙk*oSKkfudizo`fÙkughagksldrh](;)'kksèk osQ O;;esa ferO;f;rkdjusdh Hkhvko';drkgksrh gSAo.kZukRed'kksèkdk;Zizk;%foLr`rgksrsgSa]vr%;gvko';dgSfd'kksèkdk;Zdkslhferfd;ktk;sAvuko';denksaijurksJevkSjuèkudkscckZndjukmfprgSA
o.kZukRed'kksèkesafuEufyf[krpj.kgksrsgSaµ
1-'kksèkosQmís';dkfu:i.ko.kZukRed'kksèkdkizFkepj.kgksrkgSftlesa'kksèklslacafèkrekSfydiz'uksadkLi"Vhdj.krFkky{;ksadksifjHkkf"krdjuklfEefyrgksrk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 29
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
gSftllsfdvuko';dovlac¼rF;ksadkladyuugksrFkkJeoèkudhcckZnhlscpktklosQA
2-mís';dksLi"VdjusosQi'pkr~;gvko';dgSfdrF;ladyudhizfofèk;ksadkpqukomfpr<axlsdjfy;ktk;s]D;ksafd;gpqukoBhdizdkjlsfd,fcukfo"k;lslaca¼fuHkZj;ksX;rF;ksa]vkadM+ksavFkokizek.kksadks,df=krdjusdhdksbZlaHkkoukugha jgrhgSA fHkUu&fHkUu'kksèki¼fr;ksaosQvius&viusxq.kgSaAmi;qDri¼frosQpqukoij'kksèkdk;ZdhliQyrkfuHkZjdjrhgSA
3-funsZ'kuksadkpqukovFkoklEiw.kZtula[;kdhoqQNizfrfufèkbdkb;ksadkvè;;umi;ksxh fl¼gksldrkgS] D;ksafd blizdkjosQvè;;uosQvkèkkj ijlEiw.kZtula[;kosQfo"k;esafo'oluh;fu"d"kZfudkyktkrkgSAbuizfrfufèkbdkb;ksaesaHkhfeF;k>qdkolscpusdhvko';drkgSA
4-funsZ'kuksaosQpqukoosQi'pkr~oSKkfudizfofèk;ksadhlgk;rklsvko';dvkadM+ksadkladyuvkSjmudhtkapdhtkrhgSftllso.kZukRedfooj.kesavuko';dckrksadklekos'kugkslosQAokLrfodrkrks;ggSfdlk{kkRdkjdÙkkZvFkokfujh{k.kdÙkkZdhbZekunkjhrFkkifjJeij'kq¼rFkk;FkkFkZlwpuk,¡,d=kdhtkldrhgSaAvr%lkexzhladyuosQle;Hkhdk;ZdrkZvksaijfu;fer:ilsfuxjkuhj[kuhpkfg,A
5-ftuvkadM+ksavFkokrF;ksadkladyufd;kx;kgSmudhlekurk;kfHkUurkosQvkèkkjijfofHkUulewgksaesaoxhZdj.k]lkj.khdj.k]vU;lkaf[;dh;foospuk]'kq¼rkrFkkizf'k{k.kbldk;ZesavR;aregÙoiw.kZvko';drk,¡gSaAvr%blLrjijvR;arfuxjkuhj[kusdhvko';drkjgrhgSA
6-vafreLrjijfjiksVZdkizLrqrhdj.kvkrkgSftlesa'kksèk&fo"k;osQlacaèkesarF;;qDrfooj.krFkklkekU;fu"d"kZizLrqrfd;ktkrkgSAblLrjijHkk"kkosQiz;ksxijfo'ks"klkoèkkuhcjrusdhvko';drkgksrhgSAD;ksafdvR;fèkdvyadkj;qDrHkk"kklsfo"k;osQfooj.kesavfrjatukiuildrhgSvkSjmldkfofHkUuyksxksaosQ}kjkfofHkUuvFkZyxk,tkusdkHkhMjjgrkgSAbuleLrpj.kksalsliQyrkiwoZdxqtjusosQi'pkr~gho.kZukRed'kksèk&dk;Zviusmís';ksadhiw£rdjldrkgSA
3- ijh{kkRed 'kksèk izjpuk (Experimental Research Design)µHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhrjglekt'kkL=kHkhvius'kksèkdk;Zesaijh{k.kiz.kkyhdkmi;ksxdjvfèkdkfèkd;FkkFkZrkykusdkiz;kldjjgkgSAftlizdkjHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesaoqQNfuf'prfu;af=krvoLFkkvksaesa j[kdj fo"k; dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS mlh izdkj fu;af=kr n'kkvksa esa j[kdjfujh{k.k&ijh{k.kosQ}kjklkekftd?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkrvè;;udh:ijs[kkdksijh{k.kkRed'kksèk&izjpukdgrs gSaApSfiuosQvuqlkj]¶lekt'kkL=kh;'kksèkesa ijh{k.kkRedizjpukdhvoèkkj.kkfu;a=k.kdhn'kkvksaosQvarxZrfujh{k.k}kjkekuoh;lacaèkksaosQO;ofLFkrvè;;udhvksjlaosQrdjrhgSA¸iz;ksx'kkyk&i¼frosQ}kjkfo"k;dkvè;;uijh{k.kkRed'kksèkdkghnwljkukegSA
1- i'pkr~ ijh{k.k (After-Only Experiment)µblosQvUrxZrlHkhn`f"Vlsizk;%lkekftdfo'ks"krkvksaoizÑfrokysnkslewgksadkspqufy;ktkrkgSftuesals,dlewg]fu;af=krlewgvkSjnwljkijh{k.kkRedlewgdgykrkgSAfu;af=krlewgesafdlhHkhizdkjdkifjorZuughayk;ktkrkgS]tcfdijh{k.kkRedlewgesafdlh,ddkjdosQ}kjkifjorZuykusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSAblizdkj;fnizFkelewglsfHkUugkstkrkgSrksmlhdkjddksmlifjorZudkdkj.kekufy;ktkrkgSA
30 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
2- iwoZi'pkr~ ijh{k.k (Before-After Experiment)µblosQvarxZrvè;;uosQfy,osQoy,dghlewgdkpqukofd;ktkrkgSvkSjmlhdkvè;;u,dvoLFkkfo'ks"kosQigysvkSjcknesafd;ktkrkgSAbunksuksavè;;uksaosQvarjdksns[kktkrkgSvkSjmlsifjo£rrifjfLFkfrdkifj.kkeekufy;ktkrkgSA
3- dk;kZUrj&rF; ijh{k.k (Export-Facts Experiment)µbl izdkj dk ijh{k.kfdlh,sfrgkfld?kVukdkvè;;udjusosQ fy,fd;ktkrkgSAij,sfrgkfld?kVukvksadksnksgjkuk'kksèkdÙkkZosQo'kesaughagksrkAvr%ognkslewgksadkpqukodjrkgSftuesals,desa?kVuk(ftldkfdmlsvè;;udjukgS)?kfVrgkspqdhgStcfdnwljsesaughaAbunksuksalewgksadhiqjkuhifjfLFkfr;ksadkrqyukRedvè;;udjosQ;girkyxkusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgS]fdftllewgesaog?kVuk?kfVrgqbZgSogfdudkj.kksalsgqbZgSAla{ksiesa],sfrgkfld?kVuk&pØksadkijh{k.kdjorZeku?kVukvksa;kvoLFkkvksaosQdkj.kksadh[kkstdk;kZUrjrF;ijh{k.kdgykrkgSA
2-5 fo'kq¼ 'kksèk (Pure Research)
fo'kq¼vuqlUèkku('kksèk)O;kogkfjdmi;ksfxrkdksn`f"Vesaj[kdjughafd;ktkrkgS]fdlhleL;kosQdkj.kksadks<w¡<+fudkyukvkSjmldkgyizLrqrdjukHkhfo'kq¼'kksèkosQvarxZrughavkrkgSAfo'kq¼'kksèkrks^KkuosQfy,Kku*(Knowledge for knowledge sake)osQy{;dksysdjvkxsc<+rkgSAtcfdlh?kVukdh[kkstKku&izkfIrgsrqdhtk,vkSjogHkhoSKkfudrVLFkrk;koLrqfu"Brkcuk;sj[kdjrksmlsfo'kq¼]ekSfyd;kvkèkkjHkwr'kksèkdgrsgSaAblizdkjosQ'kksèkdk;Zesauhfr&fuekZ.k;kmi;ksfxrkdkn`f"Vdks.klfEefyrughagksrkgSAfo'kq¼'kksèkdky{;fdlhleL;kdksgydjuk;kfdUghavko';drkvksadhiw£rdjukughagScfYdKkudhizkfIr]ekStwnkKku&Hk.Mkjesao`f¼vkSjiqjkusKkudk'kqf¼dj.kgSAlR;dh[kkst]jgL;ksadkstkuusdhbPNk]lkekftd?kVukvksadksle>usdhykylkgh'kksèkdÙkkZosQizeq[ky{;gksrsgSa]blhn`f"VlsogfujUrjiz;Ru'khyjgrkgSAKkudhizkfIrrFkkekStwnkKkuosQifjektZu,oaifjo¼ZuosQfy,oSKkfudizfofèk;ksadksdkeesaysrsgq,tks'kksèk&dk;Zfd;ktkrkgS]mlsghfo'kq¼;kekSfyd'kksèkdgrsgSaAblizdkjosQ'kksèk&dk;Z}kjklkekftdthouosQlacaèkesaekSfydfl¼kUrksa,oafu;eksadh[kkstdhtkrhgSA
fo'kq¼lkekftd'kksèkdkmís';lkekftd?kVukvksaesadk;Z&dkj.klacaèkksadkirkyxkukgksrkgSAlkFkghblizdkjosQ'kksèk&dk;Z}kjk?kVukvksaesafufgr;k?kVukvksadkslapkfyrdjusokysfu;eksadkirkyxk;ktkrkgSAizR;sd?kVukpkgsogizkÑfrdgks;klkekftd]oqQNfuf'prfu;eksaosQvuqlkjgh?kfVrgksrhgSAbufu;keksadks[kkstfudkyukfo'kq¼'kksèkdkizeq[ky{;gSAizkÑfrd?kVukvksadkslapkfyrdjusokysvusdfu;eksadkirkizkÑfrdoSKkfudksa}kjkfo'kq¼'kksèkosQekè;elsghyxk;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kHkhlkekftd?kVukvksaosQihNsfNisfu;eksadks[kkstfudkyusdhfn'kkesaiz;Ru'khygSAbufu;eksadh[kkstosQfy,fo'kq¼'kksèkdklgkjkysukvko';dgSA
lkekftdthou,oa?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesaekSfydfl¼karksa,oafu;eksadh[kkstfo'kq¼'kksèkdk,dizeq[kdk;ZgSAblizdkj'kksèk}kjkuosQoyuohuKkudhizkfIr,oaKkuHk.Mkjesao`f¼dhtkrhgScfYdiqjkusKkudkiqu%ijh{k.k}kjk'kqf¼dj.kHkhfd;ktkrkgSAfo'kq¼'kksèkosQ}kjk;girkyxk;ktkrkgSfdifjfLFkfr;ksaosQcnytkuslsiqjkusfl¼kUr,oafu;eorZekuesaBhdgSa;kugha]gksldrkgSfdoslghmrjsaA;gHkhlaHkogSfdorZekuesacnyhgqbZifjfLFkfr;ksaesamuesala'kksèkudjukiM+sAvr%uohufl¼kUrksa,oafu;eksadkizfriknurFkkiqjkuksadklR;kiufo'kq¼'kksèkdk,deq[;y{;gSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 31
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
fo'kq¼'kksèklacafèkrfoKkuksadhizxfr,oafodklesadkiQh;ksxnsrkgSAblizdkjosQ'kksèk&dk;ks±lslacafèkrfoKkuosQfy,voèkkj.kkvksa,oa'kCnkoyhdkfodklgksrkgSAfo'kq¼'kksèkosQvUrxZr'kksèk&fofèk;ksadhmi;qDrrkdhtkapHkhvktkrhgSA
fu"d"kZosQ:iesage;gdgldrsgSafdfo'kq¼'kksèkosQfuEufyf[krikapmís';gSa%izFke]Kku&izkfIr]f}rh;&fu;eksadh[kkst_r`rh;lkekftdlajpukdhfuekZ;dbdkb;ksaosQizdk;kZRedlacaèkksadhtkudkjh_prqFkZ]uohuvoèkkj.kkvksadkizfriknu]iape]'kksèk&fofèk;ksadhmi;qDrrkdhtkapA
fo'kq¼'kksèkosQlacaèkesaoqQNyksxksadkdgukgSfd^KkuosQfy,Kku*dhfiiklkvktosQblHkkSfrdoknh;qxesafujFkZdgSAysfdu;gckrlghughagSAvktHkh,slsvusdoSKkfudgStkslR;dh[kkstesafujUrjyxsgq,gSa]muesavius'kksèk&dk;ZosQizfryxugS]viwoZmRlkggS];gk¡gesablckrdksè;kuesaj[kukgSfduohuKkudhizkfIr,oa?kVukvksaosQihNsfNisfu;eksadh[kkstvuUr%ekuodY;k.kesalgk;dghgksrhgSAfo'kq¼'kksèk}kjkizkIrKkudkiz;ksxO;kogkfjd'kksèkosQvUrxZrfd;ktkldrkvkSjfd;ktkrkgSA
oSKkfud ;k iz;ksxkRed i¼fr (The Scientific or Experimental Method)
viuhfo"k;&lkexzhosQvè;;uesaizR;sdfoKkuoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrkgSAbli¼fresai;Zos{k.k(observation),izys[ku(recording),oxhZdj.k(classification), miDyiuk(hypothesis), lR;kiu(verification),oaiwoZdFku(prediction)lfEefyrgSaAi;Zos{k.kdkvFkZgS]oLrqvksadksè;kulsns[kukAi;Zos{k.knksizdkjdkgksrkgSA
(i) LokHkkfod(spontaneous)rFkk(ii) fu;af=kr(controlled)A
LokHkkfodi;Zos{k.kmldksdgrsgSatci;Zos{k.kdhtkusokyh?kVukLokHkkfod<axls?kVjghgks]tSlslekt'kkL=khfdlhxzgdhxfrdki;Zos{k.kdjjgkgks;kLo;afdlhnaxsdkn`';viuhvk¡[kksalsns[kjgkgksAfu;af=kri;Zos{k.kftlsiz;ksxHkhdgktkrkgS]oggksrkgStci;Zos{k.kdÙkkZ?kVukosQfy,mi;qDrifjfLFkfr;k¡mRiUudjmuesa?kVukdksgksusnsrkgSvkSjmldki;Zos{k.kdjrkgSAiz;ksxdhifjHkk"kk,slh[kkstlsdhtkldrhgSftlesafLFkfr;kfo"k;ksadksvUos"k.kdÙkkZO;ofLFkr:iesapykrkgSvkSjfu;af=kri;Zos{k.kdjrkgS]rkfdfoHksndksa(variable)osQlacaèkesafuf'prmidYiukvksadhtk¡pdhtklosQiz;ksxosQoyHkkSfrd'kkL=kvkSjjlk;u'kkL=ktSlsizkÑfrdfoKkuksaesaghlaHkogksrkgS_ijarqlekt'kkL=ktSlslkekftdfoKkuksaesa;glaHkoughagSAoqQNyksxksadksvHkhrdlansggSfdD;klkekftdO;ogkjdkokLroesaoSKkfudvè;;ugksldrkgSAtSlkfdgeusigysppkZdhgSfdlekt'kkL=kesaiz;ksx'kkykfofèkdksviukuklaHkoughagS]D;ksafdlekt'kkL=kdkvè;;u&oLrq^ekuo*gSftlosQfy,dfri;fuèkkZfjrvoLFkkvksaesac¡èkdjjguklaHkoughagSA
;gdgkx;kgSfdtciz;ksxi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrks[kkstksadkÑf=kevkSjrqPNgksukLokHkkfodgSAijarqbli¼frdkiz;ksxvoLFkkvksaosQfofHkUu{ks=kksarFkkO;ogkjosQfofHkUuizdkjksaijcM+hliQyrklsfd;kx;kgSAlekt'kkL=kyksxksaosQO;ogkjdkmUghavoLFkkvksaesai;Zos{k.kdjrkgSftuvoLFkkvksaesaogfd;stkjgsgSaAgk¡];FkklaHko;glkoèkkuhj[kukvko';dgSfdvè;;uxreuq";ksadks;girkupysfdmuosQO;ogkjdki;Zos{k.kfd;ktkjgkgSA
oSKkfudi¼frdknwljkizØeys[ku(recording)gSAblesai;Zosf{krrF;ksavFkokvk¡dM+ksadksys[kc¼fd;ktkrkgSAizys[kulgh,oaO;fDrfu"Bgksukpkfg,Alekt'kkL=khvius}kjki;Zosf{krvoLFkkosQrF;ksadkizys[kdjrkgSA
oSKkfudi¼frdkrhljkizØeoxhZdj.k(classification)gSArF;ksadki;Zos{k.k,oaizys[kudjusosQckngesa mudk,d fuf'prØeesa oxhZdj.kdjukgksrkgSAoxhZdj.k }kjkgelekufo'ks"krkvksaokysrF;ksadks,dghoxZesaj[krsgSaAblizdkj]oxhZdj.k}kjk,df=krrF;ksaosQchpvUrlZEcUèkekywedjuklaHkogkstkrkgSA
32 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
rnqijkarmidYiuk(hypothesis)dkizØevkrkgSAbldkvFkZgksrkgSfdoxhZÑrrF;ksaosQvUrlZEcUèkosQfy,oqQNlaHkkforO;k[;knhtk;sAoxhZdj.kgesalaxrrF;ksadksvlaxrrF;ksalsvyxdjusesalgk;rknsrkgSAoqQNsd?kVukvksaosQchpik;kx;kvUrlZEcUèkrFkkmudhizÑfr,oaikjLifjdvUr£Ø;kosQvè;;ulsgevLFkk;hO;k[;knsusosQ;ksX;gkstkrsgSaAijarq;gvko';dughafdgekjh;gO;k[;kBhdgksAgesablhizdkjosQvU;rF;ksaosQvkèkkjijmldklR;kiudjukgksrkgSvkSj;fnogO;k[;kBhdughafudyrhrksmlsNksM+nsukgksrkgSvkSjmlosQLFkkuiju;hmidYiuk[kkstuhiM+rhgSAtcrdlR;kiuughagkstkrk]rcrd;ghmiØepyrkjgrkgSA
blosQcknvafreizØeiwoZdFkudksgSftldkvFkZgSfdrF;ksaosQi;Zos{k.kosQvkèkkjijfu£erlkekU;fl¼kUrHkfo";esaHkhlghgksxk];fnmlfl¼kUrdhfuèkkZfjrn'kk,¡orZekugksaxhAHkkSfrdfoKku]lghiwoZdFkudjldrkgS]ijarqlekt'kkL=kosQoyvuqekfuriwoZdFkugh_D;ksafdbldhfo"k;&oLrqfofoèk,oatfVygSA
vr,o]lekt'kkL=kesaiz;ksxkRedi¼frdksizR;{k:ilsiz;qDrughafd;ktkldrk]D;ksafdekuo&O;ogkjcM+ktfVygksrkgSftlsi;Zos{k.k]rqyukrFkkiz;ksxosQfy,fu;af=krvoLFkkesaykikukdfBugksrkgSAtktZ ysfol(George Lewis)dkdFkugS]¶geleqnk;osQ,dva'kdksviusgkFkksaesaidM+djtSlkczksM fcxust(Brod Bignase)osQjktk xqyohj(Gulliver)osQlkFkfd;k]lkekftdleL;kvksadklekèkudjus,oaviuhladYiukRedftKklkdks'kkardjusgsrqblosQfofHkUuLo:idksughans[kldrs,oaughblsfofHkUufLFkfr;ksaesaj[kldrsgSaA¸blosQvfrfjDrlkekftdekiosQlghrksyuosQfy;smi;qDroSKkfud;a=kmiyCèkughagSaAtksrRolkekftd?kVukoLrqdksizHkkfordjrsgSa;FkkekuohHkko,oalEefr;k¡]mUgsaHkhiw.kZr;klghrkSjijekikughatkldrkA
vr,o;gLohdkjdjukgksxkfdlkekt'kkL=kesa^oSKkfud*iz;ksxlaHkoughagSArnfivizR;{k:ilsrF;ksadki;Zos{k.kdjosQmudkoxhZdj.kdjosQrFkkmuosQchpvUrlZEcUèkLFkkfirdjosQ]mudhvLFkk;hO;k[;kdjosQ]mlvLFkk;hO;k[;kdklR;kiudjosQ]lkekU;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksadkfuekZ.kdjosQrFkkbufl¼kUrksaosQvkèkkjijiwoZdFkudjosQlekt'kkL=kiz;ksxkRedi¼frdkiz;ksxvo';djrkgSAijarq;gLohdkjdjukiM+sxkfdlekt'kkL=kdhifjdYiuk,¡HkkSfrdfoKkuksadhHkk¡frBkslvkSjvVyughagSaAlekt'kkL=kdkfo"k;vfuf'pr<axlsfofoèk]yxHkxvuUrvkSjtfVygSAblesaizR;sdoLrqvU;oLrqosQlkFkvR;fèkdlacafèkrgSA
lekt'kkL=kesavHkhrdoSKkfud:iesaizekf.krfl¼kUrksadkfodklughagksik;kgSAblesavHkhlkekftdO;ogkjdhizo`fÙk;ksa,oafofèk;ksadkfodklgksik;kgSijarq,slsfl¼kUrksadkfodklughagksldkgSftuosQckjsesaiwoZdFkufd;ktklosQ,oaftUgsaoSKkfudrF;lsizekf.krfd;ktklosQAlekt'kkL=kdkvè;;uvHkhrdo.kZukRedfo'ys"k.krdghlhfergSA;gegÙoiw.kZlkekftdlaLFkkvksadhroZQ;qDrO;k[;kizLrqrdjrkgSAbufo'ys"k.kksaesaoSKkfudrkesaoqQNrRolfEefyrgksrsgSaijarq;goSKkfudrkSjijizek.k;ksX;fl¼kUrksadhizLrqfrughadjrsA
,sfrgkfld i¼fr (The Historical Method)
,sfrgkfldi¼fresaHkwrdkyhulH;rkvksadh?kVukvksa]izfØ;kvksavkSjlaLFkkvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]rkfdorZekulkekftdthouosQvkjEHkrFkkmldhizÑfr,oadk;ZfofèkdkKkugkslosQAbfrgklvkSjlekt'kkL=kdkijLijbruk?kfu"BlacaèkgSfdth-bZ-gkoMZ(G.E. Howard)tSlsdbZlekt'kkL=khbfrgkldksHkwrdkyhulekt'kkL=kvkSjlekt'kkL=kdksorZekudkbfrgklekursgSaALi"VgSfdgekjslkekftdthouosQvkèkqfud:i(forms)gekjsfjoktvFkokthou&;kiudhfofèk;ksa(ways of living)dhtM+savrhrlstqM+hgSaAblfy,budhO;k[;kmuosQewyÏksrksadhlgk;rklsghdhtkldrhgSvkSj,slkosQoybfrgklosQlg;ksxlsghlaHkogSA
ijarq bli¼frlslekt'kkL=kdhlEiw.kZleL;kvksadkvè;;ulaHkoughagSAlekt'kkL=kosQfo"k;{ks=kdksbfrgkl}kjkiznÙkrF;ksaosQvè;;urdghlhferughaj[kktkldrkAfu%lUnsg
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 33
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
thou&pfj=kksa]Mk;fj;ksavkfnesavafdr,sfrgkfldrF;vusdubZckrksadkKkudjkrsgSa]ijarqoSKkfudvè;;uosQfy,mudkdksbZfo'ks"kegÙoughagS]D;ksafdlekt'kkL=k}kjkiwNstkusokyslHkhiz'uksaosQmÙkj,sfrgkfldrF;ughansldrsAblosQvfrfjDrbfrgklosQrF;ksaosQlacaèkesa;g'kadkHkhjgrhgSfd'kk;nmurF;ksaosQO;k[;kdkjksausmudkvè;;ufcYoqQyfujis{kgksdjufd;kgksA
lkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uosQfy,,sfrgkfldi¼friw.kZr%i;kZIrrFkkfo'oluh;ughagSAvr%lekt'kkL=kdkvè;;udjusosQfy,vU;i¼fr;ksaosQiz;ksxdhHkhvko';drkgSA
2-6 lkekftd ?kVukvksa osQ vè;;u esa oSKkfud i¼fr dk mi;ksx (Scientific Method in Studying Social Phenomena)
vkèkqfud;qxesalkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèkdksghfo'oluh;ekuktkrkgSAlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèkdkiz;ksxD;ksaooSQlsfd;ktkrkgS]bldkmYys[kdjuslsiwoZfoKku,oaoSKkfudi¼frfdlsdgrsgSa];gtkuysukvko';dgSA
foKkuviusvkiesadksbZfo"k;&lkexzhughagksdj,slhlkexzhgSftlsoSKkfudi¼fr(Scien-tific Method)dksdkeesaysrsgq,izkIrfd;kx;kgksAtgk¡izkÑfrdfoKkuesaoSKkfudi¼frdklgkjkfy;ktkrkgS]ogk¡lkekftdfoKkuksaesaHkhlkekftd?kVukvksadksle>usgsrqblhi¼frdkmi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAvr%fdlhHkhfo"k;&lkexzh;kKku&Hk.MkjdksfoKkucukusesablckrdkfo'ks"kegÙogSfdmlsoSQlsizkIrfd;kx;kgS]fdli¼frdksdkeesafy;kx;kgSA;fnoSKkfudi¼frdhlgk;rklslkekftd?kVukvksavkSjfo"k;lkexzhdksizkIrdjusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSrksblsfoKkudgktk;sxkALVqvVZ pstusfy[kkgSfdfoKkudklacaèki¼frlsgSufdfo"k;lekxzhlsAblckrdksvU;'kCnksaesaO;Drdjrsgq,izks- xzhuusfy[kkgSfdfoKkudkvFkZrF;ksadh[kkstdjusokysrjhosQlsfy;ktkrkgSALi"VgSfdftlfdlhfo"k;esaoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSoghfo"k;foKkugS]pkgsogizkÑfrdfoKkuksaosQ{ks=kesagks;klkekftdfoKkuksaosQ{ks=kesaA
oqQNyksxksadkdgukgS fdlkekftdvuqlUèkkudksoSKkfudughaekuktkldrkD;ksafdlkekftd?kVukvksadhizÑfrcgqrtfVygS]lkekftd?kVuk,¡cnyrhjgrhgSa]lkekftd?kVukvksadksukik&rksykughatkldrkrFkklkekftd?kVukvksaosQdk;Zdj.klEcUèkksadksKkrughafd;ktkldrkgSA;gHkhdgktkrkgSfdlkekftdfoKkuksaosQikliz;ksx'kkykughagS]oslkoZHkkSfedfu;eksadkizfriknuughadjldrs]osHkfo";ok.khdjusesavleFkZgSaA,slhfLFkfresalkekftdfoKkuksavkSjmuosQ{ks=kesafd;stkusokyslkekftdvuqlUèkkuksadksoSQlsoSKkfudekuktkldrkgSAokLrfodrk;ggSfdvktfofHkUulkekftdfoKkuksaesalkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;ugsrqoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAbldhlgk;rklsrF;,df=krfd;stkrsgSa]murF;ksaosQvkèkkjijfu;eksadkizfriknufd;ktkrkgSvkSj;sfu;elkoZHkkSfedgksrsgSaA,slhfLFkfresa;gdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdfoKkuksa,oalkekftdvuqlaèkkudhizÑfroSKkfudgSAlekt'kkL=kvkSjblosQ{ks=kesagksusokysvuqlaèkkuksadhizÑfrHkhoSKkfudgSD;ksafdbuesafoKkudhlHkhfo'ks"krk,¡ik;htkrhgSaAfoKkuosQizeq[krRo;kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) voyksdu](ii)lR;kiurFkkoxhZdj.k](iii)lkekU;hdj.k](iv)Hkfo";ok.kh](v)oSKkfudizo`fÙkAge;gk¡;gns[kusdkiz;kldjsaxsfdlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfofèkdkmi;ksxfdlizdkjfd;ktkrkgS%
1- lkekftd ?kVukvksa dk vè;;u oSKkfud i¼fr ij vkèkkfjrµlekt'kkL=kesalkekftd?kVukvksa osQvè;;uesa oSKkfudi¼frdk iz;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA buesa rF;&ladyuosQfy,lkekftdlosZ{k.k&i¼fr]oS;fDrdthou&vè;;ui¼fr]lektfefr]voyks-du]lk{kkRdkj]vuqlwph]iz'ukoyhvkfndkmi;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAbuesa,sfrgkfld]rqyukRed]lajpukRed&izdk;kZRedi¼fr;ksadklgkjkHkhfy;ktkrkgSAbuesalsmi;qDr
34 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
i¼fr;ksadkiz;ksxdjrsgq,rF;,df=krfd;stkrsgSa]lkekftd?kVukvksadkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgSA
2- osQoy okLrfod ?kVukvksa dk vè;;uµlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaesa ^D;kgS*esa#fpyhtkrhgS]ufd^D;kgksukpkfg,*esaArkRi;Z;ggSfdlekt'kkL=kesa?kVukvksadkoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]mudk;FkkFkZfp=k.kfd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa]tcngst&izFkkijlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.klsfopkjfd;ktkrkgSrks;ghcrk;ktkrkgSfdngstizFkkdkorZekuLo:iD;kgS]blosQfy,mÙkjnk;hdkj.kD;kgSa]fduifjfLFkfr;ksausblsizksRlkgufn;k]blizFkkdkyksxksaijD;kizHkkoiM+rkgS]blosQifj.kkeD;kgSavkfnAlekt'kkL=khviusvè;;uesangst&izFkklslacafèkrbuckrksadhfoospukdjrkgS]og;gughadgrkgSfdblizFkkdkscUnfd;ktkukpkfg,vFkkZr~ogmins'kkRed;kvkn'kkkZRedckrsaughadgrkgSA
3- dk;Z&dkj.k osQ lacaèk ij vkèkkfjrµlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaesadk;Z&dkj.klEcUèkksadhfoospukdh tkrh gS] izkIr rF;ksa osQ vkèkkj ij lkekU;hdj.k fd;k tkrk gS] fu;eizfrikfnrfd;stkrsgSa]mufu;eksadkijh{k.kvkSjiquiZjh{k.kfd;ktkrkgSAlekt&foKkuksaosQ{ks=kesaizfrikfnrfu;eksaesalkoZHkkSfedrkdkxq.kik;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksadhlgk;rklsuosQoyorZeku?kVukvksadhfoospukvkSjO;k[;kghdhtkrhgScfYdHkfo";esa?kfVrgksusokyhlaHkkfor?kVukvksadkmYys[kHkhfd;ktkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kusviusvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijHkfo";ok.khdjusdh{kerkdkdkiQhfodkldjfy;kgSAvr%gedgldrsgSafdpw¡fdlkekftdvuqlaèkkuksaesaoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgS]vr%budhizÑfroSKkfudgSA
4- fu;eksa dh ijh{kk ,oa iquiZjh{kkµizkÑfrd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frdkmi;ksxblfy,fd;ktkldrkgSD;ksafdvè;;uosQvkèkkjijfu;ferfu;eksadhijh{kk,oiquiZjh{kkdhtkldrhgSAlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesavoyksdufofèkdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,dk;Z&dkj.klacaèkksadkirkyxk;krFkklekt'kkL=kh;fu;eksadkizfriknufd;ktkrkgSAbufu;eksadhizkekf.kdrkdhtkapdHkhHkhdhtkldrhgSA,dLFkkuijcky&vijkèkdksizksRlkgunsusesatksifjfLFkfr;k¡mÙkjnk;hgksrhgSa]osghifjfLFkfr;k¡fdlhvU;LFkkuijblosQfy,mÙkjnk;hgksaxhAblizdkjcky&vijkèkosQdkj.kksadhlqxerklstkapdhtkldrhgSA
5- fu;eksa esa lkoZHkkSfedrkµ;|filekt'kkL=kh;fu;eksadhizÑfrlkekftdgksrhgS]ijarqfiQjHkhmuesalkoZHkkSfedrkdkxq.kik;ktkrkgSvkSjblhdkj.k;sfu;eoSKkfudfu;eksaosQvarZxrvkrsgSaAlkekftd?kVukvksalslacafèkrftufu;eksadklekt'kkL=kesaizfriknufd;ktkrkgS]oseq[;r%lkoZHkkSfedgksrsgSaAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfd,d&lhizÑfrosQlektksaesalekudkj.klnSolekuizHkkodksghtUensaxsA;gckrvusdlekt'kkL=kh;fu;eksaosQvkèkkjijLo;aizekf.krgkspqdhgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]vkS|ksxhdj.k,oauxjhdj.kesao`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkla;qDrifjokjVwVsaxs]fo?kfVrifjokjvijkfèk;ksadkstUensaxsrFkkL=kh&f'k{kkosQizlkjosQlkFk&lkFkfL=k;ksadhfLFkfrrqyukRed:ilsmUurgksxhvkfnA
6- Hkfo";ok.kh dh {kerkµlekt'kkL=khfofHkUuizdkjosQvuqlaèkkuksaosQ}kjkosQoyorZekulkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uosQvkèkkjijHkhHkfo";dhlEHkkoukvksaijizdk'kMkyrkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ],dlektoSKkfudlkekftd?kVukvksasosQoSKkfudvè;;uosQvkèkkjijuosQoyorZekudhghO;k[;kdjik;sxkoju~mlosQvkèkkjijHkfo";osQlacaèkesaHkhcryklosQxkAblsgeifjokjosQmnkgj.k}kjkHkyh&Hkk¡frle>ldrsgSaAoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,tcgeorZekuesaikfjokfjdlaxBudkvè;;udjsaxsvkSjmlesagksusokysifjorZuksadkirkyxk;saxsrks;gHkfo";ok.khHkhdhtklosQxhfdvkxs
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 35
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
vkusokysle;esaikfjokfjdlaxBudkLo:iD;kgksxkALi"VgSfdlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaesaHkfo";dhifjfLFkfr;ksadkiwokZuqekulqxerklsyxk;ktkldrkgSA
mi;qZDr foospuosQvkèkkjijgedgldrsgSa fdlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesa HkhoSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxmlhizdkjlsfd;ktkldrkgSftlizdkjlsHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesaHkkSfrd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesafd;ktkrkgS]¯drq;gHkhlR;gSfdlkekftd?kVukvksadhizÑfrxq.kkRedgksuslsmuosQckjsesa,slsfuf'prfu"d"kZ,oafl¼karizkIrughafd,tkldrstSlsHkkSfrdfoKkuksaesaizkIrfd,tkrsgSaA
2-7 oLrqfu"Brk ,oa ewY;fujis{krk (Objectivity and Value Neutrality)
oLrqfu"Brk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Objectivity)
rF;ksadkmuosQokLrfod:ieasvoyksdu]ladyu,oafo'ys"k.kghoLrqfu"BrkgSAlkekftd?kVukdks;FkkFkZ:iesans[kukvkSjmlh:iesaO;DrdjnsukghoLrqfu"BrkgSArkRi;Z;ggSfdtgk¡vè;;udrkZLo;aosQfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa]vfHko`fÙk;ksa]ewY;ksa]iwokZxzgksavkfnlseqDrjgdj?kVukvksadklw{evoyksdudjrkgS]rF;ladfyrdjrkgSvkSjmuosQvkèkkjijfu"d"kZfudkyrkgSrksgedgldrsgSafdvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkgSApkgsvè;;uosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZvPNsgksa;kcqjs]mfprgksa;kvuqfpr]eudksizlUurknsusokysgksa;kd"Vigq¡pkusokys]ijarqvuqlaèkkudrkZmUgsamlh:iesaizLrqrdjnsrkgSftl:iesaosgSaAogmuesaurksviuhvksjlsoqQNtksM+rkgS]uoqQN?kVkrkgSvkSjughoqQNfNikrkgSAogrkslR;dh[kkstdjrkgSvkSjmlslR;:iesaghizdVdjnsrkgSAvU;'kCnksaesagedgldrsgSafdoLrqfu"BrklR;dh[kkstlslacafèkrgSvkSj?kVukvksadksmuosQokLrfod:iesaizdVdjukghoLrqfu"BrkgSA
oLrqfu"BrkdkvFkZLi"Vdjrsgq,izks- xzhuusfy[kkgS]¶izek.kksa;krF;ksadkfu"i{k:ilsijh{k.kdjusdhbPNkvkSj;ksX;rkghoLrqfu"BrkgSA¸blifjHkk"kkesanksckrksaijtksjfn;kx;kgS],drksfu"i{kvè;;udhbPNkijvkSjnwljk;ksX;rkijAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfd?kVukvksadksmuosQ;FkkFkZ:iesans[kusvkSjO;DrdjusdhvuqlaèkkudrkZesan`<+bPNkgksuhpkfg,A;ksX;rkdkrkRi;ZrVLFkn`f"Vdks.kviukdj;kfuLo;aosQfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa]ewY;ksa]laLdkjksa]iwoZ&èkkj.kkvksavkfnlsiw.kZr%eqDrgksdjoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kcuk;sj[krsgq,vè;;udjuslsgSA
ykosy ts-dkjusfy[kkgS]¶oLrqfu"BrkdkvFkZgSfdfofHkUuizdkjdh?kVukvksals;qDrlalkjfdlhO;fDrosQfo'oklksa]vk'kkvksavFkokHk;ksalsLora=k,dokLrfodrkgSftldklcoqQNgevarn`Zf"V,oadYiuklsugha]cfYdokLrfodvoyksduosQ}kjkghle>ldrsgSaA¸blifjHkk"kklsLi"VgSfd?kVuke;lalkjdkvè;;ufu"i{kvoyksdu}kjkghlaHkogSftlesavè;;udrkZosQLo;aosQfopkjksa]ewY;ksa]fo'oklksa]vk'kkvksa]bPNkvksaodYiukvksadkdksbZegÙoughagSA
isQ;jpkbYMosQvuqlkj]¶oLrqfu"BrkdkrkRi;Z,d,slh;ksX;rklsgSftlosQ}kjkvè;;udrkZ;kvuqlaèkkudrkZviusdksmufLFkfr;ksalsvyxj[klosQftudkogLo;a,dHkkxgS,oafdlhHkhizdkjdhizfrc¼rk(yxko);kHkkoukosQctk;fu"i{k,oaiwokZxzgksalsLora=kgksdjrdks±osQvkèkkjijfofHkUurF;ksadksmuosQLokHkkfod:iesavoyksfdrdjlosQA¸
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgedgldrsgSafdfu"i{kjgdj?kVukvksadksmuosQ;FkkFkZ:iesans[kukvkSjBhdmlh:iesamudkfp=k.kdjnsukghoLrqfu"Brk(objectivity)gSAvè;;udrkZdki{kikr&jfgrn`f"Vdks.k];FkkFkZvoyksdu,oarF;ksadkmuosQLokHkkfod:iesafo'ys"k.k,oaizLrqrhdj.koLrqfu"BrkosQewyvkèkkjgSaA
36 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
oSKkfud vè;;u dh vko';drk % oLrqfu"Brk dk egRo (Need of Scientific Study: Importance of Objectivity)
vè;;u;kvuqlaèkkudkeq[;mís';izkekf.kdfu"d"kks±vFkkZr~KkudhizkfIrgSA;gmlhle;laHkogStcvè;;uiw.kZr%oS"kf;d;koLrqfu"BgksA;fnfu"i{k:ilsvoyksduughafd;kx;kgS]rF;ksadkladyulgh:iesaughafd;kx;kgS];fnmurF;ksaosQfo'ys"k.kesadghaHkhO;fDrxrvfHkufr;ki{kikrvkx;kgSrks,slhfLFkfresatksfu"d"kZfudkystk,¡xs]osoSKkfud]izkekf.kd;koLrqfu"BughagksldrsAtcfu"d"kks±esaoLrqfu"BrkdkvHkkogksxkrks;FkkFkZKkuizkIrughafd;ktklosQxk]lR;rdughaigq¡pktklosQxkAvr%?kVukvksadhlgk;rkdkirkyxkusosQfy,vè;;uksaesa]fo'ks"kdjlkekftdvuqlaèkkuksaesaoLrqfu"BrkdkgksukvR;arvko';dgSAoLrqfu"BrkdkegÙo,oaoSKkfudvè;;udhvko';drkfuEufyf[krfoospuklsLor%ghLi"Vgkstk,xhµ
1- lekt'kkL=kh; vè;;uksa dks oSKkfud cukus gsrq (To make Sociological Studies Scientific)µoqQNyksxksadkekuukgSfdlekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uoSKkfudughagksrs,oalekt'kkL=kfoKkuughagSAmudhblizdkjdhekU;rkdkizeq[kdkj.klkekftd?kVukvksadhtfVyizÑfr,oavè;;udrkZdkO;fDrfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukukdfBuvo';gSD;ksafdvè;;udrkZosQO;fDrxrfopkj]iwokZxzg]vfHko`fÙk;k¡,oailan&ukilanvè;;udh;FkkFkZrk;koSKkfudrkdkslekIrdjnsrsgSaAysfdu;fnvuqlaèkkudrkZesaoLrqfu"Brkcuk;sj[kusdkn`<+ladYigksrkslkekftd?kVukvksadkoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsvè;;ufd;ktkldrkgSA;fnvè;;udrkZesalkekftd?kVukvksadhokLrfodrkvksadks[kkstfudkyusdhcyorhbPNkgSvkSjogfujarjblfn'kkesaiz;Ru'khygSarkslekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksadksoSKkfudcuk;ktkldrkgSAblgsrqvko';dgSfdrF;ksadk;FkkFkZfp=k.kfd;ktk,]oSKkfudi¼frofu;eksadkiw.kZr%ikyufd;ktk,A;fnvè;;uesarVLFkHkkodkscuk;sj[krsgq,?kVukvksadklghfp=k.kfd;ktk,rksfdlhHkhvè;;udksoSKkfudcuk;ktkldrkgSA
2- oSKkfud i¼fr osQ liQy iz;ksx gsrq (For Successful use of Scientific Method)µ lR;rdigq¡pusosQfy,oSKkfudi¼frdkiz;ksxvko';dgS]ijarqosQoybli¼frosQiz;ksxlsghizkekf.kd;koSKkfudfu"d"kZizkIrughafd,tkldrsgSaA;fnoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkbli¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrks;FkkFkZKkuizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSvkSjvè;;uesaoSKkfudrkyk;htkldrhgSAokLroesans[kktk,rksoSKkfudi¼frvkSjoLrqfu"Brk,dgh flDosQosQnksigywgSaAoSKkfudi¼fresalkekftd?kVukvksadkvoyksdu]oxhZdj.kfo'ys"k.krFkklR;kiuvkrkgS]ijarq;fnbuesalsfdlhHkhLrjijoLrqfu"BrkdhdehgSrksoSKkfudfu"d"kZughafudkystklosaQxs]vè;;uesaoSKkfudi¼frosQliQyiz;ksxosQfy,oLrqfu"BrkvR;arvko';dgSA
3- izfrfufèkRoiw.kZ rF;ksa dks izkIr djus gsrq (To get Adequate Representative Data)µ lkekftd?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesaizfrfufèkrF;izkIrdjusosQfy,fun'kZuiz.kkyh(Sam-pling Method)dhlgk;rk lsvè;;u gsrq bdkb;ksa dkpquko fd;ktkrk gSA ;gpqukoi{kikrjfgrgksukpkfg,Aiw.kZoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkgksukpkfg,]vU;FkklexzdkizfrfufèkRodjusokyhbdkb;ksadkpqukoughafd;ktklosQxkAblosQvykok],slsrF;ksadkladyufd;ktkukpkfg,tkslexz(Universe)dhlHkhfo'ks"krkvksadkiwjhrjgizfrfufèkRodjrsgksaArF;ladyugsrqiz'ukoyh]vuqlwph]lk{kkRdkj]voyksdu]oS;fDrdvè;;u&i¼frvkfnesalsfdlh,ddkpqukodjizfrfufèkrF;ksadks,df=krfd;ktkukpkfg,AblosQfy,vko';dgSfdrF;&ladyudhizfofèk;ksadkpquko,oaiz;ksxlqfoèkkuqlkjughacfYdoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkfd;ktk,vU;FkkizfrfufèkrF;ksadksizkIrughafd;ktklosQxkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 37
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
4- rF;ksa osQ lR;kiu gsrq (For getting Data Verified)µiqu%ijh{kk;klR;kiu'khyrkoSKkfudrkdh,degÙoiw.kZdlkSVhgSvkSjbldlkSVhijdksbZHkhvè;;urHkh[kjkmrjrkgStcvuqlaèkkuosQizR;sdpj.kijoLrqfu"Brkdklgkjkfy;kx;kgksAvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkdkrkRi;Z;ghgSfdogiw.kZr%rF;ksaijvkèkkfjrgS]ufdvè;;udrkZosQLo;aosQi{kikriw.kZfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa;kiwoZ&èkkj.kkvksaijAtgk¡fdlhvè;;uesabuckrksadklekos'kgkstkrkgS]ogk¡mlvè;;uosQfu"d"kZoSKkfud;kizkekf.kdughajgtkrsA,slsfu"d"kks±dhiqu%ijh{kkvkSjlR;kiuughafd;ktkldrkAvr%rF;ksaosQlR;kiu,oaoSKkfudfu"d"kks±dhizkfIrgsrqoLrqfu"BrkvR;arvko';dgSA
5- fu"i{k fu"d"kks± dh izkfIr gsrq (To get Unprejudiced Conclusions)µlkekftdvuqlaèkkudhlkFkZdrkblhckresagSfdizkIrfu"d"kZfuHkZj;ksX;gksaA;fnvuqlaèkkuosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZizkekf.kdughagS];fnmudhlR;rkdhtk¡pughadhtkldrhgS];fnmuosQvkèkkjijfu;eksa,oafl¼karksadkizfriknuughafd;ktkldrkgSrks,slsvuqlaèkkudhdksbZmi;ksfxrkughagSAfdlhvè;;u;kvuqlaèkkuosQekè;elsizkekf.kd,oafu"i{kfu"d"kks±dhizkfIrgsrqizkjaHklsvarrdoLrqfu"Brkdkscuk;sj[kukvko';dgSAblosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkkufujFkZdgkstk,xkAvr%vè;;udrkZoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukdjghfu"i{kfu"d"kZizkIrdjldrkvkSj,slsfu"d"kZghfdlhfo"k;dksfoKkudhJs.khesayk[kM+kdjrsgSaA
6- okLrfod Kku dh o`f¼ gsrq (To enrich Real Knowledge)µvKkurk:ihvaèkdkjdksnwjdjukfoKkudkizeq[kdkegSvkSj;gdkemlhle;mÙkerkosQlkFkiwjkfd;ktkldrkgStcoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukdjlkekftd?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesavfèkdlsvfèkdek=kkesa;FkkFkZtkudkjhizkIrdhtk,Atcblizdkjdhtkudkjhc<+sxhrksifj.kkeLo:ilkekftdthouosQlacaèkesagekjsKkuesafnuksafnuo`f¼gksrhtk,xhAbllsyksxksadksoqQjhfr;ksa,oaHkzkarèkkj.kkvksalsNqVdkjkfeylosQxkAvr%okLrfodKkudhizkfIrgsrqvè;;udrkZdksltxjgrsgq,viusLo;aosQfopkjksavkSjiwoZèkkj.kkvksaijfu;a=k.kj[kukgksxkAblosQfy,mlsoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukukgksxkA
7- vuqlaèkku osQ u;s {ks=kksa dk irk yxkus gsrq (To explore New Fields of Investiga-tion)µtcdksbZvè;;udrkZoSKkfudvè;;udhfn'kkesavkxsc<+rkgSrksrF;ksadkirkyxkus;klkekftd?kVukvksadkslghifjizs{;esale>usosQfy,mlsoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukukgksrkgSAtcvè;;udrkZfu"i{kgksdjfdlh?kVuk;kleL;kdkvè;;udjrkgSrksmlosQlacaèkesavusdvKkrrF;ksadkirkpyrkgS]mllslacafèkrdbZjgL;ksadhtkudkjhfeyrhgS]dbZuohui{kizdk'kesavkrsgSaftuosQlacaèkesavuqlaèkkudrkZusigysdHkhlkspkHkhughaFkkAlkekftd?kVukvksa;kleL;kvksaosQlacaèkesauohui{kksadhtkudkjhvuqlaèkkuosQu;s{ks=kksadksfodflrdjusesa;ksxnsrhgSAHkfo";esavè;;udrkZbuuohui{kksadksysdjvuqlaèkkudhu;h;kstuk,¡cukldrkgSA;glcoqQNmlhle;laHkogStcvè;;uiw.kZr%oLrqfu"B,oaoSKkfudgksA
8- vuqlaèkkudrkZ ij fu;a=k.k cuk;s j[kus gsrq (To Maintain Control over the In-vestigation)µvulaèkkudrkZftllekt]lewg]lkekftd?kVuk;kleL;kdkvè;;udjrkgS]mllsfdlhufdlh:iesalkekU;r%lacafèkrgksrkgSA,slhfLFkfresamlosQLo;aosQfopkj]Hkkouk,¡]vfHko`fÙk;k¡]iwokZxzgvkfnvè;;uesackèkdculdrsgSaAblfLFkfresaNqVdkjkizkIrdjusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdvè;;uesaloZ=koSKkfudrkcuk;sj[khtk,A;goSKkfudrkghvè;;udrkZijfu;a=k.kj[kdjmlsoLrqfu"Bn`f"Vdks.kviukdjvè;;udk;ZdjusosQfy,izsfjrdjldrhgSAoLrqfu"BrkosQvkèkkjijghoglR;dkirkyxkldrkvkSjoSKkfudfu"d"kZizkIrdjldrkgSA
38 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
9- Hkzkafr;ksa dh lekfIr gsrq (To get Rid of Fallacies)µHkzakrèkkj.kk,¡vusdO;fDr;ksaolewgksaosQchpdbZckjruko,oala?k"kZmRiUudjnsrhgSaAblizdkjdhèkkj.kk,¡tkfr]iztkfr]èkeZ]Hkk"kk]laiznk;]laLÑfr]izkar;k{ks=kvkfnlslacafèkrgksrhgSaAlkekU;KkuosQvkèkkjijO;fDrHkzkarèkkj.kkvksadkslghekucSBrkgSD;ksafdmlosQikllR;rkdkstkuusdkdksbZvkèkkjughagksrkAoSKkfudvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kks±dhlgk;rklsghHkzkarèkkj.kkvksadksnwjfd;ktkldrkgSAfo'oesadkiQhyacsle;rd,dHkzkarèkkj.kk;gizpfyrjghgSfd'osriztkfrghloZJs"BiztkfrgSrFkkyksxksadkslH;cukusvkSjmuij'kkludjusdkmlhiztkfrdksvfèkdkjgSAvcoSKkfudvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjij;gizekf.krgkspqdkgSfddksbZHkhiztkfrvU;dhrqyukesaJs"B;kghuughagSAvr%Hkzkarèkkj.kkvksalsNqVdkjkizkIrdjusosQfy,oSKkfudvè;;uvko';dgSA
10- lkekftd leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku gsrq (To get Social Problems Solved)µvktosQvkèkqfudtfVylektksaesavusdlkekftdleL;k,¡O;kIrgSaA;slekt:ih'kjhjesajksxosQlekugSaAtcrdbulsNqVdkjkizkIrughafd;ktkrk]rcrdlektdksLoLFkughacuk;ktkldrk]mlsizxfrdhvksjvkxsughac<+k;ktkldrkAfofHkUuizdkjdhleL;kvksadh;FkkFkZtkudkjhoSKkfudvè;;ukasdhlgk;rklsghizkIrgksldrhgSA,slsvè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"Brkdkgksukfurkarvko';dgSA
oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus esa dfBukb;k¡ (Difficulties in Achieving Objectivity)
;gk¡geoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrosQekxZesavkusokyhdfBukb;ksaijfopkjdjsaxstksfuEuizdkjgSaµ
1- HkkoukRed izo`fÙk;ksa dk izHkko (Effect of Emotional Attitudes)µizR;sdO;fDrosQviusoqQNlkekftd,oalkaLÑfrdewY;gksrsgSa]uSfrdrklacaèkhèkkj.kk,¡gksrhgSaAogizkjaHklsghoqQNckrksadksvPNkvkSjoqQNdkscqjkekuusyxtkrkgSAO;fDrRofuekZ.kdhizfØ;kosQnkSjkumldhtksHkkokRedizo`fÙk;k¡cutkrhgSa]osmlosQO;ogkj&izfrekuksadksizHkkfordjrhgSaA,slhfLFkfresa;fndksbZvè;;udrkZla;qDrifjokj]tkfr&O;oLFkk]vLi`';rk] os';ko`fÙk] Nk=kksa esa vuq'kklughurkvkfndkvè;;udjrk gS rks mldhHkkokRedizo`fÙk;k¡mlosQoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsvè;;udjusesadfBukbZmRiUudjrhgSaA
2- vlR; izfrek,¡ (Fasle Idols)µÚkafll csdudkdgukgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZdbZvlR;izfrekvksalsizHkkforgksdjvè;;uosQnkSjkuoqQN=kqfV;k¡djcSBrkgSAvkius,slhpkjizfrekvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSµxqiQkdhizfrek,¡]U;k;ky;dhizfrek,¡]cktkjdhizfrek,¡,oatutkfrdhizfrek,¡AxqiQkdhizfrekvksaosQvarxZrmu=kqfV;ksadksfy;kx;kgStksvuqlaèkkudrkZviusladh.kZ;k,dkdhfopkjksaosQdkj.kfdlhoLrq;k?kVukdksle>usosQlacaèkesadjcSBrkgSAU;k;ky;ksadhizfrekvksaosQvarxZrosxyfr;k¡vkrhgSatks,dvuqlaèkkudrkZosQoy'kCnksaijcgqrvfèkdHkjkslkdjusosQdkj.kdjcSBrkgSAcktkjdhizfrekvksaesaos=kqfV;k¡vkrhgSa]tks,dvuqlaèkkudrkZizFkk]ijaijk]:f<+vkfnijt:jrlsT;knktksjnsus,oamUghaosQvkèkkjijfu"d"kZfudkyusosQdkj.kdjcSBrkgSAtutkfrdhizfrekvksaosQvarxZros=kqfV;k¡vkrhgSatks,dvuqlaèkkudrkZviusfo'ks"kizdkjlslkspus&fopkjus,oans[kusosQrjhosQosQdkj.kdjcSBrkgSAbulcifjfLFkfr;ksaesavius,dkdhn`f"Vdks.k,oalhferKkuosQ{ks=klsckgjfudydjoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkoqQNfu"d"kZfudkyukvuqlaèkkudrkZosQfy,dfBugkstkrkgSA
vlR;izfrekvksaosQvykoklektesaizpfyroqQN,slhèkkj.kk,¡HkhgksrhgSaftudkdksbZrk£ddrksughagksrk]ijarqtksvuqlaèkkudrkZosQvè;;udksizfrowQy:ilsizHkkfordjrhgSA;fnvuqlaèkkudrkZblèkkj.kkijfo'okldjosQvkxsc<+rkgSfdvLi`';le>htkus
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 39
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
okyhtkfr;ksadkckSf¼d&LrjfuEugksrkgSrksblosQiQyLo:imlosQ}kjkizkIrfu"d"kks±esaoLrqfu"Brkdhfuf'pr:ilsdehik;htk,xhA
2- lkekU; Kku dk izHkko (Influence of General Knowledge)µgkVZdk;gdFkuiw.kZr%lghgSfdoLrqfu"BrkdklacaèkokLrfodKkulsgS]ufdlkekU;KkulsAysfdudbZckjvuqlaèkkudrkZlkekU;KkudksghokLrfodKkule>usdhxyrhdjcSBrkgSA,slh fLFkfresavè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkldrhAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa];fndksbZvuqlaèkkudrkZviuslkekU;KkuosQvkèkkjijdksbZizkDdYiukcukysrkgSrksifj.kkeLo:iogtkus&vutkus,slsrF;ksaosQladyuijtksjnsrkgStksmldhizkDdYiukdksghizkekf.krdjusesa;ksxnsavkSjogvU;rF;ksadkstku&cw>djNksM+nsrkgSA,slhfLFkfresaoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrcgqrdfBugSA
4- fof'k"Vrkewyd Hkzkafr (Particularistic Fallacy)µvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkdhdehdk,deq[;dkj.kfof'k"VrkewydHkzkafrgSAbldkrkRi;Z;ggSfdvè;;udrkZfdlhlkekftd?kVukosQ,di{k;kdkjddksghegÙoiw.kZ,oafu.kkZ;dekudjmlhijtksjnsrkgSA;ghfof'k"VrkewydHkzkafrgSAblosQifj.kkeLo:i]vè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkldrhvkSjmlosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZoSKkfudughagksldrsAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa];fnvuqlaèkkudrkZ;gdgsfd^cky&vijkèkosQfy,cqjhlaxfrghmÙkjnk;hgS]vFkok;gdgsfdèkeZ&ifjorZudk,dek=kdkj.kfuèkZurkgS*rks,slhfLFkfresaogvU;i{kksa;kdkjdksadhvogsyukdjsxk]ifje.kkeLo:ivè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkughavkik,xhA
5- vè;;u esa vfr tYnckth (Overhurry in Research Work)µtYnckth esaliQyrkiwoZdvuqlaèkkudk;ZlaiUudjukrksnwjjgk]lkekU;dk;ZHkhfcxM+tkrkgSAlkekftd?kVukvksadhizÑfrghoqQN,slhgksrhgSfdmudkèkS;ZiwoZdyacsle;rdvè;;udjukgksrkgS]rHkhdghaizkekf.kdrF;izkIrfd,vkSjlghfu"d"kZfudkystkldrsgSaAblosQfoijhr]tgk¡fdlhvuqlaèkkudksblfy,tYnckthesaiwjkfd;ktkrkgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZosQiklle;dhdehgS;kvè;;uosQfu"d"kZ'kh?kzghfdlhljdkjh;kxSj&ljdkjh,tsalhosQlEeq[kizLrqrdjusgSa]ogk¡,slhn'kkesavè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA;ghdkj.kgSfdvusdfodkl&dk;ZØeksadkewY;kaduoLrqfu"BrjhosQlsughagksikrkA
6- vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk O;fDrxr LokFkZ (Vested Interest of the Researcher)µO;fDrxrLokFkZ O;fDrdksvaèkkcuknsrkgSA;gLokFkZghoLrqfu"BrkdklclscM+k'k=kqgSALokFkZosQvkxsO;fDrvlR;dksHkhvk¡[kew¡ndjLohdkjdjysrkgSA,slhfLFkfresavuqlaèkkudrkZrVLFkgksdjurksrF;ksadkladyudjldrkgSvkSjughoSKkfudfu"d"kZfudkyldrkgSAog;krks,slsrF;ksadkladyudjrkgStksmlosQLokFkks±osQvuq:igksa;kogrF;ksadksblizdkjlsrksM+&ejksM+djizLrqrdjrkgSfdmuls,slsfu"d"kZfudylosaQtksmlosQLokFkks±dhiw£resalgk;dgksaA;snksuksaghfLFkfr;k¡oLrqfu"BrkosQekxZesackèkdgSaAtcvuqlaèkkudrkZvè;;uesaviusLokFkZdksloksZifjekucSBrkgSrksogoLrqfu"B<axlsvè;;udjghughaldrkA
7- LokFkZ&lewgksa dk ncko (Pressure of Interest Groups)µLokFkZ&lewgksadkncko;kgLr{ksiHkhoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresadfBukbZiSnkdjrkgSALokFkZ&lewgksaosQvarxZrizFke]vk£Fkdn`f"VlslaiUuO;fDrvkSj f}rh;]lÙkkèkkjh;kjktuhfrd&:ils'kfDr'kkyhO;fDrvkrsgSaA;fnfdlhvuqlaèkkuosQfu"d"kks±lsbuosQfgrksaijizfrowQyizHkkoiM+usdhlaHkkoukgksrks;syksxvuqlaèkkudrkZijnckoMkydj;krksfud"kks±dkscnyoknsusesaleFkZgkstkrsgSa;k,slsfu"d"kks±dksizdk'kesaghughavkusnsrsAdHkh&dHkhvuqlaèk-kudrkZ,slslaiUuyksxksaosQnckoesavkdjrF;ksadksblizdkjizLrqrdjrsgSafdmuosQ
40 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fgrksadksfdlhizdkjdhdksbZpksVughaigq¡psAJfedksalslacafèkrvè;;uksaesaLokFkZ&lewgksaosQnckoosQdkj.kghoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA
8- ltkfrokn (Ethnocentrism)µbldk rkRi;Z ;ggS fd O;fDrviuslewg]lekt]tkfr]iztkfr]Hkk"kk]{ks=k]èkeZlaLÑfrvkfndksloZJs"BekudjpyrkgSAblhèkkj.kkosQo'khHkwrgksdjtcvuqlaèkkudrkZdksbZvè;;udjrkgS rks ogviuslektdhijaijkvksa]ewY;ksa]vkn'kks±]laLFkkvksa]èkeZ]laLÑfrvkfndksloksZÙkeizekf.krdjusdkvkSjvU;yksxksaosQlkekftd,oalkaLÑfrdthoudksviuslsuhpkfn[kkusdkiz;RudjrkgSAblizdkjosQiz;RudkrkRi;Z;ghgSfdvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkughavkik;sxh]vuqlaèkkudrkZfu"i{kn`f"Vdks.kviukdjvè;;uughadjlosQxkAfdlh,djktuhfrdfopkjèkkjklsizfrc¼rkvkSjmlsghloZJs"BekuusdhHkwyoLrqfu"BrkosQekxZesacgqrcM+hckèkkgSA,slkvè;;udrkZfo"k;dki{kikrjfgrgksdjvè;;uughadjldrkALi"VgSfdltkfroknoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresackèkdgSA
9- lkekftd ?kVukvksa dh tfVy izÑfr (Complex Nature of Social Phenomena)µ lkekftd?kVukvksadhtfVyizÑfrosQdkj.klkekftdvuqlaèkkuesaoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrdbZ ckjdfBugks tkrh gSAlkekftd ?kVuk,¡ ifjorZu'khygSaA buesa le;osQlkFk&lkFkifjorZuvkrsjgrsgSaAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdlkekftd?kVukvksalslacafèkrfofHkUuO;fDr;ksaesavusdfHkUurk,¡ik;htkrhgSa_muosQO;fDrRo]fopkj]Hkkouk,¡]ewY;]ifjfLFkfr;k¡,oaHkwfedk,¡vkfnfHkUu&fHkUugksrsgSaA,slhfLFkfresafofHkUuO;fDr;ksaosQchpiuiusokyslkekftdlacaèkHkhtfVygkstkrsgSaA,slhn'kkesavè;;udrkZdbZckjLo;aosQfopkjksa]fo'oklksa]Hkkoukvksa,oaewY;ksaosQvkèkkjijlkekftd?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesafu"d"kZfudkyrkgSAifj.kkeLo:ivè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA
10- izf'k{k.k dk vHkko (Lack of Training)µvuqlaèkkudrkZ osQ fy, laiw.kZ vuqlaèkkuizfØ;klsHkyh&Hkk¡frifjfprgksukvko';dgS]vU;FkkvuqlaèkkuesafdlhHkhLrjijvfHkufrvkldrhgS]vè;;udhoLrqfu"BrklekIrgksldrhgSAvr%vuqlaèkkudrkZosQfy,iw.kZr%izf'kf{krgksukvko';dgSAmlsbln`f"Vlsizf'kf{krgksukpkfg,fdlexzdkfuèkkZj.koSQlsfd;ktk,]bdkb;ksadksoSQlspquktk,]rF;&ladyugsrqdkSu&lhizfofèkviuk;htk,]izkIrrF;ksadkfo'ys"k.koSQlsfd;ktk,]fofHkUurF;ksaesalg&lacaèkoSQlscrk;ktk,Alkèkkj.kr%ns[kk;gtkrkgSfdvfèkdka'kvuqlaèkkuksaesadk;ZdrkZvksaosQizf'k{k.kijiwjkè;kuughafn;ktkrk]iQyLo:ivè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"BrkughavkikrhA
11- uSfrd vkn'kZ o ewY; (Moral Ideals and Values)µvuqlaèkku&dk;ZesavuqlaèkkudrkZosQ Lo;a osQ uSfrd ewY;ksa dk dksbZ LFkku ugha gksuk pkfg, vU;Fkk og rF;ksa dksrksM+&ejksM+djizLrqrdjldrkgSvkSj,slhfLFkfresavè;;udhoLrqfu"BrklekIrgksldrhgSAyq.McxZusblfLFkfrosQlacaèkesafy[kkgSfdvè;;uesaxyfr;ksadk,dvfèkdlkekU;vkSjdelpsrÏksroSKkfuddh]vkSjfo'ks"kdjlekt&oSKkfudksadh];gizo`fÙkgSfdosleqnk;dhizpfyruSfrdlafgrk(Code of Morals);kuSfrdrklacaèkhLo;aosQfopkjksadksarF;ksaosQladyu,oamUgsarksM+&ejksM+djj[kusgsrqizHkkforgksusdhNwVnsnsrsgSaALi"VgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZosQLo;aosQuSfrdvkn'kZ,oaewY;oLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresackèkdgSaA
12- feF;k&>qdko (vfHkufr) ,oa iwokZxzg (Bias and Prejudices)µyq.McxZus fy[kkgS fdfeF;k&>qdko(vfHkufr)rFkkiwokZxzglHkhfoKkuksaesatfVyrkiSnkdjusokysdkjdgSa]ysfdulkekftd foKkuksadhrqyuk HkkSfrd foKkuksa esa mudkegÙodkiQhdegSAbldkeq[;dkj.k;ggSfdHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhfo"k;&oLrqlkekU;m}sxkRedHkko&xzafFk;ksa (Common Emotional Complexes) osQ izHkko lsdkiQh eqDr gksrh gSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 41
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
tcfdlkekftd?kVuk,¡izk;%bllsizHkkforgksrhgSavkSjblhdkj.klkekU;bafnz;ksa}kjkHkkSfrdrF;ksadkizR;{kKkucgqroqQN,d&leku;kle:igksrkgSAyq.McxZosQbldFkulsLi"VgSfdlkekftdfoKkuksaesaHkkSfrdfoKkuksadhrqyukesafeF;k&>qdko,oaiwokZxzgksadkizHkkodkiQhvfèkdgksrkgSvkSjblhotglslkekftdvè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIrcgqrdfBugSAHkkSfrd?kVukvksadkvè;;ufcukfdlhizdkjosQfeF;k&>qdkooiwokZxzgksaosQlqxerklsfd;ktkldrkgSD;ksafdbuosQlkFkvè;;udrkZdkurksdksbZHkkokRedyxko;kjkx&}s"kgksrkgSvkSjugh,slsvè;;ulsizkIrfu"d"kZvè;;udrkZosQfopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa]ewY;ksa]ijaijkvksa]èkeZ]laLÑfrvkfndksfdlhHkh:iesaBsligq¡pkrsgSaAblosQfoijhr]lkekftd?kVukvksalsvè;;udrkZHkhlacafèkrgksrkgSAviusfeF;k&>qdkoosQdkj.k;krksogoqQNlkekftd?kVukvksaoleL;kvksaosQi{kesagksldrkgS;kfoi{kesaAifj.kkeLo:ioLrqfu"BrkdhizkfIresackèkkmRiUugkstkrhgSAiwokZxzgksadkrkRi;Z;ggSfdvè;;udrkZfdlh?kVuk]fo"k;&oLrq]O;fDr]leL;kvkfnosQlacaèkesaigyslsghfdlhiwoZ&èkkj.kklsxzflrgksrkgSAiwoZ&èkkj.kk,¡mlsfu"i{k:ilsvè;;udjus]lkspus&fopkjusvkSjfu"d"kZfudkyusesackèkkmRiUudjrhgSaA;fn,dvuqlaèkkudrkZla;qDrifjokjdksvPNkle>rkgSrksla;qDrifjokjosQvè;;uosQnkSjkuviusbliwokZxzg;kiwoZ&èkkj.kkosQvkèkkjijog,slsrF;ksadhvogsyukdjldrkgSftuls,slsfu"d"kZfudyrsgksafdla;qDrifjokjdhctk;,dkdhifjokjvfèkdvPNsgSaA;gk¡ogrVLFkgksdj;koLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkviusiwokZxzgksaosQdkj.kvè;;uughadjikrkgSA
feF;k&>qdko;ki{kikresam}sxksa;kHkkoukvksadkdkiQhizHkkogksrkgSvkSjblhdkj.kfdlhosQ Hkh i{k ;k foi{k esa fcuklksps&fopkjs jk; O;Drdj nhtkrh gS ftlesark£ddrkdkvHkkogksrkgSAnwljhvksjtcfdlhO;fDr]oLrq]leL;k]?kVuk]fl¼kar]vkfnosQlacaèkesageviuseuesaigyslsghdksbZèkkj.kkcukysrsgSavkSjmlhosQifjizs{;esarF;ksadkewY;kadudjrsgSarksblsiwokZxzg(Prejudice)osQukelsiqdkjrsgSaAfeF;k&>qdkorFkkiwokZxzgnksuksaosQvFkZlsLi"VgSfd;soLrqfu"Bvè;;uosQekxZesackèkdgSaAblosQizHkkolsO;fDr[kqysfnyvkSjfnekxlsdkeughadjldrkA;gk¡gesa;gHkhfopkjdjukgSfdfeF;k&>qdko(i{kikr),oaiwokZxzgksaosQvkèkkjD;kgSa]buosQÏksrdgk¡gSa\;sÏksrfuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk feF;k&>qdko (Bias of Researcher)µdbZckjLo;avuqlaèkkudrkZvfHkufrdkÏksr cutkrk gSA mldh iwoZ&èkkj.kk,¡ ;k i{kikriw.kZ fopkj mlosQoLrqfu"BrjhosQlslkspus&fopkjusvkSjfu"d"kZizLrqrdjusesackèkdcutkrsgSaA,slhfLFkfresaogoqQNegÙoiw.kZrF;ksadksNksM+nsrkgSvkSjviusfopkjksa,oaHkkoukvksaosQvuq:ifu"d"kZfudkyysrkgSAvè;;udrkZdhLo;adh#fp&v#fp]fo"k;lst:jrlsT;knkHkkokRedyxko]mldhuSfrdèkkj.kk,¡]vkn'kZ]ewY;]èkk£ed,oalkaLÑfrdekU;rk,¡vkfnmlesafeF;k&>qdkodkÏksrcutkrsgSaA
2- lwpuknkrkvksa osQ iwokZxzg (Prejudices of Informants)µvuqlaèkkudrkZrF;&ladyuosQfy,osQoyvoyksdudklgkjkughaysldrkAmlslwpuknkrkvksalsfeydjmuosQiz'uiwNdjHkhdbZlwpuk,¡;krF;,df=krdjusgksrsgSaAlwpuknkrkHkhlkekftdizk.khghgksrsgSaAmuosQHkhfgr&vfgr]#fp&v#fp]jkx&}s"k]fopkj]vuqHko]ewY;]ijaijk,¡]iwokZxzgvkfngksrsgSaA,slh fLFkfresavè;;ulslacafèkrlwpukizkfIrgsrqmulstksoqQNiwNktkrkgS]mldkmÙkjosiw.kZr%lghghnsaxs];gvko';dughagSAos,slhlwpuk,¡HkhnsldrsgSatksiw.kZr%lR;ughagksa]ftuesalp;k>wBdkfeJ.kgks;kftUgsac<+k&p<+kdjizLrqrfd;kx;kgksA,slhfLFkfresabl
42 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
izdkjdhlwpukvksaijvkèkkfjrfu"d"kZoLrqfu"BughagksldrsAfi¯MxVuusfuEuckrksaosQvkèkkjij;gle>kusdkiz;Rufd;kgSfdlwpuknkrkLo;afeF;k&>qdko;kvfHkufrdkÏksroSQlsgksrsgSa%(v)lwpuknkrkftuckrksadksughacrkukpkgrs]muosQlacaèkeas;krksos>wBcksyldrsgSa;kcgkukcukldrsgSafdbllacaèkesaosoqQNHkhughatkursA(c)dHkh&dHkhviusfdlhLokFkZosQdkj.klwpuknkrkoqQNrF;ksadksc<+k&p<+kdjizLrqrdjldrsgSa;koqQNckrksadkstku&cw>djfNikldrsgSaA(l)dbZckjf'k"VkpkjosQdkj.klwpuknkrk,slhlwpuk,¡ghnsrsgSatksvuqlaèk-kudrkZdh#fposQvuqowQygksaA(n)dHkh&dHkhvuqlaèkkudrkZdketkdmM+kusosQmís';lsHkhlwpuknkrkoqQNckrksadksughatkursgq,Hkh;gizn£'krdjusosQfy,fdoglcoqQNtkursgSa]xyrlwpuk,¡HkhnsrkgSA(;)dbZmÙkjnkrkladksp;kyTtkosQdkj.koqQNiz'uksadkmÙkjtkursgq,HkhughansrsgSaA
oLrqfu"Brk izkIr djus osQ lkèku ,oa fofèk;k¡ (Means and Methods for Achieving Objectivity)
mi;qZDrfooj.klsLi"VgSfdlkekftd?kVukvksalslacafèkrvè;;uksaesaoLrqfu"Brkcuk;sj[kukdkiQhdfBugS]ijarqbldk;grkRi;ZughagSoLrqfu"BrkizkIrdjukvlaHkogSAblosQfy,lokZfèkdvko';d;ggSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZLo;aijfu;a=k.kj[ks]viusdksiwokZxzgksalseqDrj[ksvkSjoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kloZ=kcuk;sj[ksA
vktvuqHkoovuqlaèkkuosQvkèkkjij,slhfofèk;ksaolkèkuksadkfodklgkspqdkgStkslkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkizkIrdjusesa;ksxnsrsgSaA;gk¡gemUghadkla{ksiesamYys[kdjsaxsA
1- ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnksa ,oa voèkkj.kkvksa dk ekudhdj.k (Standardisation of Terms and Concepts)µlekt'kkL=kesalkekU;r%cksy&pkyosQ'kCnksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSftudkdbZckjlekuvFkZughayxk;ktkrkgSAifj.kkLo:ilekt'kkL=kh;vè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijizkIrfu"d"kZesaLi"VrkdkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSAblfLFkfrlscpusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdlekt'kkL=kesaftuikfjHkkf"kd'kCnksa,oavoèkkj.kkvksadkiz;ksxfd;ktk,]mudkekudhdj.kfd;ktk,]mudklHkhyksxksaosQ}kjklHkhLFkkuksaijlekuvFkks±esaiz;ksxfd;ktk,Abllslkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvklosQxhA
2- nSo fun'kZu osQ mi;ksx dh izèkkurk (Priority to the use of Random Sampling)µ vè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkykusdhn`f"Vlsvko';dgSfdlexzesalsbdkb;ksadkpqukonSofun'kZufofèk}kjkfd;ktk,rkfdizR;sdbdkbZosQpqustkusdhlekulaHkkoukjgsAnSofun'kZufofèk}kjkbdkb;ksadkpqukodjuslsvè;;udrkZosQi{kikr;kfeF;k&>qdkoosQvè;;uesalfEefyrgksusdhlaHkkouklekIrgkstkrhgSvkSjlkFkghizfrfufèkbdkb;ksadkpqukogkstkrkgSA
3- {ks=kh; dk;ZdrkZvksa ij de ls de fuHkZjrk (Minimum Dependency on Field Investigators)µtgk¡oS;fDrdvuqlaèkku&dk;ks± esa Lo;avuqlaèkkudrkZ }kjkrF;ksadkladyufd;ktkrkgS]ogk¡ogviusdksfu;af=krdjosQiwokZxzgksaofeF;k&>qdkolscpldrkgSAysfdutgk¡vuqlaèkku&dk;ZgsrqrF;ksadkladyuvusd{ks=kh;dk;ZdrkZvksa}kjk,d&lkFkfd;ktkrkgS]ogk¡vfHkufr;ki{kikrlscpusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdmUgsafdlhHkhizdkjdhoS;fDrdLora=krkughanhtk,vkSjmuijiwjkfu;a=k.kj[kktk,A
4- iz'ukoyh o vuqlwph dk iz;ksx (Use of Questionnaire and Schedule)µiz'ukoyhovuqlwphesa fuèkkZfjriz'ugksrsgSa]ekud'kCnkoyhdkbuesa iz;ksx fd;ktkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 43
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
ifj.kkeLo:ilHkhlwpuknkrkiz'uksaosQlekuvFkZyxkrsgSavkSjmuosQ}kjkizkIrmÙkjHkhizek.khÑrgksrsgSaAbuosQiz;ksxdkykHk;ggSfdLo;avuqlaèkkudrkZijHkhfu;a=k.kjgrkgS]ogeuekus<axlsiz'uughaiwNikrkgSAbllsvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkcuhjgrhgSA
5- ;kaf=kd lkèkuksa dk iz;ksx (Application of Mechanical Devices)µrF;ksaosQladyu]lkj.kh;u,oafo'ys"k.kgsrq;kaf=kdlkèkuksadkmi;ksxvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkdksc<+kusesa;ksxnsrkgSArF;ksaosQladyuesaiQksVksxzkiQoVsi&fjdkMZjdkiQhlgk;dgSaArF;ksaosQlkj.kh;u,oafo'ys"k.kesaiafpxe'khu]lkVZj]oSQYD;wysVjodEI;wVj]vkfndkfo'ks"kmi;ksxgksrkgSAbu;kaf=kdlkèkuksaosQiz;ksxdklclscM+kykHk;ggSfdvè;;uesarF;ksadksrksM+&ejksM+djizLrqrughafd;ktkldrk]muesadksbZifjorZuughafd;ktkldrkAvr%vè;;udrkZijfu;a=k.kcukjgrkgSvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvktkrhgSA
6- iz;ksxkRed i¼fr dk mi;ksx (Use of Experimental Method)µlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesavfèkd&ls&vfèkdoLrqfu"BrkykusosQmís';lsiz;ksxkRedi¼frdkiz;ksxfnuksafnuc<+rkghtkjgkgSAtgk¡bli¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgS]ogk¡nkslekulewgksadkpqukodjfy;ktkrkgSAbuesals,ddksfu;af=krlewgvkSjnwljsdksiz;ksxkRedlewgosQ:iesaj[kktkrkgSAfu;af=krlewgesa fdlhHkhizdkjdkdksbZifjorZuughayk;ktkrktcfdiz;ksxRedlewgesafdlh,ddkjdosQ}kjkifjorZuykusdkiz;klfd;ktkrkgSA;gk¡iz;ksxkRedlewgesa,ddkjdosQizHkkodksns[kktkrkgSArRi'pkr~fu;af=kroiz;ksxkRedlewgksadh,d&nwljslsrqyukdhtkrhgSA;fnrqyukosQvkèkkjijiz;ksxkRedlwegesadksbZvarjiktktkrkgSrksbllsLi"VgkstkrkgSfd;gifjorZuveqddkjddkizHkkogSALi"VgSfdlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoLrqfu"Brkykusesaiz;ksxkRedi¼frdkdkiQh;ksxgSA
7- lkaf[;dh; vuqekiksa dk iz;ksx (Use of Statistical Measurements)µ;fnvè;;uosQfu"d"kks±dkslkekU;fooj.kosQ:iesaghizLrqrfd;ktk,rksvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvkldrhgSD;ksafdblesavè;;udrkZrF;ksadksrksM+&ejksM+djviuhbPNkuqlkjizLrqrdjldrkgSAbldehdkslkaf[;dh;x.kukvksa,oalkaf[;dh;vuqekiksa}kjknwjfd;ktkldrkgSAlkaf[;dh;vuqekiksadhlqxerklstk¡pHkhdhtkldrhgSAblhotglslkekftdx.kukvksaolkaf[;dh;vuqekiksadkiz;ksxlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesafnuksafnuc<+rkghtkjgrkgSA
8- lewg vuqlaèkku i¼fr dk iz;ksx (Use of Group Research Method)µi{kikr]feF;k&>qdko o O;fDrfu"Brkdks dedjus ;k lekIrdjus dh n`f"V ls lkewfgdvuqlaèkkui¼frdkfo'ks"kegÙogSAbli¼frdkiz;ksxnks:iksaesafd;ktkldrkgSAizFke],dlkewfgd?kVukdkvè;;uvyx&vyx:iesarFkkvyx&vyxle;ijnks;kvfèkdvuqlaèkkudrkZvksa}kjk,dghi¼frdksdkeesaysrsgq,fd;ktkrkgSAfiQjlcvuqlaèkkudrkZfeydjfu"d"kZfudkyrsgSaAf}rh;],dghvè;;udrkZnksleku{ks=kksaesa,dgh?kVukdkvè;;ulekui¼frdksdkeesaysrkgqvkdjrkgSAfiQjogizkIrfu"d"kks±dhrqyukdjrkgSrFkk;FkkFkZfLFkfrdirkyxkrkgSAbllsvè;;uesaoLrqfu"BrkvkusdhlaHkkoukvfèkdjgrhgSA
9- varj&oSKkfud i¼fr dk iz;ksx (Application of Interdisciplinary Method)µ fofHkUufoKkuksaosQlg;ksxijvkèkkfjrvè;;udksghvarj&oSKkfudvè;;udgrsgSavkSjlekt&foKkuksaesaorZekuesablizdkjosQvè;;uksadkegÙoc<+rkghtkjgkgSAfofHkUufoKkiuksaosQchpfnuksafnulg;ksxc<+rkghtkjgkgSAifj.kkeLo:ilkekftd?kVukvksalacaèkhvè;;uvfèkdkfèkdoLrqfu"B,oa;FkkFkZgksrstkjgsgSaAvktdy;gLi"Vr%eglwl fd;ktkusyxkgS fdfdlhHkh?kVukosQ fy,dksbZ,dghdkjd
44 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
mÙkjnk;h ugha gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] vijkèk] fuèkZurk ;k Hkz"Vkpkj tSlh leL;kvksa osQ fy,lkekftd]vk£Fkd]jktuhfrd]lkaLÑfrd,oaeuksoSKkfuddkjdmÙkjnk;hgSaAtcrdbudkjdksadksHkyh&Hkk¡frughale>fy;ktkrkgS]rcrdfdlhleL;k]?kVuk;kfo"k;dk;FkkFkZooLrqfu"BKkuizkIrughafd;ktkldrkA
10- fefJr lkaLÑfrd mikxe dk mi;ksx (Use of Cross-cultural Approach)µtcfdlhlkaLÑfrd{ks=klslacafèkrfdlh?kVuk;kleL;kdkvè;;ufofHkUulkaLÑfrd{ks=kksalslacafèkryksx(fo'ks"kK)djrsgSarksos;gdk;Zvfèkdfu"i{krk,oaoLrqfu"BrkosQlkFkdjldrsgSaAvè;;ufd,tkusokyslkaLÑfrd{ks=klslacafèkrvuqlaèkkudrkZesai{kikrofeF;k&>qdkogksldrkgS]ysfdutcvU;lkaLÑfrd{ks=kksalslacafèkrvuqlaèkkudrkZvè;;u&dk;ZdjrsgSarksoLrqfu"Brkdhiwjh&iwjhlaHkkoukjgrhgSA;ghfefJrlkaLÑfrdmikxedgykrkgSA
2-8 rF; dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Definition and Characteristics of Fact)
rF; D;k gS\ (What are Facts?)
vaxzsthHkk"kkesa^rF;*gsrqnks'kCnksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgStksoLrqr%i;kZ;okphughagSA,d'kCngS^iSQDV*(Fact)rFkknwljk^MsVk*(Data)gSAbunksuksa'kCnksaosQfy,¯gnhesage^rF;*'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAvaxzsthesa;snksuksa'kCn,d&nwljsosQi;kZ;okphblfy,ughagS]D;ksafd]vuqlaèkkudhizfØ;kesabunksuksa'kCnksadkiz;ksxfdUghafuf'prLrjksaijfd;ktkrkgSAlkekftdvuqlaèkkuesatcfofHkUuÏksrksalsgerF;ksadkladyudjysrsgSa]blLrjrdrF;osQi;kZ;okphosQ:iesaMsVk(Data)'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAysfdutcburF;ksadhfo'oluh;rkbllhekrdigq¡ptkrhgSfd;sO;oLFkkRedizrhd(Systemic Symbol)dk:iysysa]rHkhburF;ksadksge^iSQDV*(Fact)dhlaKknsrsgSaA
^MsVk*(Data) ls^iSQDV*(Fact)rdigq¡pusosQfy,,dfuf'prizfØ;kviukuhiM+rhgSA;|fi^MsVk*(Data)gh^iSQDV*(Fact)cutkrkgSAlaHkor%blhfy;sge¯gnhesabunksuksa'kCnksaosQfy;s,dgh'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaA;gvarjgesale>ysukpkfg,rkfd;fnge^rF;*'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSarksfuf'prvuq'kkluosQvarxZrdjsaA
vkSipkfjd:ilsrF;dksifjHkkf"krdjusosQiwoZ,dckrdhvksjlaosQrdjukvko';dgS]D;ksafdbldklhèkklacaèklkekftdrF;(Social Data)lsgSA;gk¡gevkèkqfudlekt'kkL=kh;vuqlaèkkudks,dfuf'prijaijknsusokysizsQUplekt'kkL=khbekby nq[khZe(Emile Durkheim)dkmYys[kdjsaxsA
nq[khZeosQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdrF;]O;ogkjdkogi{kgSftldkfujh{k.koS"kf;d:iesalaHkogSvkSjtksfo'ks"k<axlsO;ogkjdjusdksckè;djrkgSA¸blizdkjrF;osQvusdvk;kegSavkSjlanHkZosQvuqlkj]gemuosQvyx&vyxfo'ys"k.kdjrsgSaA^lkekftdrF;*osQvuqlaèkkuesabldhigpkuosQtkslaosQrnq[khZeusfn;sgSa]osgSabldhckárk(Exteriority)vkSjckè;rk(Con-straints)AblhlanHkZesagerF;dksifjHkkf"krdjsaxsAlkekftdvuqlaèkkuesageoSKkfudizfØ;k,oavuq'kklulsc¼gSaAvr%fdUghafuf'prlhekvksaosQvarxZrghgerF;dksokLrfodrF;dglosaQxsA
rF; dh ifjHkk"kk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡ (Definition and Characteristics of Fact)
rF;dhifjHkk"kkizLrqrdjusesanksn`f"Vdks.kviuk;stkldrsgSaAigysn`f"Vdks.kosQvarxZrgekjsle{kosifjHkk"kk,¡vkrhgSaftUgksauslanHkZ:iesa,dfoLr`r{ks=kdkspqukgSAblosQvarxZrHkkSfrdfoKku]thofoKkurFkklkekftdfoKkurhuksavkrsgSaAblfoLr`rifjizs{;esatksifjHkk"kk,¡nh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 45
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
xbZgSamuesaikWfyu;ax(Pauline V. Young)]xqMs,oagkWV(W.J. Goode & P.K. Hatt)rFkkczkWMcsd(May Brodbeck)vkfngSaA
ikWfyu ;axosQvuqlkjµ¶rF;ksadks,slsHkkSfrd;k'kkjhfjd]ekufld;km}sxkRed?kVukvksaosQ:iesans[kktkukpkfg,ftudhfu'p;iwoZdiqf"VdhtkldrhgS,oaftUgsa^Hkk";dhnqfu;k*(World of discours)esalpdgdjLohdkjfd;ktkrkgSA¸ijarqmijksDrm¼j.koLrqr%ifjHkk"kkdhvksjlaosQrdedjrkgS]mlosQi¼fr'kkL=kh;vkèkkjdhvksjvfèkdAblsifjHkkf"krdjrsle;ikWfyu;axusrF;dksosQoyewrZphtksardghlhferughaj[kkAmuosQvuqlkjfopkj]vuqHko,oaHkkouk,¡HkhrF;gSaAfo'ks"kdjlkekftdfoKkuosQlanHkZesaA
xqMs ,oa gkWVusla{ksiesarF;dks,dvuqHkofl¼lR;kiuh;fujh{k.kekukgSA
es czkMcsdosQvuqlkjµrF;osQvFkZdksLi"Vdjrsgq,czkMcsdusfy[kkgSfd;g,dfo'ks"klacksèku(Thing)dhvksjlaosQrdjrkgS(tSls)dksbZ?kVuk;k?kVukosQizdkj;kfdlhLFkkuesax`gLokfe;ksadkvuqikrvkfnAmuosQvuqlkjfdlhrF;dksizLrqrdjusdkvFkZ;ggSfdgekjhvoèkkj.kkvksadksiq"VdjusosQfy;smnkgj.kfeyrsgSaA
rF;dksifjHkkf"krdjusesa nwljkizeq[kn`f"Vdks.kmu fopkjdksadkgStks rF;dksosQoylkekftdifjos'kesaizLrqrdjukpkgrsgSaAbldkroZQ;ggSfdoLrqr%lkekftdvuqlaèkkuesagekjklhèkklacaèklkekftdrF;ksalsghgSAblhn`f"Vdks.kdksLi"VdjusosQfy,izkjaHkesanq[khZe}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kkdhppkZdhxbZgSA
bun`f"Vdks.kdksviusle{kj[kdjgeisQ;jpkbYM}kjknhxbZrF;dhifjHkk"kkijfopkjdjldrsgSa]ftlesa,dlkoZHkkSfedn`f"Vdks.kviuk;kx;kgSA
isQ;j pkbYM osQ vuqlkjµ¶rF; dksbZ izn£'kr dh xbZ ;k izdkf'kr dh tk ldus ;ksX;okLrfodrkdkin]in;kfo"k;gSArF;,d?kVukgSftlosQfujh{k.kksa,oaekiksaosQfo"k;esalHkhesacgqrvfèkdlgefrikbZtkrhgSA¸
lekt'kkL=k fo'odks'k osQvuqlkjµrF;dksblizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kx;kgS%¶,drF;;FkkFkZrkdhdksbZizkek.;?kVukgSftldhizkekf.kdrkdhiqf"VvkuqHkfodvkèkkjijlaHkogksrhgSAfoKkuosQrF;izs{k.k&ijh{k.kdhmitgksrsgSaA?kVukvksaosQlacaèkesa,slsdFkughrF;dhJs.khesavkrsgSaftudkvkuqHkfodvkèkkjijijh{k.kfd;ktklosQA¸
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijrF;dhlkekU;fo'ks"krk,¡fuEukafdr:iesaizLrqrdhtkldrhgSa%
1- lkekftdvuqlaèkkuosQifjizs{;esage^rF;*mlhdksekusaxsftldkfujh{k.koS"kf;d:iesalaHkogks]vFkkZr~ftldhoS"kf;drkLo;afl¼gksA
2- rF;,dkaxhughagksrs]vFkkZr~fdlhrF;dklacaèkvusdrF;ksalsgksldrkgSAvr%;svar%lacafèkrgksrsgSaAtSlhgekjhvko';drkgksrhgS]mlhizdkjvkSjmlhlanHkZesagebldhO;k[;kdjnsrsgSaA
3- rF;?kVukosQ:iesaoglR;gStksokLrfod:iesagekjsle{kfo|ekugSavFkokFkkAvr%;gizk;%izR;{kn'khZ(Emperical)gSA
4- dksbZrF;ewrZ;kvewrZnksuksaghgksldrkgSvFkkZr~mldkizR;{kn'kZuHkkSfrd;k'kjhfjd:iesarFkkekufld;kHkkokRed:iesaHkhlaHkogSAvr%rF;KkusfUnz;xzká(Senses perception)HkhgSvkSjvfrfUnz;xzká(extra sense perception)HkhgSA
5- rF;,dkarvuqHkolsHkhizkIrgksldrsgSaysfdutcmudhfo'oluh;rkvU;osQ}kjkHkhijh{k.k;ksX;gkslosQrHkhghgemlsokLrfodrF;(pertinent facts)osQ:iesaLohdkjdjsaxsAvr%;gijh{k.k;ksX;gksrkgSA
46 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
6- rF;fdlhvoèkkj.kkdhl`f"Vesalgk;dHkhgksrsgSarFkkmldhiqf"VHkhdjrsgSaAvr%;gcgqmUes'kh(multi-oriented)HkhgksrsgSaA;ghugha]cfYd;sghrF;fl¼kar&fuekZ.kdhizfØ;k(process of theory building)esadM+hdkdk;ZdjrsgSaA
rF;dhmi;qZDrfo'ks"krkvksaesageblckrlsrksvk'oLrgksghtkrsgSafdbudkvè;;u]ladyu;kizfrosnuoSKkfud<axlsfd;ktkldrkgSArF;dhfo'ks"krkvksaijfy[krsgq,izk;%lHkhfopkjdksausblosQ,dfo'ks"ki{kdksxkS.kj[kkgS;kmldhppkZghughadhgSAblvksjT;ksacxZ,oajkstjusV(Gideon SJoberg and Roger Nett)uslaosQrfd;kgSArF;LohdkjkRed(Positive)vkSjudkjkRed(Negative)nksuksagksrsgSavkSjnksuksadklkekftdfØ;kesamrukghegÙogksrkgSAlkekftdvuqlaèkkuesageigysdksfVosQrF;ksaijvfèkdegÙonsrsgSa]tcfd]lR;;ggSfdudkjkRedrF;HkhmrusghegÙoiw.kZgSaAlektoSKkfudbuudkjkRedrF;ksadhmis{kkughadjldrkAvfØ;k(Non-action)Lo;agh,dfØ;k(action)osQ:iesarF;gS]tSlsjk"Vªh;xkuosQle;mBdj[kM+kughagksukvfØ;kgSysfdu;gLo;a,drF;gSvkSjegÙoiw.kZrF;gSA
lkekftd rF; (Social Facts)
lkekU;r;kdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdrF;,dvR;artfVyfopkjgS]ftlesackárk]ckè;rkvkSjvifjgk;ZrkosQxq.kfo|ekugksrsgSanq[khZeosQerkuqlkjlekt'kkL=klHkhekuoh;fØ;kvksadkvè;;uughadjrkgS]vfirq]lkekftdrF;ghlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;udhfo"k;&oLrqgSa
lkekftdrF;ksadksnq[khZeoLrqvksaosQ:iesans[krkgSAnq[khZeusviuhiqLrd(The Rules of Sociological Method)osQvarxZr^oLrq*'kCndkiz;ksxpkjvyx&vyxlanHkks±esafd;kgS]tksfuEufyf[krgSa%
1- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftlesaoqQNfof'k"Vxq.kgksrsgSaAbufof'k"Vxq.kksadksÅijhrkSjijns[kktkldrkgSA
2- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftlsvuqHkoosQekè;elsghtkuktkldrkgSA
3- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftldkvfLrRoeuq";ijughavfirqlektijfuHkZjdjrkgSA
4- lkekftdrF;,d,slhoLrqgSftlsckgjhLrjijns[kdjtkuktkldrkgSA
nq[khZe osQ erkuqlkj lkekftd rF; okLro esa lkewfgdpsrukdks O;Drdjrs gSaA blhfy,lkekftdrF;lkekftd?kVukvksadkokLrfodizfrfufèkRodjrsgSaAvr%lkekftdrF;ksaosQvè;;uosQekè;elslkekftd?kVukvksadheq[;fof'k"Vrkvksadkvklkuhlsirkykxk;ktkldrkgSApw¡fd^oLrq*osQ:iesalkekftdrF;ksadkoLrqfu"Bfujh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgS]blfy,lkekftdrF;ksadkslkekftd?kVukvksadkcksèkdjusosQoSKkfudvkèkkjosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;ktkldrkgSAD;ksafd]tSlkfdÅijdgktkpqdkgSfdbldkoLrqfu"B:iesa(Objectively)fujh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgSAoLrqosQ:iesalkekftdrF;dksLohdkjdjusdkvk'k;;ghgSfdlkekftdrF;dksbZdkYifudèkkj.kk]fo'oklvFkokfopkjughagksrkgS]vfirqbldkvfLrRo;FkkFkZijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAbl;FkkFkZèkjkryijlkekftd?kVukvksadkoSKkfudcksèkvklkugkstk,xkA
,dlkekftdrF;O;ogkj(lkspus&le>us]vuqHkodjus;kfØ;klaikfnrdjus)dk,dHkkxgStksizs{kddhn`f"VesaoLrqijdgSrFkkftldhizÑfrckè;rkewydgksrhgSA
vr%lkekftdthoulslacafèkr,slsO;ogkj;kfopkj]vuqHko;kfØ;kdkslkekftdrF;dgktk,xkftudkfujh{k.k&ijh{k.kgksldrkgksAbldFkuosQvuqlkj^Hkxoku*lkekftdrF;ughagSaD;ksafdmudkfujh{k.klaHkoughagS]tcfdmlhHkxokudhlkewfgdizkFkZukdjuklkekftdrF;gS]D;ksafdbldkfujh{k.klaHkogSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 47
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
lkekftdrF;dksifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,nq[khZeusfy[kkgS¶,dlkekftdrF;dk;ZdjusdkogizR;sdrjhdkgS]pkgsfuf'prgks;kugha]tksfdO;fDrijckgjhnckoMkyusdh{kerkj[krkgksA¸
lkekftdrF;dksLi"Vdjrsgq,nq[khZeusfy[kkgSµ¶rF;ksaesa]dk;Zdjus]lkspus]vuqHkodjusosQosrjhosQlfEefyrgSatksO;fDrgsrqckgjhgksrsgSarFkktksviuhncko&'kfDrosQekè;elsO;fDrdksfu;af=krdjrsgSaA¸
lkekftdrF;dksnwljs'kcnksaesaifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,nq[khZefy[krsgSa¶;sdk;Zdjus]lkspus;kvuqHkodjusosQosrjhosQgSaftuesaO;fDrxrpsruklsckgjHkhvfLrRodkscuk,j[kusdhmYys[kuh;fof'k"VrkgksrhgSA¸
vr%Li"VgksrkgSfdizR;sdlektesaoqQNfof'k"VrF;gksrsgSavFkoklkspusdk;Zdjus,oavuqHkodjusosQ,slsrjhosQgksrsgSatksO;fDrijckè;dkjhizHkkoMkyrsgSaftUgsaizkf.k'kkL=kh;;keuksoSKkfudrF;osQ:iesauLohdkjdjosQvfirqlkekftdrF;osQ:iesaLohdkjdjukghroZQla xrgksrkgSAbldM+hesanq[khZedkdFkugS]fdfopkjdjusosQ,slsrjhdksadksizkf.k'kkL=kh;?kVukvksaosQvarxZrLohdkjughadjukpkfg,_D;ksafdmuesafØ;k,¡rFkkizfrfufèkRolfEefyrgSaAblseuksoSKkfud?kVukvksalsHkhfeyk;kughatkldrkgSAftldkvfLrRooS;fDrdpsrukvkSjmlosQekè;elsghgksrkgSAblizdkjos,d<axdh?kVuk,¡fu£erdjrsgSavkSjek=kblhosQfy,¶lkek-ftd¸'kCndkiz;ksxfd;ktkukpkfg,A¸
mDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjij;gdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdrF;dksLi"Vdjusgsrqnq[khZeuseq[;:ilsfuEufyf[krnks'kCnksaijfo'ks"kcyfn;kgS ftlsgelkekftdrF;ksadhfo'ks"krkHkhdgldrsgSa%
1- ckárk (Exteriority)µbldkvk'k;;ggSfdlkekftd?kVukvksa;klkekftdrF;ksadkfuekZ.klektosQlnL;ksaosQekè;elsghgksrkgS]tcfdlkekftdrF;,dckjfodflrgkstkusosQckniqu%O;fDrfo'ks"kdkughajgrkvfirq,dLora=kokLrfodrkosQ:iesamldhvuqHkwfrdhtkrhgSA
2- ckè;rk (Constraint)µlekt osQvusdlnL;ksa osQ ;ksxnku ls lkekftd rF;ksa dkfuekZ.kgksrkgSAblhdkj.kls;scgqr'kfDr'kkyhgksrsgSaAblhfy,;sO;fDrdh#fposQvuq:iughagksrsvfirq;sufliZQO;fDrijckè;dkjhgksrsgSaoju~O;fDrosQO;ogkjrFkk#fp;ksadksfunsZf'krrFkkfu;af=krHkhdjrsgSaAlkekftdrF;ksaesalkekftdckè;rk;knckoLi"Vdjusgsrqnq[khZeusdfri;mnkgj.kizLrqrfd,gSa;FkkµlektesaizpfyrvusdlkekftdrF;tSlsuSfrdfu;e]èkk£edfo'okl]foÙkh;O;oLFkk,¡vkfneuq";osQO;ogkj;kdk;Z&iz.kkyhdksizHkkfordjrsgSaA
2-9 voèkkj.kk (Concept)
voèkkj.kk D;k gS\
voèkkj.kkdkslkekU;r;kizR;;vFkoklacksèkHkhdgktkrkgSAoSKkfud'kksèkesavoèkkj.kkdkiz;ksx;FkkFkZosQizR;{khdj.k]oxhZdj.krFkkcksèkosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAfl¼kar&jpukesabldkegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAfl¼kar&jpukosQizFkeLrjijewrZ?kVukvksadkvoèkkj.kkvksaosQ:iesavewrhZdj.kfd;ktkrkgSArRi'pkr~bUgsaroZQlaxrvkèkkjijO;ofLFkrdjfl¼karesaifj.kr fd;ktkrkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡fLFkjughagksrhgSa]vfirqblosQvFkZesafujarjla'kksèkuoifjektZugksrkjgrkgSA
fdlhHkhoSKkfudO;oLFkkdh,dfo'ks"k'kCnkoyh(Particular set of terminology)gksrhgSAblosQvarxZr'kCnrksizk;%vfèkdka'koghgksrsgSaftudkmi;ksxgefnu&izfrfnudhHkk"kkesadjrs
48 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
gSaijarq]oSKkfudO;oLFkkesabuosQfo'ks"kvFkZgksrsgSaA,slscgqrls'kCn[kkldjlkekftdfoKkuesaftUgsageviuhoSKkfud'kCnkoyhosQvarxZrHkhekursgSarFkkbudklkekU;Hkk"kkesaHkhiz;ksxgksrkgSAmnkgj.kosQrkSjijgens[kldrsgSafdlekt'kkL=krFkkekuo'kkL=kosQvarxZr lekt*] laLÑfr*]^laLFkk*vkfn'kCnksaosQiz;ksxoqQN[kklvFkZesafd;stkrsgSavkSjbUgsageviuhoSKkfud'kCnkoyhosQvarxZrHkhLFkkunsrsgSatcfdbu'kCnksadkvFkZlkekU;Hkk"kkesaHkhfd;ktkldrkgSArFkkfibunksuksaesabudkvFkZ,dlekuughagksrkgSAlkekU;Hkk"kkesagevlkaLÑfrd(uncultured)dkiz;ksx[kqysvkedjrsgSaAijarq]ekuo'kkL=kesa;giz;ksxvoSKfudrFkkvO;ogkfjdekuktkrkgSAlkekftdHkk"kkesax¡okjdksvlaLÑrdgrsgSaAijarqekuo'kkL=kh;'kCnkoyhesaeuq";dhfcuklaLÑfrosQdYiukghughadhtkldrhAblizdkjpkgsdksbZx¡okjgks]ccZjgksvFkoktaxyhlaLÑfrlsiq"VgksrkgSA
voèkkj.kkdhtcgeO;k[;kdjrsgSa]rksdHkh&dHkh;gdgukdfBugkstkrkgSfd'kCnek=k'kCnkoyhdkva'kgSvFkokfdlhvoèkkj.kkdksO;DrdjrkgSAmijksDr'kCnlekt]laLÑfrvkfnvoèkkj.kk,¡HkhgSaAiz'u;gmBrkgSfdgebUgsafdlukelsiqdkjsablhlanHkZesagevoèkkj.kkvksaosQLo:iijfopkjdjsaxsA
loZizFkege;gekudjpyrsgSafdfdlhHkhoSKkfudO;oLFkkdh'kCnkoyhesaiz;ksxfd,tkusokys'kCnekudhÑr(Standardised)gkstkrsgSarksmudkLo:ivoèkkj.kkdkgkstkrkgSAu;s&u;s'kCnksadkp;ugeoSKkfud'kCnkoyhosQvarxZrdjrsjgrsgSaAmudkmi;ksxgefo'ys"k.kesaHkhdjusyxrsgSa]fiQj,dlekuvFkZesaghlHkhosQ}kjkiz;ksxfd;stkusyxrsgSa]rcèkhjs&èkhjsmudkLo:ivoèkkj.kkdkgksusyxrkgSAysfdublosQvfrfjDrtksewyvarjvoèkkj.kkvkSj'kCnesagSogvFkZlaizs"k.kosQvk;ke(Dimension of meaning communication)dkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]dksbZ'kCnek=k,dvFkZcrykldrkysfdu]voèkkj.kkosQoy'kkfCndvFkZrdlhferughagksrhvfirq,dfo'ks"kvFkZvk;ke(meaning dimension)dklaosQrdjrhgSA
oSKkfudO;oLFkkosQvarxZrrF;ksaosQfdlhoxZ;klewg;klaoqQy(Complex)dksizn£'krdjusosQfy,gelaf{kIr:Ikesafdlh,d'kCnvFkokdelsde'kCnksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSamlsvoèkkj.kkdgsaxsAblesanksrF;vko';dgSaAizFke]dksbZvoèkkj.kkfturF;ksa]oxZlaoqQyksadklaosQrdjrhgSogLFkk;h:ilsmUgharF;ksa;klaoqQyksardlhferjgsxhA,slkughagSfdgeviuhlqfoèk-kuqlkjfdlhvoèkkj.kkdkvFkZvk;kec<+krs&?kVkrsjgsaAf}rh;]voèkkj.kkdkoqQylaizsf"krvFkZuosQoymldhviuhizÑfrdkscrykrkgS]cfYd]voèkkj.kkdkoqQylEizsf"krvFkZvk;kelsLi"Vr%fHkUuHkhdjysrkgSAmnkgk.kLo:ilkaLÑfrdekuo'kkL=kesalaLÑfrvkSjlH;rknksuksavoèkkj.kk,¡uosQoyviusvFkZvk;kedksLi"VdjrhgSacfYd,dlsnwljsdksvyxHkhdjrhgSaAvoèkkj.kkvksadhl`f"VosQfy,buckrksaijvuqlaèkkudrkZdkè;kuvo';gksukpkfg,A
voèkkj.kk dh ifjHkk"kk
lekt'kkL=k fo'odks'k osQvuqlkjµ¶fdlhoLrq]?kVukvFkokizfØ;kosQoSKkfudizs"k.k,oacksèkosQvkèkkjijlhferlkekU;fopkjksadksvfHkO;DrdjusosQfy,ftufof'k"V'kCn&laosQrksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgS]mUgsaoSKkfud'kCnkoyhesavoèkkj.kk]izR;;;klacksèkdgrsgSaA,dvoèkkj.kk]oLrqvksa]?kVukvksa]O;fDr;ksa]lacaèkksa]izfØ;kvksavkfnofof'k"VoxZvFkoklewgdksfn;kx;k,dfof'k"VukevFkoklaosQrkRedingSaA¸
lkekftdvuqlaèkkuesavuqHkotU;kRedrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijgevoèkkj.kkvksadhl`f"VdjrsgSatksfdlhfuf'prvFkZ;kizfØ;kdhvksjlaosQrdjrhgSaAikfyu;axusvoèkkj.kkdksek=k'kCnlaosQr(Word Indicator)uekudjizfØ;klaosQr(process indicator)ekukgSAvr%dksbZvoèkkj.kkuosQoyrF;ksaosQfdlhoxZdks;kmldhfo'ks"krkvksadks;kfoy{k.krkvksadksdelsde'kCnksaosQ}kjklaosQrdjrhgScfYdrF;ksadhizÑfr]ifjorZuvFkokmudhizfØ;kosQ,dO;ofLFkr,oark£dd:iesavkèkkjdhvksjHkhlaosQrdjrhgSA;s(voèkkj.kk,¡)lHkhifjorZuksa]izfØ;kvksavFkokfLFkfrfo'ks"kftudkO;ofLFkr,oark£ddizfØ;klsvè;;ugqvkgS]mudklkekU;hdj.k(generalisations)
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 49
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
djrhgSaAla{ksiesaikfyu;axusvoèkkj.kkdksifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,fy[kkgS]¶voèkkj.kkrF;ksaosQ,doxZ;klewgdh,dlaf{kIrifjHkk"kkgSA¸,dkWiQ (Russell L. Ackoff)usvoèkkj.kkvksadksLi"Vdjrsgq,blosQizdk;kZRedi{kksadksgekjsle{kizLrqrfd;kgSA,dkWiQdkergSfdvoèkkj.kkvsadhvko';drkfdlhleL;kosQfuekZ.kvkSjmlosQlekèkkuosQfy,izjpukrS;kjdjusesagksrhgSAblizdkjvoèkkj.kkdhifjHkk"kkosQvarxZrblosQ'kkfCnd,oaizdk;kZRedvFkZdklekos'kgksrkgSA
voèkkj.kk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Concept)
fofHkUuifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgevoèkkj.kkvksadhfuEukafdrfo'ks"krkvksadkmYys[kdjldrsgSaµ
1- voèkkj.kkvksaosQ,dlewgdh,d,slhlaf{kIrifjHkk"kkgksrhgSftls,dnks'kCnksaesaO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA
2- voèkkj.kkfdlhO;ogkjizfrekudhlaiw.kZO;k[;kughagksrhmldklaosQrek=kgksrhgSA
3- voèkkj.kkdkfuekZ.koSKkfud¯pruosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSA
4- voèkkj.kkdk ,drk£ddvkèkkj gksrk gSvkSj mldk fuekZ.k izR;{k Kku] okLrfodfujh{k.ko;FkkFkZvuqHkoosQcyijgksrkgSA
5- voèkkj.kkfl¼kardklaf{kIr:iughagksrhoju~rF;ksaosQ,doxZdhfo'ks"krkvksadksla{ksiesacrkusokykrF;gksrkgSA
6- voèkkj.kkesavko';drkuqlkjifjorZuHkhgksrkjgrkgSA
7- voèkkj.kk fdlh fo'ks"k O;ogkj izfrekudks vfHkO;Drdjus okyk ,dlaf{kIrvkSjO;ofLFkroDrO;gSA
8- voèkkj.kkdhizÑfrifjorZu'khygksrhgSD;ksafdle;]LFkku,oamidj.kksaosQifjorZurFkku,rF;ksadhizkfIrosQlkFkblesavdljifjorZudjukvko';dgkstkrkgSA
9- voèkkj.kkosQoy,dlkjka'kughagScfYd;grF;ksaosQfdlh,doxZdksla{ksiesaLi"VdjusokykizrhdgSA
10- voèkkj.kk,¡ghogeq[;vkèkkjgSaftudhlgk;rklsmi;ksxhifjdYiukvksadkfuekZ.kfd;ktkldrkgSA
voèkkj.kk dk egÙo (Importance of Concept)
oSKkfudvUos"k.kdkvafremís';lkekU;fl¼karksadkfuekZ.kdjukgksrkgStksokLroesa,dmPp&Lrjh;vewrZrkdhvoèkkj.kkRed;kstukgksrhgSAdksbZudksbZvuqlaèkkudrkZtksvuqHkotU;voyksdudjukpkgrkgSrFkkviusvoyksdudkfo'ys"k.kdjukpkgrkgSrksmlsvoèkkj.kkRedlajpukdklgkjkysukiM+rkgSAlekt'kkL=kftlesafddbZvoèkkj.kkRed'kCnksadkslkekU;cksypkydhHkk"kklsfy;kx;kgS]tSlsµifjokj]fookg]tkfr]oxZ]ukrsnkjhvkfnmudkvFkZlekt'kkL=kesalkekU;vFkks±lsfHkUugSblfy,voèkkj.kk,¡lqLi"Vgksuhpkfg,A
eVZudkdFkugSfdfl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksalscursgSaAvoèkkj.kk,¡Lo;aesafl¼karughagksrha_tcfofHkUuvoèkkj.kk,¡ijLijrk£dd:ilstqM+djmidYiukvksadkfuekZ.kdjrhgSarks?kVukdhO;k[;k,oafo'ys"k.kdjusesal{kegksusijfl¼karksadkfuekZ.kgksrkgSA
voèkkj.kk,¡ fdlh Hkh iz?kVuk] fLFkfr ,oavuqHkodklaf{kIrhdj.kdjosQ ,d 'kCnvFkok'kCn&lewgosQekè;elsvfHkO;DrdjusdkrjhdkgSAgeO;fDrRo]HkhM+,oalewgdhfofHkUufo'ks"krkvksadksbuvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsvfHkO;DrdjrsgSa]vr%voèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsvfHkO;fDrlaHkogksrhgSAvuqlaèkkuesavoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsiz?kVukvksadksle>usesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA
50 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
voèkkj.kk,¡fl¼karesaizeq[kHkwfedk,¡fuHkkrhgSaAvoèkkj.kkdkizR;sd'kCnlkekftdtxrosQ,dfo'ks"ki{kdksO;DrdjrkgSftlsfdlhfof'k"Vy{;dhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZle>ktkrkgSA
voèkkj.kk,¡fo"k;dhfof'k"VHkk"kkdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSaftlosQekè;elslapkjlaHkogkstkrkgSAvoèkkj.kkvksadkiz;ksxdjusokys,dvoèkkj.kkdkvFkZlekuvFkZesaghle>rsgSaAblhlanHkZesaxqMs rFkkgkVusfy[kkgS]fdlhHkhfoKkulslacafèkrvoèkkj.kkvksadksvR;fèkdfof'k"VvFkZesalaizs"k.k;ksX;gksukpkfg,AmUgsafdlhHkhizdkjlsvLi"VvFkoklansgiw.kZughagksukpkfg,AcfYdmudhjpukblizdkjdhgksuhpkfg,fdmudkfuekZ.kdjusokyhlHkhbdkb;ksadksle>ktklosQA¸
blhvoèkkj.kkosQokLrfodvFkZosQlaizs"k.kijghmldhmi;ksfxrkvkSjliQyrkfuHkZjgSA
fl¼karfuekZ.kdhn`f"Vlsvoèkkj.kkvksadkvewrhZdj.kvko';dgSAvewrZvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsghfl¼karfu£erdjfof'k"VvkuqHkkfodiz?kVukvksaosQ?kfVrgksusdksn'kkZ;ktkldrkgSA
voèkkj.kkvksadkegÙon'kkZrsgq,xqMs,oagkV usfy[kkgSfdvoèkkj.kkdksfodflrdjusdhizfØ;kvuqHkotfurKkudksizkIrdjusomllsfu"d"kZfudkyusesalgk;dfl¼gksrhgSaArF;ksaosQ,doxZ;klewgosQxq.kksadksle>uk]mudkvè;;udjuk]mUgsaO;ofLFkrvkSji`Fko~Qdukvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elslaHkogksrkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡gekjsfopkjksadksiuikusdhn`f"Vlsvko';dgSaA
,dvuqlaèkkudrkZtcuohurF;ladfyrdjrkgSrksog;gvuqHkodjusyxrkgS fdrF;ksaosQokLrfodvFkZdksLi"Vfd,fcukmudkleqfprlapkjlaHkoughagSvkSj;gdk;ZosQoyvoèkkkj.kkvksaosQfodkllsghgksldrkgSAblizdkjlsvoèkkj.kk,¡oSKkfudi¼frdkgh,dvaxgSaftuosQleqfpriz;ksxosQfcuklkekftd'kksèkdksoLrqfu"B:iughafn;ktkldrkAvaresageeVZuosQ'kCnksaesadgldrsgSafd¶gekjkvoyksdurFkk,df=krrF;fdrusghegÙoiw.kZD;ksaugksa¯drqvoèkkj.kkvksaosQvHkkoesafdlhHkh'kksèkdkdksbZegÙoughagSA¸
2-10 fl¼kar (Theory)
lkekftdfoKkuksaesa^fl¼kar*'kCndkiz;ksxgeizk;%ns[krsgSaAlektoSKkfudksausHkhbldhmi;ksfxrkij foLrkjlsizdk'kMkykgSAijarqtcdHkhge;gle>ukpkgrsgSa fdlkekftdfoKkuksaesafl¼kardkD;kvFkZgSrksblosQmÙkjesafl¼karlslacafèkrvusdifjHkk"kk,¡izLrqrdhtkrhgSa]tksuosQoyijLijfojksèkhgksrhgSa]cfYdvLi"V,oalafnXèkHkhgksrhgSaAfl¼kar(Theory),^lS¼kafrdmUes"k* (theoretical orientation), ^lS¼kafrdlanHkZ* (theoretical frame of reference),lS¼kafrdfoLrkj*(theoretical sketch),^ekWMy*(model) ,slsvusd'kCngSaftudkiz;ksxlkekftdfoKkuksaesadghrks,d&nwljsosQi;kZ;okphosQ:iesafd;kx;kgSvkSjdgha&dghabu'kCnksaesavarjLFkkfirfd;kx;kgSA
^fl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksaosQekè;elsO;Drfd;sx;slkekU;hdj.k(generalisation)gSaA lS¼kafrdmUes"k*dkvFkZfdlhvU;fl¼kar;kfl¼karlewgksadhvksjfo'ks"k:ilsizHkkforgksrkgStSlsekDlZokfn;ksa(Marxists)osQfopkjksadkmn~xeekDlZdklkfgR;gSA^lS¼kkafrdlanHkZ*fdlhHkh,slsdFkudklwpdgStksfdfdlhvU;fl¼karijvkèkkfjrgksrsgSatSls]T;ksfr"k'kkL=kesacgqrlkjslS¼kafrdlanHkZu{k=kfoKkuosQfl¼karksalstqM+sgksrsgSaAblhizdkj^lS¼kafrdfoLrkjfdlhfl¼karijvkèkkfjrmldkfoLr`rhdj.kgksrkgSAizk;%lHkhfl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksadh,dfof'k"VdM+hosQ:iesagekjsle{kizLrqrgksrsgSaAblesagekjhlhek,¡vafdrgksrhgSaAvuqlaèkkuizjpuk,¡(research designs)fl¼karosQbli{klslhèkklacaèkj[krhgSaA^ekWMy*fl¼kardklekukFkhZ'kCnughagSAysfdu]dgha&dghayksxNksVs&eksVsvuqlaèkkuekWMyksadksHkhfl¼kardhdksfVesaj[kusyxsgSaAizk;%bulHkhekWMyksadkmUes"kfdlhufdlhlS¼kafrdlewgdhvksjgksrkgSA
ijlh dksgsu(Percy S. Cohen)usHkhviuhiqLrd^ekWMuZlks'kyF;ksjh*esafl¼karosQckjsesaizdk'kMkykgSftllsfl¼karlslacafèkrgekjslkekU;HkzenwjgksrsgSavkSjfl¼kardkegÙoLi"Vgksrk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 51
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
gSAmudkdgukgSfdfl¼kar'kCn,d[kqyspsdosQlekugSftldklaHkkforewY;mlosQmi;ksxdjusokysvkSjmlosQmi;ksxrjhosQijfuHkZjdjrkgSAdksgsudkergSfdtcgefdlhdFkudksfl¼kardhlaKknsrsgSarksgekjkvfHkizk;;ggksrkgSfdmldkewY;^ek=krF;ksa*(mere facts)lsvfèkdgSAfl¼kardkegÙoblhfy,Lohdkjfd;ktkrkgSfdosrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaA;fnfl¼karrF;ksalsvkxsughafudysarksmudkdksbZewY;;kegÙoughajgtk;sxkArF;osQoymudFkuksa(statements)dksdgktkrkgSftuosQckjsesagekjkfo'oklgSfdosfdUghafof'k"V?kVukvksaosQckjsesatks?kfVrgqb±gSa]lpgSaAdHkh&dHkhgeHkzeo'kfl¼kardklacaèkoqQNfof'k"V?kVukvksalsyxkrsgSaAijarqdksgsuusblvksjgekjkè;kuvkd£"krdjrsgq,dgkgSfdrF;ksadklacaèk?kVukvksadhlaiw.kZÜk`a[kyklsgksrkgSAblckrdksmlus,dmnkgj.k}kjkvkSjLi"Vfd;kgSAdksgsuosQgh'kCnksaesa¶;fndksbZ;gdgrkgSfdmlus,diÙksdks>M+rsgq,ns[kkgSrksmlus,drF;dgkgSAijarq]og;gdgrkgSfdmlusizk;%iÙkksadks>M+rsns[kkgS]rksogek=kvfu£n"Vfof'k"V?kVukvksalslacafèkrvusddFkuksadks,dlkFktksM+rkgS]tksfd,dtfVyrF;gSAijarq;fnog;gdgrkgSfdlHkhiÙkksadksvfuok;Z:ils>M+tkukgSrksogfdlhrF;dksudgdj,dfl¼kardksizLrqrdjrkgS_D;ksafd]tksoqQNmluslHkhiÙkksaosQckjsesadgkgSogoghughatksmlusns[kkgS_dksbZHkhO;fDrlHkhiÙkksadkfujh{k.kughadjldrk]D;ksafd]>M+usokysiÙkksadhla[;kvuargksldrhgSA¸
dHkh,slkdgktkrkgSfdfl¼kar;koqQNfl¼karosQoylkekU;rF;(general facts)ek=kgSa]ijarq;glR;ughagSAlHkhfl¼karfuf'pr:ilsrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaAblhizdkjtcrF;ksaosQckjsesadksbZdFku(statement)dgktkrkgSrksmldkrkRi;Z;ggksrkgSfdlHkhdFkuHkhrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaA;gk¡;gle>ysukvko';dgSfdlHkhfl¼karrksrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSaijarqlHkhdFkuksadkstksrF;ksalsvkxsfudytkrsgSa]mUgsafl¼kardhdksfVesaughaj[kktkldrkAvuqlaèkkuesa]rF;ksaosQvkèkkjijvuqlaèkkulslacafèkrleL;kosQckjsesavuqeku(guess)yxk;ktkrk gSvkSj ;ghvuqekuvuqlaèkkudrkZdh midYiuk (hypothesis) gksrh gSA midYiukLo;aesadksbZfl¼karughagSA;gosQoyfof'k"V?kVukvksa;k?kVukvksaosQfof'k"VlaoqQyksa(particular events or particular complexes of events)osQckjsesavuqlaèkkudrkZdkvuqekugSftldhlR;rkdkijh{k.kgksukckdhgSAmidYiukdhlR;rkdkijh{k.kgefujh{k.k;kfdlhvU;i¼fr}kjkdjrsgSavkSjijh{k.kosQmijkarvuqlaèkkulslacafèkrvko';dvoèkkj.kkvksadksfodflrfd;ktkrkgSftllsfl¼karfuekZ.kdhizfØ;kesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA
fl¼kar D;k gS\ (What is Theory\)
tclsekuotkfrusÜk`a[kykc¼¯pruizfØ;k(linked reflective thought process)dkizkjaHkfd;kgSrcls,slslaosQrns[kusdksfeyrsgSafd;stkfrviuslrrfujh{k.k,oavuqHkoosQvkèkkjijfl¼karksadkfuekZ.kdjrhjghgSAfdlhtkfr]iztkfr]lewgvFkokjk"VªdksviusvfLrRodhj{kkgsrqviusvuqHkoksadks;kstukc¼:iesavkusokyhihf<+;ksadksgLrkarfjrdjukgksrkgSAbrukfuf'prjgkgSfdvkfndkylsghtclseuq";usviuslektdklaxBufd;kgStkfrxrlaLÑfrdhj{kkgsrqyksxksausvkusokyhihf<+;ksadksviukvuqHkogLrkafjrfd;kgSA;sfl¼kardksbZvko';d:iesank'kZfudghughagksrscfYd[ksrh]x`gLFkhlsHkhlacafèkrgksldrsgSaAHkkjro"kZesaekSlerFkkÑf"klslacafèkrfl¼karO;kogkfjd:iesa,dih<+hlsnwljhih<+hrdgLrkarfjrgksrsjgsgSaAvdkyosQy{k.k]mit]ekSlevkfnlHkhfo"k;ksalslacafèkrlkewfgdfl¼karvR;arghyksdfiz;jgsgSaAijarqbufl¼karksadhyksdfiz;rkdkdkj.kdksbZlkaLÑfrd;kHkkoukRed:f<+okfnrkughagSAcfYdvuqHkotU;kRedvUos"k.k(empirical investigation )gSA,dfuf'prlhekosQvarxZr,dfuf'prizfØ;klsvuqc¼fdlhHkhfl¼kardkfuajrjijh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgSAoLrqr%vkèkkj:iesatkserkarjfl¼karosQlacaèkesagSa]oghn`f"Vdks.kvarjky(attitudinal gap)gSAmnkgj.kLo:i]cqf¼thfo;ksadk,doxZ;gekurkjgrkgSfdfl¼karijh{k.k;ksX;;kijh{k.kizLrqrgksa];gvko';dughagSAblosQvarxZrizk;%vfrfUnz;txrosQvuqHko]èkk£edfl¼karvkfnvkrsgSaAvU;n`f"Vdks.kosQvuqlkjfl¼karuosQoy
52 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
cksèkxE;gksrkgS]vFkkZr~ftldkvFkZloZlqyHkgks]cfYdmldkijh{k.kHkhloZlqyHkgkslosQAbln`f"Vdks.kesavusdfopkjdvkrsgSaAvuqHkotU;kRedvuqlaèkku(emperical research)osQlkèkdHkhbln`f"Vdks.kdksviukrsgSaAokLroesaHkkSfrdfoKkuesaHkhfl¼karosQ;snksi{kloZekU;gSaAfdlhfl¼karosQihNsgtkjksao"kks±osQvuqHkogksldrsgSavkSjgksrsHkhgSa]vkSjgtkjksao"kks±dk;ghvarjkymudh{kerkdkifjpk;dgksrkgSAblizdkjfl¼kardhl`f"Vns'kvkSjdkylsfcYoqQyvkc¼ughagSAtcgekjsvuqHko]ckj&ckjosQvuqHko]ijhf{krvuqHko]iqu%ijhf{krvuqHko,dO;oLFkkRedizrhddk:iysysrsgSarksfl¼kardhl`f"VgkstkrhgSAbliwjhl`f"VdhizfØ;kesafujarj]ckj&ckj,sls'kCnksadkp;ufd;ktkrkgSftulsoqQNizdkjosQfopkjksadksvFkZ;klaosQrfeyktkrkgSAbUgsaghvoèkkj.kk,¡dgrsgSaAfopkjvejcsydhrjggksrkgSftldhtM+saughagksrhavkSjtksfdlho`{kosQlgkjsghthrkgS]tksizk;%Lo;aughaejrk]Hkysgho`{kejtk;sA;gho`{k'kCngSAvr%fdlhHkhfopkjdksfdlhufdl'kCnijvkfJrgksukiM+rkghgSAtSls&tSlsgefopkjdjrsgSa]gekjsle{kfuf'pr:ils;s'kCnHkhrSjrsjgrsgSaAfyf[kr:iesavFkokekSf[kd:iesa]bUghaosQ}kjkfopkjksadklaizs"k.kHkhgksrkjgrkgSAtcge,slsoqQNfuf'prrFkkfo'oluh;'kCnksadks[kkstysrsgSatksfopkjksaosQokgdosQ:iesadkevkrsgSavkSjtcvuqHkoO;oLFkkRedizrhddk:iysusyxrsgSarksfl¼kardktUegkstkrkgSAtks'kCnfdlhvosQysvFkZdk|ksrdgksrkgSmlsvaxzsthesa'kCnkoyh(terminology)dgktkrkgStks'kCnvuqHkotU;kRedO;oLFkkRedizrhdksaosQvFkZcrykrsgSa]osvoèkkj.kkcutkrsgSa]vkSjbUghal`f"Vxr,oaijhf{kr'kCnksavkSjvoèkkj.kkvksaijfl¼kardkfuekZ.kgksrkgSA
fl¼kar osQ ewy rRo (The Elements of Theory)
ts-,p-VuZjosQfl¼karksaosQpkjewyrRoksadhppkZdhgS]tksfuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- voèkkj.kk,¡(Concepts)
2- ifjoR;ZvFkokpj(Variables)
3- dFku(Statements)
4- vkdkj(Formats)
fl¼karosQmDrpkjksaewyrRoksadhO;k[;kdjrsgq,VuZjus;gfl¼djusdkiz;klfd;kgSfdbUghaosQekè;elsfl¼karksadkfuekZ.kgksrkgS_VuZjdhblO;k[;kdksfuEufyf[kr¯cnqvksaijfoosfprfd;ktkjgkgSµ
(I) voèkkj.kk (Concept)µvoèkkj.kk,¡?kVukvksadksizn£'krdjrhgSaAleLr;FkkFkZesalsvko';drkuqlkj]ftrusva'kdksgevyxdjosQle>rsgSa]mlsvoèkkj.kkdgrsgSaAvoèkkj.kkogizrhd;k'kCn(;k'kCn&lewg)gS ftlosQ}kjk fdlh;FkkFkZdkcksèkgksrkgSAtSls]lewgdhvoèkkj.kklsnks;knkslsvfèkdO;fDr]usr`Ro]'kfDr]lkewfgdmís';vkfn;FkkFkZle>stkrsgSaAlekthdj.kdhvoèkkj.kklsge;gle>rsgSafdO;fDrHkwfedkoSQlsxzg.kdjrkgSAvijkèkdhvoèkkj.kklsgemlO;ogkjdksle>rsgSaftllslkekftd]lkaLÑfrd;kfofèkdgkfuigq¡prhgSAlkekftdHkwfedklsge;gle>rsgSafdO;fDrD;kdjrkgSA;FkkFkZdkslhferdjosQ]izrhd;k'kCnksals;FkkFkZdksle>uk]voèkkj.kkdkmís';gSAvoèkkj.kkdhmi;ksfxrkfuEufyf[krgSµ
1-voèkkj.kkvksadhjpukifjHkk"kk}kjkdhtkrhgSAifjHkkf"krindktcvoèkkj.kkosQ:iesaiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSrks]mlosQekè;els]oSKkfud?kVukvksadkvoyksdudjfy;ktkrkgSAizR;sdO;fDrvoèkkj.kklsmlh;FkkFkZdksle>rkgSftlsvoèkkj.kk}kjkizn£'krfd;ktkrkgSAtSls]tcge^la?k"kZ*dhvoèkkj.kkdkiz;ksxdjrsgSarksle>rsgSafdnksi{kksaesals,di{k]nwljsi{kdhy{;&iw£resa]ckèkkMkyjgkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 53
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
2-voèkkj.kklslekuvFkZ&cksèk (common meaning)dklapkjgksrkgSAoSKkfudleqnk;dkizR;sdlnL;,dvoèkkj.kkdk,dghvFkZyxkrkgSA'kCnc¼gksusosQdkj.kvoèkkj.kk,¡fcYoqQyrVLFk(neutral)ughagksrhaAxf.kresaftlizdkjizrhdksadk(vadfpÉ)rVLFkcksèkdjkrkgS]mlizdkjlkekftdfoKkuksadhvoèkkj.kk,¡rVLFkughagksrhaAbldkj.koqQNlektoSKkfudvoèkkj.kkosQLFkkuijbdkbZ(unit)dkiz;ksxdjusyxsgSaA
3-voèkkj.kkvksa}kjk;FkkFkZdksoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSAoxks±esack¡Vnsuslsfo'ys"k.kesalgk;rkfeyrhgSA
4-;FkkFkZdkvewrZ:i(abstraction)voèkkj.kkvksa}kjkizdVgksrkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡nksizdkjdhgksrhgSaA
(v) okLrfod voèkkj.kk,¡ (Referent Concepts)µvoèkkj.kkvksa ls Bksl] okLrfod ,oarF;kxr?kVukvksadkcksèkgksrkgSAtSls]vijkèk]la?k"kZ]¯glk]ifjorZu]fo?kVuvkfnA
(c) vokLrfod voèkkj.kk,¡ (Non-Referent Concepts)µftuvoèkkj.kkvksals,slsxq.k;koLrqdkcksèkgksrkgStksokLrfodtxresafn[kkbZughaiM+rh]ijarqfl¼karfuekZ.k;k;FkkFkZdhO;k[;kdjusesamudkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAtSls]bZ'oj]LoxZ&ujd]lkekftdlarqyu]fo'ovkRekvkfndkBkslvfLrRorksughagksrk¯drqbulslkekftd?kVukvksadhle>vo';gksrhgSAxf.krosQlHkhvadvkSjfpÉek=kizrhdLo:igksrsgSa]ijarqmuls;FkkFkZdhjpuk];FkkFkZdhek=kk;koxhZdj.kfuèkkZfjrgksrkgSA
voèkkj.kkvksaosQvkewrZpfj=kls,dleL;kmB[kM+hgksrhgSAgj{k.kcnyusokystxrosQfo"k;esavoèkkj.kk,¡fdlizdkjvko';dKkunsldrhgSaAbldfBukbZdksnwjdjusosQ fy,dk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kk (Operational definition);kvoèkkj.kkdk fuekZ.k fd;ktkrkgSAviuhvko';drkuqlkj?kVukvksadhdk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kkoSKkfudcukysrkgSAmlosQvè;;uesafdlhvoèkkj.kklsosQoyoghvkSjmrukghle>ktk;sxk]ftrukfddk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kkesaogj[kukpkgrkgSAtSls]fdlhvè;;uesavijkèkhdhdk;ZdkjhifjHkk"kknsrsgq,dgkx;kgks¶O;fDrtksvnkyrlsltkikrkgS]vijkèkhgSA¸¶ejhtoggStksvLirkyesajksxhdhgSfl;rlsiathÑrfd;kx;kgSA¸¶xzkeh.kusrkoggStksfuokZpu}kjkfdlhLFkkuh;fudk;dkinkfèkdkjhpqukx;kgSA¸
voèkkj.kkvksals;FkkFkZifjHkkf"krvkSjoxhZÑrgksrkgSA;FkkFkZdksO;ofLFkr:insusosQfy,voèkkj.kkvksadkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSA
(II) ifjoR;Z vFkok pj (Variables)µ;gHkhvoèkkj.kkgSAvoèkkj.kk,¡nksrF;izxVdjrhgSaAigyk]?kVukvksadkosQoyukedj.kdjrhgSAnwljk]?kVukvksaesava'kksadkvarjizxVdjrhgSAtSls5ls10o"kZosQckyd]11ls15o"kZosQckyd]vfèkdla;qDrrkokysla;qDrifjokj]dela;qDrrkokysla;qDrifjokjAblizdkjdhvoèkkj.kkvksadksifjoR;ZvFkokpj fHkUurkdgrsgSaAVkWydVikjlUl fl¼kar&fuekZ.kdhizfØ;k (Process of theory building)ijtksjnsrsgq,fl¼kardhO;k[;kdjrkgS]oghaeVZufl¼karlw=kdhifjHkk"kkizLrqrdjrkgSAnksuksalekt'kkL=kh;gLohdkjdjrsgSafdfl¼kardhl`f"VrF;ksalsghgksrhgSAikjlal}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kkesabUghaKkrrF;ksaijcyfn;kx;kgSAvFkkZr~nwljhizfØ;kdhvksjlaosQrfd;kx;kgSAbUghaKkrrF;ksalsvoèkkj.kksadhHkhl`f"VgksrhgSAtcvoèkkj.kk,¡;kstukc¼:iesavarlZEcfUèkrgksdjfdlhlR;dkmn~?kkVudjrhgSarksfl¼kardktUegkstkrkgSAblizdkjbunksuksaifjHkk"kkvksaesarF;xrvarjns[kusdksughafeyrkA
54 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
eVZu}kjknhxbZfl¼kardhifjHkk"kkdksywfel(P. Loomis)usHkhLohdkjfd;kgSA
ywfel osQ vuqlkjµ¶roZQlaxr:iesavar%lacafèkr,slhvoèkkj.kk,¡ftUgsafujh{k.kksa}kjklq>k;sx;sizLrkoksaesala;qDrfd;kx;kgks],dfl¼kardkfuekZ.kdjrhgSA¸blizdkjeVZuosQlekuywfelHkhfl¼kardksvoèkkj.kkvksadk;kstukc¼la;qDrhdj.kekursgSaA
mijksDrifjHkk"kkvksalsewyr%rhuegÙoiw.kZfu"d"kZfudyrsgSaµ(1)fl¼kar,oavoèkkj.kk,¡osQoymUgharF;ksaijvkèkkfjrgksrsgSaftudhfo'oluh;rkfl¼gSA(2)fl¼karvoèkkj.kkvksadk;kstukc¼izLrqrhdj.kgSA(3)fl¼kargekjsfoLr`rfujh{k.kksadks;kstukc¼:iesaizLrqrdjusosQfy;slqyHkdM+hgSA
T;ksacxZ,oajkstjusVusoSKkfudfl¼kardhifjHkk"kknsrsgq,blsfoLr`rfujh{k.kksadhdM+h(link)osQ:iesaizLrqrfd;kgSAmuosQvuqlkj,slslHkhfujh{k.kftUgsafl¼kaUrvFkZiw.kZ:iesatksM+rkgS]vuqHkotU;kRedvFkZiw.kZrkosQHkh|ksrdgksrsgSaAblhvkèkkjijT;ksacxZ,oajkstjusVusfoKkuesafl¼karosQrhueq[;vk;keksa(dimensions)dhppkZdhgSµ(1),dfoLr`rroZQ;qDrlajpukvFkokLo:i](2)oslkekU;hdj.k;kizLrkotksvuqHkotU;kRedrF;ksadks,dizfrekunsrsgSarFkk(3)osvuqeku(assumptions)tksoSKkfudi¼fr,oarF;ksadhizÑfrlslacafèkrgksrsgSaA
fl¼karlslacafèkrVkWydV ikjlUlus ftUgsa fl¼karosQvko';drRodgkgS]mUghadksT;ksacxZvkSjusVvk;kedgrsgSaAblhdkslw=k:iesaikjlUlusdgkgS]¶,dlS¼kfUrdO;oLFkkvuqHkotU;kRedlanHkZosQroZQlaxr:iesavar%fuHkZj'khy(logically interdependent)lkekU;hÑrvoèkkj.kkvksadk,dlewggSA¸bllw=kesaikjlUlusvoèkkj.kkvksaijHkh,dvaoqQ'kyxkfn;kgS]vFkkZr~voèkkj.kkvksadksvarr%;kstukc¼fdlizdkjfd;ktkldrkgS;kfduvoèkkj.kkvksadks;kstukc¼fd;ktkldrkgS]blosQfy,ikjlUlus,dvkèkkjizLrqrfd;kgSAbldkvFkZ;ggSfdvoèkkj.kk,¡roZQlaxr:iesavar%fuHkZj'khygksuhpkfg,AblizdkjlHkhvoèkkj.kk,¡ftudklanHkZgefl¼karfuekZ.kesaysrsgSaos,d&nwljsdksHkhLor%fl¼djrhjgrhgSaA
ikjlUl}kjknhxbZifjHkk"kkdkvfèkdlqxe:iledkyhui¼fr'kkfL=k;ksa(contemporary methodologist)usizLrqrfd;kgSAmnkgj.kLo:iT;ksacxZrFkkjkstjusVusfy[kkgS]¶oSKkfudfl¼karfoLr`rfujh{k.kksadh,ddM+hgSAvfèkdfof'k"V,oark£ddn`f"Vlsfl¼karvar%lacafèkrizLrkoksa(propositions);kdFkuksa(statements)dklewg(set)gSAtksvuqHkotU;kRed:iesavFkZiw.kZgksrsgSarFkklkFkghosmuvuqekuksa(assumptions)osQfy;sHkhvFkZiw.kZgksrsgSaftlsvuqlaèkkudrkZvuqlaèkkuesaviukbZxbZi¼fr,oavkadM+ksaosQfy,pqurkgSA¸
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkesaoSKkfud fl¼karosQ fuekZ.kdhizfØ;kosQvfrfjDrnwljh O;kogkfjdmi;ksfxrkijHkhizdk'kMkykx;kgStSls]fl¼karvuqHkotU;kRed:iesarksvFkZiw.kZgksrsghgSa]lkFkghmuvuqekuksaosQfy;sHkhegÙoiw.kZgSaftudkgefuekZ.k]ijh{k.krFkkiqu%ijh{k.kvuqlaèkkuesadjrsjgrsgSaA
lkjka'k:iesa;gdgktkldrkgSfdfl¼kargekjsmuvuqHkoksaijvkèkkfjrgksrsgSatksroZQ;qDrgksrsgSavkSjvar%fuHkZj'khyHkhgksrsgSaAysfdu,slslHkhvuqHkockj&ckjijhf{krgksx,gksarkfdosvoèkkj.kkvksadk:iyslosaQAbUghavoèkkj.kkvksadkstcgeroZQlaxr:iesa;kstukc¼djrsgSa]rksfl¼kardgrsgSaA
ts- ,p- VuZj osQ vuqlkjµ¶fl¼kar],dekufldfØ;kgSA;gfopkjksaosQfodkldhizfØ;kgSftlosQekè;els;gLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSfddksbZ?kVukD;ksavkSjoSQls?kVrhgSA¸
ekbdy gsjkykWEcl osQ vuqlkjµ¶fl¼kar,slsfopkjksadkleqPp;gS]tksblckrdknkokdjrsgSafddksbZphtfdlizdkjlsdk;ZdjrhgSA¸
lekt'kkL=k fo'odks'k osQ vuqlkjµ¶fofHkUuifjoR;ks±;kpj(Variables)osQeè;dkj.kkRedlacaèkksadksizn£'krdjusokysizLFkkiukvksaosQ,dlewgdksfl¼kardgrsgSaA;g,d,slklkekU;hdj.k
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 55
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
gSftlsrF;ksaosQ,dc`gnlewgosQizek.khdj.kosQcknizkIrfd;ktkrkgSAfl¼karfdlh?kVukosQlacaèkesa^D;ksa*vkSj^oSQls*\osQiz'uksaosQmÙkjnsusdk,drjhdkgSA¸
2-11 ifjdYiuk dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Hypothesis)
ifjdYiukfl¼karosQ{ks=kksaesaik;stkusokys,slsdFkuksadksdgrsgSaaftUgsaijh{k.kdhdlkSVhijdlktkldrkgSA,difjdYiuknks;knkslsvfèkdpjksa(variables)osQchpik;stkusokyslacaèkksadkvuqHkokRed:ilsijh{k.kdjus;ksX;dFkugSAifjdYiuk,drh{.kvuqekugSftldkizfriknurFkkvLFkk;hLohÑfrvoyksfdrrF;ksavFkokn'kkvksadhO;k[;kdjusvkSjvuqlaèkkudkvkxsekxZn'kZudjusosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAlkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uksadksoSKkfud:iiznkudjuseasifjdYiukdkfuekZ.kvfrvko';dgSA;gliQyvuqlaèkkudh,dvko';d'krZgSAfofHkUuifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgeifjdYiukdksvkSjHkhvfèkdmÙkerklsle>ldrsgSaA
fofHkUufo}kuksausizkDdYiukdksfuEuizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kgSµ
^oscLVj U;w b.Vjus'kuy fMD'kujh vkiQ nh baxfy'k ysaXost*osQvuqlkj]¶izkDdYiuk,dfopkj]n'kk;kfl¼kargksrhgStksfdlaHkor%fcukfdlhfo'oklosQekuyhtkrhgSftllsfdmllsrk£ddifj.kkefudkystklosaQvkSjKkr;kfuèkkZfjrfd;stkusokysrF;ksadhlgk;rklsblfopkjdhlR;rkdhtk¡pdhtklosQA¸
yq.McxZ osQvuqlkj]¶,dizkDdYiuk,ddkepykÅlkekU;hdj.kgS] ftldhlR;rkdhijh{kkvHkhckdhgSA¸
xqMs ,oa gkV osQvuqlkj]¶izkDdYiuk,d,slhekU;rkgksrhgSftldhlR;rkfl¼djusosQfy,mldkijh{k.kfd;ktkldrkgSA¸
ih- oh- ;ax osQvuqlkj]¶,ddk;Zokgdfopkjtksmi;ksxh[kkstdkvkèkkjcurkgS]dk;ZokgdizkDdyiukekuktkrkgSA¸
xkMZlosQvuqlkj]¶,dizkDdyiuk,dizLFkkiuk (Proposition)gS ftldkijh{k.k fd;ktkrkgSA¸
ihVj ,p- eUuosQ'kCnksaesa]¶izkDdYiuk,ddkepykÅvuqekugSA¸
Vkmu lS.MosQvuqlkj]¶izkDdYiukvuqlaèkkudhleL;kosQfy,lq>k;kx;kmÙkjgSA¸
,e- ,p- xksikyosQvuqlkj]¶;gKkroizkIrrF;ksaosQlkekU;voyksduijvkèkkfjr,ddk;ZdkjhvLFkk;hmipkjvFkokgygksrhgStksfdoqQNfo'ks"k?kVukvksadksle>usovU;[kkstesaekxZn'kZuosQfy,viuk;khx;hgSA¸
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa ls LIk"V gS fd izkDdYiuk ,d ,slk iwoZ fopkj] fu"d"kZ] dFku] lkekU;hdj.k] vewrhZdj.k] vuqeku ;k izLFkkiuk gS ftls vuqlaèkkudrkZ viuh 'kksèk dh leL;k gsrq fu£er djrk gS vkSj mldh lR;rk dh tk¡p djus osQ fy, vko';d lwpukvksa dk ladyu djrk gSA ,d izkDdYiuk fofHkUu pjksa (variables) osQ chp lacaèkksa dks LFkkfir djrh gSA izkDdYiuk lkekftd vuqlaèkku vkSj [kkst dks vkèkkj iznku djrh gS] uohuKkuizkfIrdhizsj.kkiznkudjrhgSAizkDdYiukdhrqyukgeèkzqorkjs;koqQrqcuqeklsdjldrsgSatksvè;;udrkZdkekxZn'kZudjrhgSvkSjmlslghfn'kkcrkrhgSAizkDdYiukosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkkuosQ{ks=kesage,ddneHkhvkxsughac<+ldrsA
56 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
,d vPNh ifjdYiuk dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Qualities of a Good Hypothesis)
ifjdYiukosQoy[;kyhiqykorFkkehBsliusughagksuspkfg,oju~,slhgksuhpkfg,ftudkiz;ksxgevuqlaèkkuesadjlosaQA,dmÙkevkSjmi;ksxhifjdYiukesafuEukafdrfo'ks"krk,¡vFkokxq.kgksuspkfg,µ
(i) Li"Vrk (Clarity)µifjdYiuk,¡nksn`f"VlsLi"Vgksuhpkfg,],dHkk"kkdhn`f"VlsrFkknwljhvoèkkj.kkdhn`f"VlsAifjdYiukesaiz;qDr'kCnvkSjmuosQdk;ZrFkkfopkjLi"V,oaHkzejfgrgksuspkfg,Atgk¡rdlaHkogksfof'k"V'kCnksadhifjHkk"kkvkSjO;k[;kHkhnhtkuhpkfg,AifjdYiukesaiz;qDr'kCn,slsgksafdnwljsyksxHkhmudklghvFkZle>losaQAifjdYiukdhLi"VrkvuqlaèkkudrkZdhlw>cw>vkSjvuqHkoijHkhfuHkZjdjrhgSA
(ii) iz;ksxfl¼rk (Empirical Referents)µifjdYiukvksaesablizdkjdhvoèkkj.kkvksadkmi;ksxgksukpkfg,AftudhlR;rkdhtk¡pokLrfodrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijdhtklosQAifjdYiukesafdlhuSfrdrkvFkokvkn'kZdksizLrqrdjusdkiz;Ruughadjukpkfg,vFkkZr~mlesa^vPNs*vkSj^cqjs*tSls'kCnksadkiz;ksxughafd;ktkukpkfg,AifjdYiukokLrfodrFkkoSKkfudvkèkkjijtk¡pdjus;ksX;gksuhpkfg,Ablizdkjdhvkn'kkZRedifjdYiuk,¡tSlsngst¯gnwlektij,ddyadgS]la;qDrifjokjorZekuifjfLFkfr;ksaesavuqi;ksxhgSa]thogR;kikigS]nkunsukvPNhckrgSvkfn'kksèkdhn`f"Vlsvuqi;qDrekuhtkrhgSaA
(iii) fof'k"Vrk (Specificity)µ,dizkDdYiukdksvè;;ufo"k;osQfdlhfof'k"Vigywlslacafèkrgksukpkfg,AlkekU;'kCnksaesaO;Drdhx;hizkDdYiukdkijh{k.kdjukdfBugksrkgS,oamldk{ks=kHkhfoLr`r,oavfuf'prgksrkgSA,slhizkDdYiuk,¡rF;ladyudhn`f"Vlsvuqi;ksxhgksrhgSaAvr%;gvko';dgSfdmi;ksxhvè;;uosQfy,gefof'k"VvkSjNksVh&NksVhizkDdYiuk,¡cuk,¡tksgesarF;ksaosQladyuesa]'kksèkdksO;ofLFkrdjusesa,oafu"d"kZfudkyusesalgk;rkiznkudjlosaQA
(iv) miyCèk&izfofèk;ksa ls lac¼ (Related to Available Techniques)µizkDdYiuk dkfuekZ.kdjrsle;blckrdkè;kuj[kukpkfg,fdmldhlR;rkdhij[kmiyCèkizfofèk;ksaosQ}kjkgkslosQAblosQfy,;gHkhvko';dgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZdksmiyCèkizfofèk;ksadhtkudkjhgksA,slhizkDdYiuk,¡vuqlaèkkudhn`f"VlsO;FkZekuhtkrhgSaftuosQijh{k.kosQfy,gekjsiklizfofèk;k¡miyCèkugksaA
xqMs ,oa gkVfy[krsgSafd¶tksfl¼kardkj;gughatkurkgSfdmldhizkDdyiukdhtk¡posQfy,dkSu&dkSulhizfofèk;k¡miyCèkgSa]ogmi;ksxhiz'uksaosQfuekZ.kesavliQyjgrkgSA¸vr%Li"VgSfdizkDdYiuk,¡izpfyrizfofèk;ksadhigq¡pesagksa]¯drqbldk;grkRi;ZughagSfdgeizkDdYiukvksadhtk¡posQfy,uohuizfofèk;ksadkfuekZ.kughadjldrsAorZekuesafofHkUuleL;kvksa,oaizkDdYiukvksaosQvè;;ugsrqoSKkfudksausvusduohuizfofèk;ksadksfodflrfd;kgSA
(v) fl¼kar&lewg ls lacafèkr (Related to By of Theory)µxqMs ,oa gkVdgrsgSa fdlkekftdvuqlaèkkuosQukSflf[k;sfo|kFkhZblfu;edhvDljvogsyukdjtkrsgSafdmudhizkDdYiukfdlhfl¼karlslac¼ughagksrhAlkekU;r%os,slsfo"k;dkp;udjrsgSatksmUgsa#fpdjrFkkvkd"kZdizrhrgksrkgSAosblckrdkHkhè;kuughaj[krsfdmudkvuqlaèkkudk;ZiwoZizpfyrfdlhfl¼kardksxyrizekf.krdjusvFkokmldhiqf"Vdjus;kmlsla'kksfèkrdjusesalgk;dgksxk;kughaAosfy[krsgSa]¶,dfoKkurHkhlap;hculdrkgS;fnogmiyCèkrF;ksarFkkfl¼karlewgijiw.kZr;kykxwgksrk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 57
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
gSA;fnizR;sdvè;;u,di`Fko~QlosZ{k.kosQ:iesagksxkrksfoKkudkfodklughagksldrkA¸izkDdYiuk,¡vkSjfl¼kar,d&nwljsijfuHkZjgSavkSjfoKkuosQfodklosQfy,izkDdYiukvksadkfuekZ.kfl¼karksaosQlanHkZesaghfd;ktkukpkfg,A
(vi) ljyrk (Simplicity)µ,dmÙkeizkDdYiukesaljyrkdkxq.kHkhgksukpkfg,AbldkrkRi;Z;ggS fdmlesavuko';d:ilsvfèkddkjdksadks LFkkuugha fn;ktkukpkfg,A,slhfLFkfresaizkDdYiuktfVy,oaijh{k.kosQv;ksX;gkstkrhgSAJherh ;ax dkergSfdtksvuqlaèkkudrkZviuhleL;klsiwjhrjgifjfprgS,oalw>cw>j[krkgS]ogizkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kvklkuhlsdjldrkgSAosfy[krhgSa]¶ljyrk,drstèkkjokyk;a=kgStksO;FkZdhizkDdYiukvksarFkkfoospukvksaadksdkVHkhldrkgS]vr%blsfofy;evksdedkmLrjk(Occam’s razor) dgkx;kgSA*ljyrkdk;gvFkZughagSfdizkDdYiuk,¡lkekU;tuosQfy,HkhcksèkxE;gksaAcgqrvfèkdljyizkDdYiuk,¡?kkrdHkhfl¼gksldrhgSaA
ifjdYiuk osQ izdkj (Types of Hypothesis)
lekt'kkL=k,oalekt&foKkuksaesavusdizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkizpyugSAlkekftdrF;ksa]?kVukvksa,oaleL;kvksadhizÑfr]vuqlaèkkuosQmís';,oarF;ksaosQizdkjosQvkèkkjijizkDdYiuk,¡HkhdbZizdkjdhgksldrhgSaAfofHkUufo}kuksausfHkUu&fHkUuizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSAmuesalsoqQNdkge;gk¡mYys[kdjsaxsA
xqMs rFkk gkVusfuEukafdrrhuizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSµ
1- vuqHkkoRed lekurkvksa ls lacafèkr (Related to empirical uniformities)µ;sizkDdYiuk,¡ekuoosQlkekU;Kku]roZQokD;]nSfudthouosQvuqHkoksa]ekU;rkvksa]yksdksfDr;ksa]dgkorksa]oDrO;ksa]okrkZvkasrFkkfo'oklksaijvkèkkfjrgksrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]lkekU;r%,slhdgkorsaizpfyrgSafdxatkO;fDrèkuokugksrkgS]i'kqvksaesafl;kj]if{k;ksaesadkSvk]euq";ksaesaukbZrFkkfL=k;ksaesaekfyuprqjgksrsgSaA,slhizkDdYiukesalekurF;ksadhtk¡pdjukghvè;;udkeq[;¯cnqgksrkgSA
2- tfVy vkn'kZ&izk:iksa ls lacafèkr (Concerned with Complex ideal types)µblizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksaesaizk;%,dlkekU;rF;vFokfu"d"kZdksiwokZèkkjekudjvU;rF;ksadhroZQiw.kZ:ilsijh{kkdhtkrhgSA,slhizkDdYiuk,¡vYila[;dlewgksarFkkikfjfLFkfrdhn'kkvksa (ecological conditions)lslacafèkrgksrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]cxsZlusviusvè;;uesa;gizkDdYiukdhFkhfd¶osaQnzhHkwrxksykdkjuxjfodkldhizÑfrosQy{k.kgksrsgSaA¸blizdkjdhizkDdYiukvksadkmís';vkuqHkkfod,d:irkvksaesa rk£dd:ils fudkys x,lacaèkksadh mifLFkfrdk ijh{k.kdjuk gksrk gSA ,slhizkDdYiukvksaosQfofHkUudkjdksaosQchprk£ddvarl±caèkksaosQvkèkkjijfu"d"kZfudkystkrsgSa] blfy,bUgsalacaèkkRedizkDdYiuk,¡ (Relational Hypothesis)HkhdgrsgSaApw¡fd;sizkDdYiuk,¡rk£ddfu"d"kks±ijvkèkkfjrgksrhgSa]vr%;s fl¼karfuekZ.kesaHkhlgk;dgksrhgSaAnq[khZeusviuhizfl¼Ñfr^vkRegR;k*esafuEukafdrlacaèkkRedifjdyiukvksadksfodflrfd;kFkk%
(i) xk¡oksadhvis{kkuxjksaesavkRegR;kdhnjvfèkdik;htkrhgSA
(ii) fL=k;ksadhvis{kkiq#"kvfèkdvkRegR;kdjrsgSaA
fo'ys"k.kkRed pjksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Analytical Variables)µoqQN izkDdYiuk,¡fo'ys"k.kkRedpjksaosQlacaèklslacafèkrgksrhgSaAdksbZHkhlkekftd?kVukvusddkjdksadkifj.kkegksrhgS]fiQjHkhbuesalsdksbZ,ddkjdghizeq[kdkjdgksrkgSvkSjvU;dkjdlgk;ddkjdgksrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]cky&vijkèkosQfy,euksfo'ys"k.kkoknhfl¼kardkjekufldfoÑfrvkSj
58 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
nqcZyrkdks]rksoa'kkuqØe.koknh^cqjsoa'kkuqØe*dksmÙkjnk;hekursgSaAblizdkjdhizkDdYiukdksdkj.kkRedizkDdYiuk(Causal Hypothesis)HkhdgrsgSaAblesa;gKkrfd;ktkrkgSfd;fnfdlh,dpj(dkjd)esaifjorZugksrkgSrksogfdllhekrdnwljspj(dkjd)dksizHkkfordjrkgSA
oqQN vU; izdkj dh izkDdyuk,¡ (Some other Types of Hypothesis)
1- ldkjkRed dFkuksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Positive Statements)µoqQNizkDdYiukvksadklacaèkldkjkReddFkuksalsgksrkgStSls&iq#"kksadhvis{kkfL=k;k¡vfèkdn;kyqgksrhgSaAxjhcksadhvis{kkèkuokuvfèkdvijkèkdjrsgSaA
2- udkjkRed dFkuksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Negative Statements)µblizdkjdhizkDdYiukesadFkuksadksudkjkRed:iesaizzLrqrfd;ktkrkgS]tSlsiq#"kksadhvis{kkfL=k;k¡vfèkdn;kyqughagksrha]xjhcksadhvis{kkèkuokuvfèkdvijkèkughadjrsA
3- 'kwU; dFkuksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Null Statements)µblizdkjdhizkDdYiukesaldkjkRedvkSjudkjkRednksuksalaHkkoukvksadks O;Dr fd;ktkrkgSvkSjijh{k.k}kjkmUgasLohdkj;kvLohdkjfd;ktkrkgS]tSlsµiq#"kksavkSj fL=k;ksadhn;kyqrkesadksbZvarjughagksrk]xjhc,oaèkuokudhvijkèkizo`fÙkesadksbZlkFkZdvarjughagksrkA
4- dkepykÅ izkDdYiuk (Working Hypothesis)µJherh ih-oh- ;ax us ,sls iSusvuqekuovLFkk;hegÙoiw.kZfopkjksadkstksfdlhvuqlaèkkudkvkèkkjculdrsgSa]dkepykÅizkDdYiukdgkgSAdkepykÅizkDdYiukfdlhHkhvè;;udksizkjaHkdjusdk,dizkjafHkdfopkjgksrkgSAT;ksa&T;ksavè;;udrkZdksvuqHkogksrktkrkgS]ogmlesaifjorZu,oala'kksèkudjrktkrkgSA;gHkhgksldrkgSfdogizkjafHkdfopkjdksiwjhrjgR;kxdjmlosQLFkkuijubZizkDdYiukcukysApw¡fd;gfopkj,dvLFkk;h]dk;ZokgdvkSjdkepykÅegÙodkgksrkgS]blfy,blsdkepykÅ;kdk;kZokgdizkDdYiukdgrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]izkjaHkesaHkkSfrdoSKkfudksadhekU;rkFkh fdijek.kqvfoHkkT;gS]¯drqcknesavè;;uosQvkèkkjijmUgsa;gizkDdYiukcnyuhiM+h]tc;gKkrgqvkfdijek.kqdkvkSjvfèkdfoHkktulaHkogSA
ifjDYiuk dk egÙo (Importance of Hypothesis)
vuqlaèkkueasizkDdyiukosQegÙodksvusdizdkjlsn'kkZ;kx;kgSAfo}kubldhrqyukèkzqorkjs,oaoqQrqcuqeklsdjrsgSarksoqQNleqnzesatgktksadksjkLrkfn[kykusokysizdk'kLraHk(Light house)lstksvuqlaèkkudrkZvksavkSjoSKkfudksadksHkVduslscpkrsgSaAeSDloscjdkergS fdizkDdYiuklsizR;sdoSKkfudxos"k.kkesau,iz'uksadksizksRlkgufeyrkgSAxqMs ,oa gkVdkergSfd¶,dizkDdYiuk;gcrkrhgSfdgefdldh[kkstdjjgsgSaA¸mUgksausvkxsfiQjfy[kkgS]¶vPNsvuqlaèkkuesaizkDdYiukdkfuekZ.k,dosaQnzh;pj.kgSA¸
blizdkjLi"VgSfdfdlhHkhvuqlaèkkuesaizkDdYiukosQvHkkoesafu'p;kRedfu"d"kZizkIrdjukdfBugSAblosQvHkkoesavè;;udrkZviusekxZlsHkVdldrkgSAblhosQ}kjkoglR;vkSjvlR;dhiqf"VdjrkgS,oafo"k;lslacafèkrokLrfodrkdkirkyxrkgSAizkDdYiukosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkkuirokjfoghutgktdhHkkafrgksrkgSA
izkDdYiukosQegÙodhfoospukgefuEuizdkjdjldrsgSaµ
1- vè;;u osQ mís'; dk fuèkkZj.k (Determination of the Goal of the Study)µ izkDdYiukgekjsvè;;uosQmís';dksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSfdgesafdldh[kkstdjuhgSAvè;;uosQmís';dksLi"VdjosQghgemllslacafèkrrF;ksadhxos"k.kkdjrsgSaAizkDdYiuk,¡gesa;gcrkrhgSafdgesafdurF;ksadkladyudjukgSvkSjfdudk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 59
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
ugha]dkSu&lsrF;gekjsmís';osQvuq:ivkSjlkFkZdgSarFkkdkSu&lsfujFkZdAdksgsu ,oaukxsyfy[krsgSa]¶izkDdYiukosQvHkkoesavuqlaèkku,dvfuf'prrFkkfopkjghuHkVdkodhHkkafrgSAmlosQfu"d"kks±dksLi"VvFkZokysrF;ksaosQ:iesaizdVughafd;ktkldrkgSA¸vè;;uosQmís';gekjsladyuÏksrksadkHkhfuèkkZj.kdjrsgSaA
2- mfpr fn'kk iznku djuk (Providing Suitable Direction)µizkDdYiukvuqlaèkkudrkZosQ fy, iFk&izn'kZddkdk;Z djrh gS] mls bèkj&mèkj HkVdus ls jksdrh gSA bllsvè;;udrkZdkè;kueq[;fo"k;ijghfVdkjgrkgS]izkDdYiukmlsfofHkUuekxks±esalsosQoymfprvkSjlghekxZijghystkrhgSAoku MysuizkDdYiukdks,sls'kfDr'kkyh vkdk'knhi osQ :i esa ekurs gSa tks vuqlaèkkudrkZ dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrkgSAih-oh- ;ax fy[krhgSa]¶blizdkjizkDdYiukdkiz;ksx,dn`f"Vghu[kkstrFkkvaèkkèkqaèkrF;&ladyulsj{kkdjrkgStkscknesavè;;u&leL;kosQfy,vizklafxdvkSjvuqi;qDrgksldrsgSaA¸
3- vè;;u {ks=k dks lhfer djuk (Restricting the Field of Study)µyqaMcxZosQvuqlkjizkDdYiukosQvkèkkjij]¶getku&cw>djviuhfopkj'kfDr;ksadksLohdkjdjrsgSavkSjviusvuqlaèkkuosQ{ks=kdkslhferdjosQ=kqfV;ksadhlaHkkoukdksdedjusdkiz;kldjrsgSaA¸izkDdyiukvuqlaèkkudk;Zdhlhek fuèkkZfjrdjosQvè;;udrkZdkè;kuvè;;ufo"k;osQ,dfof'k"VigywvFkokrF;ksaijghosaQfnzrdjrhgSAnwljs'kCnksaesaizkDdyiukvè;;udks,dfuf'prlhekesack¡èknsrhgSAvè;;udrkZosQfy,;glaHkoughagSfdog,dfo"k;lslacafèkrlHkhi{kksadk,dlkFkvè;;udjsAvr%;gvko';dgSfdvè;;udksfof'k"V];FkkFkZvkSjoSKkfudcukusosQfy,mlslhferfd;ktk,A
4- vè;;u esa fuf'prrk ykuk (Bringing Definiteness in the Study)µizkDdyiukosQ}kjkvè;;udkslqfuf'prcuk;ktkldrkgSAbllsvè;udrkZdks;gè;kujgrkgSfdmlsdc]dgk¡vkSjdkSu&lhlwpuk,¡ladfyrdjuhgSaAbllsvfu;ferrk,oavO;oLFkkdhlaHkkoukughajgrhA
5- rF;ksa osQ ladyu esa lgk;d (Helpful in Collection of Facts)µizkDdYiukvuqlaèkkudrkZdksleL;klslacafèkrmi;qZDrrF;ksadksladfyrdjusdksizsfjrdjrhgSAizkjaHkesa,slkHkhgksldrkgSfdoSpkfjdvLi"VrkosQdkj.kgerF;ksaosQ,dtaxydks,df=krdjysaA¯drqcknesamuesalsgesaoqQNfof'k"VrF;ksadkghpqukodjukiM+rkgSAbldk;ZesaizkDdYiuklgk;dgksrhgSA,e-,p- xksikyusfy[kkgS]¶izkDdYiukosQfcukvè;;udrkZvuko';d;gk¡rdfdO;FkZlkexzhHkh,df=krdjldrkgSvkSjokLroesaegÙoiw.kZrFkkykHkdkjhrF;mldhn`f"VlsNwVldrsgSaA¸
6- fu"d"kZ fudkyus esa lgk;d (Helpful in Drawing Conclusions)µizkDdYiukvksaosQvkèkkjijrF;ksadkladyufd;ktkrkgSvkSjrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijghKkrfd;ktkrkgS fdgekjhizkDdYiuk,¡lR;gSavFkokvlR;Anksuksagh fLFkfr;ksaesagesalR;kUos"k.kdjukgksrkgStksfdblosQvHkkoesaughagksldrkAukWFkzksZi(Northrop)dkergSfd¶fdlhizkDdYiukesafo|ekurF;leL;kosQlkeèkkuHkhgksldrsgSa]rFkkosokLroesalekèkkugSa];gtk¡pdkdk;ZgSA¸
7- fl¼karksa osQ fuekZ.k esa lgk;d (Helpful in Formulation of Theories)µihVj ,p- eUudkergSfdizkDdYiukrF;ksaofl¼karksaosQchpdhdM+hgSaA,e-,p-xksikyosQ'kCnksaesa]¶,dfl¼karrFkk,dizkDdYiukosQchpdkvarjizdkjdhvis{kkek=kkdkvfèkdgS]D;ksafdtcizkDdYiuklR;fl¼gkstkrhgSrFkkLFkkfirgkstkrhgSrksog,dfl¼kardkHkkxcutkrhgSA,dizdkjls;s,d&nwljslsfodflrgksrsgSaA¸
60 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fofy;etkWtZusfy[kkgS]¶O;kokgfjd:ils,dfl¼kar,dfoLr`rizkDdYiukgS];g,dljyizkDdYiukdhvis{kkvfèkdizdkjksaosQrF;ksalslacafèkrgksrhgSA¸fdlhHkhlkekftdvuqlaèkkudkizkjaHkgeizkDdYiukvksaosQvkèkkjijdjrsgSaAtcrF;ksaosQvkèkkjij;sizkDdYiuk,¡lR;fl¼gkstkrhgSarksosfl¼karksadk:iysysrhgSaA
Mk- lqjsanz ¯lg us izkDdYiuk osQ fuEukafdr dk;ks± (egÙo) dk mYys[k fd;k gS%
(i) vuqlaèkkulslacafèkrfofHkUuiz'uksadksLi"Vdjuk]
(ii) vuqlaèkkudksmÙkstukiznkudjuk]
(iii) vuqlaèkkudhfofèkrU=kh;O;oLFkkdksvkèkkjiznkudjrsgq,funsZf'krdjuk]
(iv) iz;ksxkRedizfofèk;ksaosQewY;kadudhdlkSfV;k¡iznkudjuk]
(v) fl¼karosQfuekZ.kosQfy,dk;Zdkjhmidj.kosQ:iesadk;Zdjuk]rFkk
(vi) fuxeui¼frdkiz;ksxdjrsgq,fu"d"kZfudkyusesalgk;rkigq¡pkukA
ifjdYiuk dh lhek,¡ (Limitations of Hypothesis)
izkDdYiuk,¡lkekftdvuqlaèkkuesaekxZn'kZudhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZgSafiQjHkh;fnbudkiz;ksxlkoèkkuhlsughafd;ktkrkgSrks;svè;;uosQfy,[krjkHkhiSnkdjldrhgSaAbuosQnks"k;klhek,¡fuEukafdrgSa%
1- izkDdYiuk esa vVwV fo'okl (Full Confidence in Hypothesis)µdbZckjvè;;udrkZizkDdYiukdksviusvè;;udkekxZn'kZduekudjmlsfl¼djusosQi{kesaghrF;ksadkladyudjrkgSA,slhfLFkfresavè;;udhoSKkfudrklekIrgkstkrhgSAblfy,ghih-oh- ;axusfy[kkgS]¶,dvuqlaèkkudrkZdksviuhizkDdYiukdh'kq¼rkdksLFkkfirdjusosQmís';lsvè;;udkizkjaHkughadjukpkfg,A¸
2- izkDdYiuk ij vkèkkfjr rF; (Hypothesis based Facts)µizkjaHk eas vè;;udrkZizkDdYiukosQvkèkkjijghrF;ksadkladyudjrkgS]¯drqmlspkfg,fdokLrfodrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijviuhizkDdYiukesala'kksèku,oaifjorZudjysA,slkudjusijladfyrrF;gkfuizn,oaO;FkZfl¼gksrsgSaAbllanHkZesaizQkbZ(Fry)usfy[kkgS]¶ek=kfof'k"Viz'uksaosQlanHkZesaghrF;ksadkladyuughadjukpkfg,oju~,dlaLFkkvFkokifjfLFkfrdhxos"k.kkesaiz'uksadkslnSolq>koosQ:iesale>ukpkfg,A¸
3- fof'k"V vfHk#fp;ksa rFkk laosxksa dk izHkko (Influence of Specific Interests and Emotions)µdbZckjvuqlaèkkudrkZviuhfdlhfof'k"V#fpvkSjlaosxosQdkj.k,dfo'ks"kvè;;u&fo"k;dkpqukodjrkgSvkSjmlosQizfrizfri{kikriw.kZjoS;kviukrkgS]rcmlosQ}kjkfd;ktkusokykvè;;uvoSKkfudgkstkrkgSA
4- vè;;udrkZ dk izfr"Bk ¯cnq (Prestige Point of the Investigator)µdbZ ckjvè;;udrkZviuhizkDdYiukdksJs"BolghekuysrkgSvkSjmlosQlkFkviuslEekudkstksM+ysrkgSA,slhfLFkfresaogizkDdYiukosQfoijhfr;FkkFkZrF;ksadksHkhLohdkjughadjukpkgrkA;gfLFkfroSKkfudlR;rdigq¡pusesackèkdgSA
Li"VgSfd;|fiizkDdYiuk,¡vuqlaèkkuosQfy,mi;ksxhgksrhgSa]fiQjHkhmuosQiz;ksxesalkoèkkuhcjruhpkfg,AbllanHkZesaosLVkos (Westaway)usmfprghfy[kkgS]¶izkDdyiuk,¡osyksfj;k¡gSatksfdvlkoèkkudksxkukxkdjlqyknsrhgSaA¸ih-oh- ;ax fy[krh gSa] ¶;fnvè;;udrkZ okLrfodoSKkfud Hkkouk osQvkèkkj ij fdlh fo'ks"kifjfLFkfresarF;ksadksfl¼djusdhvksjughaoju~lh[kusvkSjle>usdhvksjc<+rkgS]rcmldhizkDdYiukdksbZfufgrLokFkZughacusxhvkSj;fnuohurF;mldhizkDdYiukdksvlR;fl¼djrsgSarksmldh[;kfrrFkkizfr"BkdksdksbZvk?kkrughaigq¡psxkA¸
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 61
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
ifjdYiuk fuekZ.k esa izeq[k dfBukb;k¡ (Main Difficulties in Formulation of Hypothesis)
izkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kdjukdksbZljydk;ZughagSAxqMsogkVosQvuqlkjblosQvarxZrnksizdkjdhdfBukb;k¡vkldrhgSaµlS¼kafrd<k¡pslacafèkrrFkkvè;;uiz.kkfy;ksalslacafèkrA
I. lS¼kafrd <kaps ls lacafèkr (Related to Theoretical Frame-Work)µizkDdYiukosQfuekZ.kesalS¼kafrd<kapslslacafèkrfuEukafdrdfBukb;k¡vkldrhgSa%
1- Li"V <kaps dh vuqifLFkfr (Absence of definite frame-work)µdbZckj,slhfLFkfrHkhgksrhgSfdvuqlaèkkudrkZdksfo"k;lslacafèkrfl¼karksadkghKkuughagksrkgSrcogmi;qDrizkDdYiukvksadkfuekZ.kughadjikrkAuohufoKkuksaosQlanHkZeas;gckrvfèkd[kjhmrjrhgSA
2- <kaps osQ rk£dd ,oa oqQ'ky iz;ksx dk vHkko (Lack of Logical and Effieicent use of Frame)µ;fnlS¼kafrd<kapkmiyCèkgS] drqizkDdyiukfuekZ.kesamldkiz;ksxrk£dd,oaoqQ'kyrkiwoZddjusesavè;;udrkZv{kegS]rcHkhlghizkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kughafd;ktkldrkA
II. vè;;u iz.kkfy;ksa ls lacafèkr (Related to Research Techniques)µorZekuoSKkfudKku,oavuqlaèkkudhiz.kkfy;ksaesacgqrvfèkdo`f¼gqbZgS ftuosQckjsesalHkhdkstkudkjh gksukvko';dugha gSAvktlkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;u ,oavfHkO;fDrxf.krh;lw=kksaesadhtkusyxhgSAoaQI;wVj}kjkvè;;uesaennyhtkrhgSAvr%;gvko';dgSfdizkDdYiukvksaosQfuekZ.kesavè;;udrkZvè;;u&iz.kkfy;ksadksHkhè;kuesaj[ksrkfdvè;;uesale;]JevkSjèkudhcprdhtklosQA
1- ?kVuk dh ifjorZu'khyrkµlkekftd?kVukvksadh;gfo'ks"krkgSfdosifjorZu'khygSaAtksfLFkfrvktgS]ogdyughajgsxhAekuoosQfopkj]fo'okl]Hkkouk,¡vkSjeukso`fÙk;k¡cnyrhjgrhgSa]vr%muosQckjsesavuqekuyxkukdfBugSAekuolacaèkksadksizHkkfordjusokysdkjd,oamuosQikjLifjdlacaèkHkhcnyrsjgrsgSa]vr%muosQckjsesaifjdYiukdkfuekZ.kdjuk,ddfBudk;ZgSA
2- vè;;udrkZ dk i{kikrµizkDdyiuk fuekZ.k esa ,d dfBukbZ vè;;udrkZ dhvfHkufr;ki{kikrHkhgSA;fnogfdlhiwokZxzglsxzflrgS;kfdlh?kVukosQizfrHkkokRedyxkoj[krkgSrksmlosQ}kjkfu£erizkDdYiukosQnks"kiw.kZ,oavoSKkfudgksusdhlaHkkoukjgrhgSA
3- ltkfrokn ;k lewg osaQfnzrrk (Ethnocentrism)µnwljksadhrqyukesaviuslewg]tkfr]iztkfrosQizfrO;fDrosQeuesalaosnu'khyrkvkSjHkkokRedyxkogksrkgS]ftlsltkfrokn;klewgosaQfnzrrkdgrsgSaA,slhn'kkesaO;fDrvU;lektksa]lewgksa,oalaLÑfr;ksadhrqyukesaviuslekt]lewgvkSjlaLÑfrdksJs"Ble>rkgSA,slhfLFkfresaizkDdYiukfuekZ.kesaO;fDrdkLo;adki{kikrvkukLokHkkfodghgSAih-oh- ;axesaizkDdyiukosQfuekZ.kosQle;vè;;udrkZdksrhuckrksadkè;kuj[kusdklq>kofn;kgS%(v)vuqlaèkkudrkZdhrh{.kn`f"V](c)fu;af=krdYiuk'kfDrrFkkjpukRed¯pru](l)lS¼kafrd<kapsdhmiyCèkrkrFkkmldkKkuA
varesagedksgsuosQ'kCnksaesadgldrsgSafd¶tksyksxfo"k;iwoZKkuosQvHkkoesadksjsefLr"dlsvuqlaèkkudk;ZvkjaHkdjrsgSa]mUgsaoSKkfudmiyfCèk;k¡cM+hdfBurklsizkIrgksrhgSaAoqQNizkIrdjusosQfy,gesafo"k;dhiw.kZtkudkjhgksuhpkfg,Afdlhiw.kZKkuosQvHkkoesageughatkuikrsfdfdurF;ksadks[kkstukgSrFkktk¡pgsrqD;kizklafxdgS\¸izkDdYiukdkfuekZ.kdjrsle;mi;qZDrlHkhckrksadksè;kuesaj[kukvR;arvko';dgSA
62 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society) 2-12 lkekftd losZ{k.k i¼fr (The Social Survey Method)
bli¼fresa fdlh fuèkkZfjr{ks=kesa jgusokys O;fDr;ksaosQ jgu&lgurFkkdke&dktdhvoLFkkvksaosQlacaèkesavk¡dM+sabdV~Bsfd;stkrsgSa]rkfdmudhn'kklqèkkjus,oamuosQdY;k.kosQO;ogkfjdlkekftdmik;ksadh;kstukcuk;htklosQA
lkekftdlosZ{k.kdhoqQNifjHkk"kk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) ekoZQ vczke (Mark Abrams)µ¶lkekftdlosZ{k.kogizfØ;kgSftlosQ}kjk,dleqnk;(community)dhjpukvkSjxfrfofèk;ksaosQlkekftdi{klslEcfUèkrla[;kRedrF;ksadkslaxzfgrfd;ktkrkgSA¸
(ii) ,- ,iQ- oSYl (A.F. Wells)µ¶lkekftdlosZ{k.k Jfed&oxZdh fuèkZurk rFkkvU;fdlhleqnk;dhizÑfrvkSjmldhleL;kvksalsizeq[k:ilslacafèkrrF;&fu:i.kdkvè;;ugSA¸
(iii) bZ- MC;w- cxsZl (E.W. Burgees)µ¶lkekftdlosZ{k.kfdlhleqnk;dhvoLFkkvksavkSjvko';drkvksadkoSKkfudvè;;ugS ftldky{;mldhlkekftdizxfrosQ fy,jpukReddk;ZØeizLrqrdjukgSA¸
blizdkjlkekftdlosZ{k.kdkmís';lkekftdegÙodhfdlhleL;klslacafèkrvk¡dM+s,df=krdjukgS]rkfdmldkslqy>kusosQfy,jpukReddk;ZØerS;kjfd;ktklosQAlkekftdlosZ{k.kvusdizdkjosQgksldrsgSa];Fkkµ(i)lkekU;;kfo'ks"klosZ{k.k](ii)izR;{k;kvizR;{klosZ{k.k] (iii) tula[;k losZ{k.k ;k izfrn'kZ (sample) losZ{k.k (iv) izkFkfed ;k xkS.k losZ{k.k](v) izkjfEHkd ;k iqujko`fÙkd losZ{k.k] (vi) ljdkjh] v¼Zljdkjh ;k futh losZ{k.k] (vii) foLr`r;klhferlosZ{k.k] (viii)lkoZtfud;kxksiuh;losZ{k.k] (ix)i=kekè;fed;koS;fDrdlosZ{k.k](x)fu;fer;krnFkZlosZ{k.kA
losZ{k.k esa ;s Øe gksrs gSaµ(i) mís'; ;k y{;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk] (ii) vè;;uxr leL;k dhifjHkk"kk] (iii) lkfj.kh esa bl leL;k dk fo'ys"k.k] (iv) lHkh fyf[kr Ïksrksa dk voyksdu](v){ks=k;kfo"k;&{ks=kdkifjlheu](vi){ks=kh;dk;Z](vii)vk¡dM+ksadksbdV~Bkdjuk]Øec¼djukrFkkmudklkaf[;dh;fo'ys"k.kdjuk](viii)fu"d"kks±dhO;k[;kdjuk](ix)fuxeu](x)js[kkfp=kh;vfHkO;fDrA
blizdkjosQlkekftdlosZ{k.kcM+sykHknk;dgksrsgSa]D;ksafdoslkekftd,oavk£FkdrF;ksaosQfoLr`ro.kZughizLrqrughadjrs]cfYdfdlhHkw{ks=kesajgusokysO;fDr;ksaosQchpfo|ekulkekftdoqQjhfr;ksadksHkhizdVdjrsgSaftllsljdkjdkè;kubuoqQjhfr;ksadksnwjdjusdhvksjvkÑ"VgksrkgSAvesfjdkrFkkbaXySaMesaviuhlkekftdleL;kvksaosQlekèkkugsrqO;kidLrjijdkiQhle;lslkekU;rFkkfof'k"VnksuksaizdkjosQlkekftdlosZ{k.kksadkmi;ksxfd;ktkjgkgSAHkkjrrFkkvU;v¼Zfodflrns'kHkhuxjh;rFkkxzkeh.kLrjijfd;stkjgslkekftdlosZ{k.kksalsykHkmBkjgsgSaA,slslosZ{k.kvU;mUurns'kksadhlgk;rk,oalg;ksxlsvFkokLo;aiz;Ruksalsfd;stkjgsgSaA
2-13 izdj.k&vè;;u i¼fr (The Case Study Method)
izdj.kvè;;udkvFkZgS]¶fdlhO;fDr;klewgosQckjsesa'kksèk]ftlosQifjoR;ks±(variable)dksftUgsaekikrksyktkrkgS,oaftuosQvkuqHkkfodlacaèkksadh[kkstdhtkrhgS]mlO;fDr]n'kk;klaLFkkdkvR;Urlkoèkkuh,oaiw.kZi;Zos{k.k}kjkxq.kkRedfo'ys"k.kgksrkgSAbldkiz;ksxfdlhO;fDr&fo'ks"k]lewg]leqnk;;klaLFkkosQvè;;uesafd;ktkrkgSAbli¼frosQihNs;gèkkj.kkgSfdftlizdj.k(case)dkvè;;ufd;ktkrkgS]og;fnlcdkugharkscgqrlslekuizdj.kksadkizfrfufèkgksrkgS]vr%blizdj.kosQvè;;ulstksfu"d"kZizkIrgksaxs]muesalkekU;fl¼karksadkfuekZ.klaHkogksxkA¸cxZsl(Burgess)usbls^lkekftdlw{en'kZd;a=k*(social microscope)dh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 63
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
laKknhgSAbli¼frdkiz;ksxis'ksojvijkfèk;ksarFkkvU;lkekftd:ilsfopfyrO;fDr;ksaosQvè;;uesafd;ktkrkgSftllsml^osQl*lslacafèkrlHkhrRoksadhNkuchu,oamudkfo'ys"k.krFkklHkhlaHkon`f"V;ksalsmudhO;k[;kdhtkrhgSA,p- bZ- tSulu(H.E. Jenson)dkdFkugS]¶fuf'pr:ilsizk:fid(typical)losZ{k.kosQoyfdlhleqnk;dkizdj.kkRedvè;;uughagS]BhdmlhizdkjtSlsO;fDrRodkfo'kq¼O;ogkjoknhvè;;uO;fDrdkizdj.kkRedvè;;uughagS_nwljhvksjeq>s;gdgukpkfg,fdizdj.k&vè;;ui¼frfdlhHkhvkdkjosQlewgijykxwgksldrhgSvkSjbldkiz;skxO;fDrRoosQvè;;ulsysdjLo;alH;rkosQvè;;uosQfy,fd;ktkldrkgSAfdlhHkhleqfprlket'kkL=kh;vè;;uesaizdj.ki¼fr,oa,sfrgkfldi¼frdk;ksxgksrkgSAxqMs ,oa gkV~Zt(Goode and Harts)osQvuqlkj¶;gvè;;uxrlkekftdfo"k;osQ,dkRedLo:idkscuk;sj[kusgsrqlkekftdvk¡dM+ksadkslaxzgdjusdk,d<axgSA¸nwljs'kCnksaesa]¶;g,d,slkmikxegStkslkekftdbdkbZdksmlosQlEiw.kZ:iesans[krkgSA¸bli¼fresaiz;qDrmik;gSaµlk{kkRdkj]iz'uofy;k¡]thou&o`Ùk]fo"k;lslacafèkrlHkhizys[krFkkvU;lHkh,slhlkexzhftldkvè;;uxrfo"k;lslacaèkgksAlaiw.kZr;kbli¼frdkewykèkkjgSA
izdj.k&vè;;uksaosQckjsesaoqQNckrsadghxbZgSaAysfou(Lewin)dkdFkugSfdtcrdmulHkhizdj.kksadks]ftUgsa,dfo'ks"klewgesalaxzfgrfd;kx;kgS]rqyukRed:ilsfl¼ughafd;ktkrk]rcrdlkaf[;dh;i¼fr;ksadkiz;ksxHkzeewydgksxkAnwljsfdlhO;fDr;kleqnk;osQO;ogkjdksle>usvFkokmlosQckjsesaiwoZdFkudjusosQfy,funkuvo';djfy;ktkukpkfg,]rkfdvkuqHkkfodfu;eksaesaj[kstkusokysvpjksa(constant)osQewY;ksadks[kkstktklosQArhljsdksbZHkh,dizdj.kvU;izdj.kksalsizkIrlkekU;hÑrfu;edks>qBykusosQfy,dkiQhgksldrkgSA,slhn'kkesamuifjoR;ks±dkirkyxkukvko';dgStkslkekU;hÑrfu;edhiqf"VughadjrsA
2-14 iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj i¼fr (Questionnaire and Interview Method)
iz'ukoyhrFkklk{kkRdkji¼fr;k¡lekt'kkfL=k;ksadhfiz;i¼fr;k¡gSaAiz'ukoyhfdlhleL;klslEcfUèkregÙoiw.kZ,oalqlaxriz'udh,dlwphgksrhgSAyqaMcxZ (Lundberg)osQvuqlkj]¶iz'ukoyhmíhidksa(Stimuli)dk,dlewggSftlosQvarxZrf'kf{krO;fDr;ksadksmuosQ'kkfCndO;ogkjosQi;Zos{k.kgsrqNksM+fn;ktkrkgSA¸;glEcfUèkrO;fDr;ksarFkklfefr;ksadksblfuosnuosQlkFkizLrqrdhtkrhgSfdviuh;ksX;rkrFkkviusKkuosQvuqlkjmuiz'uksadkmÙkjnsusdhÑikdjsaAbldkmís';,slsrF;ksadhtkudkjhdjukgksrkgStksKkidosQiklgksrsgSa]ijarq'kksèkdrkZosQiklughagksrsAoqQNsdiz'uksaosQizkIrmÙkjksalslkekftdO;ogkjosQckjsesaiwoZdFkufd;stkrsgSaA;gvko';dgSfdiz'ukoyhosQiz'ulkoèkkuhiwoZdcuk;stkuspkfg,Aiz'uvLi"Vughagksuspkfg,]mudhla[;kcgqrvfèkdHkhughagksuhpkfg,vkSjuosbrusfDy"Vgksafdlkèkkj.kle>vkSjcqf¼dkO;fDrmudkmÙkjunslosQA
fdlhfo'ks"kfLFkfr;kleL;kosQckjsesavko';dvk¡dM+sbdV~BsdjusosQfy,iz'ukoyhi¼frlkjslalkjesaiz;qDrdhtkrhgSAoqQNle;iwoZgekjsns'kesaf'k{kk&iz.kkyhosQlqèkkjlslacafèkr,diz'ukoyhvè;kidksa]yksd&O;fDr;ksa]odhyksa]fo}kuksavkfndksHksthx;hFkhAblizdkj,df=krrF;ksaosQvkèkkjijdksBkjhvk;ksxusljdkjdksviuhfjiksVZnhFkhA
lk{kkRdkj i¼frosQvarZxr'kksèkdÙkkZleL;klslacafèkrO;fDr;ksa;klewgksalsizR;{klaioZQLFkkfirdjrkgSA,slsO;fDr;klewglsoS;fDrdLrjijckrphrdhtkrhgSftllslacafèkrleL;kdksvPNhrjgle>usrFkkmldkgydjusesacM+hlgk;rkfeyrhgSAbli¼frdkiz;ksxvusdfo}kuksa}kjkviuhegÙoiw.kZÑfr;ksadksfy[kusesafd;kx;kgSAoqQNsdegÙoiw.kZÑfr;k¡;sgSaµMkW-fMfdUlu,oaMkW-chedh^,esfMdyLVMhvkWiQlsDl,MtLVesUV*(A Medical Study of Sex Adjustment)_MkW-,-lh-fdUls(A.C. Kinsey)dh^fnlsDlqvyfcgSfo;jbufnáweuesy,.MiQhesy(The Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male and Female)vkfnAiz'ukoyh;klk{kkRdkj
64 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
i¼fr}kjkvusdizdkjdhlwpuk,¡izkIrdhtkldrhgaSAiz'ukoyhdklclscM+kykHk;ggSfdO;fDrvukejgdjvfèkdBhdmÙkjnsldrkgSAblesavfu;af=kroS;fDrdizHkkoHkhughaiM+rsrFkkiz'uksaosQmÙkjnsusesaiwokZxzgdhdelaHkkoukgksrhgSAlk{kkRdkj,dueuh;i¼frgS]D;ksafddksbZiz'ufHkUu&fHkUuO;fDr;ksa}kjkfofHkUuizdkjlsle>ktkldrkgS]vr,olk{kkRdkjdÙkkZmliz'uosQvFkZdksHkyhizdkjlsle>ldrkgSAoglghmÙkjdksHkhmxyokldrkgSrFkkmÙkjnsusokysO;fDrosQlaiw.kZO;ogkjosQvkèkkjijvadudjldrkgSAogiz'uksadkØecnyldrkgS]rkfdmÙkjnkrkmÙkjnsuslsiwoZlEiw.kZlwphdksui<+sA
2-15 yksder&laxzg i¼fr (The Public Opinion Poll Method)
bli¼frdkiz;ksxfdlhfo"k;ijturkosQfopkjksa]mudhHkkoukvksa,oamuosQn`f"Vdks.kksadkirkyxkusosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAvesfjdkesa^yksder&laxzg*cM+kfiz;gSAogk¡lkekftd]vk£Fkd,oajktuhfrdn'kkvksaijyksderdkstkuusesaizk;%bli¼frdkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSAturklacafèkriz'uksaosQmÙkj^gk¡*;k^ughaekywe*esansdjviuserdksizdVdjrhgSAmnkgj.kr;k]yksderblfo"k;ijbdV~Bkfd;ktkldrkgSfdD;kdkVZj&nslkbZokrkZfo'o&'kkafresalgk;dgksxh_D;kla;qDrjk"Vªla?kdksbldhvliQyrkvksaosQckotwndke;j[kktk;s\tuer&laxzgi¼frlsizkIrifj.kkeksaosQvkèkkjijlÙkkèkkjhviuhuhfr;ksaesavko';dla'kksèkudjldrsgSaA
2-16 oLVZgu i¼fr (The verstehen Approach)
lkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQvè;;ugsrqoqQNsdlekt'kkfL=k;ksaus]ftuesaeSDl oScj(Max Weber)dkukeloZizeq[kgS]bli¼frdkleFkZufd;kgSAoLVZsgu(Verstehen),dteZu'kCngSftldkvFkZgSlekt'kkL=kh;lsleL;kvksadksle>ukAbli¼frosQleFkZdksadkdFkugS fdi;Zosf{krrF;ksadkdksbZewY;ughagS;fnmuesa fufgrvFkks±dh[kkstrFkkmudkewY;kaduufd;ktk;sAvesfjdhlekt'kkL=khlh- ,p- owQys(C.H. Cooley)usviuhiqLrd‘Sociaological Theory & Social Research’esadgkgSfdO;fDr;ksaosQO;ogkjosQegÙodksle>usosQfy;s;gvko';dgSfdi;Zos{k.kdksmudhfpUruizfØ;krFkkmudhHkkoukesacSBukrFkkmudhekufldvoLFkkosQlkFkrknkRE;LFkkfirdjukpkfg,AosQoyrHkhO;fDr;ksadhfØ;kvksadksvPNhizdkjlsle>ktkldrkgSA
bli¼frijvfèkdizdk'kMkyrsgq,owQys(Cooley)usviuhiqLrd(Life and Student)esafy[kkgSfd,d&nwljsO;fDr;skaosQerksaosQlkFkrknkRE;LFkkfirdjosQghmuosQckjsesa^le>*vkldrhgSArknkRE;lsvfHkizk;gSfdmuO;fDr;ksadhHkk¡frghviuslsHkhoSlhgh¯pruizfØ;kdhtk;srFkkmudhekufldvoLFkkosQlkFklEioZQLFkkfirfd;ktk;sA
Li"VgSfdbli¼frdkiz;ksxesèkkoh]lqf'kf{krksarFkklw>&cw>okysO;fDr;ksa}kjkghLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrlkekftdleL;kvksadksle>usosQfy,osQoy;ghi¼fri;kZIrughAbldkiz;ksxoSKkfud;kvkuqHkkfodi¼frosQlkFkfeykdjfd;ktkukpkfg,]osQoyrHkhmÙkeifj.kkeizkIrgksldrsgSaA
2-17 izdk;kZRed i¼fr (The Functional Theory)
oqQNsdlekt'kkfL=k;ksauslkekftd?kVuk&o`fÙkosQvè;;uesaizdk;kZRedmikxedksvfèkdegÙofn;kgSAbli¼frosQvarxZrlektosQfdlhHkkxdksmlosQdk;ks±]ufdmn~HkovFkokmi;ksfxrkosQvFkZesale>usdkiz;klfd;ktkrkgSAnwljs'kCnksaesa]izdk;ZoknlkekftdlaLFkkvksa];Fkkifjokj]oxZ]jkT;]èkeZvkfndkvè;;urFkkmuosQ}kjkfd;sx;sdk;ks±osQn`f"Vdks.klsdjrkgSA;glektosQ fofHkUuHkkxksadkizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kgSAvkj- osQ- eVZu (R.K. Merton)osQvuqlkj];gfl¼kar]i¼fr,oadkyrhuksadhlafèkijvkèkkfjrgSAizdk;Z,slk;ksxnkugStksvkaf'kd
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 65
lekt'kkL=k dh i¼fr;k¡(Methods of Sociology)
xfrfofèk}kjklEiw.kZxfrfofèkftldkfd;gHkkxgS]osQizfrfd;ktkrkgSAizdk;kZRedi¼frblekU;rklsysdjpyrhgSfdlektdhlEiw.kZlkekftdO;oLFkkvUr%lacafèkrrFkkvUr%fuHkZjHkkxksadksfeykdjcuhgSAizR;sdHkkxlewgosQthouosQfy,vko';ddk;ZdjrkgSrFkkbuHkkxksadksmuosQ}kjkfd;sx;sdk;ks±vFkokmuosQ}kjkiwfjrvko';drkvksaosQvFkZesaghle>ktkrkgSApw¡fd;sHkkxijLij&vkfJrgSa]vr,omudksiw.kZ:is.kle>usosQfy,vU;HkkxksarFkklEiw.kZlkekftdO;oLFkkosQlkFkmuosQlacaèkdksle>ukgksxkA
eVZu(Merton)usizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kdhfuEufyf[krizeq[kizfØ;kvksadkftØfd;kgSµ
(i) izdk;kZRedvis{kkvksadhLFkkiuk_
(ii) lajpukrFkkizfØ;kvksadhO;k[;k_
(iii) {kfriwjdizfØ;kvksadh[kkst_
(iv) lajpukdkfoLr`ro.kZu_
(v) izdk;kZRedO;oLFkkvksadkfoLr`ro.kZuA
eVZuosQvuqlkj]lkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kksaesafuEufyf[krckrksadkè;kuj[kukpkfg,A
(i) lkekftdlajpukesalgHkkfx;ksadhifjfLFkfr;ksadh[kkst_
(ii) O;ogkjosQfodYikRedrjhosQ_
(iii) izfrekuosQizfrn`f"Vdks.kdko.kZu_
(iv) izfrekuesalgHkkx&gsrqvfHkizsj.kk_
(v) O;ogkjdhlaxqf.kr(associated)vufHkKkrfu;ferrk,¡A
izdk;kZRed mikxedk iz;ksx dkEVs (Comte)] LisUlj (Spencer) tSls lekt'kkfL=k;ksa rFkkesyhukscLdh(Melinowski),oajSMfDyiQczkmu(Radcliffe Brown)tSlsekuo'kkfL=k;ksa}kjkfd;kx;kFkkAvesfjdhlekt'kkfL=k;ksaiklZUl(Parsons)rFkkeVZuusbli¼frdhfo'kn~O;k[;kdhgSrFkkblslajpukRedizdk;Zokni¼frdhlaKknhgS]D;ksafd;glkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQvè;;uesalkekftdlajpuk;klaLFkkvksadksegÙonsrhgSA
lajpukvksalsrkRi;ZO;oLFkkesaizpfyrizcaèkksalsgStksizdk;ks±dksfu"ikfnrdjrsgSatcfdizdk;ZfØ;kosQizfrekuksaosQifj.kkeksa&mís';ksa,oaizfØ;kvksalslacafèkgksrsgSaA
ijarqbli¼frosQoqQNnks"kgSaAlektosQizdk;kZRedLo:iijghlaiw.kZtksjnsukBhdughagSAizR;sdlkekftdlaLFkkdkmn~Hko]mldhmi;ksfxrkvkfnvius<axdhgksrhgSAblosQvfrfjDrlektxhfr'khygS]vr%;gfLFkji¼frvfèkdmi;ksxhughaghldrhA
2-18 lkjka'k (Summary)
• ,sfrgkfldi¼frdk,dnwljkLo:ieSDloscjdhjpukvksaesaifjyf{krgksrkgSAmUgksausfodkldh;kstuk,oapj.kksadhO;k[;kughadhijarqvkèkqfudiwathokn]ukSdj'kkgh,oausr`Rodkvè;;u,sfrgkfldlanHkZesafd;kAgkyosQo"kks±esalh-jkbVfeYl,oajseka,juusHkh,sfrgkfldi¼frosQvkèkkjijvkS|ksfxdlektksaosQifjorZudkvè;;ufd;kgSA
• ;|firqyukRedi¼frdkmn;fodklokfn;ksaosQlkFkghgqvkijarqbldkfoLr`ro.kZuloZizFkebekby nq[khZeusfn;kAmlosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kh;O;k[;kdkj.kkRedlacaèkksadh[kkstesafufgrgSAizÑfrfoKkuhblsiz;ksxksaosQ}kjkizkIrdjrsgSa]ijarqlekt'kkL=kesa;glaHkoughagSblfy;sblsnks;knkslsvfèkdlkekftdrF;ksadhrqyuklsizkIrfd;ktkldrkgSA
66 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
• izdk;Zoknh i¼frdk fodkl fodkloknh i¼frdhvkykspuk osQ iQyLo:i gqvkA ;gfodklokfn;ksaosQblnkosdksekuusdksrS;kjughaFkkfdekuoleqnk;osQiwjslkekftdbfrgkldh,dghlkFkoSKkfudO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA
• Lo:ikRedi¼frHkhfodkloknh,oaloZKkuhmik;ksaosQfo#¼,dizfrfØ;kosQLo:imHkjhAblsteZulekt'kkL=khtktZflesyusfodflrfd;kvkSjdkiQhfnuksard;gteZui¼frghjgx;hAblosQvarxZrlkekftdlacaèkksa,oalaidks±osQLo:iksadkirkyxk;ktkrkgSA
• fo'kq¼vuqlaèkku('kksèk)O;kogkfjdmi;ksfxrkdksn`f"Vesaj[kdjughafd;ktkrkAfdlhleL;kosQdkj.kksadks<wa<fudkyukvkSjmldkgyizLrqrdjukHkhfo'kq¼'kksèkrksvarZxrughavkrkgSAfo'kq¼'kksèkrks^KkuosQfy,Kku*(Knowledge for Knowledge sake)osQy{;dksysdjvkxsc<+rkgSA
2-19 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- vUos"k.kdhoSKkfudvFkokizk;ksfxdi¼frdhO;k[;kdhft,Alekt'kkL=kesabli¼frdkiz;ksxfdllhekrdlaHkogS\
2- lekt'kkL=kh;i¼fr;ksadklaf{kIrfo'ys"k.kdhft,A
3- lekt'kkL=k}kjklkekftdrF;ksaosQvUos"k.k&gsrqiz;qDri¼fr;ksadko.kZudhft,A
4- oLVZgui¼frijfVIi.khfyf[k,AblosQiz;ksxesaD;kckèkk,¡gSa\
5- izfrowQyfuxeukRedi¼frdhO;k[;kdhft,A
6- ,sfrgkfld]rqyukRed,oavkn'kZizdkji¼frosQegÙodhO;k[;kdhft,A
7- izdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kdkD;kvFkZgS\blfo"k;ijeVZuosQfopkjksadko.kZudhft,A
2-20 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further readings)
• ckWVkseksj] Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth %,xkbMVw izkWCyEl,aM fyVjspj]tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA
• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA
• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth % , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA
• ¯x¯Ml],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhosl]osaQfcztA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 67
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)bdkbZ&3(Unit–3)
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk(Sociology and Social System)
:ijs[kk3.1 mís';(Objectives)3.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)3.3 lekt(Society)3.4 leqnk;(Community)3.5 lfefr(Association)3.6 laLFkk(Institution)3.7 laxBu(Organisation)3.8 lkekftdlajpuk(Social Structure)3.9 lkekftdO;oLFkk%vFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Social System :Meaning and Definition)3.10 lkekftdLrjhdj.kdkvFkZ,oaifjHkk"kk(Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification)3.11 lkekftdLrjhdj.kosQfl¼kUr(Theories of Social Stratification)3.12 èkeZ&ra=kdhvoèkkj.kk(Concept of Hierarchy)3.13 vlekurkrFkkLrjhdj.k(Inequality and Stratification)3.14 tkfrrFkkoxZ(Caste and Class)3.15 D;ktkfroxZesaifjo£rrgksjghgS\(Is Caste Changing into Class?)3.16 O;fDrrFkklektesaokLrfodlacaèk(The Relationship between Individual and Society)3.17 lektdhmRifÙk(The Origin of Society)3.18 lektosQizdkj(Types of Society)3.19 vkS|ksfxdlekt(Industrial Society)3.20 lektdkLo:irFkkrqyukRedvè;;u(Structure of Society and comparative study)3.21 ekuo&lektvkSji'kq&lektesaHksn(Difference between Human Society and Animal
Society)3.22 Hkk"kkrFkklekt(Language and Society)3.23 lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Social Mobility)3.24 lkekftdxfr'khyrk,oalkekftdifjorZu(Social Mobility and Social Change)3.25 lkjka'k(Summary)3.26 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)3.27 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
3-1 mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxs%
• lekt]leqnzk;]lfefr,oalaxBudhO;k[;k]
M-pc/E/Laxmi/Kunal ji 11-09-2020
68 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
• lkekftdlajpuk]lkekftdO;oLFkk,oaizdkj]lkeftdLrjhdj.kosQfl¼karbR;kfndko.kZu,oa
• tkfr]oxZlektdhmRifÙk,oaizdkj]lkekftdxfr'khyrkbR;kfndhtkudkjhA
3-2 izLrkouk (Introduction)
lekt'kkL=kD;kgS\bliz'udksiw.kZ:ilsle>usosQfy,;gmfprgksxkfdizeq[klekt'kkfL=k;ksa}kjknhxbZoqQNifjHkk"kkvksadkvoyksdufd;ktk,AoqQNsdizeq[kifjHkk"kk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftd?kVuk]oLrqvFkoklektdkfoKkugSA*µ,yú,iQúokMZ
• ^lekt'kkL=kdhfo"k;&oLrqekuoh;efLr"dksadhvar%fØ;kgSA*µ,yúVhúgkWcgkml
• ^lekt'kkL=kekuoh;var%fØ;kvksa,oavar%lacaèkksa]mudhn'kkvksa,oaifj.kkeksadkvè;;ugSA*µfxUlcxZ
• ^lekt'kkL=k og foKku gS tks lkekftdlewgksa] muosQvkarfjd:iksa vFkok laxBudhfofèk;ksa]muizfØ;kvksadk]tkslaxBuosQbu:iksa,oalewgksaosQeè;lacaèkksadksfLFkj;kifjo£rrdjrhgS]o.kZudjrkgSA*µtkulu],pú,eú
• ^lekt'kkL=k ,d fof'k"V lkekftd foKku gS tks euq";ksa osQ ijLij O;ogkj] lkekftdesy&tksydhizfØ;kvksa]esyfeyki,oai`FkdRodksvè;;udkosQUnzekurkgSA*µokWuoht
• ^lekt'kkL=k euq";ksa ,oa ekuoh; i;kZoj.k osQ eè;lacaèkksadkvè;;ugSA*µ,púihúisQ;jpkbYM
• ^lekt'kkL=klekt&lacaèkhKkudkleqPp;gSAblesalektdksmPprjcukusosQ<axksadko.kZugksrkgSA;glkekftduhfr'kkL=k]lkekftdn'kZu'kkL=kgS]ijarqblslkekU;r;klektdkfoKkudgktkrkgSA*µMCywú,iQúvkxcuZ
• ^lekt'kkL=kekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;udjrkgSA;gmufu;eksadkstkuusdkiz;RudjrkgStksekuo&O;ogkjdksizHkkfordjrsgSa]blfy,ughafd;smlosQlqcksèkO;fDrxrvfLrRodkifjp;nsrsgSa]vfirqblfy,fd;seuq";osQ}kjklewgcuk;stkusrFkk,slslewgksaosQdkj.kvar%lacaèkksaijizHkkoMkyrsgSA*µfley
• ^lekt'kkL=klkewfgdO;ogkjdkfoKkugSA*µikoZQ,oacxsZl
• ^lkekU;lektfoKkueuq";ksaosQbdV~Bkjgusdkfl¼kargSA*µVkuh
• ^lekt'kkL=koSKkfudfofèk}kjkizkIrekuoosQlkekftdO;ogkjksalslacafèkrlkekU;hdj.kdkvè;;ugSA*µyaqMcxZvkfn
• ^foLr`rvFkZesalekt'kkL=kthforizkf.k;ksaosQlkeqnkf;dthoulsmRiUuvar%fØ;kvksadkvè;;ugSA*µfxfyu,oafxfyu
• ^lekt'kkL=klewgksaesaeuq";osQO;ogkjdko.kZudjrkgSA*µ;ax
• ^lekt'kkL=kogfoKkugStkslkekftdfØ;kdkvFkZiw.kZcksèkdjkusdkiz;RudjrkgSA*µeSDloscj
• ^lekt'kkL=kmufofèk;ksadkvè;;ugSftuesalkekftdvuqHkovar%oS;fDrdizsj.kk}kjkeuq";ksadksfodflrgksus]izcq¼gksus,oanckusesadk;ZdjrsgSaA*µcksxkMZl
• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftdthoudhlajpukdkoSKkfudvè;;ugSA*µ;ax,oaeSd
• ^lekt'kkL=kmllkexzhosQvifjiDoiqatdk]tksgesalektdkKkudjkrkgS]ukegSA*µvkFkZjisQ;jcSDl
• ^lekt'kkL=k euq"; osQ lkekftd lacaèkksa dk leUo;kRed ,oa lkekU;hÑr foKku gSA*µvkukZYMxzhu
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 69
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
• ^lekt'kkL=kekuo&lektosQlajpukRedLo:iksalslacafèkro.kZukRed,oa fof'k"VkRedvuq'kklugSA*µth-MadufepSy
• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftdlacaèkksa]muosQizdkjksa]fofHkUurkvksa]mudksizHkkfordjusokysrRoksa,oamulsizHkkforO;ogkjdkoSKkfudvè;;ugSA*µVh-,cSy
• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftdthoudhlajpuk,oamlosQdk;ks±dkfoKkugSA*µtkuMCY;w-cksusV
• ^lekt'kkL=klkekftd&lkaLÑfrd?kVukvksaosQlkekU;Lo:iksa]izk:iksa,oavusdizdkjosQvar%lacaèkksadklkekU;foKkugSA*µih-,-lksjksfdu
• ^lekt'kkL=klkewfgdizfrfufèkRodkfoKkugSA*µnq[khZe
• ^lekt'kkL=klexz:ilslektdkØec¼o.kZuvkSjO;k[;kgSA*µfx¯MXl
• ^lekt'kkL=kfodklizfØ;kesadk;ZjrHkkSfrdrRoksaosQ}kjklekt]dhxfrfofèk;ksa]lajpuk]o`f¼,oamn~xedhO;k[;kdkiz;klgSA*µfx¯MXl
• ^lekt'kkL=kdk mís'; oSèk fu;eksa ,oa fujis{k Kku osQ HkaMkjdh [kkstdjuk gS rkfdlkekftd,oaekuoh;okLrfodrkdkfu;a=k.k,oafunsZ'kulaHkogkslosQA*µj~;wVj
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksaosQvoyksduls;gLi"VgkstkrkgSfdlekt'kkL=kdhifjHkk"kkosQckjsesalekt'kkfL=k;ksausfofHkUun`f"Vdks.kviuk;sgSaA;sn`f"Vdks.kfuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) lekt'kkL=klektdkfoKkugSA
(ii) lekt'kkL=klkekftdlacaèkksadkfoKkugSA
(iii) lekt'kkL=klewgksaesaekuo&O;ogkjdkvè;;ugSA
(iv) lekt'kkL=klkekftdfØ;kdkvè;;ugSA
(v) lekt'kkL=kekuoh;lacaèkksaosQLo:iksadkvè;;ugSA
(vi) lekt'kkL=klkekftdlewgksavFkoklkekftdO;oLFkk(social system)dkvè;;ugSA
bllHkhn`f"Vdks.kksaesa;gfopkjlkekU;:ilsfufgrgSfdlekt'kkL=kdklacaèkekuoh;lacaèkksalsgSAbldhfo"k;&oLrqO;fDrugha]vfirqlektgS];|fiO;fDrdkslektosQo.kZuesaHkqyk;kughatkldrkAO;fDrosQoyrHkheuq";curkgStcoglkekftdlacaèkksaesaizos'kdjrkgSAlkekftdthouosQfofHkUuLo:i;Fkkµjktuhfrd]vk£Fkdek=klkekftdlacaèkksadhvfHkO;fDrgSAvr,o];fngefdlhlkekftdizfØ;kosQvè;;udkslekt'kkL=kdhvè;;ulkexzhesalfEefyrdjrsgSa]rksosQoybldkj.kfdmudkvè;;ulkekftdlacaèkksaosQlanHkZesaghfd;ktkldrkgSAlkekftdvar£Ø;kvFkoklkekftdizfØ;kvksadkvkèkkjlkekftdlacaèkghgSAlkekftdlacaèkksaosQdkj.kghlkekftdvar£Ø;kgksrhgSAlkekftdlacaèkksadkvè;;udjrsle;lekt'kkL=khlektosQmn~Hko]bldhiz.kkfy;ksa,oalajpukvksa]lkekftdlaLFkkvksaosQfodkl,oamuosQdk;ks±]lkekftdlacaèkksaosQfu;a=kdjhfr&fjoktksa,oafu;eksa]euq";}kjkbfrgklosQnkSjkufu£erlewgksa,oaleqnk;ksa]bulewgksa;Fkkµifjokj]tkfr]ljdkj]vk£Fkdlewg]èkk£edlewg]vkfndkvU;ksU;kfJrrFkklkekftdifjorZudhla?kVudh[kkstdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSA
3-3 lekt (Society)
lkèkkj.k cksypkyesa ^lekt* 'kCn O;fDr;ksa osQ lkekftdlacaèkksadhvis{kk fdlh fof'k"Vvar%lewgosQlnL;ksarFkkO;fDr;ksaosQfy,iz;qDrgksrkgSAblhvkèkkjijge^gfjtulekt*'kCndkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAdHkh&dHkhbl'kCndkiz;ksx^laLFkkvksa*(institutions)osQvFkZesafd;ktkrkgSAtcge^vk;Zlekt*vFkok^czãlekt*'kCnksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAblizdkjiz;qDr^lekt*'kCn^vewÙkZ*dhvis{kk^ewÙkZ*]^ekudksa*(norms)dhvis{kk^fof'k"Vksa*(specifies)dkcksèkdjkrkgSAlekt'kkL=kesa^lekt*'kCndkvFkZO;fDr;ksaosQlewglsughagS]vfirqmuosQeè;mRiUuvar£Ø;k
70 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
dhtfVyiz.kkyhlsgSAeuq";ksadkegÙoosQoylkekftdlacaèkksaosQvfHkdj.kksa(agencies)osQ:iesaghgSAos¶oLrq,¡¸gSaA
lekt vewÙkZ gS] ;g ^oLrq dh vis{kk izfØ;k] lajpuk dh vis{kk xfr* gSA lekt dkegÙoiw.kZrRolacaèkksadhO;oLFkk]var£Ø;kosQekudksadkizfrekugSftlosQ}kjklektosQlnL;viukfuokZgdjrsgSaAoqQNys[kd^lekt*'kCnesaeuq";ksaosQosQoymUghalacaèkksadkslfEefyrdjrsgSatkslfefr;ksaesalaxfBrgSarFkkftudhfuf'prlajpukgSAblizdkj,slslacaèkksadkstksfuf'prlfefr;ksaesalaxfBrughagksrs]lektdhifjHkk"kkesalfEefyrughafd;ktkrkAijarqlektdh,slhO;k[;kviw.kZgS]D;ksafdvlaxfBroS;fDrdlacaèk]tkslaxBuksaosQfuekZ.kdkstUensrsgSa]osQvè;;udkslekt'kkL=kosQvè;;uesaHkqyk;kughatkldrkA
oqQNlekt'kkfL=k;ksadkfopkjgSfdlektdkvfLrRorHkhdk;egksrkgStcblosQlnL;,d&nwljsdksHkyhizdkjtkursgksa,oamuosQlfEefyrfgrvFkokmís';gksaAblizdkj;fnnksO;fDrjsyxkM+hesa;k=kkdjjgsgksa]rksmudk,dghfMCcsesalgvfLrRo],dghLFkkuij],dghle;esa],dghlkFkgksuklektdkfuekZ.kughadjrkAijarqT;ksaghos,d&nwljsdkstkutkrsgSa]muosQchp lekt*rRodkfuekZ.kgkstkrkgSAikjLifjdtkx:drk(reciprocal awareness)dh;gèkkj.kkfx¯MXl(Giddings)dhlekt&fo"k;difjHkk"kkesafufgrgSAmlosQvuqlkj]¶lektlekuekufldpsruk;qDrO;fDr;ksadklewggStksviuhlekuekufldrklsifjfprgSarFkkblesavkuUneglwldjrsgSavkSjblfy,lfEefyrmís';ksadhiw£rgsrqfeydjdkedjrsgSaA¸ijarqlektdhifjHkk"kkdks^ikjLifjdtkx:drk*osQrRolsck¡èknsukvlqfoèkktudgS]D;ksafdvizR;{k,oavopsrulacaèkksadkHkhlkekftdthouesavR;fèkdegÙogSA
lekt dh ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Some Definitions of Society)
1- ¶lektdk;Z&iz.kkfy;ksa,oajhfr;ksadh]vfèkdkj&lÙkk,oaikjLifjdlgk;rkdh]vusdlewgksa,oaJsf.k;ksadhrFkkekuo&O;ogkjosQfu;a=k.kksa,oaLora=krkvksadh,dO;oLFkkgSA¸µeSdkboj
2- ¶lektLo;a,dla?kgS],dlaxBugS]vkSipkfjdlacaèkksadk;ksxgSftlesalg;ksxhO;fDrijLij&laca¼gSaA¸µfx¯MXl
3- ¶lekt,slsO;fDr;ksadklaxzggStksoqQNlacaèkksavFkokO;ogkjdhfofèk;ksa}kjkvkilesac¡èksgq,gSavkSjmuO;fDr;ksalsfHkUugSatksblizdkjosQlacaèkksa}kjkvkilesac¡èksgq,ughagSvFkokftuosQO;ogkjmulsfHkUugSaA¸µfxUlcxZ
4- ¶lekt,slsO;fDr;ksadklewggStksdkiQhle;rdbdV~BsjgusosQdkj.klaxfBrgksx;sgSarFkktksLo;adksvU;ekuoh;bdkb;ksalsfHkUubdkbZle>rsgSaA¸µD;wcj
5- ¶lekteuq";ksaosQlewgdkukeugha]cfYd;geuq";ksaosQvar%lacaèkksadhtfVyO;oLFkkgSA¸µykfi;j
6- ¶lektdksmuekuoh;lacaèkksadhiw.kZtfVyrkosQ:iesaifjHkkf"krfd;ktkldrkgStkslkèkuvkSjlkè;osQlacaèk}kjkfØ;kdjuslsmRiUugksrsgSa]pkgsos;FkkFkZgksa;kizrhdkRedA¸µikjlUl
7- ¶lektizfØ;kvksa;kvkdkjksadhtfVyrkgSftuesalsizR;sdnwljksaosQlkFkvar%fØ;k}kjkthforgSvkSjfodflrgksjgkgS]laiw.kZvfLrRoblizdkj,dhÑrgSfd,dHkkxesatks?kVrkgS]og'ks"klHkhdksizHkkfordjrkgSA¸µowQys
8- ¶lektleqnk;osQHkhrjlaxfBrlfefr;ksa,oalaLFkkvksadhtfVyO;oLFkkgSA¸µth-Mh-,p-dksy
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 71
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
9- ¶lektesaosQoyO;fDr;ksadksijLijck¡èkusokysjktuhfrdlacaèkgh'kkfeyughagSa]vfirqekuoh;lacaèkksa,oalkewfgdxfrfofèk;ksadklaiw.kZ{ks=klfEefyrgSA¸µyhdkd
10- ¶lekteuq";ksa]fL=k;ksa,oacPpksadkLFkk;hvFkokvfofPNUulewggStksviuslkaLÑfrdLrjijiztkrh;fpjLFkk;hdj.k,oavuqj{k.kdhizfØ;kdksLora=k:ilspykusdhfLFkfresagSA¸µgkWfdUl
11- ¶lekt,dvewÙkZèkkj.kkgStks,dlewgosQlnL;ksaosQchpik,tkusokysvkilhlacaèkksadhlaiw.kZrkdkcksèkdjkrhgSA¸µj~;wVj
3-4 leqnk; (Community)
eSdkbojosQvuqlkj]¶leqnk;lkekftdthouosQml{ks=kdksdgrsgSaftlslkekftdlac¼rkvFkoklkeatL;dhoqQNek=kk}kjkigpkuktklosQA¸getkursgSafdO;fDrvosQykughajgldrkAogvU;O;fDr;ksaosQlkFkvusdrjhsdksalslac¼gksrkgStksO;fDrfeydjlewgdkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaAijarqge;gvk'kkughadjldrsfddksbZO;fDrlalkjosQlHkhlewgksadklnL;culdrkgSAog,dfuf'prHkw&{ks=kesamlosQfudVjgusokysO;fDr;ksaosQlkFkghlacaèkj[kldrkgSAoqQNle;rdfdlhfo'ks"kLFkkuijjgusokysyksxksaesalkekftdlekurk]lkekU;lkekftdfopkj]lkekU;izFkk,¡rFkk,d&nwljsosQizfrviusiudhHkkoukmRiUugksghtkrhgSAlkekU;thou,oalkekU;fof'k"V{ks=kdhHkkouklsleqnk;dktUegksrkgSA
leqnk; dh oqQN ifjHkk"kk,¡ (Some Definitions of Community)
(i) ¶leqnk;euq";ksadhogtula[;kgStkslhferHkkSxksfyd{ks=kesajgrhgksvkSj,dlkekU;ijLij&vkfJrthouO;rhrdjrhgksA¸µyqaMcxZ
(ii) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadkog{ks=kgStksblizdkjbdV~BsjgrsgksarFkklekurkdhHkkoukj[krsgksa fdosfdlhfof'k"VLokFkZosQlaHkkxhughagksrs]vfirqLokFkks±dhiw.kZrkosQlaHkkxhgksrsgSaA¸µekughe
(iii) ¶leqnk;,dlkekftdlewggS ftlesa ^ge&Hkkouk*dhoqQNek=kkgksrFkktks,dfuf'pr{ks=kesajgrsgksaA¸µcksxkMZl
(iv) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadk,dlewggStks,dlfUudVHkkSxksfyd{ks=kesajgrsgksa]ftldhxfrfofèk;ksa,oafgrksaosQlekuosaQnzgksarFkktksthouosQizeq[kdk;ks±esabdV~Bsfeydjdk;ZdjrsgksaA¸µvklcuZ ,oa U;wes;j
(v) ¶leqnk;fdlhlhfer{ks=kosQHkhrjlkekftdthoudkiw.kZlaxBugSA¸µvkxcuZ ,oa fuedkiQ
(vi) ¶leqnk;y?kqreizknsf'kdlewggStkslkekftdthouosQlHkhi{kksadkvk¯yxudjrkgSA¸µMsfol
(vii) ¶leqnk;lkekftdizkf.k;ksadk,dlewggStkslkekU;thouO;rhrdjrsgSaftuesavuUrizdkjosQ,oatfVylacaèklfEefyrgSatksmllkekU;thouosQdkj.kmRiUugksrsgSavFkoktksbldkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaA¸µfxUlcxZ
(viii) ¶leqnk;lsesjkvfHkizk;lkekftdthouosQLo:ilsgS],d,slkLo:iftlesavusdekuoizk.khlfEefyrgSatkslkekftdlacaèkksadhifjfLFkfr;ksaosQvarxZrjgrsgSa]tkslkekU;;|fifujarjifjorZu'khyjhfr;ksa]izFkkvksa,oaizpyuksa}kjkijLijlac¼gSarFkkoqQNlhekrdlkekU;lkekftdmís';ksa,oafgrksaosQizfrtkx:dgSaA¸µth-Mh-,p- dksy
72 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
(ix) ¶leqnk;Hkw{ks=kdh,dbdkbZgSftlesadbZtula[;kforfjrgksrhgSftldhewyHkwrlaLFkk,¡lekugksrhgSatksmuosQlkekU;thoudkslaHkocukrhgSaA¸
(x) ¶leqnk;,dLFkkuh;{ks=kgSftlijjgusokysyksxlekuHkk"kkdkiz;ksxdjrsgSa]leku:f<+;ksadkikyudjrsgSa]U;wukfèkdlekuHkkouk,¡j[krsgSarFkklekuizo`fÙk;ksaosQvuqlkjdk;ZdjrsgSaA¸µlnjySaM
(xi) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadk,dLFkkuh;laxzggSftuosQfgrfHkUurFkklkekU;]nksuksagSarFkktkslaxzglslsforgksaA¸µ,iQ-,y- yqEys
(xii) ¶leqnk;O;fDr;ksadklaxzggStkslehiLFkNksVs{ks=kesafuokldjrsgSarFkklkekU;thouO;rhrdjrsgSaA¸µxzhu
(xiii) ¶leqnk;fdlhfuf'prHkw{ks=k]{ks=kdhlhekoqQNHkhgks]ijjgusokysO;fDr;ksadklewggStkslkekU;thouO;rhrdjrsgSaA¸µetwenkj] ,p-Vh-
leqnk;dhlaKkizkIrdjusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfdfuokl&{ks=kvU;fuokl&{ks=kksalsoqQNlhekrdi`Fko~QgksrFkkml{ks=kosQlkekU;thoudhoqQNsdviuhfo'ks"krk,¡gksaAblfo"k;esaeq[;ckrj[kus;ksX;;ggSfdleqnk;dhvoèkkj.kkesalkekU;thouosQiQyLo:imRiUu,drkijizknsf'kdrRodhvis{kkvfèkdcyfn;ktkrkgSA;g,d,slklewggSftlesablosQlnL;ksaosQlaiw.kZthoudklekos'kgksldrkgSA
lekt vkSj leqnk; esa lekurk,¡ (Similarities of Society and Community)
lektvkSjleqnk;esafuEufyf[krlekurk,¡gSaµ
1- lektvkSjleqnk;nksuksaesaikjLifjdtkx:drkikbZtkrhgSA
2- lektvkSjleqnk;nksuksaghifjorZu'khygSaA
3- lektoleqnk;nksuksadkghyxHkxLor%fodklgksrkgSA
4- lektoleqnk;nksuksaesaghlkekftdlacaèkik;stkrsgSaA
5- lektoleqnk;nksuksaesaghtulewgik;stkrsgSaA
6- lektoleqnk;nksuksaeasfofHkUulewgik;stkrsgSaA
leqnk; vkSj lekt esa varj (Difference between Community and Society)
cká:ils;|finksuksaesadkiQhlekurk>ydrhgSrFkkfimuesavusdekSfydvarjHkhgSatksfuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i)lektcaèkuksadk,dtkygSAleqnk;osQfy,,dfuf'prHkw&Hkkxdkgksukvko';dgSA(ii)lektvewrZgS]leqnk;ew£rekugSA(iii)lektosQvarxZrgevusdleqnk;dksysldrsgSaAleqnk;osQvarxZr,slklaHkoughagSAleqnk;esaosQoy,dlektlaHkogSA(iv)izR;sdlektdksleqnk;ughadgktkldrkgSAizR;sdleqnk;dkslektdgktkldrkgSA(v)lektesa^gedhHkkouk*dkgksukvko';dughagSAleqnk;osQfy,^gedhHkkouk*dkgksukvko';dgSA(vi)lektdksfdlhfuf'prHkw&Hkkxdhvko';drkughagksrhAleqnk;osQfy,fuf'prHkw&Hkkxdkgksukt:jhgSA(vii)lektesalaxBuvkSjfo?kVunksuksaghik;stkldrsgSaAleqnk;esalaxBudkgksukvko';dgSA(viii)lektdkfuekZ.kigysgqvkgSAleqnk;dkfuekZ.kcknesagqvkgSA(ix)lektesaO;fDrviuklaiw.kZthouO;rhrdjrkgSAleqnk;esaO;fDrosQthoudk,dva'kO;rhrgksrkgSA(x)lektesavusdmís';ik;stkrsgSaAleqnk;dkfof'k"Vmís';gksrkgSA(xi)lektesaO;fDr;ksadkthoulkekU;HkhgksldrkgSvkSjfof'k"VHkhAleqnk;easlekU;r%O;fDr;ksadkthoulkekU;jgrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 73
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
D;k vkJe] cUnhx`g leqnk; gSa\ (Is Monastery, Prison a Community?)
D;kvkJe,oacanhx`gleqnk;gSa\;sleqnk;gSa;kugha]bldkfu'p;djusosQfy,gesabUgsaleqnk;osQvko';drRoksadhdlkSVhijdlukgksxkAleqnk;osQrhuvko';drRogSaµ,dfuf'prHkw&Hkkx]ekuolewg,oa^gedhHkkouk*AlkekU;thouHkhleqnk;dk,dvko';drRogSA,dvkJe;k,dcUnhx`gesaleqnk;osQ;svko';drRoik;stkrsgSaAcUnhx`g;kvkJedk,dfuf'prHkw&HkkxijcklgksrkgS]ekuolewggksrkgSvkSjoslkekU;thouHkhO;rhrdjrsgSaAmuosQvanj^gedhHkkouk*HkhikbZtkrhgSAblizdkjgemUgsaleqnk;ekuldrsgSaAoqQNyksxksadksblesavkifÙkgSAmudkdgukgSfdvkJe;kcUnhx`gesalkekU;thoulhfer,oaizfrcafèkrgS]blfy,mUgsaleqnk;ughadgukpkfg,Aij;gvkifÙkmfprughagS]D;ksafdizR;sdleqnk;esalkekU;thouleqnk;osQfu;eksaosQvuqlkjlhfergksrkgSAgevkJe,oacUnhx`gdksleqnk;ekusaxs\
D;k tkfr ,d leqnk; gS\ (Is Caste a Community?)
tkfresa^gedhHkkouk*rksvo';ik;htkrhgS]ijarqfuf'prHkw&HkkxvkSjlkekU;thouughaik;ktkrkAtkfrosQlnL;vusdHkkxksaesafc[kjsgq,jgrsgSaAlkekU;thouHkhughagksrkA,dcaxkyhczkã.kdkjgu&lgu,oajhfr&fjoktd'ehjhczkã.klsfcYoqQyfHkUugksrkgSA^gedhHkkouk*HkhmruhetcwrughagksrhA,diatkchczkã.kcaxkyhczkã.kdhvis{kkoS';osQizfrvfèkdviuRodhHkkoukizn£'krdjrkgSAvr%tkfrdksleqnk;dgukmfprugksxkA
3-5 lfefr (Association)
lfefrfdlhfo'ks"kiz;kstu;klhferiz;kstuksadhizkfIrgsrqlaxfBreuq";ksadklewggSAeSdkboj(Maciver)osQvuqlkj]¶lfefrfdlhfgr;koqQNfgrksadhlkewfgdizkfIrosQfy,fopkjiw.kZfu£erlaxBugSvkSjblosQlnL;blesalkekU;lgHkkxhgksrsgSaA¸fxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)osQvuqlkj]¶lhferlkekftdizkf.k;ksadklewggStksblrF;osQdkj.kijLij&lEc¼gSfdmUgksausfdlhfof'k"Vy{;;ky{;ksadhizkfIr&gsrq,dlaxBudkfeydjfuekZ.kfd;kgSA¸dksy(N.D.H. COle)dkdFkugS]¶lfefrlsesjkvfHkizk;gS]O;fDr;ksadk,dlewgtkslg;ksxhdk;zosQekè;elsfdlhlkekU;mís';dhizkfIresayxsgq,gSa,oarnFkZfeydjizfØ;kdhoqQNsdfofèk;ksarFkklkekU;dk;ZgsrqoqQNfu;eksa]pkgsvkjfEHkdizdkjosQghgksa]ijlgergSaA¸cksxkMZl(Bogardus)osQvuqlkj]¶lfefrlkekU;r;koqQNsdmís';ksadhizkfIrgsrqO;fDr;ksadkfeydjdk;ZdjukgSA¸lfefrdkfuekZ.kdjusosQfy,loZizFke]O;fDr;ksadklewggksukpkfg,Anwljs];sO;fDrlaxfBrgksuspkfg,]vFkkZr~lewgesaoqQNO;ogkj&lEcUèkhfu;egksaArhljs]mudkdksbZlkekU;mís';gksukpkfg,ftldhizkfrgsrqoslaxfBrgq,gSaA
lfefr;ksadkfuekZ.kvusdvkèkkjksaijfd;ktkldrkgS];FkkµvofèkosQvkèkkjijLFkk;hvFkokvLFkk;h]ck<+lgk;rklfefrvLFkk;hgSa]tcfdjkT;LFkk;hgS]lÙkkosQvkèkkjij]vFkkZr~laizHkq(tSlsjkT;)]v¼z&laizHkq(tSlsfo'ofo|ky;),oavlaizHkq(tSlsDyc)dk;ZosQvkèkkjij]vFkkZr~tSfod(tSlsifjokj)]O;kolkf;d(tSlsvè;kid&la?k;kVªsM;wfu;u)]euksjatd(tSlsVsfulDyc;klaxhrDyc)]ijksidkjh(tSlslsoklfefr)A
lfefrdhoqQNizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ 1- O;fDr;ksa dk lewg (Group of individuals)µlfefr,dewrZlaxBugSrFkkbldk
fuekZ.koqQNO;fDrfeydjdjrsgSaAO;fDrosQfcukfdlhHkhlfefrdhdYiukughadhtkldrhA
2- fuf'pr mís'; (Definite aim)µlfefrdkfuekZ.klnSo,d;kvusdmís';ksadhizkfIrosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAoqQNO;fDrviuslkekU;fgrksaosQvkèkkjijgh,dlfefrdkslaxfBrdjrsgSaAfcukmís';osQlfefrughagksldrhA
74 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
3- tkucw> dj LFkkiuk (Purposely established)µlfefrdkfuekZ.ktkucw>djfd;ktkrkgSAleqnk;dhHkk¡frbldhmRifÙkLor%ughagksrhAblsO;fDrviuhvko';drkvksa;kmís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,tkucw>&djcukrkgSAblizdkjlfefrvko';drkvksadhiw£rosQfy,tkucw>djfd;kx;klaxfBriz;klgSA
4- ,d fuf'pr laxBu (A definite organisation)µizR;sdlfefrdk,dfuf'prlaxBugSAlaxBuosQvHkkoesalfefrviusmís';ksadksiwjkdjusesaliQyughagksxhAlaxBulsghlgk;rk,oalg;ksxdhHkkoukfodflrgksrhgSA
5- lkekftd fu;eksa ij vkèkkfjr (Based on social rules)µizR;sdlfefrosQviusoqQNfu;e;kdkuwugksrsgSaftldhlgk;rklsblosQlnL;ksaosQO;ogkjdksfu;ferrFkkfunsZf'krfd;ktkrkgSA;sfu;e;kdkuwulekt}kjkLohÑrgksrsgSavFkkZr~lektosQdkuwuosQvarxZrghgksrsgSalektfojksèkhdk;ZosQfy,cuk;kx;klaxBulfefrughagksldrkAfu;efo#¼dk;ZdjusokysdkslfefrlsfudkyktkldrkgSA;sfu;efyf[krrFkkvfyf[krnksuksaizdkjosQgksldrsgSaA
6- ,sfPNd lnL;rk (Voluntary membership)µlfefrdhlnL;rk ,sfPNdgksrh gSvFkkZr~;gO;fDrdhbPNkijfuHkZjdjrhgSfdogfdlhlfefrdklnL;cus;kucusAO;fDrviuh#fp;kfgrosQvuqlkjghlfefrdhlnL;rkxzg.kdjrkgSrFkkviuhbPNkuqlkjghbldhlnL;rkNksM+HkhnsrkgSA
7- vLFkk;h izÑfr (Temporary nature)µlfefrdhizÑfrvLFkk;hgksrhgSAlfefrdkfuekZ.k,d;kvusdmís';ksadhizkfIrosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAmís';ksa;kvko';drkvksaosQiwjkgksrsghlfefrHkaxgkstkrhgSrFkkblosQlnL;bldhlnL;rkNksM+nsrsgSaAblhfy,bldhizÑfrvLFkk;hgksrhgSA
8- vkSipkfjd lacaèk (Formal relation)µlfefrosQlnL;ksaosQeè;ijLijvkSipkfjdlacaèkik;ktkrkgSAlfefrosQoqQNfu;erFkkdkuwugksrsgSaftuosQvarxZrO;fDrdksdk;ZdjukgksrkgSAbUghafu;eksaosQvarxZrO;fDr,dnwljslslacaèkLFkkfirdjrsgSarFkkosQoybrukghlacaèkj[krsgSaftrukvko';drkiw£rosQfy,vko';dgksrkgSA,dlkFk,dO;fDrvusdlfefr;ksadklnL;gksrkgSAblfy,HkhijLij?kfu"Brkdklacaèkughaj[kikrkA
9- lkè; u gksdj lkèku (Means and not an end)µlfefroqQNvko';drkvksa;kmís';ksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,laxfBrdhtkrhgSAvr%O;fDrlfefrosQekè;elsghviusmís';ksadksiwjkdjusdkiz;kldjrkgSAblhfy,gedgrsgSafdlfefroqQNmís';ksadhiw£rdklkèkuek=kgSA
10- uke ,oa izrhd (Name and symbol)µlewgdh,degÙoiw.kZfo'ks"krkbldkuke,oaizrhdgSAizR;sdlfefrdkviukdksbZudksbZukegksrkgSrFkkblosQoqQNizrhdkRedlaosQr;kfpÉHkhgksrsgSaAvyx&vyxukelsvyx&vyxfLFkfr;ksadkcksèkgksrkgSrFkkukelsghirkpyrkgSfdlfefrdklaxBufdlmís';dhiw£rosQfy,fd;kx;kgSAtSls]thouchekfuxedkizrhdtyrsgq,fpjkxosQnksuksavksjgkFkgSA
lfefr dk lekt'kkL=kh; egÙo (Sociological Importance of Association)
1- O;fDrRo dk fodklµlfefrosQ}kjkO;fDrRodkfodkllaHkogSAeuq";dkdÙkZO;gSfdoglektdhHkykbZosQfy,'kkjhfjd;kekufld:ilsmUufrdjsAblosQvkèkkjijghoglektdkfgrdkjhvaxculdrkgSAlfefr;ksaesaeuq";dkslg;ksx]lgkuqHkwfr]HkkbZpkjsdhHkkouk,savkfnegÙoiw.kZrRoizkIrgksrsgSaAlukruèkeZtSlhlfefr;k¡O;fDr;ksa
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 75
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
dksèkk£edmUufrdjokusdkiz;kldjrhgSaAbllsO;fDrdkleqfpr:ilsfodkllaHkogksrkgSA
2- Je foHkktuµlfefrlektesaJe&foHkktuosQfl¼karksaijdk;ZdjrhgSAbldkj.kdk;ZosQfo'ks"kdhj.kdkizknqHkkZogksrkgSAvktvkèkqfud;qxesafo'ks"khdj.kdkizxfrosQfy,fo'ks"kegÙogSA
3- lkekftd laxBuµlfefrlkekftdlaxBudk,degÙoiw.kZvaxgksrhgSA;fnlfefrviusmís';dhiw£rdjrhjgrhgSrkslkekftdO;oLFkkcuhjgrhgSAftllslektdhizxfrfuèkkZfjry{;dhrjiQgksrhjgrhgSA
4- lfefr osQ dk;Z dks iwjk djus esa lg;ksxµlfefresalHkhlnL;,dmís';;kmís';ksadksysdjizos'kdjrsgSaAblhfy,lHkhlnL;lfefrosQdk;Zdksiwjkdjusesalg;ksxnsrsgSaA
5- mís';ksa dh izkfIrµlfefrdkfuekZ.klkekftdO;fDr;ksadhvko';drkvksa,oamís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAlfefrdklnL;cudjdksbZHkhO;fDrviusmís';ksadksizkIrdjldrkgSA
6- O;fDr;ksa esa vPNs xq.kksa dk fodklµlfefrdk fuekZ.k ln~Hkkouk ,oa lg;ksxdhHkkoukijvkèkkfjrgksrkgSAvr%lektesaO;fDr;ksaosQfnyksaesavPNsxq.kksadkfodklgksrkgS]tkslektdhizxfrosQfy,vko';dgSA
lfefr osQ izdkj (Types of Association)
lfefr;k¡fuEuizdkjdhgksrhgSa%
1- vk£Fkdlfefr;k¡µetwnjla?k]O;kolkf;dlfefr;k¡
2- jktuSfrdlfefr;k¡µdk¡xzsl]turknyvkfn
3- èkk£edlfefr;k¡µczãlekt]jkeÑ".kfe'ku
4- 'kS{kf.kdlfefr;k¡µf'k{kke.My]lekt'kkL=kifj"kn~
5- euksjatukRedlfefr;k¡µDyc][ksyowQnifj"kn~
6- lkekU;dY;k.klfefr;k¡µvkfnoklhdY;k.k]gfjtulsodlekt
lfefr vkSj leqnk; (Association and Community)
lfefreuq";ksadkoglewggStksfdlh,dmís';;kmís';ksadhizkfIrgsrqlaxfBrfd;ktkrkgSAlfefrosQfy,Hkw&Hkkxvfuok;ZughagSAlfefresalg;ksxhHkkouki;kZIrgS]gedhHkkoukdhdksbZvko';drkughagSAburF;ksalsLi"VgSfdlfefr(association)]leqnk;(community)ughagSAlfefrleqnk;dk,dlaxBuek=kgStksfdlhmís';;kmís';ksadhiw£rgsrqleqnk;osQvarxZrLFkkfirdhtkrhgSAeSdkboj rFkk ist usLi"Vfy[kkgS]¶,dlfefr,dleqnk;ughagksrhgS]vfirqleqnk;osQvarxZr,dlaxBugksrhgSA¸
3-6 laLFkk (Institution)
^eSdkboj*osQvuqlkj]¶lkewfgdfØ;kdhfo'ks"krkcrkusokyhdk;Ziz.kkyhosQLFkkfirLo:i;kvoLFkkdkslaLFkkdgrsgSaA¸leuj(Sumner)osQvuqlkj]¶,dlaLFkk,dfopkjèkkjk(fopkj]er]fl¼kar;kLokFkZ),oa,dlajpuklsfeydjcurhgSA¸
oqMoMZ ,oa eSDloSy(Woodward and Maxwell)usfy[kkgS]¶laLFkktujhfr;ksa,oa:f<+;ksadklewggStksoqQNekuoh;fgrksa;kmís';ksadhiw£rgsrqosaQfnzrgkstkrhgSA¸xzhu(Green)osQ
76 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fopkjkuqlkj]¶,dlaLFkkfdlhbdkbZesatujhfr;ksa,oa:f<+;ksa(vkSjizk;%dkuwuksa]ijarqvko';dugha)dk,slklaxBugksrkgSftlosQ}kjkvusdlkekftddk;ZlaiUugksrsgSaA¸
fxfyu ,oa fxfyu(Gillin and Gillin)osQvuqlkj]¶,dlkekftdlaLFkklkaLÑfrdizfreku(ftlesadk;Z]fopkj]n`f"Vdks.k,oalkaLÑfrdlkexzhlfEefyrgSA)dkizdk;kZRedvkdkjgSftlesaoqQNLFkkf;RogksrkgSrFkktkslkekftdvko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrkgSA¸fxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)osQvuqlkj]¶laLFkk,¡lkekftdizkf.k;ksaosQeè;fdlhckáoLrq;k,d&nwljsosQizfrlacaèkdhfuf'pr,oaiqf"VÑrfofèk;k¡vFkok:igSaA¸gkVZu,oagaV(Horton and Hunt)osQvuqlkj]¶laLFkklacaèkksadhlaxfBrO;oLFkkgSftlesaoqQNsdlkekU;fu;e,oaizfØ;k,¡lfUufgrgksrhgSarFkktkslektdhoqQNewyvko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrhgSaAetwenkj(Mazumdar)usbldhifjHkk"kkblizdkjdhgS]¶laLFkkO;ogkj;kvuqfØ;kdkoglkewfgd:igStks,dih<+hikjdjpqdkgS]tksdk;ZdjusosQfy,fuf'pr<axdhO;oLFkkdjrkgSrFkktkslewgosQlnL;ksadksizrhdksa]fofèk;ksa]laLdkjksa,oavfèkdkfj;ksa]ftuosQiklfu;eu&'kfDr*vFkkZr~n.Mdh'kfDrgksrhgS]osQekè;els,dlfefresabdV~Bkck¡èkrkgSA¸jkWl(Ross)osQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdlaLFkk,¡lkekU;bPNklsLFkkfir;kvfHkefr&izkIrlaxfBrekuo&lacaèkksadklewggSaA¸cksxkMZl(Bogardus)osQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdlaLFkklektdkog<k¡pkgksrhgStkseq[;:ilslqO;ofLFkrfofèk;ksa}kjkyksxksadhvko';drkdhiw£rosQfy,laxfBrdhtkrhgSA¸
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkvksadkfo'ys"k.kdjusijKkrgksrkgSfdlektizeq[kekuoh;vko';drkvksadhiw£rosQfy,oqQNfuf'prlkèkuksa;kdk;Ziz.kkfy;ksadksfuèkkZfjrdjrkgSftlslaLFkkdgrsgSAfxfyuvkSjfxfyuusviuhiqLrdesalaLFkkvksadhfuEufyf[krfo'ks"krkvksadkmYys[kfd;kgSµ
(i) lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkk dh bdkbZ (Unit in the cultural system)] (ii) vfèkd LFkkf;Ro(Greater permanence)](iii)fuf'prmís';;kmís';lewg(Well defined objective or objective)](iv)lkaLÑfrdmidj.k(Cultural Equipment)](v)izrhd(Symbol)](vi)ijaijk(Tradition)A
laLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,¡
buifjHkk"kkvksaosQvkèkkjijlaLFkkdhlclsizeq[kfo'ks"krkvksadksfuEufyf[kr:ilsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgS%
1- fu;eksa dh O;oLFkkµlaLFkkdhlclsvkèkkjHkwrfo'ks"krkvFkokigpku;ghgSfdlaLFkkdkrkRi;ZdHkhO;fDr;ksaosQlaxBulsughagksrkcfYd;gvusdfu;eksavkSjdk;Zokfg;ksadh,dO;oLFkkgSA;sfu;evFkokdk;Zfofèk;k¡vusdfopkjksa]tujhfr;ksa]yksdkpkjksa]fyf[krfu;eksavFkokdkuwuksaosQ:iesans[kusdksfeyrhgSaAblhn`f"Vdks.klsfxfyudkdFkugSfd¶laLFkklkaLÑfrdO;oLFkkdh,degÙoiw.kZbdkbZgSA¸
2- vewrZ izÑfrµmi;qZDrfo'ks"krklsghLi"VgkstkrkgSfdlaLFkk,dewrZlaxBuughagSAlaLFkkdkfuekZ.kvusdfu;eksavkSjdk;Zfofèk;ksa}kjkgksrkgSAfu;eksarFkkdk;Zfofèk;ksaesagethouO;rhrdjrsgSaAysfdumUgsans[kughaldrsgSaAbldkj.klaLFkkdhizÑfrlnSovewrZgksrhgSA
3- lkewfgd LohÑfrµ;fnfu;eksadhfdlhO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.koqQNO;fDrviusfuthLFkkFkks±dksiwjkdjusosQfy,djysarksblO;oLFkkdkslaLFkkughadgktkldrkAfu;eksadhdksbZO;oLFkklaLFkkrHkhdgykrhgStcmlslaiw.kZlewgvFkokleqnk;dhLohÑfr(Sanction)izkIrgksAmnkgj.kosQfy,lafoèkku,dlaLFkkgSftlosQlHkhdkuwujkT;,oafofHkUulewgksa}kjkekU;gksrsgSaA
4- lqifjHkkf"kr mís';µizR;sdlaLFkkosQmís';iw.kZr;kLi"VvkSjO;kogkfjd:ilsmi;ksxhgksrsgSaAlHkhlaLFkkvksadkdk;Z,dfo'ks"klewgosQO;ogkjksaij fu;a=k.kj[kukrFkk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 77
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
ikjLifjdla?k"kks±dhlaHkkoukdksnwjdjukgksrkgSAlaLFkkosQ;smís';brusLFkk;hgksrsgSafdu;hihf<+;ksaosQtUeosQcknHkhbudhmi;ksfxrklnSocuhjgrhgSA
5- LFkkf;Roµleqnk;vkSjlfefrdhvis{kklaLFkkdghavfèkdLFkk;hgksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfddk;ZdkdksbZrjhdktccgqryacsle;rdmi;ksxhizekf.krgksrkjgrkgSrFkhoglaLFkkdk:iysikrkgSAblosQmijkarogO;ogkjlaLÑfrdkvaxcutkrkgSvkSjmlesafdlhHkhizdkjosQifjorZudksmfprughale>ktkrkA;ghdkj.kgSfd,dlektosQvk£FkdvkSjjktuhfrdthouesacgqr&lsifjorZugkstkusosQcknHkhlkekftdlaLFkkvksaosQ:iesadksbZifjorZucgqrdfBurklsghgksikrkgSA
6- izrhdµizR;sdlaLFkkdhfo'ks"krk,¡blosQvusdizrhdksa}kjkLi"VgkstkrhgSaAlaLFkkosQizrhdHkkSfrdHkhgksldrsgSavkSjvHkkSfrdHkhAmnkgj.kosQfy,fookg,dlaLFkkgSrFkkblesafufgrHkkoukvksadksvusdea=kksa]gou]osnh]dy'krFkkeaMitSlsizrhdksalsvfHkO;Drfd;ktkrkgSA
7- lkewfgd ?kVukµ;|filaLFkkosQfuekZ.kdkfopkjlclsigys,dO;fDrosQeuesaghmRiUugksrkgS]ysfdutccgqrlsO;fDrmlfopkjvFkokdk;ZosQrjhosQdksmi;ksxhle>usyxrsgSarHkhmls,dlaLFkkdk:ifeytkrkgSAblizdkjlaLFkkosQfodklesalkewfgdiz;Ruksadklekos'kgksusosQdkj.klaLFkkdks,d^lkewfgd?kVuk*dgktkrkgSA
laLFkk osQ mnkgj.k
laLFkkdhizÑfrdksLi"VdjusosQfy,;fngeoqQNmnkgj.kksadhvksjlaosQrdjosQpysa]rksblèkkj.kk dks liQyrkiwoZd le>k tk ldrk gSA bl izdkj fookg] ukSdjh osQ fu;e] lafoèkku]mÙkjkfèkdkjosQfu;e]ijh{kk&iz.kkyh]vkpkj&lafgrkvkfnosQmnkgj.kgSatcfdjktuhfrdny]nqdkuvFkokE;qfufliydkWjiksjs'kudksO;fDr;ksadklaxBugksusosQdkj.klaLFkkughadgktkldrkA;fnge^fookg*dhfo'ks"krkvksadksns[ksarksLi"Vdkstk;sxkfdfookgvusdfu;eksavkSjdk;Zfofèk;ksadh,dO;oLFkkgSftldkmi;ksxifjokjdhLFkkiukdjusosQfy,fd;ktkrkgSAgeifjokjosQlnL;gksldrsgSaysfdufookgosQughaAblizdkjfookg,dlaLFkkgStcfdifjokj,dlfefrA
3-7 laxBu (Organisation)
^laxBu*'kCndkvFkZgS]^O;fDr;ksavFkokvaxksadhO;oLFkkA*blizdkj]ifjokj]ppZ]dkWyst]iSQDVjh]jktuhfrd&ny]ØhM+k&lewg]leqnk;]lkezkT;]la;qDr]jk"Vªla?klHkhlaxBuosQmnkgj.kgSAbulHkhesaO;fDr;ksa;kvaxksadh,dO;oLFkkgksrhgStkslaxBudkfuekZ.kdjrhgSAblO;oLFkkesaO;fDrvFkokvaxvar%lacafèkr,oavar£uHkjgksrsgSaAosfdlhmís';dhizkfIrosQfy,,dlefUor<axlsdk;ZdjrsgSaAlaxBuosQlnL;ksaosQ]mudhfLFkfr,oaHkwfedkosQvuqlkj]fuèkkZfjrdk;Z,oankf;RogksrsgSaA
laxBuvusdizdkjosQgksrsgSaAjkT;,djktuhfrdlaxBugS]D;ksafdbldklacaèkjktuhfrdekeyksalsgSAiSQDVjh,dvk£FkdlaxBugS]D;ksafd;gèkuosQmRiknu,oaforj.klslacafèkrgSAppZ,dèkk£edlaxBugSAcSadfoÙkh;laxBugSAdkWyst'kSf{kdlaxBugSAijarq;slHkhlaxBulkekftdlaxBu]vFkkZr~lektosQlaxBuHkhgSaAblizdkjlekt'kkL=kesa^lkekftdlaxBu*'kCndkO;kidvFkZesaiz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSftlesalektdkdksbZHkhlaxBulfEefyrgksrkgSAlaxBulewglsfHkUugksrkgSAlewgdkrkRi;Zfdlhfof'k"Vmís';dhizkfIr&gsrqnks;knkslsvfèkdO;fDr;ksaosQcaèkulsgS]tcfdlaxBuvU;ksU;kfJrvaxksavFkoklewgksaosQchplefUorlkekftdlacaèkksadkifjpk;dgSA
78 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
3-8 lkekftd lajpuk (Social Structure)
lekt'kkL=kesalkekftdlajpuk,dewyvoèkkj.kkgSAyacsle;lslkekftdlajpukdhifjHkk"kknsusosQvusdiz;Rufd;sx;sgSa]ijarqvHkhrdbldhifjHkk"kkijdksbZlgefrughagSAgcZVZLisUljlektdhlajpukijizdk'kMkyusokykizFkefopkjdFkk]ijarqogHkhdksbZLi"VifjHkk"kkughansldkAnq[khZe(Durkheim)usHkhblsifjHkkf"krdjusdkvliQyiz;Rufd;kgSAlkekftdlajpukdhoqQNifjHkk"kk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) ¶LFkwytula[;k,oamlosQO;ogkj],d&nwljslslacafèkrHkwfedk,¡vnkdjusosQ:iesadÙkkZvksaosQchpizkI;lacaèkksadhO;oLFkkvFkokizfrekulsvewÙkhZdj.kosQ}kjkgelektdhlajpukijigq¡ptkrsgSaA¸µ,lú,iQúukMsy
(ii) ¶lkekftd lajpuk var%lacafèkr laLFkkvksa] ,tsfUl;ksa ,oa lkekftd izfrekuksa] lkFk ghlewgesaizR;sdlnL;}kjkizkIrfLFkfr;ksa,oaHkwfedkvksadhfo'ks"kO;oLFkkdksdgrsgSaA¸µVkydksVikjlUl
(iii) ¶lkekftdlajpukvar%fØ;k'khylkekftdrRoksadkrkuk&ckukgSftllsfopkjus,oai;Zos{k.k<axksadkfodklgqvkgSA¸µdkyZekughu
(iv) ¶lkekftdlajpukdklacaèklkekftdlaxBuosQizeq[k:i]vFkkZr~lewgksa]laLFkkvksa,oalfefr;ksaosQizdkjksarFkkbuosQLo:iksa]tkslektksadkfuekZ.kdjrsgSa]lsgSA¸µfxUlcxZ
(v) ¶lkekftdlajpukosQ?kVdekuo&izk.khgSa]Lo;alajpukO;fDr;ksadhO;oLFkkgSftuosQlaacaèklaLFkkRed:ilsikfjHkkf"kr,oafu;fergksrsgSaA¸µjSMfDyiQczkmu
(vi) ¶lewghdj.kosQfofHkUu<axbdV~BsgksdjlkekftdlajpukosQtfVyizfrekudhjpukdjrsgSaAlkekftdlajpukosQfo'ys"k.klslkekftdizkf.k;ksaosQfofHkUun`f"Vdks.kksa,oafgrksadhHkwfedkdkirkpyrkgSA¸µeSdkboj
mi;qZDr ifjHkk"kkvksa osQvkèkkj ij;gdgktkldrk gS fdlkekftdlajpuk ,dvewrZ?kVuk&oLrqgSA;glektosQckáigyqvksadksfufnZ"VdjrhgSAbldhbdkb;k¡lewg]laLFkk,¡]lfefr;k¡rFkklaxBugksrhgSaAtSlkgesafofnrgS]lHkhO;fDrlektesanwljsO;fDr;ksaosQlkFkjgrsgSaAizR;sdlektesalaxBudk,dizfrekugksrkgSftldkfuekZ.keuq";ksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksalsmRiUulajpukvksadksfeykdjgksrkgSAtceuq";Lo;adks,d&nwljsosQlkFklacafèkrdjrsgSarksos,dlajpukRedvkdkjdkstUensrsgSaA;glajpukRedvkdkjlewg]lfefr;kdksbZlaxBugksldrkgSAlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kbUghalajpukRedvkdkjksalsgksrkgS]tksvar%lacafèkr<axlsO;ofLFkrdhtkrhgSa]rkafdlektlqlaxrjhfrlsdk;ZdjlosQAlektbulajpukRedbdkbZ;ksaosQekè;elsdk;ZdjrkgSAlaLFkk,¡]lfefr;k¡]lewg]laxBu]leqnk;lHkhlkekftdlajpukosQHkkxgSa]vFkkZr~midj.kgSaftuosQekè;els;gdk;ZdjrkgSA
lkekftdlajpukosQvFkZdkstSfodlajpukosQmnkgj.klsHkyhizdkjle>ktkldrkgSA,dtSfodlajpuk]ftls'kjhjdgrsgSa]fofHkUuvaxksa];FkkµgkFk]iSj]eqag]vk¡[k]dkuvkfnfdO;oLFkkgSAO;oLFkkosQbuvaxksadks,dfo'ks"k,oaØec¼<axlsO;ofLFkrfd;ktkrkgS]rkfd,dizfrekudkfuekZ.kgkslosQA'kjhjbuvaxksaosQ}kjktksvU;ksU;kfJr,oavar%lacafèkrgS]dk;ZdjrkgSA;|fitSfodlajpukosQvaxlHkheuq";ksaesalekugSa]rFkkfibutSfodlajpukvksadkvkdkjfHkUu&fHkUugSAoqQNeuq";yacsrksoqQNNksVs]oqQNeksVs]oqQNnqcys&irysgksrsgSaA,slhghoqQNfLFkfrgelkekftdlajpukesaHkhns[krsgSaAlHkhlkekftdlajpukvksaosQvaxlekugSa]vFkkZr~izR;sdlkekftdlajpukesaifjokj]èkeZ]jktuhfrdlaxBu]vk£FkdlaxBu]Hkwizns'kvkfngksrsgSa]ijarqlkekftdlajpukosQvkdkjmlhizdkjfHkUu&fHkUugSa]tSls'kjhjdkvkdkjgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 79
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
mnkgj.kr;k]lHkhlkekftdlajpukvksaesaifjokjdkvkdkjlekuughagSAoqQNlektksaesa,d&iRuhifjokjgSrksvU;esacgq&iRuhifjokjgSAblhizdkj]lkekftdlajpukvksaosQvaxlekugksrsgq,HkhmuosQfof'k"VvkdkjksaesafofHkUurkgksrhgSAvr,ofu"d"kZ:ilsdgktkldrkgSfdlkekftdlajpukekuoh;lacaèk&lajpukvksadhizfrekfurO;oLFkkgSA;slajpuk;sagSaµ(i)ifjfLFkfrdh;lÙkk,¡](ii)ekuoh;lewg](iii)laLFkkuh;,tsafl;k¡](iv)laxBurFkk(v)lkewfgdrk,¡(Collectivities)A
lkekftd lajpuk dh fo'ks"krk (Characteristics of Social Structure)
1- lkekftd lajpuk lekt osQ cká Lo:i dk cksèk djkrh gSµlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUubdkb;ksalsgksrkgSA;sbdkb;k¡tc,dØec¼O;oLFkkesatqM+tkrhgSarks,d<kapsdkfuekZ.kgksrkgSAblesagebdkb;ksaosQdk;ks±dkslfEefyrughadjrsgSaAftlizdkjls'kjhjosQfofHkUuvax_tSlsgkFk]ik¡o]ukd]dku]vk¡[k]flj]isV]vkfn,dO;ofLFkrØeesaijLijtqM+rsgSarks'kjhj:ih<kapsdkfuekZ.kgksrkgS]ftlosQcká:idksLi"Vr%ns[kktkldrkgSAblhizdkjlslektdkfuekZ.kdjusokyhbdkb;k¡HkhØec¼:ilstqM+usij,dcká<kapsdkfuekZ.kdjrhgS]ftlslkekftdlajpukdgrsgSaAlkekftdlajpukdklacaèklkekftdbdkb;ksadhdk;Z&fofèklsughagSA
2- lkekftd lajpuk v[kaM O;oLFkk ugha gSµizR;sdlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUubdkb;ksalsgksrkgSA;sbdkb;k¡] O;fDr]lewg]laLFkk,¡]lfefr;k¡]vkfngSaAblizdkjizR;sdlajpukdbZ[kaMksalsfeydjcuhgksrhgSa]vr%ogv[kaMughagSAfiQjHkh;sbdkb;k¡tcijLij,dØeesatqM+tkrhgSarks,dcukoV;kizfrekudksizdVdjrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,],ddejsdkfuekZ.kb±V]pwuk]iRFkjf[kM+dhonjoktsvkfnlsfeydjgksrkgSAbUgsa,dfof'k"VØeesatksM+usijdejsdkizfreku;kLo:iizdVgksrkgSA
3- lkekftd lajpuk var%lacafèkr bdkb;ksa dk ,d O;ofLFkr Lo:i gSaµlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUubdkb;ksalsgksrkgS];sbdkb;k¡vLr&O;LrvkSjfc[kjhgqbZughagksrhoju~muesaijLijlacaèkik;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]?kM+hdkfuekZ.kdjusokyhlHkhbdkb;ksadksijLijtksM+usijgh?kM+hdhlajpukcurhgSA
4- lkekftd lajpuk dh bdkb;ksa esa ,d Øec¼rk ik;h tkrh gSµfdlhHkhlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kek=kbdkb;ksaosQ>qaM;k;ksxlsughagksrkoju~mUgsa,dfof'k"VØeesatksM+uslsgksrkgSAØeosQvHkkoesalajpukughaculdrhgSAtSlsb±V]pwusoiRFkjosQ<sjlsedkuughaculdrktcrdfdmUgsa,dØeesautksM+ktk,A
5- lkekftd lajpuk vis{kkÑr ,d LFkk;h voèkkj.kk gSµlkekftdlajpukvis{kkÑr,dLFkk;hvoèkkj.kkgSAblosQnksvFkZgSaµ(1)lkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kdjusokyhbdkb;k¡vis{kr;kLFkk;hgksrhgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,lektdkfuekZ.kdjusokysfofHkUulewg]lfefr;k¡,oalaLFkk,¡tSlsifjokj]èkeZ]vk£Fkdo'kS{kf.kdlaxBu,oafookg]vkfnlektesavis{kr;kLFkk;h:ilsik;stkrsgSaAbuesaNksVk&eksVkifjorZugksuslslaiw.kZlajpukizHkkforughagksrhA(2)lkekftdlajpukblvFkZesaHkhLFkk;hgksrhgSfdbldkfuekZ.kdjusokyhfofHkUubdkb;ksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksaesaHkhLFkkf;Roik;ktkrkgSAblizdkjlkekftdlajpukesaLFkkf;RonksvFkks±esaik;ktkrkgSµ,drksbdkb;k¡Lo;aLFkk;hgksrhgSarFkknwljs]bdkb;ksaosQikjLifjdlacaèkksaesaHkhfLFkjrkik;htkrhgSA
6- lkekftd lajpuk vewrZ gksrh gSµeSdkbojvkSjikjlUllkekftdlajpukdks,dvewrZèkkj.kkekursgSaAmudkergSfdlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kfofHkUulaLFkkvksa],tsafl;ksa]izfrekuksa]izfLFkfr;ksa,oaHkwfedkvksalsfeydjgksrkgSA;slHkhbdkb;k¡vewrZgSa]budkHkkSfrdoLrqdhHkkafrdksbZBkslvkdkj;k:iughagS]mUgsans[kk;kNqvkugha
80 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
tkldrkgSAvr%bulsfu£erlkekftdlajpukHkhvewrZgksrhgSAlektdkfuekZ.klkekftdlacaèkksalsgksrkgS];slacaèkvewrZgSa]vr%lkekftdlajpukHkhvewrZgksrhgS]¯drqjSMfDyiQczkmulkekftdlajpukdhbdkbZO;fDrdksekursgSa]ysfduvfèkdka'klekt'kkL=khlkekftdlajpukdhO;k[;k,dvewrZèkkj.kkosQ:iesaghdjrsgSaA
7- lkekftd lajpuk dk fuekZ.k vusd mi&lajpukvksa ls gksrk gSµizR;sdlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kmi&lajpukvksa(Sub-structures)lsfeydjgksrkgSAftlizdkjls'kjhj:ihlajpukdkfuekZ.kefLr"d]ikpuo'olulaLFkkuksavkfnlsgksrkgSftlesavusdvaxgksrsgSaAmlhizdkjlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kHkhfofHkUumi&lajpukvksa_tSls ifjokj] tkfr] oxZ] ppZ] f'k{k.k&laLFkk] èkk£ed&laLFkk] vk£Fkd&laLFkk] vkfn osQ}kjkgksrkgSftudhLo;adhviuh,dlajpukgksrhgSAblizdkjmi&lajpuk,¡feydjlkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSaftudhizR;sddhviuhHkh,dlajpukgksrhgSA
8- lkekftd lajpuk LFkkuh; fo'ks"krkvksa ls izHkkfor gksrh gSµizR;sdlektdh,dlajpukgksrhgSvkSjognwljslektlsfHkUugksrhgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdizR;sdlkekftd lajpuk fdlh&u&fdlh lkaLÑfrd O;oLFkk ls izHkkfor gksrh gS] ogk¡ dhHkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk Hkh ml ij izHkko iM+rk gSA fofHkUu LFkkuksa dh laLÑfr]jktuhfrd n'kk ,oa HkkSxksfyd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa varj ik;k tkrk gS] vr% lkekftdlaLFkk,¡HkhbulsizHkkforgksusosQdkj.kfHkUu&fHkUuizdkjdhgksrhgSAjSMfDyiQ czkmuuslkekftdlajpukdhèkkj.kkesaLFkkuh;fo'ks"krkvksadksHkhmi;ksxh,oaegÙoiw.kZekukgSA
9- lkekftd lajpuk esa izR;sd bdkbZ dk ,d iwoZ&fuf'pr LFkku o in gksrk gSµlkekftdlajpukesaizR;sdbdkbZdkin,oaLFkkufuèkkZfjrgksrkgS]mlLFkkuijjgdjghoglkekftdlajpukdkfuekZ.kdjrhgSAvU;LFkkuijgksusijlajpukfcxM+tkrhgSAftlizdkjls'kjhjlajpukesagkFk]ik¡o]ukd]dku]vk¡[kdk,dLFkkur;gSvkSj;fngkFkdkLFkkuik¡o]ukddkLFkkudkuovk¡[kdkLFkkuthHkysysrks'kjhjlajpukfoÑrgkstk,xh]mlhizdkjlkekftdlajpukesajkT;]ppZ]ifjokj]fookg]èkeZ]U;k;&O;oLFkk]f'k{k.klaLFkkvkfnlHkhdkLFkkuiwoZ&fuèkkZfjrgS];fn;s,d&nwljsdkLFkkuxzg.kdjysarkslkekftdlajpukesafoÑfrvktk;sxhA
10- lkekftd lajpuk esa lkekftd izfØ;k,¡ Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gksrh gSaµlkekftdlajpukosQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksxh ,oavlg;ksxh izfØ;kvksa_ tSls lg;ksx]vuqowQyu] O;oLFkkiu],dhdj.k] lkRehdj.k] izfrLi¼kZ ,oa lg;ksx] vkfndh Hkwfedk Hkh egÙoiw.kZ gSA ;slkekftdizfØ;k,¡ghlkekftdlajpukosQLo:idsr;djusesaegÙoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkkrhgSaAlkekftdizfØ;kvksadkcká:ilkekftdlajpukdksr;djrkgSA
11- lkekftd lajpuk esa fo?kVu osQ rRo Hkh ik;s tkrs gSaµlkekftdlajpukekuodhvusdvko';drkvksadhiw£rdjrhgS]¯drqdksbZHkhlkekftdlajpukviusvkiesaJs"BughagksrhvkSjughmlesaiw.kZlaxBuik;ktkrkgSAdbZckj;glektesafo?kVuHkhiSnkdjrhgSAeVZurFkknq[khZedkergSfddbZckjlkekftdlajpukLo;alektesafu;eghurk(anomie)iSnkdjrhgSAlkekftdlajpukesalaxBu,oafo?kVunksuksaghiSnkdjusokysrRoik;stkrsgSaA
3-9 lkekftd O;oLFkk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Social System : Meaning and Definition)
lkekftdO;oLFkkdhvoèkkj.kkHkhlkekftdlajpukdhHkk¡fr,degÙoiw.kZlekt'kkL=kh;voèkkj.kkgSAizR;sdlektvFkoklewgesaO;oLFkkgksrhgSAO;oLFkkosQvHkkoesasdksbZbdkbZdkeughadjldrhA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 81
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
O;oLFkk dk vFkZ (Meaning of System)
lkekftdO;oLFkkosQvFkZdksle>uslsiwoZ]gesa^O;oLFkk*'kCndkvFkZle>ysukpkfg,Aljy'kCnksaesa]O;oLFkk]lqO;ofLFkrbartkegSAge'kjhjO;oLFkkdkmnkgj.kysldrsgSaAekuo'kjhjosQfofHkUuvax];FkkµgkFk]iSj]dku]vk¡[k]ukd]eq¡g]ân;]euvkfngSaAbuvaxksadk'kjhjesafu;rLFkkugSrFkkbudks,dfo'ks"k<axlsO;ofLFkrfd;kx;kgSftls^vo;ohlajpuk*dgrsgSaAgeeuq";dhlajpuk,oaoqQÙksdhlajpukesaHksndjldrsgSa]D;ksafdlajpuk,dfof'k"VizfrekugSAftlosQvkèkkjij,dlajpukdknwljhlajpuklsHksnfd;ktkldrkgSAlajpukosQizR;sdvaxdkfo'ks"kdk;ZgksrkgSA
budk;ks±osQvkèkkjijos,d&nwljslsvar%lacafèkrgksrsgSarFkkvar%fØ;kdjrsgSaAbuvaxksaosQchpvar%fØ;k,oavarl±caèkosQ}kjklajpukvfèkdfØ;k'khygkstkrhgSAvo;ohlajpukosQigywdksvo;ohO;oLFkkdgrsgSaAblizdkj]^O;oLFkk*'kCnblhlajpukosQ?kVdvaxksaosQeè;izfrekfurlacaèkdksO;DrdjrkgStksizdk;kZRedlacaèkijvkèkkfjrgSrFkktksbuvaxksadksfØ;k'khycukdj,dbdkbZesack¡èkrkgSA
la{ksiesa]O;oLFkkdhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) O;oLFkk,dkRedvoèkkj.kkughagSAO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.kfofHkUuvaxksadksfeykdjgksrkgSA
(ii) buvaxksaosQlaxzgek=klsghO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.kughagkstkrkAbuvaxksadksØec¼<axlsO;ofLFkrfd;ktkukpkfg,AmuosQchpØec¼lacaèkgksukpkfg,A
(iii) buvaxksadhO;oLFkkls,dizfreku(pattern)dktUegksukpkfg,A,d?kM+hosQiqtk±sdksblizdkjO;ofLFkrfd;ktkukpkft,ftlls,dfof'k"VizfrekuvFkkZr~?kM+hdkfuekZ.kgkslosQA;gizfrekughgSftlosQvkèkkjijlkbfdyvkSj?kM+hesaHksnfd;ktkrkgS];|finksuksaesavaxksadhO;oLFkkgksrhgSA
(iv) O;oLFkkosQvaxksaesaizdk;kZRedlacaèkgksrkgSAizR;sdvaxdkfuf'prdk;ZgksrkgSAO;oLFkkdklacaèkizR;sdvaxlsgksrkgSrFkkizR;sdvaxO;oLFkklslacafèkrgksrkgSAmnkgj.kr;k]lkbfdyosQifg,dks?kweusosQfy,blspsu]izQhàhyvkfnlslacafèkrfd;ktkukpkfg,A
(v) vaxksadkckgqY;,drkdkstUensrkgSA;|fivaxfHkUu&fHkUudk;ZdjrsgSa]rFkkfiizdk;kZRed:ilsosblizdkjlacafèkrgksrsgSafd,dubZoLrqdkfuekZ.kgkstkrkgSAiQkmUVsuisuesa,dfuc]V~;wc]fDyivkSjckM+hgksrhgSAbuvaxksdksO;ofLFkr<axlslax`ghrfd;ktkrkgSftllsiQkmUVsuisucutkrkgSAO;oLFkkesavaxviuhmifLFkfrugha[kksrsAosthforjgrsgSarFkkviusfof'k"Vdk;ks±dksdjrsgSaA;gHkhè;kujgsfdfdlh,dvaxesanks"klkjhO;oLFkkdhfØ;kdksizHkkfordjldrkgSA
O;oLFkk osQ izdkj (Types of System)
O;oLFkkizeq[kr;knksizdkjdhgksrhgSaµ
(i) izkÑfrd(natural),oa(ii)ekuo&fu£er(man made)
izkÑfrdO;oLFkkdkfuekZ.kizÑfr}kjkfd;ktkrkgSA;geuq";dhbPNklsLora=kgksrhgSAblosQnksizdkjgksrsgSaµ(i)vizkf.kr(inorganic)rFkk(ii)vaxh;(organic)Avizkf.krdklacaèkvthforoLrqvksa];FkklkSjtxr~lsgksrkgSAvaxh;tSfodoLrqvksa];Fkkµekuo&'kjhjvFkokikSèkksalslacafèkrgSA
ekuo&fu£erO;oLFkkeuq";}kjkcuk;htkrhgSAblosQpkjizdkjgksldrsgSaµ(i);kaf=kdO;oLFkk (mechanical system)] (ii) O;fDrRo&O;oLFkk (personality system)] (iii) lkaLÑfrdO;oLFkk(cultural system)]rFkk(iv)lkekftdO;oLFkk(social system)
82 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
lkekftd O;oLFkk dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of Social System)
O;oLFkkdkvFkZle>ysusosQcknlkekftdO;oLFkkdhvoèkkj.kkdkslqxerklsle>ktkldrkgSAlkekftdO;oLFkklkekftdvar%&fØ;kvksadkO;ofLFkr,oaØec¼lqxBugSA;gvar%&fØ;k'khylacaèkksadklewggSAbldhifjHkk"kkdjrsgq,dgktkldrkgSfd¶O;fDr;ksadkckgqR;gStks,d&nwljsosQlkFklaHkkxhlkaLÑfrdizfrekuksa,oavFkks±osQvuqlkjvar%&fØ;kdjrsgSaA¸lkekftdO;oLFkkosQ?kVdvaxO;fDrgksrsgSaAizR;sdO;fDrdh,dHkwfedk(role)gksrhgSAogvar%&fØ;k'khylacaèkksaesaHkkxysrkgSA
nwljsO;fDr;ksaosQO;ogkjdksizHkkfordjrkgSrFkkmuosQO;ogkjlsizHkkforgksrkgSAlektesaO;fDr;ksa,oalewgksadkO;ogkjlkekftdlaLFkkvksa}kjkfu;fU=krgksrkgSAfofoèklewgLora=kvFkokfoyx<axlsdk;ZughadjrsAos,dlefUorlexzO;oLFkklslayXuvaxgksrsgSaAoslkekftdizfrekuksaosQvuqlkjdk;ZdjrsgSaAviusvar%lacaèkksa,oavar%fØ;kvksaosQvkèkkjijos,dizfrekudkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaftlslkekftdO;oLFkkdgktkrkgSA
lkekftdO;oLFkk,dlaxBugS]D;ksafdblesavaxksadkO;ofLFkr,oaØec¼lqxBugksrkgS]ijarq;gvar%&fØ;k,oavaxksaosQvar%lacaèkksaijcynsrkgStkslaxBudhvoèkkj.kkesaughaik;ktkrkAlkekftdO;oLFkkosQvarxZrvusdmi&O;oLFkk,¡gksrhgSa]tSlsjktuhfrdO;oLFkk]èkk£edO;oLFkk]'kS{kf.kdO;oLFkk]vk£FkdO;oLFkk]vkfnAbulHkhO;oLFkkvksaesaizR;sdvar%fØ;k'khyO;fDrdkdksbZudksbZdk;ZgksrkgSA
3-10 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dk vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk (Meaning and Definition of Social Stratification)
lkekftdLrjhdj.klektdksmPp,oafuEuoxks±esafoHkkftrdjusvkSjLrjfuekZ.kdjusdh,dO;oLFkkgSALrjhdj.k'kCnlekt'kkL=kesaHkw&xHkZ'kkL=k(Geology)lsfy;kx;kgSAHkw&xHkZ'kkL=kesafeV~VhopV~VkuksadksfofHkUuLrjksaesackaVktkrkgSAlektesaHkhmlhizdkjdhvusdlkekftdijrsaik;htkrhgSaAizR;sdlektviuhtula[;kdksvk;]O;olk;]laifÙk]tkfr]èkeZ]f'k{kk]iztkfr,oainksaosQvkèkkjijfuEu,oamPpJsf.k;ksaesafoHkkftrdjrkgSAizR;sdfoHkktu,dijrosQlekugSvkSjoslHkhijrsatcmPprk,oafuEurkosQØeesaj[khtkrhgSarkslkekftdLrjhdj.kosQukelstkuhtkrhgSaAfofHkUufo}kuksauslkekftdLrjhdj.kdksfuEuizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kgSµ
ftlcVZ osQvuqlkj]¶lkekftdLrjhdj.klektdkmuLFkk;hlewgksavFkokJsf.k;ksaesafoHkktugStksfdvkilesaJs"Brk,oavèkhurkosQlacaèkksa}kjklac¼gksrsgSaA¸
jse.M ewjs osQvuqlkj]¶Lrjhdj.kmPprj,oafuEurjlkekftdbdkbZ;ksaesalektdk{kSfrtfoHkktugSA¸
lnjyS.M ,oa oaqMcMZosQ'kCnksaesa]¶Lrjhdj.kosQoyvar%&fØ;kvFkokfoHksnhdj.kdhgh,dizfØ;kgS]ftlesaoqQNO;fDr;ksadksnwljsO;fDr;ksadhrqyukesamPpfLFkfrizkIrgksrhgSA¸
VkydkWV ikjlUl osQvuqlkj]¶fdlhlektO;oLFkkesaO;fDr;ksadkÅ¡psvkSjuhpsØe&foU;klesafoHkktughLrjhdj.kgSA¸
vkWxcuZ,oafuedkWiQosQvuqlkj]¶ogizfØ;kftlosQ}kjkO;fDr;ksa,oalewgksadksFkksM+s&cgqrLFkk;hifjfLFkfr;ksaosQmPprk,oafuEurkosQØeesaJs.khc¼fd;ktkrkgS]Lrjhdj.kosQukelstkuktkrkgSA¸
mi;qZDrifjHkk"kkls;gLi"VgSfdlkekftdLrjhdj.k}kjklektfofHkUumPp,oafuEulewgksaesafoHkkftr,oaO;ofLFkrgksrkgSrFkk;slewg,d&nwljslsijLijtqM+sgksrsgSavkSjlkekftd,drkdkscuk,j[krsgq,lektesafLFkjrkdk;ej[krsgSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 83
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
3-11 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k osQ fl¼kar (Theories of Social Stratification)
D;kdkj.kgSfdfo'oosQlHkhlektksaesaLrjhdj.kfo|ekugS]rFkkbldhizfØ;kD;kgS\,slsghiz'uksadkmÙkjnsusosQfy,lekt'kkfL=k;ksausfofHkUufl¼karksadkizfriknufd;kgSAmuesals;gk¡oqQNdkmYys[kdjsaxsA
(1) la?k"kZ dk fl¼kar (Conflict Theory)
blfl¼karosQizfrikndksaesadkyZekDlZvxz.kh;gSAmUgksauslkekftdLrjhdj.kdkslektesaik;stkusokysla?k"kZosQvkèkkjijLi"Vfd;kgSAblfl¼kardkmYys[kmUgksausviuhÑfr^oaQE;qfuLVeSfuisQLVks*(Communist Menifesto)esafd;kgSAosfy[krsgSa]¶vktrdtksHkhlektvfLrRoesavk,mudkbfrgkloxZ&la?k"kZdkbfrgklgSA¸bldkrkRi;ZgSfdizR;sd;qxesalkekftdoxZekStwnjgsgSavkSjmuesaijLijla?k"kZjgkgSAizkphule;esaLora=kvkSjnkl]oqQyhuovoqQyhu]lkearvkSjvèkZ&nkl]vR;kpkjhvkSjihfM+r]vkfnoxZjgsgSaAorZekuiw¡thoknhle;esacqtqZvk(iw¡thifr),oaloZgkjk(Jfed);snksoxZizeq[kgSatksijLijla?k"kZjrgSaAmPpoxZuslnSoghfuEuoxZdk'kks"k.kfd;kgSA
oxks±dktUemRiknuosQlkèkuksaijLokfeRovFkokvLokfeRoosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSAblvkèkkjijlektesanksizèkku,oafojksèkhoxks±dktUegksrkgSµ,dogftldkmRiknuosQlkèkuksaijLokfeRogksrkgSvkSjnwljkogtksbllsoafprgksrkgSAoxks±dkLo:imRiknuosQ<axijfuHkZjdjrkgSAmRiknudk<axHkhblhckrijfuHkZjgksrkgSfdoglektizkS|ksfxdhosQdkSulsLrjijgSA'kqEihVj dkergSfdekDlZdhizeq[k#fpoxks±osQfodklesaFkhAcksVkseksj dgrsgSafdekDlZlkekftdojktuhfrdifjorZuykusesaoxks±dhHkwfedkesa#fpj[krkFkkAorZekuvkS|kfxd,oaiw¡thoknhO;oLFkkesamRiknuosQlkèkuksaijLokfeRodhn`f"Vlsnksoxks±dkmn;gqvkgSµ,diw¡thifrdkcqtqZvkoxZvkSjnwljkJfedoxZ(loZgkjk)dkAiw¡thifrvfèkdkfèkdykHkdekusosQfy,Jfedksadksde&ls&densukpkgrsgSaAJfed&oxZbl'kks"k.kdkfojkssèkdjrkgS]¯drqiw¡thifrtksfdviuhvk£Fkd'kfDrosQvkèkkjijjktuhfrd'kfDrHkhèkkj.kdjrsgSa]JfedksaosQfojksèkdkFkksM+sle;osQfy,neudjnsrsgSa]¯drqm|ksxksadk,dLFkkuijosaQnzhdj.kgksus];krk;krosQlkèkuksadkfodklgksus]iw¡thifrvkSjJfedksaosQchpvk£Fkd,oalkekftdnwjhosQc<+us]vkfnosQdkj.kJfedoxZesa,drk,oapsrukdho`f¼gksrhgSA
os,dtqVgksdjiw¡thifr;ksalsla?k"kZdjrsgSavkSjvarr%liQyrkizkIrdjrsgSaAblizdkjekDlZvk£Fkddkj.kdksghoxZdkvkèkkjekurkgSA;|fiogblckrlsHkyh&HkkafrifjfprFkkfdlkekftdfoHksnhdj.klsbunksizèkkuoxks±osQvfrfjDrfojksèkhfgrksaokysdbZvU;lewgHkhmRiUugkstkrsgSa]¯drqmlusblrF;dhvuns[khdhAbldkdkj.k;gFkkfdogoxZ&foghulektosQvkn'kZ,oajktuhfrdizfrc¼rklscaèkkgqvkFkkAekDlZoxk±sosQtUeesavk£Fkddkj.kksadksghizeq[kvkSjvU;lHkhdkj.kksadksbllsizHkkforekursgSaAèkeZ]dyk]Kku]foKku]laLÑfr]n'kZu,oalkfgR;lHkhoqQNlektdhvFkZO;oLFkklsghizHkkforgksrsgSaAvk£Fkddkj.kghizeq[kgS]uhaogSftlijèkeZ]lH;rk]dyk,oalaLÑfrdhvèkks&lajpuk(Super-Structure)dk;egSAekDlZJfedksadksviusy{;dhiw£rosQfy,tkx:d,oa,dtqVgksusdkvkea=k.knsrkgSAogdgrkgSµ^nqfu;kosQetnwjksa,dgks]rqEgsarqEgkjhcsfM+;ksaosQflokoqQNugha[kksukgS*(Workers of the world unite, you have to loose nothing except your chains)AekDlZetnwjksadksèkeZlscpusosQfy,HkhdgrsgSaD;ksafdmuosQvuqlkjèkeZviQhegSftldkiz;ksxiwathifrviusfgrksadhj{kkosQfy,HkhdjrsgSaA;giw¡thifr;ksalsfdlhizdkjdkle>kSrkudjusdhckrdgrsgSaAekDlZJfedksadhfot;osQizfrdkiQhvk'kkoknhjgsgSaA
84 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
vkykspuk
ekDlZosQoxZ&la?k"kZosQfl¼kardhvusdvkykspuk,¡dhtkrhgSaµ(1)ekDlZusviusfl¼karesavk£Fkddkj.kksadksvko';drklsvfèkdegÙofn;kgSvkSjlkekftd]èkk£ed,oalkaLÑfrddkjdksadhvogsyukdhgSA(2)vktrddkbfrgkl;gcrkrkgSfdlHkhlektksaesaoxZjgsgSa]fiQjekDlZ}kjkoxZ&foghulektdkvkn'kZ,ddYiukek=kgS]O;ogkjesa,slklaHkoughagSA(3)ekDlZus;gHkhughacrk;kfdoxZ&foghulektesalkekftdLrjhdj.kdkD;kvkèkkjgksxkD;ksafdLrjhdj.k,dlkoZHkkSfedrF;gSA(4)ftulektksaesaoxZ&O;oLFkkgS]ogk¡oxZ&la?k"kZdkfl¼karykxwgksldrkgS]drqHkkjrtSlsns'kesatgk¡tkfr&izFkkfo|ekugS];giwjhrjgykxwughagksrkgSA(5)tkWuludgrsgSafdmRiknuosQnkSjkula?k"kZdhctk;lg;ksxvfèkdgksrkgSAfcuklg;ksxosQmRiknuBigkstkrkgSAvr%Jfedksaoiw¡thifr;ksaesalnSola?k"kZdhckrmfprizrhrughagskrhgSA(6)orZekule;esaljdkj,oaiw¡thifr;ksausJfedksaosQdY;k.kosQfy,vusddk;Zfd;sgSaAbllsmuesala?k"kZosQLFkkuijlg;ksxc<+kgSA(7)ekDlZdhdbZHkfo";okf.k;k¡xyrfl¼gqbZgSavkSjvktoxks±dkfodklmlizdkjlsughagksjgkgSftlizdkjdhmlusdYiukdhFkhA(8)ekDlZusoqQNjktuhfrdmís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,viusfl¼kardkizfriknufd;kFkkA;gvko';dughafdlektesaoxks±dkfuekZ.kmldhjktuhfrdizfrc¼rkosQvuqlkjghgksAmlosQfopkjksaesai{kikr,oavoSKkfudrkik;htkrhgSA
(2) izdk;Zoknh fl¼kar (Functional Theory)
lkekftdLrjhdj.kosQ izdk;Zoknh fl¼kardkizfriknu ¯dXlysMsfolrFkk foycVZewj usviusys[k ^le fizfUliyvkWiQ LVªSVhfiQosQ'ku* (Some Principles of Stratification)esa fd;kgSAmUgksausviukys[kblekU;rklsizkjaHkfd;kgSfddksbZHkhlektoxZ&foghuughagS_lHkhlektksaesalaLrj.kik;ktkrkgSAlHkhlektksaesaLrjhdj.kblfy,ik;ktkrkgsfdizR;sdlekt;geglwldjrkgSfdlkekftdlajpukesaO;fDr;ksadkdksbZudksbZLFkkufuf'prgksukpkfg,rFkkfofHkUuinksadksizkIrdjusdhmUgsaizsj.kknhtkuhpkfg,Ablizdkjlkekftdfo"kerklektesavpsru:iesafodflrgksrhgSAblosQ}kjklekt,slhO;oLFkkdjrkgS]fdlclsegÙoiw.kZinksaijlclsegÙoiw.kZO;fDrghigq¡psA
MsfcldgrsgSa]¶lektosQfofHkUuinksaosQfy,fofHkUu;ksX;rk,oacqf¼dhvko';drkiM+rhgSrFkkoqQNO;fDr;ksadkegÙovfèkdgksrkgSA¸tksinlkekftdn`f"VlsvfèkdegÙoiw.kZgksrsgSa],slsinksaosQfy,vfèkdiqjLdkjdhO;oLFkkdhtkrhgSAegÙoiw.kZdk;ks±dksdjusosQfy,fo'ks"kizfrHkk,oaizf'k{k.kdhvko';drkgksrhgSAoqQNizf'k{k.kdfBuvkSj[kphZysgksrsgSaAvr%mUgsalHkhO;fDrizkIrughadjldrsAblfy,buinksaosQfy,]lektvfèkdlqfoèkk,oaiqjLdkjdhO;oLFkkdjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]lektesaMkWDVj]bathfu;j]vkbZ-,-,l-]vkfnosQinegaxsvkSjvfèkdifjJeosQcknizkIrgksrsgSaµctk;,dvè;kid;kprqFkZJs.khdeZpkjhosQinosQAvr%buinksaosQfy,lekt}kjkvfèkdosru,oalqfoèkkvksadhO;oLFkkdhx;hgSAiz'umBrkgSfdfofHkUuinksadksèkkj.kdjus,oamuosQvuqlkjdk;Zdjusdhizsj.kknsusosQfy,lektyksxksadksD;kiqjLdkjnsrkgS]MsfoldgrkgSfdlektrhuizdkjosQiqjLdkjnsrkgS]izFkelektosoLrq,¡nsrkgStksO;fDr;ksaosQthou&èkkj.k,oavkjkeosQfy,vko';dgksrhgSa]vFkkZr~vk£FkdizksRlkguAf}rh;]lekteucgykorFkklkSan;ZrFkkcksèkkRedizÑfrdhoLrq,¡iznkudjrkgSAr`rh;]lektvkRelEeku,oavgadhrqf"VdjusokyhoLrq,¡iznkudjrkgSvFkkZr~izrhdkRedizksRlkgunsrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]ohjrkizn£'krdjusokyslSfudksadks^ijeohjpØ*vkSjegkohjpØ*iznkufd;stkrsgSaAjk"Vªifr}kjknhtkusokyh^HkkjrjRu*]^ine~foHkw"k.k*rFkk^in~eJh*]vkfnmikfèk;k¡lEekutudiqjLdkjgSaA
blizdkjtclektesaoqQNyksxksadksvfèkdvfèkdkj]iqjLdkj,oalqfoèkk,¡iznkudhtkrhgSavkSjoqQNdksderkslektesaLor%ghLrjhdj.kiSnkgkstkrkgSAiz'umBrkgSfdD;k;gfl¼karosQoyeqDrlektksa(Open societies)esaghgksrkgSAtgk¡O;fDr;ksX;rk,oaizf'k{k.kosQvkèkkjij
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 85
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
inksadksizkIrdjldrkgS;k;gmulektksaijHkhykxwgksrkgStgk¡intUe,oaikfjokfjdfLFkfrosQvkèkkjijizkIrgksrsgSaAmnkgj.kosQfy,]HkkjresavusdintkfrosQvkèkkjijizkIrgksrsgSaAMsfoldkergSfd;gfl¼karcan,oaeqDrnksuksaghlektksaijykxwgksrkgSD;ksafdLrjhdj.kesaO;fDr;ksadkughaoju~inksadksdk&foU;kl(Ranking)gksrkgSAHkkjresaHkhinksaosQegÙo,oadk;ks±dhizÑfrosQvuqlkjØe&foU;klik;ktkrkgSALi"VgSfdLrjhdj.k,dlkoZHkkSfedrF;gSA
vkykspuk
izdk;Zoknhfl¼kardhdbZlekt'kkfL=k;ksausvkykspukdhgSAcksVkseksjusbldhoqQNvkykspuk,¡fuEuizdkjdhgSaµ
(1) ;gckrlghughagSfdLrjhdj.k,dlkoZHkkSfed%rF;gSvkSjlHkhlektksaesainksadh,dlqfuf'prO;oLFkkgksrhgSA
(2) izdk;Zokfn;ksa}kjkiz;qDr^lokZfèkdegÙoiw.kZ fLFkfr;k¡*vkSj^lkoZfèkd;ksX;O;fDr;ksa*nksuksagh'kCnkofy;k¡Li"VughagSaAlektesalHkhin,oaO;fDrvius&viusLFkkuijegÙoiw.kZgSaD;ksafdlektdkslHkhizdkjosQdk;ks±dhvko';drkgksrhgSAD;kpekj]tqykgkvkSjgfjtudkdk;ZjktklsdeegÙoiw.kZgS\fiQj;gdgukHkhlghughagSfdegÙoiw.kZinksaij;ksX;O;fDrghigq¡prsgSaAdbZckjv;ksX;O;fDrHkh?kwl,oafliQkfj'kosQ}kjkegÙoiw.kZinksaijigq¡ptkrsgSaAdbZckj;gO;fDr;ksadh#fpijHkhfuHkZjdjrkgSfdosegÙoiw.kZizfLFkfr;k¡xzg.kdjsa;kughaA
(3) ;gfl¼karO;fDr;ksaosQinksadhvoèkkj.kkijvkèkkfjrgSufdlkekftdlewg,oaoxZijA
(4) ;g fl¼karlkekftdLrjhdj.kosQ fofHkUuizdkjksavkSj,dizdkjlsnwljsizdkjeasifjorZudhizfØ;kdkHkhfooj.kizLrqrughadjrk]osQoymUgsaLohdkjek=kdjrkgSA
(5) ;gfl¼karlkekftdLrjhdj.kvkSjjktuhfrla?k"kZosQchposQlacaèkksaijizdk'kughaMkyrkA
cksVkseksj}kjkizLrqrmDrvkykspuk,¡egÙoiw.kZgSa]ijarqfiQjHkhmudhblvkykspukdksLohdkjughafd;ktkldrkgSfdLrjhdj.klkoZHkkSfedughagSA
(3) eSDl oscj dk fl¼kar (Theory of Max Weber)
eSDloscjHkhekDlZdhHkkafrLrjhdj.kmRiUudjusesaoxks±osQegÙodksLohdkjdjrsgSaAosoxZosQfuèkkZj.kesavk£FkddkjdksaosQegÙodksLohdkjdjrsgSaAlaifÙkijvfèkdkj]lkekftdvolj]thoulacaèkhlqfoèkkvksa,oaoxZ fuèkkZj.kosQ fy,egÙoiw.kZgSAtgk¡ekDlZosQoyvk£FkddkjdksadksghegÙoiw.kZekurkgS]ogk¡oscjvk£FkdosQlkFk&lkFklÙkk,oa'kfDrdksHkhegÙoiw.kZekursgSaAlaifÙkosQvkèkkjijnksoxZcursgSaµ,dlaifÙkosQvfèkdkjh,oanwljklaifÙkfoghuAblhizdkjlÙkk,oalEekuHkhlektesaLrjiSnkdjrsgSaAlaifÙkijvfèkdkjj[kusokysyksxksadklektesafof'k"VlEekugksrkgSrFkkoslÙkkizkIrdjusesaHkhl{kegksrsgSaAblizdkjlaifÙk]'kfDr,oalEekulektesaLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrsgSaA
(4) vU; fl¼kar (Other Theories)
lkekftdLrjhdj.klslacafèkroqQNvU;fl¼karksadkge;gk¡la{ksiesamYys[kdjsaxs%
osCyu(Veblen)usviuhiqLrd‘The Theory of Leisure Class’esafoyklhoxZdkfl¼karizLrqrfd;kAogoxZftlosQiklO;fDrxrlaifÙkcgqrgksrhgSvkSjtksmRiknudhizkS|ksfxdhiz.kkyhviukrhgS]foyklhoxZosQukelstkuktkrkgSA;goxZvk£Fkdn`f"Vlslqjf{krgksrkgSAbldkvfèkdkjcM+s&cM+sm|ksxksa]O;kikj]cSad]dkuwuO;oLFkk,oavkS|ksfxdlaLFkkuksaijgksrkgSAvk£Fkd
86 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
cyosQdkj.kgh;goxZ&vU;lHkhyksxksalsvfèkdlqfoèkk,¡vkSjvkjkeHkksxrkgSvkSjnwljksaijviukizHkqRodk;edjrkgSA;goxZfdlhizdkjdkmRiknudk;ZughadjrkgSAblizdkjosCyulektdksnksoxks±esafoHkDrdjrkgSµizFke]ogtksvuqRikndgksrsgq,Hkhviuhvk£Fkd'kfDrosQdkj.kfoykldhoLrqvksadkmiHkksxdjrkgS,oaf}rh;]ogtksmRiknudk;ZesayxkgksusijHkhviuh{kh.kvk£FkdfLFkfrosQdkj.kbPNkuqlkjmiHkksxdjusesavleFkZgksrkgSAosCyudkergSfdmiHkksxosQlacaèkesa;gfHkUurkvkfnedkylspyhvk;hgS]¯drqmlle;ijaijk,¡ghr;djrhFkhafddkSufdloLrqdkmiHkksxdjsxkAblizdkjlektesaÅ¡psouhpsnksoxZcutkrsgSatksLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrsgSaA
okjuj(Warner)usvesfjdulektesaoxZcuusosQvkèkkjksadkvè;;ufd;kvkSjdgkfdlEekuvkSjizfLFkfr&lewgoxZfuekZ.kesalgk;dgSaAmlusvesfjdulektesaN%oxks±dkmYys[kfd;ktkslektesaLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrsgSaAosgSaµ(1)mPpmPpreoxZ](2)fuEumPpreoxZ](3)mPpeè;eoxZ](4)fuEueè;eoxZ](5)mPpfuEuoxZ]rFkk(6)fuEureoxZA
lh-jkbVfeYl(C. Wright Mills)usLrjhdj.kosQfy,'kfDrdksegÙoiw.kZekukgSAvk£Fkdn`f"VlslaiUuO;fDrlsukosQmPpkfèkdkfj;ksalsviuslacaèkdk;edjysrsgSavkSjlektesavk£Fkd]jktuhfrd,oalkekftdn`f"VlsizHkko'kkyhcutkrsgSaAnwljhrjiQosyksxgksrsgSaftudkvk£Fkd]jktuhfrdolkekftdizHkkode;kux.;gksrkgSA;gfHkUurkghlektesaLrjhdj.kiSnkdjrhgSA
ikjlUl(Parsons)laifÙkdksO;fDrdhlkekftdizfLFkfrosQfuèkkZj.kesaegÙoiw.kZekursgSaAikjlUlizdk;ZoknhdhblckrdksLohdkjdjrsgSafdlektosQegÙoiw.kZinksadks;ksX;O;fDr;ksa}kjkghHkjktkrkgSAlektesadkSu&lkinegÙoiw.kZgksxk];glkekftdewY;ksa,oamís';ksaijfuHkZjdjrkgSAlarqyu,oa,drkesafo'okldjusokys]lektosQmís';la?k"kZesafo'okldjusokyslektlsfHkUugksrsgSaAblizdkjlkekftdewY;,oamís';Lrjhdj.kosQizeq[kvkèkkjgSaA
xksYMgSejrFkkf'kYl(Goldhamer and Shils)us'kfDrdkslkekftdLrjhdj.kdkvkèkkjekukgSAO;fDrdhfLFkfrmlsizkIr'kfDrdhek=kkosQvuqlkjÅ¡ph;kuhphgksldrhgSAizHkkodhek=kkvkSjizHkkforgksusokysyksxksadhla[;kosQ?kVus&c<+usosQlkFk&lkFkO;fDrdhfLFkfresaHkhmrkj&p<+kovkldrkgSA
3-12 èkeZ&ra=k dh voèkkj.kk (Concept of Hierarchy)
thouosQekSfydiz'uksaijHkkjrh;fpardvkfn&dkyesaghfopkjdjrsvkSjle;≤ij,slhO;oLFkkvksadksizLrkfordjrsjgsgSatksekuorkosQfodklesa;ksxnsrhgSa]euq";dksviukthouliQycukusesalgk;rkigq¡pkrhgSavkSjmlsviusdrZO;ksadkcksèkdjkrsgq,ikyudjusdhizsj.kknsrhgSaAHkkjrh;fo}kuksaosQfparu]euuvkSjthouosQfofHkUu{ks=kksaesaizkIrvuqHkoksadkizHkkoHkkjrh;lkekftdlaLFkkvksaijcgqrxgjkiM+rkgSAoqQNyksxksadhrks;gekU;rkgSfdlaLFkkvksaosQfodklosQi'pkr~mUgsaroZQ&laxrBgjkusdhn`f"VlserjpstkrsgSaAbufopkjksadksân;axedjgeHkkjrh;lkekftdlaLFkkvksadksvfèkdljyrklsle>ldrsgSaA
Hkkjrh;lektèkeZ&izk.klektdgykrkjgkgSvkSjèkeZdhizR;sd{ks=kesaegÙkkjghgSAèkeZ]O;fDr]ifjokj]lektvkSjlaiw.kZjk"VªosQthoudksvusd:iksaesaizHkkfordjrkjgkgSA;gk¡HkkSfrdlq[kizkfIrdksthoudkijey{;ughaekudjèkeZlap;dksizèkkurknhxbZgSAHkkjrh;lkekftdO;oLFkkewyr%èkeZijvkèkkfjrgSA;gk¡èkeZosQvkèkkjijthouosQleLrdk;ks±dhO;oLFkkdjusdkiz;klfd;kx;kgSAHkkjrh;lektesaO;fDrKku]HkfDrvFkokdeZosQ}kjkijes'ojosQLo:idksle>usdkiz;RudjrkjgkgSAoglr~]fpr~vkSjvkuUndhizkfIrdkiz;klrFkkthouosQijelR;dkstkuusdhdksf'k'kesayxkjgkAMkW- jkèkkÑ".kuusfy[kkgS]¶èkeZdhèkkj.kkosQvarxZr¯gnwmulcvuq"BkuksavkSjxfrfofèk;ksadksysvkrkgS]tksekuoh;thoudksx<+rhvkSjcuk;sj[krh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 87
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
gSAgekjsi`Fko~Q&i`Fko~QfgrgksrsgaS]fofHkUubPNk;sagksrhgaSvkSjfojksèkhvko';dgksrhgS]tksc<+rhgSvkSjc<+usdhn'kkesaghifjo£rrHkhgkstkrhgSAmulcdks?ksj?kkjdj,dlexz:iesaizLrqrdjnsukèkeZdkiz;kstugSAèkeZdkfl¼kargesavkè;kfRedokLrfodrkvksadksekU;rknsusosQizfrltxdjrkgSAlalkjesafojfDr}kjkugha]vfirqblosQthouesa]blosQO;olk;(vFkZ)vkSjblosQvkuUn(dke)esavkè;kfRedfo'okldhfu;a=k.k'kfDrdkizos'kdjkusosQ}kjkizkIrgksrkgSAthou,dgSvkSjblesaikjykSfdd(ifo=k)vkSj,sfgd(lkalkfjd)dkdksbZHksnughagSAHkfDrvkSjeqfDr,d&nwljsosQfojksèkhughagSaAèkeZ]vFkZvkSjdkelkFkghjgrsgSaAnSfud&thouosQlkekU;O;olk;lPpsvFkks±esaHkxokudhlsokgSAlkekU;ÑR;HkhmrusghizHkkohgSaftruhdheqfu;ksadhlkèkukA
Li"VgSfdèkeZ¯gnqvksaosQthoudkstUelsysdje`R;qrdvusd:iksaesaizHkkfordjrkjgkgSAVkYlVkW;usdgkgSµ¶gekjs;qxosQmn~HkVfo}kuksausr;djfn;kgSfdvcèkeZdhdksbZvko';drkugharFkk;gHkhfdfoKkuèkeZdkLFkkuysxkvFkokyspqdkgSA¯drqfiQjHkh;glR;vfeVgSfdèkeZosQfcukuigys]rFkkuvcdksbZeuq";]lektvkSjfoosdhiq#"kthforgS]ujgldrkgSA¸MkW- jkèkkdey eqdthZuscryk;kgS¶Hkkjrh;thoujpukdkfuekZ.kvkRek]izÑfrrFkkijekRekvkSjmuosQikjLifjdlacaèkksadhfoospukdjusokyslw{evkè;kfRedn'kZuosQvkèkkjijgqvkgSA¸blizdkjLi"VgSfdijaijkxrHkkjrh;lkekftdO;oLFkkèkeZijvkèkkfjrjghgSA
èkeZ,dvR;arO;kidvoèkkj.kkgSAèkeZmlekSfyd'kfDrosQ:iesatkuktkldrkgSAtksHkkSfrdvkSjvkè;kfRedO;oLFkkdkvkèkkj:igSvkSjtksmlO;oLFkkdkscuk;sj[kusosQfy,vko';dgSAfxfyuvkSjfxfyuusèkeZdksifjHkkf"krdjrsgq,fy[kkgS]¶,dlkekftdlewgesaO;kIrmulaosxkRedfo'oklksadkstksfdlhvykSfdd'kfDrlslacafèkrgSvkSjlkFkgh,slsfo'oklksalslacafèkrizdVO;ogkjksa]HkkSfrdoLrqvksa,oaizrhdksadksèkeZosQlekt'kkL=kh;{ks=kesalfEefyrekuktkldrkgSA¸^fjyhtu*'kCnosQvarxZrvykSfddfo'okl,oavfèk&izkÑfrd'kfDr;k¡vkrhgSa]ijarq¯gnwèkeZdklacaèkeq[;r%euq";osQdrZO;cksèklsgSA¯gnwèkeZ,dKkugStksvyx&vyxifjfLFkfr;ksaesaO;fDr;ksaosQfofHkUudrZO;ksadkscrykrkgS]mUgsadrZO;iFkijpyrsjgusdhizsj.kkiznkudjrkgS]ekuoksfprxq.kksadksmuesafodflrdjrkgSAosn]mifu"kn~]xhrk]Le`fr;k¡]iqjk.krFkkeuq";dkvar%&dj.k¯gnwèkeZosQewyÏksrgSaA;sxzaFkÍf"k;ksaosQvuqHkwriz;ksxksaosQifj.kkegSa]muosQfparuvkSjeuuosQToyUrmnkgj.kgSaAbuèkeZ&xzaFkksaosQekè;elsHkkjrh;lkekftdO;oLFkkdkLo:ifuèkkZfjrdjusdkiz;klfd;kx;kgSAbuxzaFkksaesaèkeZdhfoLr`rO;k[;kdhxbZgS]vusdvFkks±esaèkeZdkiz;ksxfd;kx;kgSAMkW- bUnznsousfy[kkgS]¶èkeZosQvarxZruSfrdfu;e]dkuwu]jhfr&fjokt]oSKkfudfu;ebR;kfncgqr&lhèkkj.kk;savktkrhgSaAehtusviuhiqLrd^èkeZ,aMlkslk;Vh*esaizkphulkfgR;esaizkIrèkeZ'kCnosQvusdvFkks±dkfoospufd;kgSAmUgksauscryk;kgSfdèkeZ'kCndkiz;ksxewrZvFkokvewrZnksuksa:iksaesagqvkgSA
euq";osQleLrvkfnevkSjlH;lektksaesa^èkeZ*laLÑfrdk,dvfHkUuvaxjgkgSAèkeZeuq";lektdhlkoZnsf'kdfo'ks"krkgSA¯drqizR;sdliktosQèkk£edfo'okldkLo:ivkSjvH;klcgqèkknwljslektosQèkeZlsfHkUugksrsgSaAlH;lalkjesaoqQN,slsèkeZvo';gSaftuosQvuq;k;h;ksadhla[;kdjksM+ksardigq¡pxbZgSvkSjtksdbZegk}hiksardiSQysgSaA
èkeZlaLÑfrlsizfrf"Br,slkO;ogkjgSftlesayksxfdlhvykSfdd'kfDr;kthoesafo'okldjrsgSavkSjlkeqnkf;doS;fDrdvkpj.kijmllokZsifjlÙkkdksizlUudjviusJs;l~dhdkeukdjrsgSaAèkekZpj.kesaekufldvkSj'kkjhfjdfØ;k,¡nksuksaghdklekos'kgksrkgSAekufldfØ;k,¡osxgjsm}sxvkSjHkkouk,¡gSatksvykSfddlÙkkesafo'oklosQlkFktqM+sjgrsgSaA'kkjhfjdfØ;k,¡osdk;Z;kO;ogkjgksrhgSaftulsmlvykSfdd'kfDrdksizlUufd;ktkrkgSA
vr,oèkeZosQLo:iesarhurRo'kkfeygSa%(1)vykSfddvFkokifo=k(izkÑfrdugha)'kfDr;kthoudhloZ'kfDreÙkkesafo'okl](2)blfo'oklosQlkFktqM+hgqbZm}sxiw.kZHkkouk,¡](3)fo'oklksavkSjHkkoukvksaosQifjikyuosQfy,izxVO;ogkjAèkeZosQburhuksaigyqvksaesa?kfu"Bvar%lacaèkgksrkgSA
88 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
3-13 vlekurk rFkk Lrjhdj.k (Inequality and Stratification)
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lekt'kkL=kh;fo'ys"k.kesagesa¶ekuoizÑfresavar£ufgrvlekurkvksalsviukè;kuvfLrRodhmudhifjfLFkfr;ksaesavar£ufgrvlekurkvksadhvksjystkukiM+rkgSA¸blckrlsbadkjughafd;ktkldrkgSfdtUeosQle;'kkjhfjdvkSjekufldnksuksafygktksalseuq";vlekuxq.kofo'ks"krk,¡j[krsgSaAijbulokyksadksysdj'kksèk&vuqlaèkkudjukthooSKkfudksadksljksdkjgSaufdlekt'kkfL=k;ksadkAlekt'kkL=khbuxq.kksadksekudjpyrsgSaAlp;ghgSfdosmulkekftdn'kkvksaijfopkjdjrsgSavkSjfofHkUuizdkjdhvlekurkvksadkstUensrsgSaAlkekftdfoHksnhdj.kvlekurkdk,slkgh,dizdkjgSAvr%gjtxgvkSjgjdkyesa¯yxosQvkèkkjijyksxksaesafoHksnhdj.kO;kIrjgkgSAiq#"kksavkSjukfj;ksadhvyx&vyxizfLFkfr;k¡vkSjHkwfedk,¡gSaAuosQoymuosQfØ;kdykifHkUu&fHkUugSacfYdbufØ;kdykiksadkewY;kaduHkhvyx&vyxrjglsgksrkgSAvk;qosQvkèkkjijHkhblhrjgdklkekftdfoHksnhdj.kfd;ktkrkgSAftufØ;kdykiksaosQizfriknudhvk'kk;qodksavkSjcqtqZxksalsdhtkrhgSmuosQvkèkkjijos,d&nwljslsfHkUugksrsgSaAlkekftde;kZnkvkSjizfr"Bk]tksmuosQO;fDrRoksalstqM+hgksrhgSosQvkèkkjijHkhmuesafHkUurkn`f"VxkspjgksrhgSAblhrjgukrsnkjhdkyksdizpfyrO;ogkj]tksfofHkUuukrsnkjh;koqQVqEchtuksaosQikjLifjdO;ogkjdksfu;af=krdjrkgS]foHksnhdj.kdkchtkjksi.kdjrkgSAbllanHkZesagepky&pyuvkSjvkpkj&fopkjosQ oqQN fu;eksa ij fopkjdj ldrs gSaA vr%vknj&Hkko trkus ls lacafèkr yksdkpkj lkekftdvlekurkosQikjaifjdizrhdgSaAblosQvuqlkj]fuEurjizfLFkfrokykO;fDrmPprjizfLFkfrokysO;fDrosQizfrvknjolEekutrkrkgSAlkekftdfoHksnhdj.kdkO;kid:ilsLohÑr,dvU;vkèkkjis'kk;kjkstxkjgSAblfygktlsyksxvfHk;arkvksa]MkWDVjksavkSjf'k{kdksa]vkfntSlslewgksaesafoHkDrgksrsgSaAjkstxkjijvkèkkfjr;sfoHkktulektosQ^yEcor~*(c£Vdy)foHkktuksadkstUensrsgSaA
lkekftdvlekurk;koS"kE;dhmi;qZDrèkkj.kkvksaosQvfrfjDrlkekftdvlekurkdh,dvkSjdksfVgksrhgStkslekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsvfèkdegÙoiw.kZgksrhgSA;sfHkUu&fHkUulkekftdrcdksaesalektdk^f{kfrth;*foHkktugSAblvkèkkjijizR;sdrcdklkekftdrkSjijmPprj;kfuEurjizfLFkfrdhigpkufy,gq,,ddekscs'kLFkk;hlkekftdoxZdkfuekZ.kdjrkgSAekSfjlfxUlcxZuslkekftdoxks±dks¶leqnk;osQ,slsva'kksavFkokO;fDr;ksaosQ,slsladyuksa¸osQgksrsgsvkSjvU;gs;rkrFkkJs"BrkosQLohÑr;kvuq'kfLrijvkèkkfjrekudksaosQdkj.klektosQvU;rcdksalsvyxgksrsgSaA¸ftllektesablrjgosQlkekftdoxks±dkvfLrRogksrkgSmlsLrjhÑrlektdgktkrkgSAeSdkbojvkSjistosQvuqlkjlkekftdLrjhdj.kdhrhufo'ks"krk,¡gSa%(1)izfLFkfrlewgksadklaLrj.k(2)Js"B&ghuLrjhdj.kdhigpku(3)oqQNgnrdlajpuk;k<kapsdkLFkkf;RoA
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 89
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
fuEurjLrjksadkFkksM+k&cgqrewY;kaduHkhvkrkgSftUgsaewY;ksaosQ,dekunaMosQvuqlkjvPNk;kcqjk]csgrj;kcnrjekuktkrkgSA¸
lkekftdLrjhdj.kdhizÑfrdhvfèkdO;kidle>gkflydjusosQfy,geblckrdkvoyksdudjldrsgSafdfofHkUulkekftdrcdksadhlkekftdizfLFkfr;k¡laifÙk]'kfDr]lkekftdewY;kaduvkSjekufldlanks"k(lkbfdyxzSfVfiQosQ'ku)osQvuqlkjvlekugksrhgSaA
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3-14 tkfr rFkk oxZ (Caste and Class)
tkfrrFkkoxZlektesalaLrj.kosQizeq[kvkèkkjgSaAtkfrdkvkèkkjtUegSrksoxZdkvkèkkjèku]laifÙk]vk;]O;olk;]f'k{kk]thou&Lrj]lkekftd,oalkaLÑfrdi{k]vkfngSaAoxZdkfuèkkZj.kO;fDrdhlkekftdfLFkfrosQvkèkkjijfd;ktkrkgSA,dlekulkekftdfLFkfrokysO;fDr;ksaosQlewgdksoxZekuktkrkgSA,doxZesavkuk&tkuklaHkogS]tcfdtkfresa,slkvlaHkogS]O;fDrthoui;ZUr,dghtkfresacukjgrkgSAtkfr,oaoxZdhifjHkk"kkvksa,oafo'ks"krkvksadkmYys[kgeigysdjpqosQgSaA
tkfr vkSj oxZ esa varj (Distinction between Caste and Class)
(1) tkfr,dcanoxZgStcfdoxZesa[kqykiuik;ktkrkgSµpw¡fdtkfrdkvkèkkjtUegS]vr%mldhlnL;rkthoui;±rgksrhgSmlscnykughatkldrk]tcfdoxZdkvkèkkjf'k{kk]O;olk;]laifÙk]vkfngksusosQdkj.kblscnyktkldrkgSA,dO;fDrèkuv£trdjJfedoxZlsekfydoxZesarFkkf'k{kkxzg.kdjf'kf{krksaosQoxZesatkldrkgSAblhdkj.kdgktkldrkgSfdtkfr,dcanoxZgS]tcfdoxZesa[kqykiuik;ktkrkgSA
(2) tkfrdkvkèkkjtUegSoxZdkughaµtkfr&O;oLFkkosQvarxZr,dO;fDrmlhtkfrdklnL;gksrkgSftlesamlustUefy;kgSAoxZdkvkèkkjf'k{kk]laifÙk]is'kk,oaèkeZ]vkfngksusosQdkj.kbuesalsO;fDrftlsHkhizkIrdjysrkgS]mlhosQvkèkkjijmldhoxZlnL;rkdkfuèkkZj.kgksrkgSA
(3) tkfrdhlnL;rkiznÙkgSoxZdhv£trµ,dO;fDrtkfrdhlnL;rkiz;RudjusijHkhcnyughaldrkD;ksafdoglekt}kjktUeosQvkèkkjij,dghckjiznkudhtkrhgS]blfy,;gfLFkjHkhgS]tcfd,dO;fDrtkx:diz;Ruksa}kjkfdlhHkhoxZdhlnL;rkizkIrdjldrkgS]vr%oxZdhlnL;rkv£trgSA
(4) tkfresais'ks fuf'prgksrsgSa]oxZesaughaµtkfrO;oLFkkesaizR;sdtkfrdkO;olk;ijaijkxr,oaiwoZ&fuèkkZfjrgksrkgS]mlhdksviukdjtkfrosQlnL;viukthou;kiudjrsgSaAoxZdkdksbZfuf'pris'kkughagksrkA,doxZosQyksxviuh{kerk,oa;ksX;rkosQvuqlkjfofHkUuO;olk;ksaesayxsgksrsgSaAlHkhJfed,dghO;olk;ughadjrsvkSjulHkhiw¡thifr,dghèkaèksesaiw¡thyxkrsgSaA
90 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
(5) tkfresa[kku&ikuijizfrcaèkgS]oxZeasughaµizR;sdtkfrosQ[kku&ikulacaèkhfu;egksrsgSa]lnL;;gtkursgSafdosfdu&fdutkfr;ksaosQ;gk¡dPpkoiDdkHkkstu]ikuhrFkkgqDdk&chM+hxzg.kdjldrsgSavkSjfduosQ;gk¡ugha]tcfdoxZesablizdkjosQdBksjizfrcaèkughagksrsgSaA
(6) tkfroxZdhvis{kkvfèkdfLFkjgSµpw¡fdtkfrdhlnL;rktUeijvkèkkfjrgksrhgS]vkSj;gcnyhughatkrhgS]vr%tkfrO;oLFkk,dfLFkjlaxBugSAnwljhvksjoxZ&O;oLFkklektdhlkekftd,oajktuhfrdifjfLFkfr;ksaosQvuqlkjcnyrhjgrhgSAlkeUr]nkl]HkwLokeh]tksrnkj]iw¡thifr]Jfed]vkfnosQ:iesale;≤ijvusdoxZvfLrRoesavkrsjgsgSaA
(7) oxZdhvis{kktkfr;ksadklaLrj.kvfèkdfuf'pr,oaLi"Vµtkfr&O;oLFkkesa,dtkfrlsnwljhtkfrosQchplkekftdnwjhfuf'prgksrhgS]dkSu&lhtkfrfdllsÅ¡phofdllsuhphgS];gLi"VgS]¯drqoxZ&O;oLFkkesa,dlaLrj.kgksrsgq,HkhlaLrj.kosQfu;edBksjughagSa],doxZosQegÙodksnwljsdhvis{kkdeughadgktkldrkA
oxZ dh ekDlZoknh voèkkj.kk (Marxian Concept of Class)
lkE;oknosQ firk]dkyZ ekDlZ us oxZdhvk£Fkd O;k[;kdhgSA blizdkjmlus cqtqZvk(Bourgeoisie)]tksmRiknuosQLokehgSarFkkJfed&oxZ(Proletariat)]ftuosQiklmRiknuosQlkèkuughagSa]esafoHksnfd;kgSAcqtZqvkdhlektesamPpfLFkfrgS]D;ksafdmuosQikllaifÙkgS]tcfdJfed&oxZdhfLFkfrfuEugS]D;ksafdmRiknuosQlkèkuksaosQLokehgksusosQctk;ososQoyifjJedjrsgSaAblfy,ekDlZosQvuqlkjmRiknuosQlkèkuksadkLokfeRoO;fDr;ksadhizfLFkfrdkfuèkkZj.kdjrkgSAeSDloScj(Max Weber)usHkhoxZdhifjHkk"kkvk£FkdrÙoksadkizfriQydgdjdhgSAmldkdFkugSfd¶oxZdkfuèkkZj.kO;fDrdh^ekosZQVfLFkfr*]tksizeq[k:ilsblckrijvkfJrgSfdmlosQikllaifÙkgS;kugha]lsgksrkgSA¸fxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)dkHkhfopkjgSfdoxZosQizkFkfedfuèkkZjdrÙovk£FkdgksrsgSaA
ekDlZus;gHkhdgkFkkfdlHkhiwoZbfrgkloxZ&la?k"kZdkbfrgklgSAoxZ&la?k"kZrclekIrgksxktcJfed&oxZlaxfBrgksdjjDrh;Økafr}kjkiw¡thokndksm[kkM+djlekurkijvkèkkfjr,dvarjkZ"Vªh;oxZghulektdhLFkkiukdjusesaliQygkstk,xkA
eSdkboj(Maclver)usekDlZ}kjkcqtZqvk,oaJfed&oxZesafd,x,varjdksewy:iesa=kqfViw.kZ,oaxyrrF;ksaijvkèkkfjrcryk;kgSAvk£FkdfoHkktuosQvkèkkjijlkekftdoxks±dkJs.khdj.knksdkj.kksals=kqfViw.kZgSAizFke]oqQNoxZ&izfLFkfrosQvarj,slsgSa]tksvk£Fkdvarjksalsesyugha[kkrsAblizdkj]czkã.koxZosQlnL;tksmPpoxZgSa],dfuEuoxZosQukSdjgksldrsgSavkSjlaifÙkosQn`f"Vdks.klsmudkLFkkuvarksDrlsfuEugksldrkgSAekDlZosQfopkjkuqlkj]czkã.koxZ,dfuEuoxZgksxk]D;ksafdmuosQikldksbZlaifÙkughagSvkSjosukSdjhdjrsgSa]ijarq¯gnwlektesamudksmPpinizkIrgksrkgSAiqu%,diqjkrulaLFkkfirHkwfenkjoxZèkuhoxZdhvis{kklkekftdinØeesamPple>ktkldrkgSAvk£FkddkjdksaosQ:iesabuesafoHksnhdj.kdjukdfBugksxkA,dlisQniks'kDyoZQ,detwnjlscs'kdvfèkdudekrkgks]pkgsdeghdekrkgks]fiQjHkhlektesaetnwjdhvis{kkmldkinÅ¡pkgSAblizdkjogvk£Fkdn`f"VlsfuEugS]ijarqlkekftdn`f"VlsmPpgSAblosQvfrfjDr]lHkhJfedksadks,dvosQysoxZ&izksyhVsfj;V&esaJs.khc¼ughafd;ktkldrkAvkèkqfudif'pehlektesafofHkUu{ks=kksarFkkfofHkUudkS'kyosQJfedksaesafoHksnfd;ktkrkgSAosviuhvfHk#fp;ksa]n`f"Vdks.kksa,oaHkkoukvksaesa,d&nwljslsfHkUugksrsgSaAJfedksaesaizfr;ksxhoxZ&HkkoukikbZtkrhgSAdksbZmUgsa,doxZlslacafèkrlkspHkhughaldrkAiw¡thifr;ksadkHkh,dvosQykoxZughagSANksVsiw¡thifr;ksaosQfgrcM+siw¡thifr;ksaosQfgrksaosQfojksèkhgSaAmuosQfgrksaesaVDdjgS]vr,omudks,dghlkekftdoxZdklnL;ughaekuktkldrkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 91
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
nwljs];fngelkekftdoxZdhifjHkk"kkfdlhoLrqfu"BdlkSVh]tSlslaifÙkdkLokfeRo]osQvkèkkjijdjsarksbldklekt'kkL=kh;egÙoèkq¡èkykiM+tkrkgSAoxZdhizeq[kfo'ks"krkbldh^oxZpsruk*dhHkkoukgS]tksfdlhoxZosQlnL;ksadksbdV~Bkj[krhgSvkSjmUgsanwljksalsvyxdjrhgSA;fn^lisQniks'k*JfedLo;adksvkS|ksfxdJfedksalsvyxle>rsgSarksfiQjmudk,dlkekftdoxZoSQlsgksldrkgSA,doxZosQlnL;ksadhHkkouklekugksrhgSvkSj;fnmudhHkkouklekuughagSrksos,doxZdkfuekZ.kughadjldrsAekDlZdkdFkuFkkfdlekuvk£Fkdn'kk,¡oxZosQlnL;ksaesalekufopkjksa,oan`f"Vdks.kksa]vFkkZr~oxZ&psurkdkstUensrhgSaAijarqeSdkbojosQvuqlkj]vk£FkddlkSVhijifjHkkf"kroxZ&lnL;rk,oavkRefu"BoxZ&psrukosQeè;dksbZvfuok;ZlacaèkughagSAVkuh(Tawney)dkdFkugSfd¶oxZosQrF;dhoxZ&psruktksfHkUuoLrqgS]osQlkFkHkzkafrlscpukvko';dgSArF;]psrukdksmRiUudjrkgS]psrukrF;dksughaA¸
mi;qZDrosQvfrfjDrekDlZm|ksxoknosQHkkohfodkldksBhdlsuns[kldkAvcizcaèkdh;dk;ZLokfeRoosQdk;ks±lsfHkUugSrFkk,du,eè;oxZ]ftlesaDyoZQ]fupysinksaijdkedjusokysizcaèkdrFkkrduhdhO;fDr'kkfeygSa]dktUegqvkgSAeè;oxZosQfodklusiw¡thifr,oavkS|ksfxdJfedksaosQnksfoyxxqVksadhvksjizokgdkslekIrdjfn;kgSAblizdkj]vkèkqfudlalkjesaoxks±osQfodklosQckjsesaekDlZdhHkfo";ok.khlR;fl¼ughagqbZgSAoxks±osQeè;foHksnosQoyvk£FkdughagS]vfirqlkekftd]jktuhfrd]n`f"Vdks.kh;rFkkthou&'kSyhijvkèkkfjrgSAeuq";dkO;ogkjiw.kZr;kvk£FkdfgrksalsghvfHkizsfjrughagksrkA
oScfyu dk vodk'k&oxZ dk fl¼kar (Veblen’s Theory of leisure Class)
FkklZVsu oScfyu (Thorstein Veblen) us viuh izfl¼ iqLrd ^vodk'k&oxZ* dk fl¼kar(The Theory of the leisure Class)]1899esaizdkf'kr]vodk'k&oxZosQvkjaHk]mldhizÑfrvkSjfo'ks"krkvksadkfo'ys"k.kfd;kgSAmUgksausekuo&laLÑfrdksizeq[krhuvoLFkkvksaesafoHkDrfd;kgSµtaxyh]ccZjvkSjlH;AburhuvoLFkkvksadksmUgksausiqu%fuEuvkSjmPpesafoHkDrfd;kgSAfuEutaxyhlektksadkdksbZ ^vodk'k&oxZ*ughaFkkA foHksnhdj.kizeq[kr;kujvkSjukjhosQchpJe&foHkktuijvkèkkfjrFkkAukjhdks?kfV;kdkelkSaistkrsFksAvkfnelektosQ;ks¼klektesaifjorZuosQlkFkgh^vodk'koxZ*izdVgqvkA,slsoxZdksmRiUudjusokyhnksvoLFkk,¡Fkhaµthoudkij&Hk{kh<ax(Predatory mode of life)vkSjthoudhvko';drkvksadki;kZIr;kmfprlaHkj.k(adequate supply of the necessities of life)AvarksDrvoLFkkusyksxksaosQ,dlewgdksmRiknu&JelseqDrdjuklaHkocukfn;kAyksxksaosQ,d,slslewgdktUegqvk]tksdksbZmRiknu&dk;ZughadjrkFkkAosviukle;viusvkidksfcukfdlhvkS|ksfxdO;olk;esayxk,vodk'kesaO;rhrdjrsFksvkSjblhizdkjvodk'k&oxZvkSjJfed&oxZesafoHksnmRiUugqvkAblizdkjvodk'k&oxZdhifjHkk"kkgqbZ]¶yksxksadk,slklewgtkslkekftdlarqf"V;ksaosQmRiknuesadksbZ;ksxnkuughansrkvkSjftlosQiklviusvodk'kdkvkuUnmBkusosQfy,dkiQhèkugSA¸osviusoqQN;kcgqrlsfo'ks"kkfèkdkjcuk,j[krsgSa];|fiosviusdk;kZRedegÙodks[kkscSBrsgSaAdkelsNwVvodk'k&oxZdh,dizeq[kfo'ks"krkgS]tksblsfuEuoxks±lsfHkUucukrhgSAccZjrkdhfuEuvoLFkkvksaesaoScfyudkdFkugSfdvodk'k&oxZvHkhviuhvkjafHkdvoLFkkesagSAccZjrkdhmPpvoLFkkvksaesajkstxkjosQvkèkkjij;gfoHksniw.kZgkstkrkgSAvkSjvodk'k&oxZiw.kZr;kLFkkfirgkstkrkgSA
oqQNlektksaesaoqQNyksxksaosQfy,fdlhHkhizdkjosQdk;Zdhiw.kZotZuk(taboo)gksrhgSAoScfyuusiksfyuh'k;uljnkjksadkmnkgj.kfn;kgS]ftUgsaviusvki[kkusdheukghgSAosHkw[ksejtk;saxsijarqviuseq¡gesaLo;aHkkstuughaMkysaxsA,dizQkalhlhckn'kkgdhdFkkgStksvkxosQiklfcNkbZgqbZoqQlhZdksukSdjdhvuqifLFkfresaumBkldusosQdkj.ktydjejx;kA
;|fimuvkèkkjksaesa]ftudhfcukijvodk'k&oxZcukFkk]ifjorZugksx;kgS]fiQjHkhosvkèkqfudlektesacusgq,gSaANksVs;k?kfV;kdkeosQfy,vktHkhvknruuiQjrgSArFkkdfFkrmPp
92 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
oxZdksbZdkeughadjrsAmuosQikldkiQhlax`ghrèkugSAmUgsadkedjusdhvko';drkughaAblizdkjvktHkhoqQNyksxlkekftdrqf"V;ksaosQfy,dksbZmRiknu&dk;ZughadjrsAmuosQiklviusmiHkksxosQfy,dkiQh#i;kgSAoScfyuosQvuqlkjlax`ghrèku]vkèkqfudlektesamPpvkSjfuEuosQfoHksnhdj.kesafurkUregÙoiw.kZvkèkkjksaesals,dgSAoScfyudkdFkugSfdvcgens[krsgSafd¶vkèkqfudlaLÑfrvk£FkdlaLÑfr(pecuniary culture)esaifjo£rrgksjghgS]ftldhfo'ks"krk,¡gSavk£FkdLi¼kZ]vk£Fkdthou&Lrj]vk£FkdvfHk#fp;k¡vkSjbulcosQlkFkmRÑ"Vvodk'kvkSjmRÑ"VmiHkksxA¸
vodk'k&oxZ;|filektosQlkekftd:iosQmRiknu'khylnL;ksaosQlgkjsfLFkrgS]fiQjHkhbldkviuklkekftdegÙogSA;|fimudklektdksdksbZokLrfodnsuughagS]rFkkfiosJfed&oxZosQlnL;ksaosQfy,LoIuksadkizfrfufèkRodjrsgSaA;gdgkx;kgSfdizR;sdlektesaoqQN'kkSdhuvfHktkrra=kgksukpkfg,]ftldhvksjlkèkkj.ktuns[ksaAijarq,slkoxZNksVkgksukpkfg,A;fn;gtula[;kdk,dcM+kHkkxgkstk,xkrks;gviusfo'ks"kfèkdkjksadkscuk,j[kusosQfy,lÙkkdkiz;ksxdjldrkgS]ftllslkekftdvlarqyumRiUugksxkA
3-15 D;k tkfr oxZ esa ifjo£rr gks jgh gS (Is Caste Changing into Class?)
tkfrO;oLFkkesagksusokysfofHkUuifjorZuksadksns[kdjdbZfo}ku;gfu"d"kZnsrsgSafdHkkjresatkfr;k¡oxZdk:iysjghgSaAmudkergSfdvkS|ksxhdj.k,oauxjhdj.kosQizHkkoosQdkj.ktkfrlajpukesaifjorZugq,gaS]tUedkegÙo?kVkgSvkSjO;olk;,oatkfrosQvk£FkdvkèkkjksaesaifjorZugqvkgSAtkfrosQvanjghoxZiSnkgksusyxsgaSvkSjfofHkUutkfr;ksaosQO;fDr,doxZesalfEefyrgksjgsgSaAtkfrusviuktkrh;laxBucukdjoxZdhfo'ks"krk,¡xzg.kdhgaSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]'kgjksaesagfjtuksadhviuhVªsM;wfu;ugStksviusfgrksaosQfy,mlhizdkjlsla?k"kZdjrhgS_tSls]etnwjoxZekfydoxZlsAblhizdkjlsm|ksxesaik;stkusokysJfedlaxBuksaesalHkhtkfr;ksaosQlnL;gksrsgSaAbulaxBuksaosQfuekZ.kdkvkèkkjtkfrughaoju~lekuO;olk;gSA,dO;olk;esayxsfofHkUutkfr;ksaosQyksxksaesasoxZpsrukiSnkgqbZgSAosviuhek¡xksadkseaxokusosQfy,,dgh>aMs]eap,oajktuhfrdnyosQvarxZrlfEefyrgksrsgSaAns'kosQfofHkUuHkkxksaesacuusokystkrh;laxBuksaesa,dkfèkdtkfr;ksaosQlnL;ik;stkrsgSaAfo'ks"krkSjijfuEutkfr;ksa}kjkcuk;stkusokyslaxBuksaesa,dkfèkdfuEutkfr;k¡lfEefyrgqbZgSaAjtuh dksBkjh usxqtjkresa{kf=k;tkfrosQlaxBudkmYys[kdjrsgq,dgkgSfdbllaxBuesa,dkfèkdtkfr;ksaosQlnL;gSaAblizdkjtkfrtksfdigys,dcanO;oLFkkFkh]esavcoxZdhHkk¡frgh[kqykiu(Openness)vkrktkjgkgSAm|ksxksaesaghughaoju~Ñf"kesaHkhlghfLFkfrgSAvkS|ksxhdj.kosQdkj.kxzkeh.kO;olk;ksaosQu"Vgkstkuslsxzkeh.knLrdkjhtkfr;k¡viusO;olk;dksNksM+djÑf"kdk;ZdjusyxhgSavkSjosHkwfeghuÑ"kdosQ:iesaloZgkjkoxZesacnyjghgSaAfuEutkfr;ksadksoxZ:iesacnyusessaiztkrU=kh;O;oLFkk,oamUgsafn;sx;svk£Fkd&jktuhfrdvfèkdkjksausHkhegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkbZgSAljdkjhukSdfj;kas]foèkku&eaMyksa,oalaln]vkfnesafuEutkfr;ksadksnhx;hlqfoèkkosQdkj.kmuesajktuhfrlÙkk}kjkviusvk£Fkdfgrksadhj{kkosQfy,tc,dtqVrkgksrhgSrcHkhosoxZdhfo'ks"krkxzg.kdjysrhgSA
czkbl jsudkergSfdtkfrO;oLFkkdkvkèkkjfofHkUutkfr;ksaosQchplkaLÑfrdfHkUurkdkik;ktkukgS]fdlhizdkjosQla?k"kZdkik;ktkukughaAvkt,dvksjfofHkUutkfr;ksaosQchplkaLÑfrdvarjdegqvkgSvFkkZr~fookg][kku&iku,oalkekftdlgoklosQfu;eksaesaf'kfFkyrkvk;hgS]¯drqnwljhvksjmuosQchpikjLifjdizfrLi¼kZ,oala?k"kZesafnu&izfrfnuo`f¼gksrhtkjghgSAbldkvFkZgqvkfdtkfresaoxZ&la?k"kZdhfo'ks"krk,¡vkrhtkjghgSavkSjtkfroxZdk:iysjghgSAmi;qZDrfo'ys"k.kls,slkizrhrgksrkgSfdHkkjresatkfroxZosQ:iesaifjo£rrgksusdhizfØ;kesagSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 93
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
bruklcgksusijHkhgelgLohdkjughadjldrsfdtkfrusoxZdk:ixzg.kdjfy;kgS;kHkfo";esadjysxhAtkfrdkvkèkkjlkekftdgSvkSjoxZdkvk£FkdAbunksuksadhizÑfr,oaekSfydfo'ks"krkvksaesadkiQhvarjgSAbrukvo';gSfdle;osQlkFktkfresaoqQNoxZdhfo'ks"krk,¡vkusyxhgaSAfiQjHkhogviuhi`Fkdrkcuk;sj[ksxhAbllanHkZesaMkW- ;ksxsUnz flagusmfprghfy[kkgSfd¶fdlhlekujktuhfrd;kvk£Fkdy{;dhizkfIrosQfy,dbZckjoqQNtkfr;k¡laxfBrgkstkrhgSavkSjbln`f"VlsmuesaoxZdhfo'ks"krk,¡fn[kk;hnsusyxrhgSa]ysfdu;sifjorZu{kf.kdgSaA,slsykSfddy{;ksadhizkfIrosQckntkfr;k¡iqu%viusekSfydizdk;ks±tSls]oSokfgd]lgHkksthrFkkèkk£edvuq"BkuijykSVvkrhgSaA¸ueZns'oj izlkndkergSfd¶Hkkjrh;tkfrO;oLFkkèkk£ed&ikSjkf.kdfdLedhgStcfd;wjksih;tkfrO;oLFkkvk£Fkd&jktuhfrdfdLedhAvkèkqfudle;esaHkkjrh;tkfrO;oLFkkusvk£Fkd&jktuhfrdfo'ks"krkvksadksHkhxzg.kdjfy;kgS_vFkkZr~vcblesanksuksafdLeksadklfEeJ.kgSA;wjksiesatkfroxZosQ:iesacnyusdhvkSjoxZosQtkfrosQ:iesan`<+gksusdhlnSolaHkkoukjghgS]ysfduHkkjresatkfrusdHkhviusdksiw.kZr%oxZosQ:iesaeqDrughfd;kA¸MkW- lDlsukdkergSfd¶orZekuHkkjrmUghaifjorZudkjh'kfDrosQizHkkoesagSftUgksausif'pehlektdhoxZO;oLFkkdkstUefn;k]¯drqfu'p;iwoZd;gughadgktkldrkfdtkfr&izFkkoxZO;oLFkkesaifjo£rrgkstk;sxhD;ksafdlekuifjorZudkjh'kfDr;k¡nksfofHkUulektksaesaifjorZudhlekuxfrvkSjfn'kkdkstUeughansldrhA¸MkW- osQ- ,y- 'kekZ fy[krsgSafdtkfrdhizÑfrlaLdkjkRed,oaèkeZ&lHkklsgVdjpqukoksa]O;olk;ksa,oaukSdjhesaviuslnL;ksadkslqfoèkk,¡iznkudjusosQ:iesacnyx;hgaS]ysfdutkfr;k¡urksekDlZoknhvkSjughoscj}kjkcryk;sx;soxks±osQ:iesacnyrhgSaAlaiw.kZfooj.klsLi"VgSfd;gdgukHkzkedgSfdHkkjresatkfrO;oLFkkoxZO;oLFkkosQ:iesaifjo£rrgksjghgSA
3-16 O;fDr rFkk lekt esa okLrfod lacaèk (The Relationship between Individual and Society)
tSlkfdgens[kpqosQgSa]mi;qZDrfl¼karO;fDrrFkklektosQlacaèkdksvPNhrjgO;Drughadjik;sgSaAlkekftdlafonkfl¼karesaO;fDrdksvfèkdegÙofn;kx;kgSvkSjblizdkjlektosQegÙodksdefd;kx;kgS_mlseuq";dhoqQNvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusdklkèkucrk;kx;kgSAlko;ofl¼karrFkklewg&eufl¼karesalkekftdthouesaeuq";osQegÙodksyxHkxmis{k.kh;ekukx;kgSAlektrFkkO;fDrdklacaèk,di{kh;ughagS]tSlkfdbufl¼karksaesacrkusdkiz;Rufd;kx;kgSA
blosQigysfdgeeuq";rFkklektosQchpokLrfodlacaèkdkvè;;udjsa]gesablckrijfopkjdjysukpkfg,fdeuq";dksfdln`f"Vlslkekftdizk.khdgktkldrkgSAeuq";dksrhuvkèkkjksaijlkekftdizk.khdgktkldrkgSµ
1- euq"; LoHkko ls lkekftd izk.kh gS (Man is social by nature)µigyhckrrks;ggSfdeuq";LoHkkolsghlkekftdizk.khgSAeuq";dkLoHkkogh,slkgSfdogvosQysughajgldrkA,slkdksbZeuq";ughagSftldkfcYoqQyfutZulslarqfyrfodklgqvkgksAeSdkbojus,slsrhumnkgj.kfn,gSaftuesaeuq";osQlkekftdLoHkkoosQlacaèkesaijh{k.kdjusosQfy,f'k'kqvksadkslHkhlkekftdlacaèkksalsvyxj[kkx;kAigykmnkgj.koSQLijgkWlj(Kasper Hauser)dkgSftlscpiulsl=kgo"kZdhvk;qrdU;jsecxZosQtaxyksaesaj[kkx;kFkkAmlosQlacaèkesa;gns[kkx;kfdl=kgo"kZdkgksusosQcknHkhogdfBurklspy&fiQjldrkFkk_mldhcqf¼cPpksadh&lhFkh]vkSjogosQoyoqQNfujFkZd'kCnghcksyikrkFkkAcknesamldksBhdf'k{kknhx;h]fiQjHkhoglkekU;euq";ughacuik;kA
94 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
nwljkmnkgj.knks¯gnwcPpksadkFkktks1920esa,dHksfM+;sdhek¡nlsfeysFksA,dcPpkrksik;stkusosQoqQNle;cknghejx;kAnwljkcPpkpkjksaiatksaosQlgkjspyrkFkk_ogeuq";dhcksyhcksyghughaldrkFkk_osQoyHksfM+;ksadhrjgxqjkZrkFkkAogeuq";ksals'kekZrkFkkvkSjmulsMjrkHkhFkkAcM+hlkoèkkuhrFkklgkuqHkwfriw.kZVªsfuaxnsusosQcknogoqQNlkekftdvknrsalh[kik;kA
rhljkmnkgj.k,dvcksèkvejhdhcPphvUuk(Anna)dkFkkftls7eghusdhvk;qls,ddejsesaj[kkx;kvkSjik¡po"kZcknmlsogk¡lsfudkykx;kAmlosQvklikltksyksxFks]muesamlsdksbZ#fpughaFkhA
bumnkgj.kksalsfl¼gksrkgSfdeuq";LoHkkor%lkekftdizk.khgSAeuq";tclektesajgrkgSvkSjviuslkfFk;ksaosQlkFklektdhxfrfofèk;ksaesaHkkxysrkgS]rHkhmldkfodklgksrkgSAlkekftdcaèkuksalseqDrgksdjtaxyksaesajgusokysrFkkiQy[kkdjviuhHkw[kfeVkusokysrifLo;ksadhdFkkvksadkdksbZ,sfrgkfldewY;ughagSA;gk¡rdfdlkalkfjdthoulsfojDrgksusokyslkèkqHkhouksaesavU;lkèkqvksaosQlkFkjgrsgSaAbulcckrksalsirkyxrkgSfdlektekuo&lajpukdhoqQNcM+hegÙoiw.kZvko';drkvksadksiw.kZdjrkgSAlektdksbZ,slhoLrqughagStksvpkudgheuq";osQlkFktksM+nhx;hgS];ktcnZLrheuq";ijyknnhx;hgSAoLrqr%euq";LoHkkolsghlkekftdgSA
2- vko';drk euq"; dks lkekftd cukrh gS (Necessity makes a man social)µ nwljhckr;ggSfdeuq";viuhvko';drkvksalsckè;gksdjlektesajgrkgSA;fnogviuslkfFk;ksadhlgk;rkuysrksmldhcgqr&lht:jrsaiw.kZghughagksldrhAizR;sdO;fDrL=kh&iq#"kosQchpLFkkfirlkekftdlacaèkdhmitgSAcPpkek¡&ckidhns[kHkkyesaiyrkgSvkSjmuosQlkFkjgdjghukxfjdrkdkigykikBi<+rkgSA;fnuotkrf'k'kqdkslektdklaj{k.krFkkmldhns[kHkkyufeysrksog,dfnuHkhthforughajgkldrkA,slsfdlh]f'k'kqdkizek.khÑrmnkgj.kughafeyrktksLo;athforjgkgks;kHksfM+;ksa]yaxwjksa;knwljsi'kqvksausmlsikykgksAekuof'k'kqbrukfujhggSfdmlslektdklaj{k.kvfuok;ZgSAgenwljksaosQlkFkjgdjrFkkmudhlgk;rklsghviusHkkstu]vkoklrFkkdiM+sdht:jrsaiwjhdjrsgSaAÅijfn,x,mnkgj.kksalsfl¼gksrkgSfdeuq";ksaosQlaioZQlsnwji'kqvksaosQchpiyscPpksadhvknrsai'kqvksadh&lhghgksrhgSaA'kkjhfjdrFkkekufldfodklosQfy,lektdkD;kegÙogS];gLi"VgSAdksbZHkhO;fDreuq";ughaculdrktcrdfdogvU;euq";ksaosQlkFkughajgrkAtaxyhtkuojksaosQHk;osQdkj.koqQNyksxnwljksadklg;ksxpkgrsgSa]fofue;;koLrq&fofue;osQekè;elsHkw[krFkkfoJkedht:jriwjhdjusosQfy,yksxksadksnwljksalslacaèkLFkkfirdjukiM+rkgSAoqQNlfEefyrmís';ksadhiw£rosQfy,]ftUgsavosQykO;fDrizkIrughadjldrk]feydjdkedjus;kJe&foHkktudhvko';drkiM+hAgjO;fDrdksviuhj{kkdht:jreglwlgksrhgSftlosQdkj.koglkekftdcurkgSAvr%osQoyLoHkkoosQdkj.kghugha]cfYdviuht:jrksaosQdkj.kHkheuq";dkslektesajgukiM+rkgSA
3- lekt O;fDrRo dk fodkl djrk gS (Society determines personality)µvafreckr;ggSfdeuq";viusekufldrFkkckSf¼dfodklosQfy,lektesajgrkgSAlektgekjhlaLÑfrdkslqjf{krj[krkgSvkSjmlsvxyhih<+hrdigq¡pkrkgSAlektO;fDr;ksaosQ:iesagekjhlqIr'kfDr;ksadksfodflrrFkkmUgsae;kZfnrdjrkgSvkSjgekjsn`f"Vdks.k]fo'oklrFkkvkn'kks±dksleqfpr:iesa<kyrkgSAtSlkfdÅijfn,x,mnkgj.kksalsizdVgSfdlektesajgsfcukeuq";dkefLr"do;LdrkizkIrdjusosQcknHkhcPpstSlkghjgrkgSAlkaLÑfrdfojklrlsgekjsO;fDrRoosQfodklesa
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 95
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
lgk;rkfeyrhgSAvr%lektosQoygekjh'kkjhfjdvko';drkvksadksghiw.kZughadjrk]cfYdgekjkckSf¼dfodklHkhdjrkgSA
;gfuf'prgSfdeuq";,dlkekftdizk.khgSAeuq";osQ:iesathouO;rhrdjusosQfy,lektvR;arvko';dgSA,d;koqQNfo'ks"kt:jrksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,;kviuhizo`fÙk;ksaosQdkj.keuq";lektesaughajgrk]cfYdokLroesalektesajgsfcukmlosQO;fDrRodkfodklghughagksldrkA;|fiO;fDrviuslektdhmitgS]rFkkfidbZckjmlosQvkSjmlosQlektosQ fdUgha igyqvksa esa xaHkhj fojksèk mRiUugks ldrk gSA ekuo blizdkjdk O;fDrRoizkIrdjldrkgStksmldhifjfLFkfr;ksalsesyus[kkrkgksA;gO;fDrtks;q¼esalsukdkuk;dcuusdheuksdkeukdksthouesaiw.kZdjusdkvoljizkIrughadjikrk]ogviuslektesafcxM+kjgrkgS]ogfujk'kgkstkrkgSAlkekftdO;oLFkkesaßklosQdkj.kHkhO;fDrvkSjlektesafojksèkgksldrkgSAjktuhfrdLora=krkesa ikyk&ikslkgqvk O;fDrnklizFkkdksd"Vnk;dvkSjneudkjhle>sxkAogetnwjhosQvèkhudk;Zdjsxk]ijarq;gmlscqjkyxsxkvkSjoglektfojksèkhgkstk,xktksfojksèkfdlhHkhle;vkdfLedvkSjvHkwriwoZ(unprecedented)osQ:iesaiwQVldrkgSA
mi;qZDrppkZosQvkèkkjijge;gfu"d"kZfudkyldrsgSafdO;fDrrFkklektvU;ksU;kfJrgSaAeuq";rFkklektosQchpdklacaèk,di{kh;ughagSAnksuksagh,dnwljsosQfodklosQfy,vfuok;ZgSaAurkseuq";vkSjlektosQchpesaoglacaèkgStks,ddks"kdk'kjhjlsgksrkgSvkSjughlekteuq";dhoqQNvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,,dlkèkuek=kgSA
lektviuslnL;ksadhtkslsokdjrkgS]mlosQvkxsmldkLo;adksbZewY;ughagS_vkSj]O;fDrlektosQfcukviukfodklughadjldrkgSAurkslektO;fDrRoosQfodklesackèkdgSvkSjughO;fDr;ksaosQfcukmldhfLFkfrgksldrhgSA^D;kO;fDrlektlsiwoZorhZgS;klektO;fDrls*µbliz'uosQlacaèkesalaiw.kZokn&fookn,slsghfujFkZdgStSlsfd^eqxhZigys;kvaMk*osQckjsesaArF;;ggSfdlHkhekuofdlhufdlhizdkjlektesamRiUugq,gSavkSjmllsizsj.kkikrsgSaAokLroesanksuksa,d&nwljsosQiwjdgSaA
O;fDrrFkklektosQlacaèkdhO;k[;kdjrsgq,eSdkbojdkdgukgS fd¶viuhlHkhijaijkvksa]laLFkkvksarFkklTtkvksaosQgksrsgq,Hkhlekt]lkekftdthoudh,degkuifjorZu'khyO;oLFkkgStksO;fDrdhekufldrFkk'kkjhfjdvko';drkvksalsiSnkgksrhgSA;gogO;oLFkkgSftlesaeuq";ksadktUegksrkgSrFkkmldhlhekvksaosQHkhrjmudkfodklgksrkgSvkSjogHkkohih<+hgsrqthouosQfy,vko';dckrsaNksM+tkrkgSAgesa,slsfdlhHkhn`f"Vdks.kdksvLohdkjdjnsukpkfg,tksO;fDr;klektosQlacaèkksadksosQoy,dvFkoknwljhn`f"Vlsns[krkgSA¸
3-17 lekt dh mRifÙk (The Origin of Society)
lektdhmRifÙkdhO;k[;kgsrqfofHkUufl¼karizLrqrfd;sx;sgSaAnSohmRifÙkdkfl¼kar(Divine Origin Theory)lektdksbZ'ojdhÑfrekurkgSAftlizdkjbZ'ojuslalkjdhvU;tM+vkSjpsruoLrq,¡mRiUudh]mlhizdkjmluslektdkHkhfuekZ.kfd;kAblfl¼karusèkhjs&èkhjslksygohavkSjl=kgoha'krkCnhrdnSohvfèkdjksaosQfl¼kardk:ixzg.kdjfy;kA'kfDrfl¼kar(Force Theory)lektdksloksZPp'kkjhfjd'kfDrdkifj.kkele>rkgSAblfl¼karosQvuqlkj]lektdhmRifÙk'kfDr'kkyh}kjkfucZydhvèkhurkesafufgrgSAvkfnedkyesvlkèkkj.k'kfDr'kkyhO;fDrviuslkfFk;ksadksvkrafdrdjrFkkmuosQÅijviuhlÙkkLFkkfirdjusesaliQygksx;kAblizdkj]'kkjhfjdcyosQvkèkjijO;fDr;ksadksbdV~BkjgusosQfy,ckè;fd;kx;kAfir`lÙkkRed,oaekr`lÙkkRedfl¼karlektdksifjokjdko`gr~:icrykrsgSaAljgsujhesu(Sir Henry Maine)usfir`lÙkkRedfl¼kardhifjHkk"kkblizdkjdhgS]¶;glektdhmRifÙkvyx&vyxifjokjksaesaekurkgStksT;s"Bre~iq#"kO;fDrdhlÙkk,oamlosQvkj{k.kosQvèkhuijLijbdV~BsFksA¸mldkfopkjgSfdlektifjokjdkfodflr:igSAekr`lÙkkRedfl¼kardhèkkj.kkgSfdvkfnedky
96 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
es,difRuRo;kcgqifrRo,oavLFkk;hfookglacaèkvfèkdizpfyrFksA,slhifjfLFkfresaoa'kdkukeekrkosQukeijpyrkFkktsaDl(Jenks)usdgkgS]¶,slsekeyksaesaekr`Ro,drF;gS]tcfdfir`RoosQoy,dergSA¸
lkekftd lafonk dk fl¼kar (Social Contract Theory)
mDrfl¼krksaosQvfrfjDrlafonkdkfl¼kar(Contract Theory)HkhgSftlosQvuqlkjlekt,dlafonk(le>kSrk)gStks fdeuq";ksaosQoqQNmís';ksadhiw£ÙkosQ fy,cuk;kx;kgSAgkWCl(Hobbes)dkdgukgSfdizkÑfrdvoLFkk(state of nature)esaeuq";viusewyr%LokFkhZLoHkkoosQdkj.klnSoghviusiM+ksfl;ksalsyM+rk&>xM+rkjgrkFkkAmlosQ'kCnksaesa]euq";dkthou,dkare;]fujhg]nq%[kh]i'kqor~rFkkvYiFkkAizR;sdO;fDrnwljsO;fDrdk'k=kqFkkAnq"ifj.kkeksalscpusosQfy,euq";lsviusdkslektesalaxfBrfd;k]rkfdogvU;euq";ksaosQlkFk'kkfUriwoZdjglosQAlafonkfl¼kardksekuusokys,dvU;fo}ku~]ykWd(Locke)dkdgukgSfdizkÑfrdvoLFkkesaeuq";ksaesa;q¼ughagksrsFksAog'kkfUr]ln~Hkkouk]ikjLifjdlgk;rkrFkklqj{kkdhvoLFkkFkhAizkÑfrdvoLFkkesaosQoy,dghnks"kFkkfdmlle;dkuwurFkkU;k;dhdksbZlkekU;iz.kkyhughaFkhAbldehdksnwjdjusosQfy,vkSjviuhLora=krkdkiz;ksxdjusdhbPNklsizsfjrgksdjeuq";us,dle>kSrkfd;kftlosQ}kjkleqnk;dksoqQNvfèkdkjlkSaifn;sx;sA
ts- ts :lks(J. J. Rousseau)usviuhiqLrd^dkaVªsDVlks'ky*(Contract Social 1762)esafy[kkfd¶izkÑfrdvoLFkkesaeuq";ksaesalekuvkRefuHkZjrkrFkklarqf"VFkhAosvkuUnrFkklknxhdkthouO;rhrdjrsFksAijarqeuq";ksadhla[;kc<+usrFkkmuesa>xM+sc<+tkusosQfdj.k,dlH;lektdhLFkkiukdhvko';drkeglwlgqbZAvr%euq";ksaus,dle>kSrkfd;kftlosQ}kjkgjO;fDrnwljksaosQlkFk,drkesac¡èkdjHkhigysdhghHkk¡frLora=kgSA¸,MefLeFk(Adam Smith)osQvuqlkj]¶lektikLifjdvFkZ&izcaèkosQfodkl&gsrqfu£er,dÑf=kemik;gSA¸
fofHkUu fl¼karksa dh laf{kIr vkykspuk (Brief Criticism of the Various Theories)
lektdhmRifÙk&fo"k;dmi;qZDrfl¼karksalsLi"VirkughayxrkfdlektdktUeoSQlsgqvkAbuesalslHkhfl¼karksadhdM+hvkykspukdhxbZgSAgebufl¼karksadhvkykspukdkC;ksjsokjo.kZuudjosQbuosQlacaèkesadghx;heq[;&eq[;ckrksadksysaxsAbZ'ojuslektdkfuekZ.kughafd;kgS]lekteuq";dhlkekftdizo`fÙkdkifj.kkegSAlektosQfodklesa'kfDrfuLlansg,degÙoiw.kZrÙojghgS]ijarqblsgh,dek=kdkj.kughaekuktkldrkAlektosQtUeesaftrukgkFk'kfDrdkgS]mrukgh,sfPNdHkkoukdkHkhgSAekr`izèkkurFkkfir`izèkkuifjokjlkoZHkkSfedughaekustkldrsAyhdkWdosQ'kCnksaesa¶vkfneokfl;ksaesaifjokj;klewgdkdksbZ,dLo:iughaFkkAdghaekr`izèkkuifjokjFks]rksdghafir`izèkkuifjokjFksµ;ghmlle;dhO;oLFkkFkhAgksldrkgSfdcknesamuesalsfdlh,diz.kkyhusnwljsdkslekIrdjfn;kgksA¸blckrdksvcfcYoqQyghughaekuktkrkfdlekt,dÑf=kefuekZ.kgSAlkekftdlafonkfl¼karesa;gekukx;kgSfdeuq";dktUelektlsigysgqvkFkkAijarq;gèkkj.kkxyrgS]D;ksafdlkekftdrkdktUeeuq";osQlkFkghgqvkAtceuq";usnwljseuq";ksaosQlkFktUefy;k]rkslekt,dokLrfodrkosQ:iesafo|kekuFkkAeuq";lektosQvanjgheuq";gSlektosQckgjughaAlektèkhjs&èkhjsfodflrgksdjcukA;gfdlh,dfnuvpkudughaiSnkgksx;kAmi;qZDrfl¼karlsHkysghblckrdkirkyxsfdfdlizdkjfofHkUulektvfLrRoesavk;s]ijarqbuls;girkughayxrkfdlektdhmRifÙkoSQlsgqbZA
fodkloknh fl¼kar (Evolutionary Theory)
fodkloknhfl¼karlektdhmRifÙkosQckjsesalkekU;r%BhdO;k[;kizLrqrdjrkgSAblfl¼karosQvuqlkj]lektdkfuekZ.kughagqvkgS]cfYd;gfodkldkiQygSAlektØfedfodkldkifj.kkegSAlektvlaxfBrlslaxfBrvkSjviw.kZlsiw.kZdhvksjfujarjfodkldjrktkrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 97
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
blosQfodklesale;≤ijfofHkUurÙoksaesalgk;rkfeyhgSAukrsnkjhrFkkifjokjizkjafHkdcaèkuFksftUgksauseuq";ksadkslaxfBrfd;kAeSdkbojdkdgukgSfd¶ukrsnkjhuslektdkfuekZ.kfd;kA¸fir`izèkkulektdklaxBuiq#"kksaosQekè;elsukrsnkjhosQvkèkkjijgqvkAèkeZ,dvkSjrÙoFkkftluslkekftdpsrukosQfodklesalgk;rknhAxsVy(Gettell)dkdgukgS]¶ukrsnkjhrFkkèkeZ,dghoLrqosQnksigywek=kFksA¸bunksuksadkbruk?kfu"BlacaèkFkkfdcknesadchysdkizèkkughèkk£ediqjksfgrHkhgksusyxkAblosQckneuq";us[kkukcnks'khdhvknrNksM+nh]ogxk¡oksarFkkuxjksaesaclx;kvkSji'kqikyurFkkÑf"kdkdkemlusvkjaHkdjfn;kAblizdkjtula[;krsthlsc<+usyxhAèkudklap;gqvkAlaifÙkdhèkkj.kkHkhiSnkgksxbZAvk£Fkdthou[kq'kgkygksx;kAbulcckrksaosQdkj.klkekftdlacaèkksaosQ:iksaesaifjorZuvk;svkSjeuq";lkekftdlaxBuosQmuizxfr'khyLrjksardigq¡px;kfdmlusjk"Vª&jkT;cukfy;sA
vr%Li"VgSfdlektdktUefdlhle>kSrs;kfo'ks"kmicaèkosQdkj.kughagqvkAbldktUeLor%gqvkvkSjbldkØe'k%fodklgksrkx;kAvkèkqfudtfVyLo:irdigq¡puslsigys;gfodklosQdbZpj.kksalsxqtjpqdkgSAdkEVsosQvuqlkj]¶lektbupj.kksalsxqtjpqdkgSµèkk£ed(theological)]rkfRod(metaphysical)vkSjldkjkRed(posititve)AmlosQfopkjkuqlkj]la?kdhvko';drkosQifj.kkeLo:ilektdktUegqvkAeuq";ksa }kjkvuqHkodhx;h;gvko';drkfuf'prfu;eksaosQvuqlkjfodflrgqbZAfo|ekulektfodklosQfofHkUupj.kksaijgSAmlosQvuqlkj]izxfrvfuok;ZgS];|fi;gèkhjs&èkhjs]èkheh&èkhehvkSjvlhegksrhgSAgcZVZLisUljusHkhlkekftdfodklosQfl¼kardkiks"k.kfd;kgSAmlosQvuqlkjlektfodklosQmulHkhfl¼karksaosQvèkhugSftuosQvèkhulcpjvkSjvpjinkFkZgSaAmlosQfy,HkhfodkldkvFkZizxfrFkkAekuo&lekttaxyhvoLFkklslH;voLFkkdksizkIrdjpqdkgSAmluslkekftdfodklosQekxZesaiqjkru]vkfne(primitive)]lSfud(Militant)vkSjvkS|kfxd(industrial)voLFkkvksa;kpj.kksadkscryk;kA
cgqrlslekt'kkfL=k;ksausdkEVsvkSjLisalj}kjkfodkldksizxfrdgstkusdkfojksèkfd;kgSA;gdgukdfBugSfdizxfrD;kgS\ifjorZuosQoyns[kktkldrkgS]ijarqifjorZudkvFkZvko';d:ilsizxfrghughagksldrkA
3-18 lekt osQ izdkj (Types of Society)
ftlxzgijeuq";jgrkgSmlijyksxlkekftdlacaèkksadktkycukdjjgrsgaSA
1- tutkrh; lekt (Tribal Society)
tutkrh;lektvkfnelektdhfo'ks"krkgStksekuobfrgklosQvkjafHkd;qxesaorZekuFkh];|fivizQhdk],f'k;k,oa;wjksiosQfiNM+sns'kksaesablsvcHkhns[kktkldrkgSAbllektdhlajpuk,oaizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡fuEuizdkjgSaµ
(i) vk£Fkd lajpuk (Economic Structure)µtutkrh;lektesayksxizkÑfrdi;kZoj.kosQfudVlaioZQesajgrsgSatksmldhvk£FkdfØ;kvksadksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSAmudhizeq[kvk£FkdfØ;kf'kdkj,oaHkkstubdV~BkdjukgksrkgSAoqQNtutkrh;lektizeq[kr;kf'kdkjijghthoufuokZgdjrhgSaAosQoyoqQNsddanewyksadksviusHkkstuosQiwjdosQ:iesabdV~BkdjusosQvfrfjDrosuosQoyHkkstuvfirqvkJ;]oL=kksa,oamidj.kksagsrqHkhi'kqvksaijvkfJrgksrsgSaA
vr,o]mudhizeq[kizkS|ksfxdhesa f'kdkj&dkS'ky,oai'kqvksadh[kk|&Hkkstu]vkJ;,oaoL=kksarFkkvko';dmidj.kksaesa:ikUrfjrdjusdhizfofèk;k¡lfEefyrgSaAoqQNtutkrh;lektizeq[kr;kf'kdkjdhvis{kkHkkstubdV~BkdjusijvfèkdfuHkZjgksrsgSaAdanewy]taxyhvUu,oaiQymudkHkkstugksrsgSaAo`{kksadhNky,oaikSèkksaosQjs'kksa
98 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
dkscqudjpVkb;k¡,oa?kjcuk;stkrsgSaAydM+hdks]midj.kksa,oa'kL=kksadkscukusosQfy,iz;ksxfd;ktkrkgSA
tutkrh;lektksaesaJefoHkktuughaik;ktkrkAosQoyfyax,oavk;qosQvuqlkjdk;ks±dkFkksM+kcgqrfoHksnhdj.kgksrkgSAefgyk,¡lkekU;r;k?kjksadhns[kHkkydjrhgSa]Hkkstu,d=kdjrhgSa,oamlsrS;kjdjrhgSarFkkcPpksadkikyu&iks"k.kdjrhgSaAiq#"kf'kdkjdjrsgsSa]'k=kqvksals;q¼djrsgSa,oatutkrh;lekjksgksaesaHkkxysrsgSaAizR;sdtutkrh;lewgesa ,dHkkstu&laHkj.kdÙkkZ gksrkgSA O;kikj}kjkizkIrosQoyoqQNsdoLrqvksadksNksM+djifjokjosQfy,izR;sdvko';doLrq]oL=k]twrs]crZu]midj.k]vkfnifjokfjdlnL;ksa}kjkghfu£erdhtkrhgSAmRiknudkfof'k"Vhdj.k];fndksbZgS]rksogvfoewy:idkgksrkgSA
tutkrh;lektesaO;fDrxrlaifÙk]fofue;,oaÍ.klacaèkhlaLFkkvksadhvuqifLFkfrgksrhgSAfuLlansgtutkrh;lektosQyksxksaosQiklviusO;fDrxrmidj.k,oa;q¼lacaèkhlkexzhgksrhgSaijarqbuoLrqvksadksO;fDrxrlaifÙkdhlaLFkkughadgktkldrkAÍ.knsusokyhlaLFkkvksa]fofue;iz.kkyhvFkokljdkjhlgk;rkdhdksbZvko';drkughagksrhAblizdkjtutkrh;lektesavk£FkdfØ;kosQizfrekuvkS|ksfxdlektdhrqyukesaljy,oavfoHksnhÑrgksrsgSaA
(ii) lkekftd thou (Social Life)µtutkrh;lektesathouljy,oalesfdrgksrkgSA;gvk£Fkd]èkk£ed]'kSf{kd,oaeuksjatukRedJsf.k;ksaesafoHksnhÑrughagksrkftlosQvarxZrvkèkqfudlektesaizR;sdO;fDrvusdfof'k"VHkwfedk;safuHkkrkgSAlkekftdvar£Ø;kizkFkfedlewgdhgksrhgSA O;oLFkkdhns[kHkkyyksdjhfr;ksa,oayksdkpkjksaijvfèkdfuHkZjdjrhgS]tutkrh;usrkvksaosQlÙkkijdeAlewgfuUnkvFkokxaHkhjekeyksaesafuokZlunaMosQlkekU;:igSaAcPpsdklkekthdj.kifjokj,oanSfudlacaèkksaesagksrkgSAizR;sdtutkfrdksO;ogkjosQekudksadkKkugksrkgSrFkktutkrh;usrkvksadknkf;RogksrkgSfdog;gns[ksafdcPpsLohÑrekudksaosQvuqlkjO;ogkjdjrsgSaAtutkrh;lektdkvkdkjy?kqgksrkgSA,oa;glejlgksrkgSAtutkrh;yksxèkk£edgksrsgSarFkkVksVeokn]tknw,oaoLrq&iwtkesafo'okldjrsgSaAfu"d"kZ:iesa]tutkrh;lekt]vkS|ksfxdlekttkstfVy]fo"ke]vlesfdr,oafoHksnhÑrgksrkgS]fdrqyukesaljy]lejl]lesfdr,oavfoHksnhÑrgksrkgSA
2- Ñ"kd lekt (Agrarian Society)
vk£FkdfØ;kosQfofHkUuLo:iksaosQvkèkkjijlektksadksÑ"kd,oavkS|ksxhÑresaoxhZÑrfd;ktkrkgSAÑ"kdlektesaizeq[kvk£FkdfØ;kÑf"kgksrhgStcfdvkS|ksfxdlektesaiSQDVjhmRiknuvk£FkdfØ;kdkizeq[k:igksrkgSAvktHkhfo'otula[;kdknks&frgkbZlsrhu&pkSFkkbZHkkxÑ"kdlektksaesajgrkgSA
vkfneO;fDrifjokj,oajDrcaèkuksaosQvkèkkjijfu£erNksVs&NksVsfxjksgksa(bounds)esajgrsFksAmudhvFkZO;oLFkkesavfèkdka'kr;k f'kdkj]HkkstudksbdV~Bkdjuk]eRL;ikyulfEefyrFksAuoik"kk.kØkafruslektosQbfrgkleasegÙoiw.kZifjorZufd;sftldklemnkgj.kvkS|ksfxdØkafresaghns[kktkldrkgSAuoik"kk.k;qxyxHkx13]000o"kZiwoZfudVorhZiwoZ,oauhy?kkVhesavkjaHkgqvkArhuvFkokpkjgtkjo"kZiwoZ;gosaQnzh;,oaif'peh;wjksiesaizlkfjrgqvkAbl;qxosQnkSjkuyksxksausik"kk.kfu£ermidj.kksadksikfy'kdjuk,oamuesarh[ksdkVusokysfdukjscukukvkjaHkfd;krFkkorZucukus,oaxw¡Fkusdhdykvksadkvfo"dkjfd;kAijarq;glkoZfèkdegRoiw.kZifjorZuughaFkkAikSèkksa,oai'kqvksaosQikyuusÑ"kdlektdhuhaoj[khA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 99
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
Ñf"kosQfodkllslkekftdlajpuk,oalaLFkkvksaesaifjorZuvk;kAvFkZO;oLFkkdhubZ'kSyhlstula[;kdhnzqro`f¼laHkogqbZAblusvfèkdLFkk;hfuoklksadksHkhtUefn;kAyksxksausnsgkrksadhmRifÙkdhftllslkekftdlajpuk,oalkekftdfu;a=k.kosQu;sLo:iksadhvko';drkvuqHkogqbZA
Ñ"kd lekt dh lajpuk ,oa fo'ks"krk,¡
(i) O;olkf;d ljapuk (occupational structure)µÑ"kd lekt eq[;r;k ikSèkksa ,oai'kqvksaosQikyulslac¼gSAikSèkksaosQikyudkvFkZgSÑf"krFkki'kqikyudkvFkZgSi'kqvksadkj[kj[kkoAcgqèkkÑf"k,oai'kqvksa;Fkkxk;]cdjh,oaHksM+tSlsikyrwi'kqvksaosQiz;ksxfefJrdk;ZgksrsgSaAijarqÑf"k,oai'kq&ikyuosQvfrfjDrÑ"kdlektesayksxksaosQvU;vk£FkdfØ;k,¡HkhgksrhgSaAblizdkjbllektesaf'kYihrFkkcqudj]oqQEgkj]yksgkj]NksVsnqdkunkj]lsok&deZpkjhtSls]liQkbZdeZpkjh]pkSdhnkj]?kjsywukSdj,oarqPNO;olk;djusokysvU;O;fDrHkhgksrsgSaA
(ii) Ñ"kd lektksa esa Hkw&LokfeRo dk :i (Forms of land ownerlipism agrarian societies)µlkekU;r;kbllektesaHkw&Lokeh]i;Zos{khÑ"kd]dk'r,oaiQlyHkkxhnkjgksrsgSaAHkw&Lokeh]HkwfeosQLokehgksrsgSaijarqLo;adk'rughadjrsAosHkwfedhiQlyHkkxsnkjhosQfy;snsnsrsgSaAi;Zos{khÑ"kdoggksrsgSatksviuhHkwfedksJfedksalsdk'rdjokrsgSaAdk'rdkjLo;aviuhHkwfedhdk'rdjrkgSAiQlyHkkxhnkjosO;fDrgksrsgSatksnwljksadhHkwfeijdk'rdjosQiQlydkHkkxizkIrdjrsgSaAf'kYihmRiknuosQlkèkuksadkLokehgksrkgS,oaviusJelsmRiknudjrkgSAO;kikjhoLrqvksadky?kqek=kkesaØ;&foØ;djrsgSaA;gHkhè;kujgsfdf'kYih,oaO;kikjhHkhÑ"kdlektesadHkh&dHkh HkwfeosQ Lokehgksrs gSaA ftlsos Lo;aJfedksa }kjkdk'rdjrsgSavFkokHkkxsnkjhosQvkèkkjijdk'rgsrqnsnsrsgSaA
(iii) xzkeh.k leqnk; O;oLFkk (village community system)µÑ"kd lekt esa xzkeh.kleqnk;iz.kkyhdhlaLFkkik;htkrhgSAÑ"kdvFkZO;oLFkkosQdkj.kvkoklgsrqedkuksadhvko';drkvuqHkodhx;hAlqj{kk,oalg;ksxgsrq,dnwljsosQ,oaHkwfeosQfudVjguslsÑ"kdxzkeksadktUegqvkAxzke]Ñ"kdksadkosQoyvkoklh;LFkkughughagSvfirqblslkekftdlesdudÙkkZHkhdgktkldrkgSA;glkekftdthoudkosaQfnz;LFkkugksrkgS,oaO;fDrxzkeesaviukiw.kZthouthrsgSaAyksxksaosQthou&izfrekufLFkjgksrsgSaAmudhvknrsa]vfHko`fÙk;k¡,oamuosQfopkjvkS|ksfxdlektesaoklhO;fDr;ksalsfHkUugksrsgSaA
(iv) U;wure Je foHkktu (Minimal division of labour)µÑ"kd lekt dh vU;lajpukRedfo'ks"krkU;wureJefoHkktulsgSAfyax,oavk;qijvkèkkfjrewyfoHkktuosQvfrfjDrfo'ks"khÑrHkwfedk,¡cgqrdegksrhgSaAosQoy,dghO;olk;izeq[kgksrkgSvFkkZr~ikSèkksa,oai'kqvksadkikyuAlHkhO;fDr;ksaosQfy,i;kZoj.k]HkkSfrd,oalkekftdlekugksrkgSAÑ"kdlektlejlgksrkgSAtgk¡yksxksadh,dghizdkjdhvk£FkdfØ;kgksrhgSAdk;ZdkfoHkktu,oamifoHkktuughagksrkAlkekftd,oavk£FkdlaxBuksadkckgqY;ughagksrkdksbZJfedla?kvFkokO;olkf;dlfefr;k¡ughagksrsAxzkeh.kO;fDrviuh'kkjhfjdlajpuk,oaLkkaLÑfrdizfrekuesalekugksrsgSaA
(v) ifjokj dh Hkwfedk (Role of family)µÑ"kdlektdh ,d fo'ks"krk ifjokjdhHkwfedkgStksuosQoyiztuu,oackyiks"k.kbdkbZosQ:iesavfirqvk£FkdbdkbZosQ:iesaHkhdk;ZdjrkgSAvusdlektksaesaO;fDrughavfirqlaiw.kZifjokjlewgosQ:iesaHkwfedkstksrrkgS,oaliQydhdVkbZdjrkgSrFkkvU;vko';dÑf"klacaèkhdk;Zfey&tqydjdjrkgSAÑ"kdifjokjfir`lÙkkRedgksrkgSAifjokjdhizfLFkfrO;fDrdhizfLFkfrdksfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSAfookg]èkeZ]euksjatu,oaO;olk;osQckjsesafuèkkZfjr
100 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
ifjokjekudgksrsgSaAlHkhiq#"kksa,oafL=k;ksadkthouifjokfjdthouesalekosf'krgksrkgS]D;ksafdvfèkdfo'ks"klaxBuughagksrs]vr,oifjokjghlgk;rk,oalqj{kkosQdk;ks±osQfu"iknugsrqvosQyklaxBugksrkgSA
(vi) ,drk dh Hkkouk (Sense of unity)µÑ"kdlektosQlnL;ksaesavar%lewgdhHkkoukgksrhgS]D;ksafdmudklaiw.kZthou,d,slslektesatksHkkSfrd]vk£Fkd,oalkekftd:ilslejlgS]lslekosf'krgksrkgSAvr%oslaiw.kZckálalkjdksckálewgle>rsgSaAmuesal'kDr^ge*HkkoukgksrhgSAgkjosQvkSjeku&lEekuosQukeijxzkeoklhviusthoudkcfynkudjusdksrRijjgrsgSaAO;fDr;ksaosQeè;lacaèkoS;fDrdizdkjosQgksrsgSaAxzkeh.kjhfrfjoktksa,oaewY;ksadkmYya?kudjusokysO;fDrdksdBksjnaMfn;ktkrkgSA
(vii) vukSipkfjd lkekftd fu;a=k.k (Infound social control)µÑ"kdlektesansgkrksadhizèkkurkgksrhgSAxzkeh.kleqnk;esaikjaifjdO;kogkfjdfu;eksadkeq[;LFkkugksrkgSAizR;sdO;fDr,dnwljsdksigpkurkgSAxzkeh.kleqnk;osQyksx,dnwljsdhlgk;rkdjrsgSarFkk,dnwljsosQlq[k,oanq[kesaHkkxysrsgSaAvijkèkdhek=kkdegksrhgSAnaMvukSipkfjdizdkjdkµfuank]viQokg,oacfg"dkjgksrkgSAyksxksadkO;ogkjyksdjhfr;ksa}kjk'kkflrgksrkgSA
(viii) lknxh ,oa ,d:irk (Simplicity and uniformity)µÑ"kdlektesayksxksaosQthouesalknxh,oa,d:irkgksrhgSAÑ"kd]izkÑfrd'kfDr;ksaosQizfrHk;HkhrgksrkgSD;ksafdmldhÑf"k]izÑfrdhn;kijfuHkZjgksrhgSAogizkÑfrd'kfDr;ksadhiwtkdjrkgSAÑ"kdlektèkk£edlektgksrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrÑ"kdksadhthou'kSyhljygksrhgSAmudkHkkstu]muosQoL=k,oaedkulknsgksrsgSaAosvkS|ksfxdlH;rkosQnks"kksalsnwjjgrsgSaAmudkO;ogkjLoHkkfodgksrkgSmlesaÑf=kerkughagksrhAos'kkafriw.kZthouO;rhrdjrsgSAekufldnckodegksrsgSaAmUgsaân;vk?kkrtSlsjksxughagksrsAoslR;oknh]ifjJeh,oalRdkj'khygksrsgSaAmuosQfy;sHkwfedAlclsewY;okuèkjksgjgSA
fu"d"kZeas;gHkhmYys[kdjukmi;qDrgksxkfdgekjsle;esaÑ"kdlektvkS|ksfxdlektdhfo'ks"krkvksalsvfèkdlsvfèkdrjizHkkforgksjgkgSAÑ"kdvciQkyrwoLrqvksadkmRiknudjrsgSa]ftUgsaoseaMhesafoØ;djrsgSa]vkS|ksfxd;qxdheqnzkO;oLFkkdkmi;ksxdjrsgSarFkkdjHkqxrku,oaernkuosQekè;elsns'kdhjktuhfrdO;oLFkkesaHkkxysrsgSaA;kaf=kdÑf"kosQvkxeuls,oaykHkijn`f"VosQafnzrgkstkuslsÑ"kdlektosQlkekftdlaxBuijvfrizHkkoiM+kgSAHkkjrh;lekttksÑ"kdlektgSvkS|ksxhdj.kosQizHkkokèkhuifjorZuosQnkSjlsxqtjjgkgSAuxjhdj.kdkizHkkoc<+rktkjgkgS]xzkeokfl;ksadhthou'kSyhcnyjghgS],oamuosQfopkjksaesaifjorZugksjgkgSA
3-19 vkS|ksfxd lekt (Industrial Society)
lektosQbfrgklesa,dvR;aregÙoiw.kZ ?kVukvkS|ksfxdØkafrjghgS ftluslektksadhlajpukesaegÙoiw.kZifjorZufd;sgSaAvkS|ksfxdØkafrlsiwoZvfèkdka'kJfedLo;aviukdPpkekyizcaèkdjrsFks,oamuosQviusmidj.kgksrsFksAos?kjdhNrosQuhpsviusle;kuqlkjdk;ZdjrsFks,oamRikfnroLrqdhek=kk,oamldhxq.koÙkkfuèkkZfjrdjrsFksrFkkblsfdlhmiHkksDrkdksLo;afoØ;djrsFksAmRiknddksviusdk;ZosQizfrvR;ar#fpgksrhFkhvkSjogizflf¼ikysrkFkkAogikjaifjdlkeqnkf;dyksdpkjksa}kjk'kkflrlknkthouO;rhrdjrkFkkAmlosQcPpsviusfirkdksdk;Zdjrsns[krs]mldhlgk;rkdjrs,oaèkhjs&èkhjsfirkosQdk;Zdkslh[ktkrsFksA
ijarqvkS|ksfxdØkafrosQvkjaHkgksuslslkekftdlajpukesaifjorZugksusyxkAm|ksxifr],diw¡thoknhO;fDrusvkdjoqQNfØ;k,¡laHkkyyhAogvkdka{kh,oacqf¼;qDrO;fDrFkk,oamlusiSQDVªh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 101
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
LFkkfirdjyhAmlusdPpkekyizkIrfd;k]cktkjdhfLFkfrdkvè;;ufd;krFkkd£edksadksmuosQ?kjksalsykdjviuhiSQDVªhesaoLrqvksadkmRiknudjusgsrqJeijyxk;kAmlusmRiknudkscktkjesafoØ;fd;kAblizfØ;kesaJfedmRiknuosQlkèkuksalsfoyxgksx;kAvcogdPpsekydkLokehughaFkkvkSjughmidj.kksa]HkouvFkokmRikfnroLrqdkLokehFkkAogosQoyJfedFkkAiSQDVªhmRiknufuf'priw¡th,oaJeblØkafrdhfo'ks"krk,¡FkhA
blvk£FkdØkafrosQifj.kkeLo:ilkekftdlajpukesavusdegÙoiw.kZifjorZu?kfVrgq;s,oa,du;slektftlsvkS|ksfxdlektdgk]dktUegqvkA
vkS|ksfxd lekt dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Features of Industrial Society)
(i) vkèkqfud ifjokj dh mRifÙk (Emergence of Modern family)µikjaifjd iSr`difjokjosQLFkkuijvkèkqfudifjokjdktUevkS|ksfxdlektdhizFkefo'ks"krkgSAvkS|ksfxdlektdkifjokjlaLFkkugksdj,dlgHkkfxrkgSAL=khvciq#"kdhnklhughagSvfirqthouesalekuvfèkdkjlfgrmldhlafxuhgSAvcosQoyiq#"kgh?kjlsckgjdk;Zijughatkrsvfirqefgyk,¡Hkhdk;kZy;ksa,oam+|ksxksaesadk;ZdjrhgSaAifjokjmRiknubdkbZujgdjmiHkksDrkbdkbZcux;kgSAvkèkqfudifjokjvcogdk;ZughadjrktksikjaifjdifjokjesagksrsFksA;gk¡rdfdcPpksaosQikyu&iks"k.kdkdk;ZHkhckã,tsfUl;ksauslaHkkyfy;kgSAcPpksadktUeifjokjesaugksdjvLirkyesagksrkgSAvkSjmldhizkjafHkdf'k{kk¯dMjxkVsZuLowQyesagksrhgSAvkS|ksfxdlektesaO;fDr;ksadkn`f"Vdks.kO;fDroknhgksx;kgSAblizdkj]vkS|ksfxdlektesaifjokjdhlajpuk,oamlosQdk;ZÑ"kdlektlsfurkarfHkUugSaA
(ii) vk£Fkd laLFkk,¡ (Economic Institutions)vkS|ksfxdlekt,oaiwoZ&vkS|ksfxdlektosQeè;lokZfèkdegÙoiw.kZvarjvk£FkdlaLFkkvksadhlajpukesans[kktkldrkgSAvkS|ksfxdlektdhmRiknu]forj.k,oafofue;iz.kkyhiw.kZr;kfHkUuizdkjdhgSA?kjkuksaosQLFkkuijvciSQfDVª;k¡gSatgk¡dk;Zdksvusdy?kqva'kksaesafoHkDrfd;ktkrkgSAcM+s&cM+sm|ksxksadhLFkkiukgksx;hgSAfuxeksadhLFkkiukdhx;hgSALokfeRo,oafu;a=k.kesafoHksnfd;ktkrkgSAcM+s&cM+sm|ksx;FkkVkVk,oafcM+ykosQ,dO;fDr}kjkughavfirqyk[kksa'ks;jgksYMjksaosQeè;mudkLokfeRofc[kjkgqvkgStksbuosQizcaèkdksosruHkksxhizcaèkdksaosQfu;a=k.kesansnsrsgSaAoLrqr%vkS|ksxhÑrlektesaLokfeRodh lkewfgdrk gksrh gSA iw¡thokn vkS|ksfxd lektdh izeq[k fo'ks"krk gSA bl izdkjO;fDrxrlaifÙk]JefoHkktu]ykHk]izfr;ksfxrk]Je]osru,oalk[kvkS|ksxhÑrlektdhfo'ks"krk,¡gSaAJfedla?kksadho`f¼HkhvkS|ksfxdlektdhegÙoiw.kZfo'ks"krkgSA
(iii) O;kolkf;d milaLÑfr;k¡ (Occupational sub-culture)µtkSl Åij o£.kr fd;kx;kgS]vkS|ksfxdlektesaJefoHkktudhvfrgksrhgSAfdlhdkj[kkusesalkèkkj.klslkèkkj.koLrq;FkkµtwrksadkmRiknudjusgsrqgtkjksaO;fDrfof'k"Vdk;ZdjrsgSaAblhizdkj]izcaèkdk;ZHkhfoHkkftrgksrkgS],ddPpsekyosQØ;dks]vU;e'khujhdhns[kHkkydks]rhljkmRiknuizfØ;kdks]vU;foØ;dksrFkknwljsys[kksadksns[krkgSA,slsJefoHkktuls]lekt'kkfL=k;ksaosQvuqlkj]lac¼O;olkf;dfof'k"Vrkvksadhvyx&vyxiz.kkfy;k¡tks,d&nwljslsfHkUugksrhgSa]inks'kks"kukRed<axlstUeysrhgSaAizR;sdiz.kkyhfof'k"VekudksadhLFkkiukdjrhgSaftlslacafèkrO;olk;osQlHkhd£edvuqlj.kdjrsgSaA;gO;olkf;dmilaLÑfr;k¡lnL;ksadksnwljksalsvyxdjnsrhgSaAblizdkj]fpfdRldksa,oaulks±osQewY;ksadksbathfu;jksa,oapkydksa}kjkvuqikyuughafd;ktkrkAodhyksaosQO;olkf;dewY;izkè;kidosQewY;ksalsfHkUugksrsgSaAblizdkj]vkS|ksfxdlekttksfofHkUuO;olk;fof'k"VrkvksalsfpfÉrgksrkgS]O;olkf;d
102 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
milaLÑfr;ksaesafoHkDrgkstkrkgSA;gblmnkgj.klsizxVgkstkrkgSfdHkkjrosQfpfdRldvesfjdkosQfpfdRldksalsvfèkdlaioZQj[krsgSavis{kkÑrviusghns'kosQÑ"kdksalsA
(iv) [kafMr Hkwfedk,¡ (Segmentalized Roles) vkS|ksfxd lektksa esa yksxksa dh Hkwfedk,¡[kafMrgksrhgSaAO;fDr]èkk£ed]xq#]firk]jktuhfrdnydklnL;]fØosQVVhedklnL;gksldrkgSijarqbuesalsfdlhdhvU;osQlkFkghlacaèkughagksrktkstutkrh;lektesatutkrh;O;fDrdkgksrkgSA,slslektesaO;fDrdksosQoymlosQoa'kdkirkyxkukgksrkgSftlosQvkèkkjijmlosQO;olk;]mlosQlacaèk,oamldh'kSf{kdizkfIrdkiwoZdFkufd;ktkldrkgSA
(v) voS;fDrd lacaèk (Impersonality of Relationship) vkS|ksfxd lekt oS;fDrdlacaèkksadhvis{kk fuoSZ;fDrdrklacaèkksadks fpfÉrdjrkgSA O;kolkf;dfof'k"Vhdj.kvkS|ksfxdthoudhfuoZS;fDrdrkdksc<+krkgSAlfefr;ksadksxkS.kLo:i]O;olk;ksadhcgqyrk]izdk;ks±dkfof'k"Vhdj.k,oaizfr;ksfxrkLusgdksdedjnsrhgS,oaO;fDr;ksaesalaiw.kZlektosQizfrrknkReh;rkdhHkkoukdksfodflrgksuslsjksdrhgSAdk;ZLFkku]fuoklLFkkulsnwjgksusosQdkj.kfirkcPpksadhn`f"Vlsyacsle;rdvks>yjgrsgSaAvusdcPpksadksKkrghughagksrkfdmuosQfirkD;kO;olk;djrsgSaAosQoycPpsghugha]vusdifRu;ksadksHkhviusifrosQO;olk;dhiw.kZfHkKrkughagksrhaAiRuhdks;grksKkrgksrkgSfdmldkifrOkL=km|ksxesadk;ZdjrkgSijarqogblm|ksxesamRiknud{k]HkaMkj]izca/dk;kZy;]tu&laioZQfoHkkxvFkokfdlvU;foHkkxesadk;ZdjrkgS]mldksKkrughagksrkA,slhifjfLFkfr;ksaesaifjokjckyddks;qok}kjikjdjosQo;LdO;olkf;dHkwfedkesaizos'kfnykusesavleFkZjgrkgSA
(vi) izfLFkfr ls lafonk (Status to contract)vkS|ksfxdlektdh,dizeq[kfo'ks"krkogizo`fÙkgSftlslekt'kkL=khizfLFkfrlslafonkdhvksjizLFkkudgrsgSaAeè;;qxhulektesa]oqQyhuoqQyhuosQ:iesatUeysrkFkkD;ksafdmlosQnknkoqQyhuFks]vr,omlsHkhoqQyhucuusdkvf/dkjFkkAnklmlosQizfrfu"Bkj[krsFksD;ksafdognklifjokjesatUeysrsFksAlaiw.kZlektiznrizfLFkfrijlajfprFkkvkS|ksfxdlektusbllajpukdks[kafMrdjfn;kgSAvkS|ksfxdlektesavf/dka'kO;fDrfo'kkydk;laxBuksaosQfy;slafonkosQvk/kjijdk;ZdjrsgSaAizfLFkfrO;oLFkkdkLFkkulafonkO;oLFkkusysfy;kgSAbllektesavcosrulafonk]lkekftdlqj{kklafonk]csjkstxkjhcheklafonkvkfngksrsgSaAikjLifjdnkf;RoO;k[;kosQLFkkuijvkS|ksfxdlektesalafonkO;oLFkkik;htkrhgSA
(vii) lkekftd xfr'khyrk (Social Mobility)D;ksafdvkS|ksfxdlektizfLFkfrosQLFkkuijlafonkijO;ofLFkrgS]vr,oblesalkekftdxfr'khyrkik;htkrhgSAvkS|ksfxdlektdkO;fDrviuhmiyfC/osQvk/kjijlkekftdLrjhdj.kesamPplsmPplkekftdinikldrkgSAizfLFkfrosQfu/kZjdrÙoosQ:iesatkfrdkegÙodegksx;kgSA
(viii) efgykvksa dh fLFkfr (Position of women) o`Q"kd lekt esa efgykvksa osQ fy;svis{kko`Qrdevk£FkdO;olk;miyC/gksrsgSaAosvf/dle;?kjsywdk;ks±esaO;LrjgrhgSa,oaiQlycksusrFkkdkVusosQle;iq#"kksadhlgk;rkdjrhgSaAvkS|ksfxdlektesaefgykvksaosQfy,vusdekxZ[kqysgksrsgaSAvkS|ksfxdj.k,oafof'k"Vhdj.kusefgykvksadksdkj[kkuksaesaLFkkunsfn;kgSAosvc?kjdhpkjnhokjhlsckgjfudydjfoLr`rlalkjesaizos'kdjx;hgSaftldkj.kmudhvfHk#fp;ksaesaegkuifjorZuvk;kgSAeqfDrvfHk;ku(Lib Movement)vkS|ksfxdlektdhnsugSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 103
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
(ix) fopyu ,oa vizfrekurk (Deviance and anomic)vkS|ksfxdlekt,dtulektgSftlesafofHkUumilaLo`Qfr;k¡fo|ekugSaAblosQlnL;izfr;ksfxrkdhvfrosQdkj.kvR;f/dnckoksa,oamy>uksaosQv/hudk;ZdjrsgSaAdkj[kkusajkrfnupyrsgSaAO;fDrvusdxfrfof/;ksa esalayXugSa ,oa Hkkjh xfrlsdk;Zdjrs gSaA os fofHkUu,tsfUl;ksa}kjk fu/kZfjr O;ogkjosQtfVy,oa fo"ke fu;eksa ls f?kjs gq;s gSaA muosQ O;ogkj ijvusdizdkjosQizfrca/gSaAiwathoknh]'kks"k.k]oxZ&la?k"kZ]laLo`QfrfoyEcuk]fuoSZ;fDrdlaca/]O;fDrokndhiz/kurk,oa;kaf=kdthou&vkS|ksfxdlektosQrRo]ekufld,oaHkkoukRedvlarqyudkstUensrsgSaAlektosQlnL;ksaesafofHkUuizdkjdhekufldfoo`Qfr;k¡mRiUugkstkrhgSaAvkS|ksfxdlektesa]vkRegR;kdh]u'khyhoLrqvksaosQlsoudhnjo`f¼ijgSA
fu"d"kZ :i esa] vkS|ksfxdlekt us laLFkkxr lajpuk ,oa ewY;ksa eas Hkkjh ifjorZu fd;s gSaAvesfjdulektvkS|ksfxdlektgStgk¡yksxvR;f/df'kf{kr]oSKkfudrkSjijizf'kf{kr]vk£Fkd:ilsle`¼ijarqvfrO;fDroknhgksrsgSaAD;ksa,slslektesaekuolaca/vf/dlesfdr,oaLFkk;hgksaxs\mÙkjfuf'prughagSArnfivf/dlsvf/do`Q"kdlektvkS|hxhdj.kosQ;qxesaizos'kdjjgsgSa,oaHkfo";esavkS|ksxho`Qrlektksadhla[;kvis{kko`Qrvf/dgksxhA
3-20 lekt dk Lo:i rFkk rqyukRed vè;;u (Structure of Society and Comparative Study)
lektosQLo:idkiz'uO;fDrvkSjlektosQlaca/osQiz'ulscgqrlacaf/rgSAcgqrizkphudkyesavjLrqusdgkFkkfdeuq";LoHkkolsghlkekftdizk.khgSvkSjtkseuq";lektesaughajgrk]og;krksbZ'ojgS;ktaxyhi'kqgSAeuq";dkslkekftdizk.khdgusosQlkFkghgekjslkeus;giz'umRiUugksrkgSfdeuq";fdln`f"Vlslkekftdizk.khgS\gelektijfdlizdkjfuHkZjgSa\nwljs'kCnksaesa]euq";rFkklkekftdO;oLFkkosQchpfdlizdkjosQlaca/gSa\
nks fl¼kar (Two theories)
O;fDrrFkklektosQlaca/ksaosQckjsesaeq[;r%nksfl¼kargSaftudkvusdfo}kuksausleFkZufd;kgSA,dfl¼karlkekftdlafonk(Social Contract)dkgSvkSjnwljklko;ohfodkl(Organic Theory)dkfl¼kargSAlkekftdlafonkosQfl¼kardko.kZufd;ktkpqdkgSA;gk¡osQoybrukcrkusdhvko';drkgSfdlkekftdlafonkosQfl¼karesa;gckrfufgrgSfdizko`QfrdvoLFkkesaeuq";lektesajgrkFkk]D;ksafd;fnoglektesaujgkgksrrksmlosQeuesafopkjrFkkHkkouk,¡mRiUugksrhaftuosQifj.kkeLo:imluslkekftdle>kSrkfd;kA
lekt dk lko;oh fl¼kar (The organic theory of society)
;gfl¼karHkhvjLrqrFkkIysVksaosQtekusdkgSAIysVksauslekt;kjkT;dhrqyuk,dc`gr~euq";lsdhAmluseuq";dhrhufo'ks"krkvksaµcqf¼erk]lkglrFkkbPNkosQvk/kjijlektdksrhuHkkxksa&'kkld];ks¼krFkkdkjhxjksaesack¡VkAvjLrqusjkT;dhrqyuk,d'kjhjlsdhvkSjcrk;kfdeuq";lektdkvfHkUuvaxgSAgkyesaCya'kkphrFkkgcZVZLisUlj(Bluntschi and Herbert Spencer)usO;fDrosQ'kjhjrFkklektosQ<k¡psesalw{erelekurk<w¡<fudkyhgSAcy'kyhusrksjkT;esaHkhySafxdfo'ks"krkcrkbZgSAmldkdgukgSfdjkT;dkLo:iiq¯yxgSvkSjppZdkLo:iL=kh¯yxgSALisUljdkdgukgSfd¶jkT;osQfodklrFkkiruijoghfu;eykxwgksrsgSatkseuq";osQfodklrFkkiruijykxwgksrsgSajkT;dhHkhfd'kksjkoLFkk];qokoLFkkrFkke`R;qgksrhgSaAeuq";dhghHkk¡frjkT;osQHkhlgk;dvo;ogksrsgSaA¸
104 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
etnwj][ksrhdjusokysO;fDr][kkuksarFkkdkj[kkuksaesadkedjusokysO;fDrlektosQiks"kd(alimentary)vaxgSaAFkksdO;kikjh][kqnjknqdkunkj]cSadj]jsyosrFkklVhulspyusokystgktksaesadkedjusokysO;fDrlektesamlhrjggSa]tSlseuq";osQ'kjhjesajDrokfguhufydk,¡gSaAMkDVjksa]odhyksa]bathfu;jksa]'kkldksa]iqjksfgrksavkfndklektesaoghegÙogStkseuq";osQ'kjhjesaefLr"drFkkukM+h&laLFkkudkgksrkgSA¸^eqjs*(Murray)usO;fDrrFkklektesaLisUlj}kjkcrk;sx;svkèkkjijoqQNlekurk,¡blizdkjizdVdhgSaµ
1- nksuksaNksVs&NksVs,ddksalsvkjaHkgksdjc<+rsgSaA
2- T;ksa&T;ksamudkfodklgksrktkrkgS]R;ksa&R;ksamudhvkjafHkdlkis{kljyrkosQLFkkuijmuesavf/dkf/dtfVyrkiSnkgksrhtkrhgSA
3- T;ksa&T;ksa muesa vf/dkf/d fHkUurk c<+rh tkrh gS] R;ksa&R;ksa muosQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa esvfèkdkf/d ikjLifjd fuHkZjrk c<+rh tkrh gSA izR;sddk thou rFkk lkekU; fØ;klaiw.kZthouijfuHkZjgkstkrhgSA
4- laiw.kZdkthoumuosQfofHkUuvaxksaosQthoulsfcYoqQyvyxgkstkrkgSA
mi;qZDrlekurkvksaosQvk/kjijLisUljus;gfu"d"kZ fudkykfdjkT;,dthogSµ,dlkekftdthoAO;fDrlektosQvaxgSavkSj'kjhjosQdks"kksadhHkk¡frdk;ZdjrsgSaftuosQdk;ZrFkkthoudkmís';laiw.kZ'kjhjdkfgrdjukgksrkgSAftlizdkjvaxksadks'kjhjlsi`Fko~Qdjnsusijmuesathouughajgtkrk]mlhizdkjO;fDrdkslektlsvyxdjusijmlesathouughajgtkrkAO;fDrlektosQvanjghjgrsgSaA
vkykspuk (Criticism)
fuf'prghlektrFkkthouesegÙoiw.kZlekurk,¡gSa]ijarqlkFkghnksuksaesaegÙoiw.kZHksn;kvarjHkhgSaAgcZVZLisUljusLo;abuHksnksadhvksjè;kufn;kFkkvkSjbUghaosQvk/kjijmlusjkT;osQO;fDroknhfl¼kar(individualistic theory)dhjpukdhAlektrFkkO;fDrosQvo;oesamlusfuEufyf[krvarjizdVfd;sA
1- lektdkdksbZ,slkfof'k"V:iughagSAftldhfdlhO;fDrosQ'kjhjlsrqyukdhtk;sA
2- lektosQvaxviuh&viuhtxgksaijmlrjgfLFkjughagS]tSlseuq";osQ'kjhjosQvaxA
3- lektdhbdkbZvyx&vyxO;fDrgksrsgSavkSjO;fDrosQ'kjhjosQdks"kksadhHkk¡fros'kjhjlsla;qDrughagksrsA
4- lektesadksbZ^lkekU;&Kku&osaQnz*(Common sensorium) ughagksrk]cks/rFkkKkudkdksbZosaQnzh;vo;oughagksrk]tSlkfdeuq";osQ'kjhjesagksrkgSA
blosQvfrfjDrlektrFkkeuq";osQ'kjhjesavkSjHkhdbZvarjgSaA;gdFkuBhdughagSfdlektdktUeHkhoSlsghgqvkgS]tSlseuq";dkgksrkgSAgetkursgSafdeuq";dktUercgksrkgStciq#"kdk,ddks"kL=khosQ,ddks"kesafeyrkgS]ijarqlektosQlaca/esa;gckrpfjrkFkZughagksrhAlektesO;fDr;ksadkla;ksxblizdkjughagksrkftlizdkjL=khosQ'kjhjesanksdks"kksadkla;ksxgksrkgSAblosQvfrfjDrughlektmlrjgejrkgSftlrjgO;fDrejrkgSAlprks;ggSfdlko;ofl¼karlektijosQoy,d:idosQ:iesaykxwgksrkgS]okLrfod:iesaughaAlekturksthogSvkSjuthogksldrkgSA;g,dthodhHkk¡frgSA;gekufldiz.kkyhgS]'kkjhfjdiz.kkyhughaAlektdkdksbZ'kjhjughagksrk];g,dekufldlajpukvkSjlfEefyriz;kstuksaosQfy,ekufldlaxBugSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 105
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
lewg&eu fl¼kar (Group mind theory)
lewg&eufl¼kar;kvkn'kZoknhfl¼kar(idealist theory)dklko;ofl¼karlscM+k?kfu"Blaca/gSAIysVks]ghxy]ckslkaosQ(Bosanquet)]vkVksfxosZQ(Otto Gierke)vkSjeSDMwxytSlsfo}kuksausblfl¼kardkizfriknufd;kgSAIysVksuslektdks,d^c`gr~eu*(a mind write large)ekukgSvkSjcqf¼erk]lkglrFkkbPNkosQvk/kjijmluslektdksrhuHkkxksa&'kkld];ks¼krFkkdkjhxjesack¡VkgSAijarqlektrFkkeuq";osQeudh;grqyuk,d:idosQvfrfjDroqQNHkhughagSA
ghxy (Hegel)µvkn'kZoknh teZu fo}ku ghxy dk fopkj gS fd lekt ,d ^iw.kZ eu*(absolute mind)gSA;g,sfrgkfldfo'o&izfozQ;k]lkoZHkkSfedvkRek;kiw.kZfopkjdkizrhdgSAjkT;tksifjokjrFkkflfoylektosQiwoZorhZrRoksadkslatks;sgq,fo|ekugS]euosQ}a}kRedfodkldkvafrepj.kgSvkSji`FohijmldkpjefodklgSAjkT;dhbPNk^iw.kZeu*dhiw.kZvfHkO;fDrgSAO;fDrtcrdjkT;dklnL;gS]rHkhrdmldkokLrfodvfLrRogSAjkT;osQfcukO;fDr,ddYiuk;kHkkoek=kgS_lektdhlnL;rklsghmlsegÙo]ekU;rk]uSfrdinvkfnizkIrgSaAjkT;euq";dhvis{kk,dmPprjlkè;gS]D;ksafd;gLo;aO;fDrgStksviusvkdfLedrFkkLoYik;qfo'ks"krkvksalsjfgrvkSjviuhlkoZHkkSfedrkls;qDrgksrkgqvkrVLFkrkrFkkfpjarjrkdks/kj.kfd;sgq,gSA
ckslkaosQ (Bosanquet)µghxyosQcknVh-,p-xzhu],iQ-,p-czSMysvkSjch-ckslkaosQusblerdkleFkZufd;kAckslkaosQosQdFkkukuqlkj¶jkT;lHkhukxfjdksaosQeudkfeyk&tqyklkjgSA¸fdlhfuf'prjkT;&{ks=krFkkfdlhizHkqlÙkkosQv/hujgusokysyk[kksaiq#"kksaofL=k;ksakdsghjkT;ughadgktkldrk]cfYdjkT;,dlewg&eugSafdlhlfEefyriz;kstuksaosQfy,la;qDrgkstkusijeuksadklewg&eucutkrkgSA;|filewg&eudkvfLrRoO;fDr;ksaosQeulsi`Fkdughagksldrk]ijarqfiQjHkh;g,d;FkkFkZgSAlewg&euO;fDr;ksaosQeuksalsJs"BgSA;gekufldthoudk,dJs"Brj:igSvkSjvaroZLrqrFkkizdkjesaO;fDr&eulsmPprjgksrsgq,Hkhmldksviusesalekfo"Vj[krkgSA
eSDMwxy (Mc Dougall)µlewg&euosQfopkjdheSDMwxyusiqf"VdhA1920esizdkf'krviuhiqLrd^fnxzqiekb.M*(The Group Mind)esamlusfy[kk]¶lekt,d;ksx(O;fDr;ksadk)gS_mldki`Fko~QO;fDrRogSvkSj,dlPphbdkbZgStksfdcgqrvf/dlhekrdviusvaxksadhxfrfof/dk<axrFkkmldkLo:ifu/kZfjrdjrhgSA;g,diw.kZthogSAlektdkekufldthougksrkgStksfdmlosQvarxZrLora=kbdkb;ksaosQ:iesajgusokysekufldthoudk;ksxek=kughagS_vkSjtgk¡rdbdkb;ksadksvyx&vyxekuktkldrkgS]muosQiw.kZKkulsgeiw.kZthouosQLo:iosQlaca/esaml<axlsfu"d"kZughafudkyldrs]tSlkfdLisUljosQmnkgj.kksaesadgkx;kgSA¸¶vr%lkekftd;ksxdk,dlkewfgdekufldthougksrkgStksfdmldhbdkb;ksaosQekufldthoudk;ksxek=kughagksrkgSA;gdgktkldrkgSfdlektesaosQoylkewfgdthoughughagksrk]cfYdlkewfgdeu;koqQNyksxksaosQdFkukuqlkj^lkewfgdvkRek*HkhgksrhgSA¸eSDMwxyusvkxsfy[kkgS]¶leqnk;dhvkRekdkLo:irFkkxBugjizdkjlsmrukghiw.kZekufld;kHkkSfrdgSftrukfdO;fDrosQeudk<k¡pkrFkkxBugksrkgSA¸blizdkjeSDMwxyrFkkckslkaosQosQfopkjyxHkx,d&lsghgSaAnksuksadkdgukgSfdlektosQoyviuslnL;ksaosQoqQNxq.kksa;ky{k.kksadksizdVdjusokyk,dlewgek=kughagS]cfYdLo;a,deurFkk,d;FkkFkZgSA
vkykspuk (Criticism)
gkWcgkml(Hobhouse)]ykWLdhrFkkeSdkbojtSlsfo}kuksauslewg&eufl¼kardhdVqvkykspukdhgSA;svkykspdblckrdksrksekursgSafdlektlacaf/rO;fDr;ksadkosQoylewgek=kughagS]ijarqos;gughaekursfdlektdkviuki`Fko~QeurFkkmldhviuhi`Fko~QbPNkgStksfdlektosQlnL;ksaosQeurFkkmudhviuhi`Fko~QbPNklsfcYoqQyfHkUuovyxgSA
106 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
eSdkbojdkdgukgSfd¶;fngefdlhlewg&eudhppkZdjrsgSa]rksbllaca/esagekjsikldksbZrF;;kizek.kughagksrs]vr%gesa;gdYiukdjusdkdksbZvf/dkjughagS fdog,dgh<axlseglwldjusokys;klkspusokys]leku<axlsizfrfozQ;kdjusokysvkSj,d&tSlk;klfEefyrfgrksalsizHkkforgksusokyslektosQlnL;ksaosQeulsoqQNfHkUuphtgSaA¸lewg&eudhdYiukdksosQoy,d:idosQ:iesaghiz;ksxfd;ktkldrkgS]okLrfodn`f"VlsdnkfiughaAHkkoukrFkkfozQ;kosQosaQnzrksO;fDrghgSAlektesaO;fDrmuijLifjdlaca/ksaesac¡/sgksrsgSaftudkfuekZ.kosLo;adjrsgSaAtcgedgrsgSafdgekjkeufdlhiz;kstuesalekfo"Vgksx;kgS]rks;g:idosQekè;elsdgusdk<axghgSftldkvFkZ;ggSfdgemliz;kstudhiw£rosQfy,feydjlg;ksxdjjgsgSaAeSDMwxyusekufldiz.kkyhvkSjeudks,dghekukgS]oglghughagSAlewg&eu]lekt&eu]dkWyst&euHkhgksldrsgSa]ijarq;gHkhgksldrkgSfdmudkdksbZekuflddk;ZugksA¶eudkeulslaca/gksldrkgS]ijarq,deunwljseudkLFkkuughaysldrkA¸fofHkUuO;fDr;ksaosQekuflddk;ks±dkleUo;rFkk,dhdj.kfdlhvosQysO;fDrosQekuflddk;ks±dkleUo;dHkhHkhughagksrkA
blfy,lektesaeudhLFkkiukdjukvkSjmlsO;fDrosQeuosQlekuekuuklkekftdizk.khosQO;fDrRoosQlkFkU;k;ughagSA
euq";&lekt cuke i'kq&lekt (Human Vs. Animal Society)
lekteuq";rdghlhferughagS(Society not confined to man)µlektdh/kj.kkrFkkmlosQLo:idko.kZumQijfd;ktkpqdkgSAtSlkfdmi;qZDrppkZlsLi"Vgksx;kgksxk]lektmulkekftdlaca/ksadkukegSftlosQekè;elsgjO;fDrvU;O;fDr;ksalslacaf/rgSAijarqlektosQoyeuq";ksadkghughagksrkAoLrqr%dbZizdkjosQi'kq&lektHkhgSaAosQoyeuq";gh,slkughagStkslektesajgukpkgrkgSvkSjftlesaLokHkkfodlkekftdizo`fÙkgS]cfYdi'kqHkhviuhvko';drkdksiw.kZdjusosQfy,lektesajgukpkgrsgSaA
i'kqvksa osQ fy, lekt dh vko';drk (Need of Society for Animals)
dkeo`fÙk (Sexual instinct)µeuq";ksadhHkk¡fri'kqvksadkslektcukusosQ fy,izsfjrdjusokyhviuhtkfrdkspykrsjgusdhmudhlgto`fÙkgSAi'kqvksaesadkeo`fÙkHkhleku:ilsgksrhgSAdkeo`fÙkrFkkiztUu&dkeukdkslarq"VdjusosQfy,i'kqvksadkslaHkksxdjukgksrkgSA
'kkjhfjd vko';drk,¡ (Physical Needs)µnwljs]i'kqvksadkslqj{kk]vkjkerFkkikyu&iks"k.kosQfy,Hkhlkekftdvko';drkiM+rhgSAi'kq&cPpsosQiSnkgksrsghmlslektdhvko';drkiM+rhgSAeuq";osQcPpsdhHkk¡fri'kqdkcPpkHkhj{kkrFkkikyu&iks"k.kosQfy,viusek¡&ckiijfuHkZjjgrkgSA;fnek¡&ckicPpsosQfy,lq[kdjvkokldkizca/udjsarkscPpklnhZ]xehZ;kcjlkrosQdkj.kejtk,xkA;fnosmlosQfy,Hkkstuuyk;sarksog¯tnkughajgldrkAvr%ftlizdkjuotkrekuo&f'k'kqosQfy,ek¡&ckiHkksturFkkvkokldhO;oLFkkdjrsgSa]mlhizdkji'kq&cPpsosQthoudkslqjf{krj[kusosQfy,mlosQek¡&ckimlosQfy,HkksturFkkvkokldhO;oLFkkdjrsgSaA
i'kqvksa dk laLo`Qfr ls dksbZ eryc ugha (Culture irrelevant to animal)µeuq";osQoyHkksturFkklqj{kkosQfy,ghugha]cfYdf'k{kk]lkt&lekt]fopkjksarFkkvkdka{kkvksaosQfy,lektijHkhfuHkZjgSAblesala'k;ughafdgekjscgqrlsdk;Zi'kqvksaosQlekugSaAgei'kqvksaosQlekuHkkstuizkIrdjus]rS;kjdjusvkSj[kkusesale;O;rhrdjrsgSaAijarqmuosQlekugksrsgq,HkhgemulsfHkUugSaA;gdgktkldrkgSfdeuq";,slki'kqgSftlosQiklefLr"dgSvkSjcksyusdh;ksX;rkgSAi'kqrksi'kqghgSvkSjlaLo`QfrlsmlsdksbZerycughagksrk]vr%buiz;kstuksaosQfy,mlslektdhvko';drkughaiM+rhAeuq";dksghogcqf¼izkIrgSftllslaLo`QfrrFkkHkk"kkdho`f¼gksrhgSAlaLo`QfrosQoyeuq";dhlEifÙkgSaeuq";osQlHkhvuqiexq.kblhdkj.kgSavkSjblosQfcuk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 107
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
euq";i'kqgksrkgSAlaLo`QfrrFkkHkk"kkosQfodklosQfy,euq";lektijfuHkZjgksrkgSAijarqpw¡fdi'kqdksbuckrksadhvko';drkughagksrh]vr%buvko';drkvksaosQfy,oglektughcukrkA
3-21 ekuo&lekt vkSj i'kq&lekt eas Hksn (Difference between Human Society and Animal Society)
ekuolekt,oai'kqlektosQeè;HksndksnksJsf.k;ksa(1)tSfodh;(biological),oalkekftdlkaLo`Qfrd(Socio-cultural)esaoxhZo`Qrfd;ktkldrkgSA
tSfodh; Hksn (Biological Differences)
;|fii'kqlektosQlnL;ksa,oaekuolektosQlnL;ksaesavusdtSfodh;lekurk,¡gSarnfibunksuksaosQeè;vusdvarjHkhgaSµ
(i) 'kkjhfjd lajpuk (Physical structure)µekuolektosQlnL;ksadh'kkjhfjdlajpukyxHkxlekugksrhgSijarqi'kqlektosQlnL;ksadh'kkjhfjdlajpukesavusdvarjik;stkrsgSaAgkFkhdh'kkjhfjdjpuk'ksjdh'kkjhfjdjpuklsi;kZIrfHkUugSA,dghizdkjosQi'kqvksaeasHkhvarjik;stkrsgSamnkgj.kr;k]ioZrh;xk;eSnkuh{ks=kdhxk;lsfHkUugksrhgSaAi'kqLo;adks'khrvFkokxzh"eÍrqlslqjf{krj[kusosQfy,o`Qf=kelk/uksadkiz;ksxughadjrstSlkfdeuq";ksadksvko';drkgksrhgSA
(ii) ekufld ;ksX;rk (Mental Capacity)µLi"VgSfdeuq";dkefLr"di'kqdhvis{kkvf/dfodflrgSA;|fii'kqlaqnj?kkslyksadkfuekZ.kdjrsgSa,oavusdvk'p;ZtudfozQ;kdjrsgSrnfi;gizekf.krfd;kx;kgSfdlclsprqji'kqdkefLr"dHkheuq";osQefLr"ddh?kukRed;ksX;rkdk,d&frgkbZgksrkgSA
(iii) lh/k [kM+s gksus dh ;ksX;rkµ(Capacity to stand straight)i'kqlekt,oaekuolektosQeè;vU;tSfodh;varj;ggSfdeuq";viusiSjksaijlh/k[kM+kgksldrkgS,oaviusgkFkksadksLora=krkiwoZdiz;ksxdjldrkgSnwljhvksj]i'qkurkseuq";dhHkk¡fr[kM+sgksldrsgSa,oaughviusgkFkksadkiz;ksxdjldrsgSaA
(iv) Lej.k'kfDr (Memory)µLej.k'kfDrHkhbunksuksalektksaosQeè;varjdk,d¯cnqgSAeuq";viuhHkwrdkyhu=kqfV;ksadks;knj[kldrkgSrFkkmUgsalq/kjldrkgSAogikjLifjdfopkjfoe'kZ}kjktfVyreleL;kvksadklek/ku[kkstldrkgSAnwljhvksj]i'kqvksaesa;g;ksX;rkughagksrhftldkj.kmudklektlajpukRedn`f"VlsekuolektlsvfrfHkUugksrkgSA
lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd varj (Socio-cultural difference)
lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrdn`f"VlsekuolektfuEufyf[krckrksaesai'kqlektlsfHkUugSµ
(i) ekuo&lekt lH; vkSj lqlaLo`Qr izkf.k;ksa dk lekt gS (Human society is a society of civilized and cultural beings)µvr%Li"VgSfdoqQNiz;kstuksaosQfy;si'kqHkhlektcukdjjgrsgS_ijarqLrjrFkkizdkjnksuksan`f"V;ksalseuq";&lekti'kq&lektlsfHkUugksrkgSAeuq";&lektlH;rFkklqlaLo`QrO;fDr;ksadklektgksrkgSaAogeuq";ksadh'kkjhfjdghugha]cfYdlkaLo`Qfrdvko';drkvksadhHkhiw£rdjrkgSAoglektmPpLrjdkgksrkgSftlesayksxns'kosQdkuwuosQvuqlkj,d&nwljsosQlkFkO;ogkjdjrsgSavkSjlektosQlnL;gksusosQukrsmlesatkslkekftdpsrukgksrhgS]mlosQizfriw.kZr%tkx:dgksrsgSaA
108 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
blosQ foijhr i'kq&lekttaxyhthoksadklektgksrk gS ftldklH;rkvkSjlaLo`QfrlsdksbZlaca/ughagksrkAi'kqvksadhvko';drk,¡cgqrFkksM+hvkSjizk;%'kkjhfjdgksrhgSaftudhiw£rogijaijk&izkIr;a=k&jpukvksalsdjysrkgS]tcfdekuo&lektdhvko';drkvksadhiw£rlkaLo`Qfrdlapj.k(cultural transmission)gksrhgSA
(ii) lkekftd cks/ (Social awarness)µi'kqlektesajgrsgSa]ijarqmUgsablckrdkè;kuughagksrkAlkekftdpsrukrksmlesacgqrghdegskrhgSAmlesaoLrqvksaosQchprk£ddlaca/ksadksle>usdh;ksX;rkughagksrhvkSjekufldla'ys"k.kosQekè;elsoLrqvksaosQfofHkUuozQeksalslkeatL;(osQoylaHkksxugha)iSnkdjusdh'kfDrmuesaughagksrhAgk¡];gdgktkldrkgSfde/qefD[k;k¡'kgnbdV~BkdjusosQfy,lkrdksusokys?kjksadkNÙkkcukrhgSavkSji{khvius?kksalyscukus]laxhr]f'kdkfj;ksalsviusdkscpkusesacM+hprqjkbZdkifjp;nsrsgSa]fiQjHkh;gckrdksbZughadgsxkfde/qefD[k;k¡]i{khrFkki'kqeuq";dhvis{kkvf/dcqf¼ekugSaAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdi'kqvksadkdkedjusdk<axv¼Z;kaf=kdrFkkf?klk&fiVkgksrkgS]tcfdeuq";ekewyhdkedksHkhdkiQhle>&cw>djrFkkfoosdlsdjrkgSA
(iii) O;oLFkk dh fof/ (<ax) (Mode of organization)µi'kqvksa dh O;oLFkk osQ <axfuf'prvkSjdBksjgksrsgSa]tcfdekuoosQyphysvkSjvuqowQyuh;(adaptable)gksrsgSaAeuq";e/qefD[k;ksavkSjphafV;ksaosQlekubdV~BkjgusosQfy,izo`ÙkughagSAogO;oLFkkosQtfaVy<axksadkfodkldjusesaleFkZgSvkSjvko';drkvksaesaifjorZuosQlkFkmUgsacnyldrkgSA
(iv) izrhdkRed lapkj dh vuqifLFkfr (Absence of symbolic communication)µi'kqlektmuthoksadklektgSftlesacqf¼]roZQ]laLo`QfrughagksrhvkSjtksgtkjksao"kZO;rhrgksusosQcknHkhmlhLrjijjgrsgSaA;go`fÙkijvk/kfjrlektizrhdkRedlapkjesavleFkZgksusosQdkj.ki'kqviuhlaLo`Qfrdksvxyhih<+hrdigq¡pkusesaleFkZughagksrsAi'kqvksadhizR;sdih<+hdksoghKkuvkSjizo`fÙk;k¡viusdk;ks±lslh[kuhiM+rhgSaAtcrdosfdlhoLrqdksokLrfod:iesans[kughaysrs]mUgsamlosQckjsesaoqQNughafl[kyk;ktkldrkgSAostcrdlk¡idksns[kuysa]mUgsale>k;kughatkldrkfdlk¡iHk;kudgksrkgSAmUgsansorkvksa]vkRekvksavkSjHkwr&izsrksadhlR;rk]ns'k&HkfDr,oadrZO;osQckjsesale>k;kughatkldrkAoqQN'kks/drkZvksausi'kqvksadkscksyukfl[kykusdkvliQyiz;Rufd;kgSAi'kqviusnk¡rksadksczq'kdjuk]Fkwduk]pEepls[kkuk]fcLrjijlksukrFkkekuoh;fozQ;k,¡lh[kldrkgS]ijarqogcksyukughalh[kldrkAi'kqvksa osQ ikl ^Hkk"kk* ugha gksrhAlaLo`QfrdhvuqifLFkfrmUgsa ekuo&lekt]tks^tho&lkekftd&lkaLo`Qfrd*(bio-socio-cultural)lewggksrkgS]lsi`FkddjnsrhgSA^tho&lkekftd*(bio-social)O;oLFkkosQ:iesarksekuo&lekt,oai'kq&lektdhlkekU;fo'ks"krkvksadksizdVdjrkgS]ijarqi'kq&lektesalkekU;fo'ks"krkvksadhvfHkO;fDrrFkkmuesaifjorZuizeq[k:ils'kjhj&fozQ;kRedvk/kjijgksrsgSa]tcfdekuo&lekt esa lkaLo`Qfrd vk/kj ij gksrs gSaA ekuo&lekt O;oLFkk osQ vk/kj ijxq.kkRed:iesai'kq&lektlsfHkUugksrsgSaA
Mk£ourFkkmlosQvuq;kf;;ksaus;gfl¼djusdkiz;Rufd;kgSfdeuq";rFkkmPpi'kqvksadhekufld'kfDr;ksaesadksbZcqfu;knhvarjughagksrkAdbZekeyksaesaijh{k.kdjusosQcknMk£ou(Darwin)us;gfu"d"kZfudkykfd¶euq";rFkkmPpi'kqvksadhcqf¼esaegku~varjvo';gS]ijarq;gvarjosQoyek=kkdkgS]izdkjdkughaA¸ijarqek=kkdkvarjdkykarjesaizdkjdkvarjcutkrkgSAvcks/cPpsrFkki'kqosQvpsrucPpsesaoSlsrksdksbZvarjughagksrk]ijarqtgk¡i'kqdkcPpkvf/dlsvf/doqQNle>nkjculdrkgS]ogk¡euq";dkcPpkusiksfy;u;kU;wVuculdrk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 109
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
gSAMk£ourFkkmuosQvuq;kf;;ksaosQfopkjksadk[kaMudjrsgq,vkj-,-foYlu(R.A. Wilson)usfy[kkgSfd;sys[kdviusvè;;uesavf/degÙoiw.kZckrdks]vFkkZr~¶euq";dhosaQnzh;;klaiw.kZ,dhdjf.kdekufld'kfDr¸(the total or central unifying mental faculty of man)dksHkwytkrsgSatks¶i'kqdhosaQnzh;,dhdjf.kdekufld'kfDrlsfu'p;ghmPpgSA¸i'kq^lPphHkk"kktSlhdksbZoLrq*dHkhHkhfodflrughadjik;sgSaAi'kqvksadhHkk"kklnSoghvYio£/rjghgSAosQoyeuq";ghHkk"kkdkvk'p;Ztudfodkldjik;kgSA;fni'kq;gdkedjysrsrksosHkheuq";cux,gksrsAvr%rF;;ggSfddksbZHkhi'kqlaf/dHkk"kkcksyusokyseuq";osQLrjrdfodklughadjik;kgSAvusd'kks/drkZvksausi'kqvksadkscksyukfl[kkusosQiz;Rufd,]ijarqO;FkZghA,dmnkgj.kesaoqQNi'kqvksausnk¡rksaijczq'kdjuk]pEeposQlkFk[kkuk]fcLrjijlksukrFkkvU;dbZekuoh;fozQ;k,¡lh[kyha]ijarqoscksyukulh[klosQAnwljsmnkgj.kesa,douekuq"kdhtckudjuh(spatula)lsckj&ckjihNseksM+hx;hrkfdogdBksjèofu^n*;k^d*cksylosQ]ijarqmli'kqdhle>esughavk;kfdbllcdkD;kerycgSAbuvUos"kdksaus;gfu"d"kZfudkykfdHkk"kkosQokLrfodvFkZesai'kqvksaesaHkk"kkosQiw.kZrkdkdHkhiz;RuughadjrkAlekt'kkL=kesagekjklaca/euq";ksaosQlektlsgSA
3-22 Hkk"kk rFkk lekt (Language and Society)
mi;qZDro.kZuls;gLi"VgSfdeuq";LoHkkor%lkekftdizk.khgSAmlosQLoHkkodk;gewyy{k.kgSfdNksVs;kcM+siz;kstuksadhizkfIr&gsrqogviuslkfFk;ksaosQlkFklaxfBrgkstkrkgSAviuslkfFk;ksadhckrle>usosQfy,vkSjmUgsaviuhckrle>kusosQfy,euq";ksausHkk"kkcukusdkiz;Rufd;kftlosQfcukosikjLifjdfopkjkasdkvknku&iznkuughadjldrsFksAlapkj(Communication)dhbPNkHkk"kkosQfuekZ.kdkeq[;dkj.kFkhA¶vko';drkvkfo"dkjdhtuuhgS¸;gdgkorHkk"kkosQbfrgklijiwjhrjgykxwgksrhgSAnSfudthoudhvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,Hkk"kkdkloZizFkeiz;ksxfd;kx;kApkYlZfofud(Charles Winick)usHkk"kkdhifjHkk"kkblizdkjdhgS]¶Hkk"kkLosPNoko~QfpÉksadhogO;oLFkkgSftldkiz;ksxlkekftdlewgosQlnL;;kok.kh&leqnk;fopkjksavkSjHkkoukvksadksizdVdjusosQfy,djrsgSaftllsosvar%fozQ;k,oalg;ksxosQ;ksX;gkstkrsgSaA¸;gekSf[kdvfHkO;fDrdkekè;egSA
Hkk"kk dk tUe (The Origin of Language)
Hkk"kk ,d laLFkk gS (Language is an Institution)µHkk"kkfdlh,ddkjddhugha]cfYdvusddkjdksadhmitgSAoLrqr%;g,dlkekftdl`tugS]ekuoh;vkfo"dkjgSµlaiw.kZleqnk;dk,dlgtvkfo"dkjgSAtSlk fdizks- fg~oVuh (Prof. Whitney)usdgkgS fd¶;gfyf[krdkuwuksaosQlaxzg&tSlhgh,dlaLFkkgSvkSjfodklksUeq[klektdhvko';drkvksadksiwjkdjusosQfy,bldktUegqvkgSA¸gekjsHkk"kk'kkL=kh;gcrkusdhvoLFkkesaughagSafdekuoosQbfrgklesadcHkk"kkosQy{k.kizdVgq,vkSjblosQfodklosQfofHkUuLrjksaijfdrukle;yxkAijarqblckrlslHkhlgergSafdHkk"kkosQfodkldkdkecgqr/hjs&/hjsgqvkAfg~oVuhdkdFkugSfd¶Hkk"kkdkfuekZ.klkekftdthourFkklaLo`QfrosQfodkldhosQoy,dvkdfLed?kVukek=kgSA;gle>ukmrukghxyrgSfdfdlh,dle;ijeuq";viusHkfOk";osQiz;ksxrFkkvkusokyhih<+hosQiz;ksxosQfy,Hkk"kkdkfuekZ.kdjjgsFks]ftrukfd;glkspukfdlhle;ijeuq";,slh/kj.kk,¡rFkkfu"d"kZlaxzfgrdjjgsgSatksHkfo";esavkxsvkusokyhih<+hesavfHkO;fDrik;saxsAgjdkyesaoghgqvkftldht:jreglwlgqbZ]mllsvf/doqQNughaA---Hkk"kkdkl`tu,dfujarjpyusokyhizfozQ;kgSA;gmlHkk"kkdkcksyusokysleqnk;dhifjfLFkfr;ksarFkkvknrksaosQvuqlkjxfrrFkkfdLeesafHkUu&fHkUugksrhgS]ijarq;gizfozQ;kdHkhHkhlekIrughagksrhA;gckrorZekudhvis{kklsHkhiw.kZr%lR;ughafn[kkbZiM+hA¸
110 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
blizdkjHkk"kkfdlh,dO;fDr;kdkydhmitughagS]cfYd;g,dlaLFkkgSftlosQl`tuesalSdM+ksaihf<+;ksarFkkvla[;O;fDr;ksausviuk;ksxnkufd;kgSA
vfHkO;fDr osQ rhu ekè;e (Three Instrumentalities of Expression)
fopkj&vfHkO;fDr osQ ijaijkxr ekè;e laosQr] gko&Hkko rFkk cksyh (gestures, grimace and tone) µlaosQrdkvFkZgS'kjhjosQfofHkUuvaxksa]fo'ks"kr;klfozQ;vaxksa]tSlsHkqtkrFkkgkFkksadhfLFkfresaifjorZudjukAgko&HkkodkvFkZgSvko`Qfr;kpsgjsosQHkkoesaifjorZuykukvkSjcksyhdkvFkZgSlqukbZiM+usokyhvkoktiSnkdjukAbUgsavfHkO;fDrdkuSl£xdlk/uekuktkrkgSAvfHkO;fDrdhizFkevoLFkkesaburhuksalk/uksadklkFk&lkFkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkFkkvkSj,slkdksbZHkhle;ughatk;ktc;srhuksalk/uO;ogkjesauyk;stkrsjgsgksaAvktHkhbudkiz;ksxgksrkgSA;gtkuukcM+keuksjatdgksxkfdfdufopkjksadksizdVdjusosQfy,dkSu&lslaosQr;kgko&Hkkodkiz;ksxfd;ktkrkFkkAbulaosQrksadhO;k[;kdjuk;gk¡laxrughagSAtsElusnf{k.kvesfjdkosQHkkjrh;ksa}kjk'kCnksaosQLFkkuijdkeesayk;stkusokys104laosQrksadhlwphnhgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]v¡/sjsdklaosQrgkFkksadksiSQykdjmUgsa>qykusls]vknehdklaosQrm¡Qxyhdkslhs/smQijidM+usls]nkSM+usdklaosQrigyscktqvksadksnksgjkdjfiQjoqQgfu;ksadksvkxsvkSjihNs?kqekuslsfd;ktkrkFkkAvfHkO;fDrosQbuekè;eksaesalsvkokt;kcksyhlapkjdkeq[;lk/ucuhA
'kkjhfjdvkSjckSf¼dn`f"VlsorZekuvoLFkkesavkusosQcknfdrusle;rdeuq";laosQrksalsviusfopkjizdVdjusdkdkeysrkjgk];g,d,slkiz'ugSftldkmÙkjvuqekulsHkhughafn;ktkldrkA;gcrkikukvlaHkogSfd;slaf{kIrrFkkvkdkjghulaosQrfdlizdkjorZekuok.khdhfofo/rkrFkklaiw.kZrkizkIrdjldkAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdblifjorZudhlkjhizfozQ;kHkwr&dkyosQva/dkjesafufgrgS'kk;ncksyuklh[kusesaeuq";dksmruhghdfBukbZmBkuhiM+hgksxhftruhfdvktdy,dcPpsdksviuhekr`Hkk"kklh[kusesamBkuhiM+rhgSAvarjosQoybrukghgSfdvkfneeuq";olLdFkkftlusviusfy,Lo;aHkk"kkdkifjJeiwoZdfodklfd;k]tcfdvktcPpsdksigyslscuh&cukbZHkk"kkdksosQoylh[kukiM+rkgSA
Hkk"kk dk egÙo (Importance of Language)
Hkk"kklaLo`Qfrdk,dvfuok;Zvaxgsabluseuq";ksadkstaxyhvoLFkklslaLo`QfrosQmPpLrjijigq¡pk;kA;fnHkk"kkugksrh]rkseuq";taxyhghjgrkAeuq";rFkki'kqesa,deq[;varj;ggSfdeuq";Hkk"kktkurkgSA;|fii'kqvksaesaHkhviuhckrizdVdjusdh,d'kfDrgS]ijarqbudh'kfDreuq";dh'kfDrlsfuEudksfVdhghughagS]cfYdeuq";dh'kfDrlscgqrfHkUuHkhgSAHkk"kkeuq";dhckSf¼dizfrHkkdk,dizdVrFkkewyy{k.kgSAeuq";rFkklektosQfy,Hkk"kkdkvR;f/degÙogSaoS;fDrdn`f"VlsHkk"kkeuq";ksaesaosQoylapkjdklk/u;k<axghughagS]cfYd;gmuosQO;fDrRodhvfHkO;fDrdh,dfof/HkhgSAlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsHkk"kkeuq";ksadks'kS'kokoLFkklsghizHkkfordjrhgSAcPpkHkk"kk}kjkghlalkjdhvf/doLrqvksadkstkuikrkgSA;gmlosQO;fDrRodk,degÙoiw.kZfo'ks"k.k;kxq.kgSAlektosQfy,bldkegÙofuEuizdkjlsgSµ
1- lkekftd laioZQ esa lqfo/k (Easy social contact)µblosQ}kjklkekftdlaioZQvklkugkstkrkgSAgetkursgSa fdlektlkekftdlaca/ksadkrkuk&ckukgSftlosQdkj.kO;fDr;ksaesalkekftdlaioZQdkfodklgksrkgSAHkk"kkosQ}kjklaioZQvklkuhlsLFkkfirfd;stkldrsgSa]D;ksafdbldhlgk;rklseuq";vklkuhlsfopkjksadkvknku&iznkudjldrsgSaAbZ-,p-LVVZcSaV(E. H. Sturtevant)osQvuqlkj]¶Hkk"kkLosPNoko~QfpÉksadhO;oLFkkgSftlosQ}kjklkekftdlewgosQlnL;lg;ksx,oavar%fozQ;kdjrsgSaA¸
2- laLo`Qfr dk okgd (Culture-carrier)µHkk"kklaLo`QfrosQizlkjesack/d;klgk;dfl¼gksrhgSAdHkh&dHkhfdlhfopkj;kvo/kj.kkdkvuqokndjukdfBugksrkgS]
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 111
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
D;ksafdbldhvfHkO;fDrosQfy,mfpr'kCnughagksrsAgebldfBukbZdksvusns'kesavuqHkodjjgsgSa]D;ksafd¯gnh]tksgekjhjk"VªHkk"kkgS]esafoKkuksaesaiz;qDrvusdvaxzsth'kCnksaosQlekukFkZd'kCnughagSaA¯gnhHkk"kkfonksausvaxzsthosQoqQN'kCnksaosQfy,oqQN¯gnh'kCnx<+sgSa]ijarqvaxzsthHkk"kkosQ'kCnksadhvis{kkbu¯gnh'kCnksadksle>ukvf/ddfBugSAHkk"kkgekjhlaLo`Qfr,oalH;rkdkslqjf{krj[kdjbUgsaHkkohihf<+;ksardigq¡pkrhgSAHkk"kkdkslaLo`QfrdkokgddgktkldrkgSAfdlhLFkku&fo'ks"kvFkokdkydhlaLo`QfrHkwrdkydhnsugksrhgStksmlLFkkuvFkokdkyosQn`f"Vdks.kksa]fopkjksa]Kku]nks"kksa,oaiwokZxzgksadklap;gksrhgSApw¡fdi'kqosQoyoqQNiSnkdjldrsgSa]cksyughaldrs_vr%mudhdksbZlH;rk,oalaLo`QfrughagksrhAosQoyeuq";usHkk"kkosQekè;elsmPpdksfVdhlH;rk,oalaLo`Qfrdkfodklfd;kgSAHkk"kkdhlgk;rklsgheuq";taxyhvoLFkklsmBdjlH;voLFkkrdigq¡pkgSA
3- fopkjksa dk lgt izs"kd (Easy conveyance of ideas)µrhljs] fofHkUu izdkj dhoLrqvksaosQckjseasfopkjksaosQlaizs"k.k&gsrqHkk"kk,d'kfDr'kkyhekè;eiznkudjrhgSaAtcHkk"kkdkfodklughagqvkFkk]mlle;fopkjksadkslaosQrksa;kvkokt}kjkizdVfd;ktkrkFkkAbulaosQrksarFkkvkoktksadkvFkZle>ikukdfBugksrkFkk]oqQNlaosQrrkscgqrtfVygksrsFks]tSls^euq";dgusosQfy,eqV~BhcandjosQrtZuhlsisVdhukfHklsuhpsdhvksjrdvf/dkf/dyachjs[kk[khapdjlaosQrfd;ktkrkFkkAijarqHkk"kkdkvkfo"dkjgkstkusosQcknvcvusdfopkjksarFkkHkkoukvksadkscM+hvklkuhrFkkljy<axlsO;Drfd;ktkldrkgSAtksHkk"kk^ck<+vkbZvkSjedkudkscckZndjx;h*osQfopkjksadks'kCnksa}kjkizdvdjldrhgS]ogmlHkk"kklsdghamPprFkkljygStksblfopkjdksfHkUu&fHkUuizdkjdhph[kksa&fpYykgVksalsizdVdjrhFkhA
vr,olektesaHkk"kkdkegÙoLi"VgSAbluseuq";dksHkísi'kqdhvoLFkklsmBkdjlghvFkZesaeuq";cuk;kgSAHkk"kkusgekjsfopkj&izs"k.kdksljycuk;kgS]lkekftdlaidks±dksvklkucuk;kgS]gekjhlaLo`Qfrdkslajf{krj[kkgSrFkkblsHkkohihf<+;ksardigq¡pk;kgSAoLrqr%Hkk"kkeuq";dhcgqewY;fuf/gSftlusmlstaxyhi'kqdhvoLFkklsmBkdj^l`f"VdkLokeh*cukfn;kgSA
lkoZHkkSe Hkk"kk dh vko';drk (Need for a Universal Language)
lalkjosQfofHkUuHkkxksaosQyksxfofHkUuHkk"kk,¡cksyrsgSaAbrukghugha],dghizns'kesajgusokyseuq";fofHkUuHkk"kkvksa;kcksfy;ksadkiz;ksxdjrsgSaAlalkjosQyksxksadhHkk"kkvksaosQbuHksnksausvar%lewglapkjdkslhferdjfn;kgSftllslkekftdfcyxkodksc<+kokfeykgSAD;ksafdHkk"kklapkjdk,degku~ekè;egS]vr,o;gdYiukdhx;hgS;fnlalkjosQlHkhyksxksadhlekuHkk"kkgksrks;glkaLÑfrdvojksèkdksadksnwjdjusesacM+hlgk;dfl¼gksldrhgSrFkklalkjosQyksxksadks,d&nwljsosQfudVykdjvUrjkZ"Vªh;ln~Hkkouk,oalg;ksxesao`f¼djldrhgSAfu%lansg],dlokZHkkSeHkk"kklalkjosQyksxksadhlkaLÑfrd,drkesalgk;dgksldrhgSrFkkmuxyriQgfe;ksadksnwjdjldrhgStksizHkkoh:ilslapkjudjikusdhvleFkZrklsmRiUugksrhgSa]ijarqO;kogkfjddfBukbZ,slhlkoZHkkSeHkk"kkdh[kkstdhgSAfofHkUuHkk"kkvksaosQiks"kd;gnkokdjrsgSafdgekjhHkk"kknwljhHkk"kklsJs"BgSrFkk;ghlapkjdklokZfèkdoqQ'kyekè;egS]vFkkZr~;gvfèkdiq"V]vfèkdrk£dd]vfèkdueuh;,oale>usesavfèkdvklkugSAorZekuHkk"kkvksadkslqèkkjusrFkkmUgsamUurdjusosQHkhiz;Rufd;sx,gSa]ijarqvHkhrdlkoZHkkSeHkk"kkosQckjsesalgefrughagksikbZgSftlosQiQyLo:iHkk"kk;hfoHksnorZekugSvkSj'kk;nc<+rsjgasxsAokLroesa]fdUghaHkhyksxksaosQfy,viuhekr`Hkk"kkosQvfrfjDrnwljhHkk"kkdkslqxerklslh[kukdfBugksrkgSA
112 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
3-23 lkekftd xfr'khyrk (Social Mobility)
tclkekftdlajpukesa;klkekftdlacaèkksaosQizfrekuesadksbZgsj&isQjgksrkgSrksmlfLFkfrdksgelkekftdifjorZudgrsgSa]ijtcmlhlkekftdlajpukdhfdlhbdkbZdhfLFkfresafdlhHkhizdkjdkifjorZugksrkgSrksmlslkekftdxfr'khyrkdgktkrkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]fdrusghO;fDr,diss'ksdksNksM+djnwljsis'ksdks],dèkeZdksNksM+djnwljsèkeZdksvFkok,doxZdhlnL;rkdksNksM+djnwljsèkeZdhlnL;rkdksLohdkjdjysrsgSaA,dDyoZQesgurlsi<+fy[kdjvfèkdkjhculdrkgS];slHkhlkekftdxfr'khyrkosQmnkgj.kgSaAlkekftdxfr'khyrkdkrRoizR;sdlektesaik;ktkrkgSvarjfliZQbrukgSfdvkfnelektesabldhxfreanFkhvkSjvktosQ;qxesa;gf'k{kk]vkS|ksxhdj.kvkSjfoKkuosQizHkkolsblesarhozrkvkx;hgSlkekftdxfr'khyrkdkvFkZ&izks-ihVjosQvuqlkj]¶lektosQlnL;ksaosQlkekftdthouesagksusokysfLFkfr]in]is'kk;kfuokl&LFkkulacaèkhifjorZuksadkslkekftdxfr'khyrkdgrsgSaA¸
lksjksfduosQvuqlkj]¶,dO;fDr;klkekftdoLrqvFkokewY;vFkkZr~ekuofØ;k&dyki}kjkcuk;h;k:ikarfjrfd;kdksbZHkhphtesa,dlkekftdfLFkfresanwljhlkekftdfLFkfrdksgksusokysifjorZudkslkekftdxfr'khyrkdgrsgSA¸
lksjksfdudhifjHkk"kklsLi"VgSfdlaiw.kZlkekftdthounksizdkjosQrF;ksalscukgSµ(1)osrF;tksizÑfrdhnsugSavkSjftUgsafdeuq";ksausughcuk;kgS](2)osrF;tksekuo}kjkcuk,x,gSavkSjmUghaosQ}kjkftUgsaifjo£rrfd;ktkrkgSAblnwljhfLFkfresagksusokysifjorZu;kLFkkukarj.kdksghlksjksfdulkekftdxhfr'khyrkdgkgSblvFkZesa;fn,dO;fDrfuEuvk£FkdoxZlsmPpvk£FkdoxZdklnL;cutkrkgSrksmlO;fDrdhlkekftdfLFkfresagksusokyk;gifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkgksldrhgSA
lkekftd xfr'khyrk osQ izdkj
eqDr rFkk izo`Ùk izfrn'kZ(Open and Closed Models)
eqDr ([kqyh) xfr'khyrk(Open Mobility)µblizdkjdhxfr'khyrkokyslektksaesafofHkUuLrjlewgksaosQlnL;rkdkvkèkkjtUe;kvkuqoaf'kdrkugksdjO;fDrosQxq.k;ksX;rk,oamiyfCèk;k¡gksrhgSaAifj.kkeLo:i]O;fDrdhfdlhHkhLrjlewgdhlnL;rkdkfuèkkZj.kthouHkjosQfy,ughagksrhgSAog,dLrj,oainesatkldrkgSAvktO;fDr,dfLFkfr&lewgdklnL;gS]vkxsvkusokysle;esaogviuh;ksX;rk]xq.kksa,oaifjJeosQvkèkkjijmiyfCèk;ksadksc<+kdjfdlhmPp&Lrj]in;klewgdhlnL;rkdjldrkgSAeqDrO;oLFkkokyslektksaesaxfr'khyrkdksLohdkjfd;ktkrkgS]vkSjc<+kokfn;ktkrkgSA,dO;fDrviuhizfLFkfrvkSjinesao`f¼vkSjizxfrosQfy,Lora=kgksrkgSblfy,gh;g[kqyh;keqDroxZ&O;oLFkkijvkèkkfjrlaLrj.kdhO;oLFkkokyslektksaesafn[kkbZnsrhgSA;wjksiosQT;knkrjlektksa,oavesfjdkesaeqDrxhfr'khyrkvfèkdik;htkrhgS]D;ksafdogk¡lkekftdlaLrj.koxZosQvkèkkjijfu£ergSAogk¡oxZdhlnL;rkdkfuèkkZj.kfo'ks"k:ilsO;fDrdhvk£FkdfLFkfrosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSAjktuhfrdlÙkk;k'kfDrrFkklkaLÑfrd{ks=kesaizkIrmiyfCèk;k¡Hkhxfr'khyrkmRiUudjusesalgk;dgksrhgSaA
can xfr'khyrk (Closed Mobility)µblizdkjdhxfr'khyrkcUnLrjhdj.kokyslektO;oLFkkesans[kusdksfeyrhgSA,slslektksaesaO;fDrosQin,oaLrjlewgdkfuèkkZj.ktUe;kvkuqoaf'kdrkosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSftlsogviusthoudkyesaughacnyldrkgSAvr%,dlewgdksR;kxdjnwljslewgdhlnL;rkxzg.kdkdjusiz'ughughamBrkgSAcanLrjhdj.kokyhJs"BO;oLFkkdkmnkgj.kHkkjrdhtkfr&izFkkgSAblosQvarxZrO;fDrdhtkfrdkfuèkkZj.ktUeosQle;lsghgkstkrkgSAO;fDrvkthoumlhtkfrdklnL;cukjgrkgSftlesamldktUegqvkgSAtkfr;k¡cnyuklaHkoughagSAizR;sdtkfrdhlektesafLFkfr]vfèkdkj]nkf;Ro,oadk;Zfuf'prgksrsgSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 113
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
tkfr&izFkkesaO;fDrdhxfr'khyrkosQvoljux.;gksrsgSafdUrqorZekuesauxjhdj.k]vkS|ksxhdj.k]ik'pkR;lH;rk]f'k{kkvkSjlaLÑfr]uohulafoèkku]iztkra=k,oadkuwuksaosQizHkkoosQdkj.ktkrh;dBksjrkesadehgqbZgSvkSj,dtkfrosQO;fDrnwljhtkfr;ksaosQO;olk;ksa]ewY;ksa]O;ogkjksa]izFkkvksavkfndksviukjgsgSaAMkW-,e-,u-JhfuoklosQvuqlkj]HkkjresafuEutkfr;k¡^laLÑrhdj.k*dhizfØ;k}kjkviuhlkekftdfLFkfrÅ¡pkmBkjghgSaviusdksmPptkfr;ksaesalfEefyrdjusgsrqiz;Ru'khygSA
var% vkSj varihZ<+h; xfr'khyrk (Intra and Inter Generational Mobilily)µ
var%ih<+h;xfr'khyrkosQvarxZrO;fDrviusthoudkyesa,dizfrfLFkfrlsnwljhizfLFkfrizkIrdjrkgSA,dfyfiddkviQljcutkukvUr%ih<+hxfr'khyrkdkmnkgj.kgSAblosQfoijhrfdlhfyfidosQiq=kdkvkj-,-,l-esap;ugkstkukvUr%ih<+hxfr'khyrkosQvarxZrvkrkgSa]D;ksafdnksuksadhihf<+;k¡fHkUugSavkSjnksuksaesaO;kolkf;dxfr'khyrkns[kusdkfeyrhgSA;fnblvkj-,-,l-vfèkdkjhdkiq=kvkbZ-,-,l-esap;furgkstkrkgSrks;gxfr'khyrkdhrhuksaihf<+;ksadksmnkgj.kgksxkA
[kqyslektesaxfr'khyrkosQlnSovoljjgrsgSatcfdcUnlektesaizfLFkfr;FkkorjgrhgSAcUnlektksaesaO;fDrdhmUufrvkSjxfr'khyrkdhlaHkkoukfof'k"VizdkjosQekin.Mksa(Par-ticularistic Criteria)ijfuHkZjdjrhgSAmlesafirk?kjkuk]HkkbZ&HkrhtksadhfLFkfrvkfnegÙoiw.kZdkjdgSaA[kqyslektesaO;fDrosQiz;klghegÙoiw.kZgSaAmuesaizfLFkfrdkslqèkkjusosQvoljjgrsgSaD;ksafd;glkoZHkkSfedekunaMksa(Universalistic Criteria)osQ}kjkinksaosQforj.kosQi{kesagSAV~;wfeu(Tumin)usxfr'khyrkdksle>usosQfy,N%dkjdksaijtksjfn;kgS]tksfuEufyf[krgSaµ
1- xfr'khyrkle;osQvk;keesale>uhpkfg,AifjorZu,dih<+hvkSjnwljhihf<+dhizfrfLFkfr;ksaesans[kktkldrkgSAblsvUr%ih<+hxfr'khyrkdgrsgSaAblhizdkjghihf<+esaifjorZuvkldrkgS]mlsvUr%ih<+hxfr'khyrkdgsaxsA
2- nwljkdkjd;ggksldrkgSfdxfr'khyrkesale;dhfdruhek=kkyxhA
3- xfr'khyrkfdllaLFkkesavFkokfdllanHkZesavkbZgSA;gk¡f'k{kkesaxfr'khyrk]O;olk;esaxfr'khyrk]lÙkkoHkkSfrdlkèkuksaesaifjorZulsrkRi;ZgSA
4- xfr'khyrkesapkSFkhegÙoiw.kZckrizfLFkfrdksxzg.kdjusdkrjhdkgSAtSls O;fDrizfLFkfrdkstUeosQvkèkkjijikrkgS;kv£trxq.kksaosQvkèkkjijA
5- ik¡pohackrxfr'khyrkdhbdkbZ(unit)gSAxfr'khyrkdhbdkbZO;fDr]laLFkk]lewg]ifjokj]LrjvFkoklewpklektgkstkrkgSA
6- vafreckr;ggS fdxfr'khyrkukiusosQoLrqijdoO;fDrijdnksuksaekinaMksadklg;ksxt:jhgSA
fo"ke vkSj leLrjh; xfr'khyrk (Vertical and Horizontal Mobility)
lksjksfduuslkekftdxfr'khyrkdksnksHkkxksaesafoHkDrfd;kgSA
1- fo"k;Lrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Horizontal social mobility)
2- leLrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrk(Vertical social mobility)
fo"k;Lrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrkoggSftlesafd,dO;fDr;klkekftdoLrqdk,dghLrjesafLFkr,dlewglsnwljslewgesaLFkkukarj.kgksrkgSA,dO;fDr}kjkèkek±rj.kdjuk]la;qDrifjokjdksNksM+dj,dkdhifjokjesavktkuk],dghrjgosQO;kolkf;dinij,diSQDVªhdksNksM+djnwljhiSQDVªhesapystkuk]lHkh{kSfrtlkekftdxfr'khyrkosQmnkgj.kgSaA
fo"keLrjh;lkekftdxfr'khyrkoggSftlesafd,dO;fDr;klkkeftdoLrqdkLFkkukarj.k,dlkekftdLrjlsvU;mPp;kfuEulkekftdLrjdksgksrkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ];fn,dO;fDrdk
114 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
LFkkukarj.k]ykVjhthrtkusosQdkj.kfuEuvk£FkdoxZlsmPpvk£FkdoxZesagkstkrkgSvFkokdksbZiSQ'kumPpoxZlsfuEuoxZesapyktkrkgSrksmlsmnxzlkekftdxfr'khyrkdgsaxsA
lksjksfdu osQ vuqlkj] LFkkukarj.k dh fn'kk osQ vkèkkj ij mnxz lkekftd xfr'khyrk osQ nks izdkj gks ldrs gSaµmèoZxkeh (Ascending) vkSj vèkksxkeh (Descending)vFkoklkekftdmRFkku(Social climbing)vkSjlkekftdiru(Social Sinking)Ablizdkjdhlkekftdxfr'khyrkeq[;r%gesavk£Fkd]jktuSfrdrFkkO;kolkf;d{ks=kesans[kusdksfeyrhgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]vktdklÙkklhueq[;ea=khdyfoi{kdkvfèkdkjfoghuusrkvkSjdyfoi{kdkusrkvkteq[;ea=khculdrkgSA
blhizdkjvèkksxkehlkekftdxfr'khyrkosQHkhnksizdkjgksrsgSaµ,d;koqQNO;fDr;ksadkmPpfLFkfrlsfuEufLFkfresafxjtkuk]vkSjnwljk,dlkekftdlewgdklexz:iesavèkksxeu;kvoufr];gvoufrnwljslewgksadhrqyukesaviuslewgdhfLFkfrdksfxjknsusosQ:iesagksldrhgSvFkok,dlkekftdbdkbZosQfNUu&fHkUugkstkusosQ:iesaHkhgksldrkgSA
O;fDrxrLrjijmèoZxkehvkSjvèkksxkehxfr'khyrkosQvusdmnkgj.kgesanSfudthouesan`f"Vxr~gksrsgSatSls,dcM+sO;olk;hdkfnokfy;kgkstkuk;klkèkkj.kO;kolkf;dinlsmPpvfèkdkjhosQinijpystkusdh?kVukA
laiw.kZlewgdhmèoZxkehvkSjvèkksxkehlkekftdxfr'khyrkdklclsvPNkmnkgj.k Hk-kjrh;tkfrizFkkgSAizkphudkyesalaiw.kZczkã.ktkfrdhmèoZxkehxfr'khyrkdkizek.kfeyrkgSysfduvkèkqfud;qxeaslkekftdvkSjjktuhfrdlekurkdhlfØ;rkosQdkj.kczkã.kksaesavèkksxkehxfr'khyrkrqyukRed:iesans[kusdksfeyrhgSAvktvusdljdkjhdk;kZy;esarFkkdfFkrfuEutkfrosQlnL;ksaosQekrgrczkã.kdk;ZjrgSaAbllstUeosQvkèkkjijcuhczkã.kJs"Brkdksvk?kkryxkA
blosQfoijhrdk;LFkksausviuhfLFkfresai;kZIrlqèkkjdjfy;kgS]vkSjosvcczkã.kosQckn;kczkã.kosQlerqY;LFkkudknkokdjjgsgSaArFkkdfFkrfuEutkfr;ksaeasmèoZxkehvkSjvèkksxkehxfr'khyrkosQn'kZugksrsgSaAvkèkqfud;qxesa^vNwr*'kCn;kmudkiz;ksxHkhcqjkekuktkrkgSAbUgsavc^gfjtu*;kvuqlwfprtkfrosQukelslacksfèkrfd;ktkrkgSAvcmUgsadkuwuh:ilslajf{kr]lektesavU;tkfr;ksaosQlekulkekftd]jktuSfrd]vk£Fkdvfèkdkjiznkudjfn,x,gSaA;ghdkj.kgSfdgfjtutkfr;ksaosQvusdlnL;vktfefuLVj]iz'kkld]mPpvfèkdkjhvkfngSaAvuql-wfprtkfr;ksaesavktfuf'pr:ilsmèoZxkehlkekftdxfr'khyrkns[kusdksfeyrhgSA
3-24 lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa lkekftd ifjorZu (Social Mobility and Social Change)
lkekftdxfr'khyrklkekftdifjorZudhizfØ;kdkgh,dvaxgSA{kSfrt,oamnxzlkekftdxfr'khyrklkekftdljapukesaifjorZuykrhgSrFkkblosQ}kjkifjorZudhxfr,oaek=kkHkhrhozgksrhgSa]lkekftdifjorZuesalektdhlajpuk]lewgksa]laxBuksa]laLFkkvksa,oalacaèkksaesaifjorZuvkrkgStcfdlkekftdxfr'khyrkesaO;fDr;klewgosQinksaesaifjorZuvkrkgSA
lkekftdxfr'khyrk,oalkekftdifjorZueas ?kfu"BlacaèkgSAlkekftdifjorZudk{ks=kO;kidgSftlesalkekftdO;ogkjksa]izFkkvksa]lacaèkksa]laxBuksa]HkwfedkvksavkfnesaifjorZudkslfEefyrfd;ktkrkgStcfdlkekftdxfr'khyrkesaosQoyO;fDr;klewgdhfLFkfresagksusokysifjorZudksAbunksuksaesafuEufyf[krHksngSaµ
1- O;kidrk osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkdhrqyukesavfèkdO;kidvkSjfoLr`rgSAlkekftdxfr'khyrkesaO;fDr;klewgdhizfLFkfr;kinesagksusokysifjorZudksghlfEefyrdjrsgSatcfdlkekftdifjorZuesalkekftd<k¡ps,oaizdk;ZesagksusokysifjorZuksadksA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 115
lekt'kkL=k ,oa lkekftd O;oLFkk
(Sociology and Social System)
2- lacaèk osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZupw¡fd,dO;kidvoèkkj.kkgS]vr%lkekftdxfr'khyrkmldk,dvaxgSAbuosQlacaèkksadksgelaiw.kZrkrFkkvaxosQ:iesaizdVdjldrsgSaA
3- lkewfgdrk osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZudklacaèkfdlhlewg]lekt;klektosQcgqrcM+sifjorZulsgSufdfdlhO;fDrosQO;fDrxrlacaèkksa;kO;ogkjksaesaifjorZulsAlkekftdxfr'khyrkesarqyukRed:ilsO;fDrijvfèkdtksjfn;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]laiw.kZtkfr&O;oLFkkNksM+djnwljkO;olk;xzg.kdjuklkekftdxfr'khyrkgSA
4- dk;Z&dkj.k osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkdkslaHkocukrkgSAblizdkjlkekftdifjorZulkekftdxfr'khyrkdkdkj.kgSvkSjlkekftdxfr'khyrklkekftdifjorZudkifj.kkegSAmnkgj.kosQ fy,]Lora=krkosQi'pkr~ljdkj}kjkfuEutkfr;ksadhlkekftdn'kkdksmUurdjusosQfy,vusdiz;klfd,x,gSaftllstkfr&O;oLFkkesaifjorZuvk,vkSjfuEutkfr;ksadksmPpinoizfLFkfr;k¡izkIrdjusosQvoljfeysA¯drqdbZckjlkekftdxfr'khyrkHkhlkekftdifjorZudhxfrdksrhozdjnsrhgSA
5- xfr osQ vkèkkj ijµlkekftdifjorZudhrqyukesalkekftdxfr'khyrkdhxfrèkhehgkssssrhgS]izeq[k:ilstkfr&O;oLFkkokyslektksaesa,slkvfèkdgksrkgSD;ksafdogk¡xfr'khyrkdkfojksèkfd;ktkrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fndksbZO;fDrviuhtkfrR;kxdjmPptkfrdhlnL;rkdksxzg.kdjukpkgrkgSrksyksxmldkfojksèkdjrsgSaA
3-25 lkjka'k (Summary)
• lekt'kkL=k esa ^lekt* 'kCndkvFkZ O;fDr;ksa osQ lewgls ugha gS]vfirq muosQ eè;mRiUuvarfØ;kdhtfVyiz.kkyhls gSA euq";ksadkegÙoosQoylkekftdlacaèkksa osQvfHkdj.kksa(agencies)osQ:iesaghgSAosoLrq,¡gSaA
• ¶lektdk;Z&iz.kkfy;ksa,oajhfr;ksadh]vfèkdkj&lÙkk,oaikjLifjdlgk;rkdh]vusdlewgksa ,oaJsf.k;ksadh rFkkekuo&O;ogkjosQ fu;a=k.kksa ,oa Lora=krkvksadh,d O;oLFkkgSA¸µeSdkboj
• eSdkbojosQvuqlkj]¶leqnk;lkekftdthouosQml{ks=kdksdgrsgSa ftlslkekftdlac¼rkvFkoklkeatL;dhoqQNek=kk}kjkigpkuktklosQA¸
• lfefrfdlhfo'ks"kiz;kstu;klhferiz;kstuksadhizkfIrgsrqlaxfBreuq";ksadklewggSAfxUlcxZ(Ginsberg)osQvuqlkj]¶lehfrlkekftdizkf.k;ksadklewggStksblrF;osQdkj.kijLij&lac¼gSfdmUgksausfdlhfof'k"Vy{;;ky{;ksadhizkfIr&gsrq,dlaxBUkdkfeydjfuekZ.kfd;kgSA¸
• ^laxBu*'kCndkvFkZgS]^O;fDr;ksavFkokvaxksadhO;oLFkkA*blizdkj]ifjokj]ppZ]dkWyst]iSQDVjh]jktuhfrdny]ØhM+k&lewg]leqnk;]lkezkT;]la;qDr]jk"Vªla?klHkhlaxBuosQmnkgj.kgSaA
• lkekftdLrjhdj.klektdksmPp,oafuEuoxks±esafoHkkftrdjusvkSjLrjfuekZ.kdjusdh,dO;oLFkkgSALrjhdj.k'kCnlekt'kkL=kesaHkw&xHkZ'kkL=k(Geology)lsfy;kx;kgSAHkw&xHkZ'kkL=kesafeV~VhopV~VkuksadksfofHkUuLrjksaesack¡VktkrkgSAlektesaHkhmlhizdkjdhvusdlkekftdijrsaik;htkrhgSaA
116 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
3-26 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- ¶lektlkekftdlacaèkksadkrkuk&ckukgSA¸O;k[;kdhft,A
2- ekuo&lektdhizeq[kfo'ks"krkvksadko.kZudhft,A
3- ¶ekuolkekftdizk.khgSA¸euq";,oalektosQchplacaèkdko.kZudhft,A
4- ekuo&lektrFkki'kq&lektesaD;kvarjgS\ekuo&lektesaHkk"kkosQegÙodksLi"Vdhft,A
5- laLÑfrosQfy,Hkk"kkosQegÙodhO;k[;kdhft,A
6- lektdkD;kvFkZgS\bldhifjHkk"kk,¡nhft,A
7- vkS|ksfxdlektdkD;kvFkZgS\o.kZudhft,A
8- lkekftdxfr'khyrkdhifjHkk"kkvkSjizdkjcrkb;sA
3-27 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further Readings)
• ckWVkseksj]Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth% , xkbM Vw izkWCyEl ,aM fyVjspj-tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA
• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h-2003-n izSfDVl vkWiQ lksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA
• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth% , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA
• ¯x¯Ml],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhcsl]osaQfcztA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 117
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)bdkbZ&4
(Unit–4)
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk vkSj fodkl(Origin and Development of Sociology)
:ijs[kk4.1 mís';(Objectives)4.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)4.3 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙk(Origin of Sociology)4.4 lekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology)4.5 Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodkl(Development of Sociology in India)4.6 lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkosQfl¼kar(Theories of the Origin of Sociology)4.7 /eZvkSjlekt(Religion and Society)4.8 /k£edvYila[;dksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Religious Minorities)4.9 /eZfujis{krk(Secularisation)4.10 /eZfujis{krkosQdkj.k(Causes of Secularisation)4.11 /k£ed:f<+okn(Religious Fundamentalism)4.12 /k£ed:f<+okn&,doSf'odleL;[email protected](Religious Fundamentalism – A Global Problem)4.13 /k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~HkoosQdkj.k(Origin Causes of Religious Fundamentalism)4.14 lkjka'k(Summary)4.15 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)4.16 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
4-1 mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxs%
• lekt'kkL=kosQfodkldh,sfrgkfldi`"BHkwfedko.kZu]
• /eZvkSjlektdhfoospuk,oa
• /eZfujis{krk,oa/k£ed:f<+okndhtkudkjhA
4-2 izLrkouk (Introduction)
lekt'kkL=kdkfo"k;&oLrqO;fDrugha]vfirqlektgS];|fiO;fDrdkslektosQo.kZuesaHkqyk;kughatkldrkAO;fDrosQoyrHkheuq";curkgStcoglkekftdlaca/ksaesaizos'kdjrkgSAlkekftdthouosQfofHkUuLo:i;Fkkµjktuhfrd]vk£FkdosQoyek=klkekftdlaca/ksadhvfHkO;fDrgSAvr,o];fnge fdlhlkekftdizfozQ;kosQvè;;udkslekt'kkL=kdhvè;;ulkexzhesalfEefyrdjrsgSa]rksosQoybldkj.kfdmudkvè;;ulkekftdlaca/ksaosQlanHkZesaghfd;ktkldrkgSAlkekftdvar%fozQ;kvFkoklkekftdizfozQ;kvksadkvk/kjlkekftdlaca/ghgSA
M-pc/E/Laxmi/Kunal ji 11-09-2020
118 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
lkekftdlaca/ksaosQdkj.kghlkekftdvar%fozQ;kgksrhgSAlkekftdlaca/ksadkvè;;udjrsle;lekt'kkL=khlektosQmn~Hko]bldhiz.kkfy;ksa,oalajpukvksa]lkekftdlaLFkkvksaosQfodkl,oamuosQdk;ks±]lkekftdlaca/ksaosQfu;a=kdjhfr&fjoktksa,oafu;eksa]euq";}kjkbfrgklosQnkSjkufu£erlewgksa,oaleqnk;ksa]bulewgksa;Fkkµifjokjtkfr]ljdkj]vk£Fkdlewg]/k£edlewgvkfndkvU;ksU;kfJr]rFkklkekftdifjorZudhla?kVudh[kkstdjusdkiz;RudjrkgSA
4-3 lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk (Origin of Sociology)
lu~1838esavkWxLrdkWEVsusmi;qZDrizLrkforfoKkudks^lksf'k;ksykWth*ukefn;kA;gySfVuosQ^lks';l*rFkkxzhdosQ^yksxl*'kCnlsfeydjcukgSftldkvFkZgksrkgSµlektdkfoKku;k'kkL=kAblsgh¯gnhesalekt'kkL=kdgkx;kA
mUuhloha'krkCnhesalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesavkWxLrdkWEVs]dkyZekDlZrFkkgcZVZLisUljdk;ksxnkuegÙoiw.kZgSAblle;lekt'kkL=khlektosQoSKkfudfo'ys"k.kosQizfrtkx:dFksAblfn'kkesadkWEVsus^oSKkfudn'kZudkfl¼kar*izfrikfnrfd;kAekDlZusblhle;^oSKkfudlektokn*ukedfl¼karizfrikfnrfd;kAblle;lekt'kkL=kij,dvksjrksHkkSfrdfoKkuksadk,oanwljhvksjizk.kh&foKkuksadkizHkkoiM+kAblhle;lkekftdmn~fodkl]mUufr,oaizxfrosQfl¼karksarFkklksikuksadkirkyxkusdkiz;Rufd;kx;kArhufopkjdksaµdkWEVs]ekDlZrFkkLisUljuslkekftdmn~fodklijizdk'kMkykAdkyekDlZusvkfnelkE;oknosQLrjls'kq:djosQlkE;oknrddhlkekftdfLFkfrdkfo'ys"k.k^bfrgkldhHkkSfrdO;k[;k*osQfl¼karosQvk/kjijfd;kALisUljusckrk;kfdizk.kh&txrosQlekughlektdkHkhmn~fodklgqvkgSA
mUuhloha'krkCnhosQvfUreo"kks±esateZulekt'kkL=khVkWuht]tktZflesy,oaizsaQplekt'kkL=khbekbynq[khZeuslekt'kkL=kh;fl¼karksaosQizfriknuesa;ksxfn;kAVkWuhtuslektdklewnk;ksa,oalfefr;ksaosQ:iesaoxhZdj.kizLrqrfd;kAflesyus^Lo:ikRedlekt'kkL=k*osQfodklesa;ksxnkufn;kftlosQvuqlkjlekt'kkL=kdhizeq[kfo"k;&oLrqlekftdvar%fozQ;kosQLo:idkvè;;ugSA
teZulekt'kkL=kheSDloscjdkHkhlekt'kkL=kh;fl¼karksaosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxnkujgkgSAchloha'kRkkCnhosQizkjaHkesavesfjdkosQoqQNfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=kosQvè;;u&vè;kiudkdk;ZizkjaHkgkspqdkFkkAblle;;gkaFkkLVZuoscyu]iszaQdokZMrFkkbZ-,-jkWlizfl¼lekt'kkL=khgq,AbVyhesafoYizsQMksiSjsVksus^vfHktkroxZosQifjHkze.kdkfl¼kar*izfrikfnrfd;kA
4-4 lekt'kkL=k dk fodkl (Development of Sociology)
vcge;gkalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhfofHkUuvoLFkkvksaijfopkjdjsaxsA
1- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh izFke voLFkk (First Stage of Development of Sociology)
lk/kj.kr;k;gekuktkrkgSfdlektosQfodkldhizkjafHkdvoLFkk;wjksils'kq:gqbZ]ijarqoqQNHkkjrh;fopkjdksadhekU;rkgS fdlekftdthoulslacaf/rvusdegÙoiw.kZckrsaosnksa]mifu"knksa]iqjk.kksa]egkdkO;ksa,oaLe`fr;ksa]vkfnlsfeyrhgSaA;gkaizpfyro.kkZJeO;oLFkkblckrdkLi"Vizek.kgSfdHkkjrh;¯prdksauslektvkSjthoudh,dO;kidO;oLFkkdkfodklik'pkR;fo}kuksaosQblfn'kkesa¯pruosQcgqrigysghdjfy;kFkkA
if'pehlkektksaosQlkektlaca/hvè;;uksadkizkjaHk;wukuh fopkjdksalsgqvkA IysVksrFkkvjLrwdhjpuk,ablfn'kkesaizeq[kiz;klFksAIysVksusviuhiqLrd^fjifCyd*(427&347bZ-iw-)rFkkvjLrwus^bfFkDl,aMikWfyfVDl*(384&322bZ-iw-)esalkekftdthoulslacaf/rfofHkUuleL;kvksa,oa?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkrfooj.kizLrqrfd;kA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 119
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
IysVksrFkkvjLrwosQi'pkr~lkekftdthouosQvè;;u,oalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesayqosQf'k;l&(96&55bZ-iw-)]fljlks(106&43bZ-iw-)]ekjdlvkjsfy;l(121&180,-Mh-)]lsaVvkxLVkbu(354&430,-Mh-)vkfndkmYys[kuh;;ksxnkugSA
2- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh f}rh; voLFkk (Second Stage of Development of Sociology)
NBh'krkCnhlspkSngoha'krkCnhrddkdkylekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhf}rh;voLFkkekuhtkrhgSAbldkyesaHkhdkiQhyacsle;rdlkekftdleL;kvksadksle>usosQfy,/eZvkSjn'kZudklgkjkfy;ktkrkjgk]ysfdursjgoha'krkCnhesalkekftdleL;kvksadksrk£dd<axlsle>usdkiz;Rufd;kx;kA/hjs&/hjslkekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;u esa roZQdk egÙo c<rk x;kA Fkkel ,D;wul (1227&1274) rFkk nkars(1265&1321)dhjpukvksals;gckrHkyh&Hkk¡frLi"VgSA
3- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh r`rh; voLFkk (Third Stage of Development of Sociology)
blvoLFkkdkizkjaHkianzgoha'krkCnhlsekukx;kgSAbldkyesalekftd?kVukvksaosQvè;;uesaoSKkfudfof/dkiz;ksxizkjaHkgqvkAek.VsLD;wusviuhiqLrd^nhfLifjVvkiQykWt*esalektdkHkkSxksfydi;kZoj.kosQizHkkodksLi"Vdjusdkiz;Rufd;kAfodksukedfo}kuus^nhU;wlkbUl*esalkekftd'kfDr;ksadhmís';iw.kZO;k[;kizLrqrdhAekYFklustula[;k&fl¼karvkSjtukf/D;lslacaf/rleL;kvksaijizdk'kMkykA,MefLeFkusvk£Fkdeuq";ksadkfopkjfn;kAdUMksjlsVuslkekftdifjoZrudkfl¼karizfrikfnrfd;kAtsElgs¯jxVuusbfrgkldhvk£FkdO;oLFkklslacaf/rfl¼karizLrqrfd;kAbulHkhvkSjvusdvU;fo}kuksadk;|filekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;kxsnkugS]ijarqbuosQvè;;uksaesa,d:irkvkSjfo'ks"khdj.kdkvHkkogSAdbZfo}kulkekftd?kVukvksadksvk£Fkd?kVukvksalsi`Fko~QdjosQmudkvè;;uughadjik,A
4- lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh prqFkZ voLFkk (Fourth Stage of Development of Sociology)
lekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhblprqFkZvoLFkkdkizkjaHkvkWxLrdkWEVs(1798&1875)osQle;lsekuktkrkgSA;ghlekt'kkL=kosQoSKkfudfodkldhokLrfodvoLFkkgSAizQkalhlhfo}kuvkWxLrdkWEVsosQxq#ls.VlkbeuHkkSfrdfoKkuksaosQlekulektdks,d,slkfoKkucukukpkgrsFks ftlesalkekftd?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkr,oaozQec¼vè;;ufd;ktklosQblmís';dhiw£rosQfy,vkWxLrdkWEVsusviusxq#osQbUghafopkjksadksewÙkZ:insusdkiz;Rufd;kAviuslektlslacaf/rvè;;udks^lkekftd HkkSfrdh*(Social Physics)osQukelsiqdkjkAlu~1838esavkiusblukedkscnydjbls^lekt'kkL=k*(Sociology)ukefn;kA;ghdkj.kgS fdvkidkslekt'kkL=kdktUenkrk;kfirk(Father of Sociology)dgktkrkgSA
lekt'kkL=k:ihfo'kkyHkoudkvk/kjvkWxLrdkWEVsdk¯parughgSAvkiusghloZizFkelkekftdn'kZuvkSjlekt'kkL=kesavarjLi"Vfd;kAvkiusghlekt'kkL=kh;iz.kkyhdkfodklfd;kAvkiusLi"Vr%crk;kgSfdizko`Qfrd?kVukvksaosQlekulkekftd?kVukvksadkHkhoS"kf;drjhosQlsizR;{kfof/dhlgk;rklsvè;;ufd;ktkldrkgSAlu~1849esatkuLVqvVZfeyusbaXyS.Mdkslekt'kkL=k'kCnlsifjfprdjk;kAcknesizfl¼fczfV'klekt'kkL=khgjcVZLisUljuslekt'kkL=kosQfodklesalfozQ;;ksxfn;kAvkiusghviuhjpuk^fluFksfVdfiQykWliQh*osQ,dHkkx^¯izlhiYlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth*esadkWEVsosQfopkjksadksewrZ:insusdkiz;Rufd;kAvkiusviusizfl¼^lko;ohfl¼kar*esalektdhrqyukekuo'kjhjlsdhgSAloZizFke vejhdk osQ ;sy fo'o fo|ky; esa lekt'kkL=k osQ vè;;u&vè;kiu dk dk;Z izkjaHk gqvkA
120 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
lekt'kkL=kdksvU;lkekftd foKkuksa ls i`Fko~Q ,d Lora=k ,oa oS"kf;d foKkucukusdkJs;izQkalhlhfo}kubekbynq[khZe(1858&1918)dksgSAvkiuslekt'kkL=kdkslkewfgdizfrfu/kuksa(Collective Representations)dkfodKkuekukgSA,MoqMuscrk;kgSfd;|fidkWEVsusizQkalesalekt'kkL=kdhuhaoMkyh]ysfdublsoS"kf;dfoKkucukusokyhfopkj/kjkdktudnq[khZedksghekuktkldrkgSAvkiusghlekt'kkL=kdksvU;lkekftdfoKkuksatSlseuksfoKku]n'kZu'kkL=kvkSjbfrgkllsLora=kfd;kAizfl¼teZulekt'kkL=kheSDl cscj(1864&1920)uslekt'kkL=kdksfoKkudk:insusdkiwjk&iwjkiz;Rufd;kAbVyhosQlekt'kkL=khfoYizsQMksiSjsVks(1848&1923)dklekt'kkL=kosQO;ofLFkrfoKkuosQ:iesafodklesadkiQh;ksxnkugaSA
lekt'kkL=kosQfodklesafo'oosQfofHkUuns'kksaosQfo}kuksadkegÙoiw.kZlg;ksxgSAfo'ks"kr%20oha'krkCnhesaizaQkl]teZuh,oala;qDrjkT;vejhdkesablfo"k;dkdkiQhfodklgqvkAbaXyS.MesablosQfodkldhxfr/hehjghAvejhdkesalekt'kkL=kosQfodklrFkkvè;;u&vè;kiuijdkiQhè;kufn;kx;k]ysfduogk¡Hkh20oha'krkCnhesaghblfo"k;dkfodklgqvkAblckrlsLi"VgSfdgkoZMZtSlsizfl¼fo'ofo|ky;esalu~1930rdlekt'kkL=kosQvè;;u&vè;kiudhdksbZO;oLFkkughaFkhA
lekt'kkL=kosQ fodklesabaXyS.MosQgjcVZLisUlj] fey]pkYlZcwFk]gkWcgkml]osLVjekoZQ]ekughe]fxUlcxZ]vkfndkmYys[kuh;;ksxnkugSAbUgksausbaXyS.Mesalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhn`f"Vlsljkguh;dk;Zfd;kAogk¡lu~1907esalekt'kkL=kdkvè;kiu&dk;ZizkjaHkgqvkAizQkalesnq[khZe]VkMsZ]yhIys]vkfnuslekt'kkL=kosQ fodkldhn`f"Vlsljkguh;dk;Z fd;kAogk¡lu~1889esalekt'kkL=kdkvè;;u&vè;kiuizkjaHkgqvkAteZuhesa19oha'krkCnhosQvafreo"kks±vkSj20oha'krkCnhosQizkjafHkdo"kks±esalekt'kkL=kosQ fodklesaVkWuht]okufot]eSDloscj]dkyZekDlZ]ohjdkUr]fleSy]vkfnfo}kuksadkdkiQh;ksxnkujgkvejhdkeslekt'kkL=kdkcgqrfodklgqvkAogk¡fx¯MXl]leuj]okMZ]ikoZQ]cxsZl]lkWjksfdu]ftejeSu]eSdkboj]vkWxcuZ]ikjlUl]eVZu];ax]dkWtj]jkWl]vkfnusblfn'kkesafo'ks"klg;ksxfn;kAogk¡lu~1876esa;syfo'ofo|ky;esaloZizFkelekt'kkL=kosQvè;;u&vè;kiudkdk;ZizkjaHkgqvkAlu`1924esafeL=kesavkSj1947esaLohMuesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxLFkkfirfd,x,AorZekuesalHkhfodflrvkSjfodkl'khyns'kksaesalekt'kkL=kdkvè;;ulk/kj.kr%izkjaHkgkspqdkgSA;|fioqQNns'kvioknvo';gSaAorZekuesalekt'kkL=kdhmi;ksfxrkvkSjyksdfiz;rkfnuksafnuc<+rhghtkjghgSA
4-5 Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk fodkl (Development of Sociology in India)
Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldksrhu;qxksaesackaVktkldrkgS%
1- izkphu Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk fodklµizkphuHkkjr;xzUFkksa&osn]mifu"kn~]jkek;.k]egkHkkjr]xhrkLe`fr;ksavkfnesalkekftdfpUrudkO;ofLFkr:ins[kusdksfeyrkgSAbuxzUFkksaosQlw{evoyksdulsKkrgksrkgSfd;gk¡mlle;lkekftdO;oLFkkdkiQhmUurizdkjdhFkhvkSjthouosQvko';dewY;ksaijxgufpUruizkjEHkgkspqdkFkkAlkFkghmlle;lkekftdO;oLFkkdkscuk,j[kusokysvko';drRoksaijHkhxaHkhjrklsfopkjpyjgkFkkAmldkyosQxzaFkksaosQvè;;ulsirkpyrkgSfdmlle;o.kkZJeO;oLFkkO;fDrvkSjlektosQthoudksfdlizdkjlapkfyrdjjghFkhA;gO;oLFkkO;fDrvkSjlektosQchtlqanjleUo;dk,dmÙkemnkgj.kgSAèkeZ]vFkZ]dkevkSjeks{kpkjiq#"kkFkZthouosQpkjizeq[kmís';Fks]ftUgsizdkjdjusosQfy,O;fDriz;Ru'khyjgrkFkkvkSjviusO;fDrRodkfodkldjrsgq,lekftdthoudksmUurcukusesa;ksxnsrkFkkAmlle;O;fDrdksbrukegÙoughafn;kx;kfdoglektijgkohgkstk,vkSjlkFkghlektdksHkhbruk'kfDr'kkyhughaekufy;kx;k
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 121
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
fdO;fDrdkO;fDrRoncdjjgtk,vkSjog(lekt)O;fDrdksfuxytk,Amlle;osQfpUrdblckrlsifjfprFksfdosQoyHkkSfrdrkvkSjO;fDrokfnrkosQvkèkkjijO;fDrosQthoudksiw.kZrkiznkuughadhtkldrhAvr%mUgksausvkè;kReokndklgkjkfy;k]èkeZosQvkèkkjijO;fDrosQvkpj.kdksfuf'prdjusdkiz;Rufd;kA;glEiw.kZlkekftdfpUrulekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhn`f"VlsvewY;lkexzhgSA
dkSfVY;(pk.kD;)osQvFkZ'kkL=k]'kqØkpk;ZosQuhfr'kkL=k]euqdheuqLe`fr]eqxydkyesafy[khx;hvkbZu&,&vdcjhvkfnxzUFkksalsirkpyrkgSfdmlle;lkekftdO;oLFkkoSQlhFkh]fdlizdkjosQjhfr&fjokt]lkekftdizFkk,¡]ijEijk,¡vkSjvkpj.klEcUèkhvkn'kZ&fu;eizpfyrFksAblxzUFkksaosQvè;;ulsmlle;dhlekt&O;oLFkkdksle>usvkSjmlesale;≤ijgksusokysifjorZuksadkstkuusesalgk;rkfeyrhgSAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa]euqLe`fresalekftdKkuHkjkiM+kgSAblesao.kZ]tkfr]fookg]ifjokj]jkT;]èkeZvkfnijxEHkhjrklsfopkjfd;kx;kAblxzaFkuslektdksHkkohLo:idks fuèkkZfjrdjusesadkiQh;ksx fn;kAizkphuxzaFkksadklekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vlsvè;;udjusdh fn'kkesaizks- fou;oqQekjljdkj]izks-c`tsUnzukFk]MkWHkxokunkl,oaizks-osQoyeksrokuhusegÙoiw.kZ;ksxfn;kAorZekuesavko';drkblckrdhgSfdizkphuHkkjrh;fopkjksaijlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsfpUruvkSjeuufd;ktk,A;gk¡gesabrukvo';è;kuesaj[kukgSfdmlle;dhlekt&O;oLFkk,oalkekftdfpUruijèkeZdkdkiQhizHkkoFkkAmi;qZDrfooj.klsLi"VgSfdoSfnedkylsghHkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhijEijkizkjEHkgkspqdhFkh];|fieè;dkyesa;gk¡lekftdO;oLFkkvksaosQvè;;uijè;kufn;kx;kA
2- Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk vkSipkfjd izfrLFkkiu ;qxµHkkjresa]lekt'kkL=k,duohufoKkugSA;|fimUuhloha'krkCnhosQmÙkjk¼Zesa;wjksiesalekt'kkL=kdk,dO;ofLFkrfo"k;osQ:iesafodklizkjEHkgkspqdkFkk]ijUrqHkkjresachloha'krkCnhosQigysrd,slkdksbZ foKkuughaFkktkslektdklEiw.kZrkesavè;;udjsAif'peosQns'kksaesalekt'kkL=kdkfodklrsthlsgksrktkjgkFkkA,slhn'kkesaHkkjrh;ksadkè;kuHkhHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdks,dfo"k;osQ:iesafodflrdjusdhvksjx;kAifj.kkeLo:i;gk¡lekt'kkL=kosQvè;;u&vè;kiudkdk;ZizkjEHkgqvkAlu~1914ls1947rddkdkyHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkvkSipkfjdizfrLFkkiu;qxdgktkldrkgSA
;gk¡ loZizFke lu~ 1914 esa cEcbZ fo'ofo|ky; esa Lukrd Lrj ij lekt'kkL=k dkvè;;u&dk;ZizkjEHkgqvkA;ghalu~1919esafczfV'klekt'kkL=khizks-iSfVªdxsfMldhvè;{krkesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxdhLFkkiukgqbZvkSjlekt'kkL=kdhLukrdksÙkjd{kk,¡'kq:dhx;haAlu~1917esadydÙkkfo'ofo|ky;esaizks-c`tsUnzukFk'khyosQiz;RuksalsvFkZ'kkL=kfo"k;osQlkFklekt'kkL=kdkvè;;u&dk;Zpkywfd;kx;kAMkW-jkèkkdkyeqdthZ]fou;oqQekj]MkW-Mh-,u-etqenkjrFkkizks-fueZyoqQekjcksltSlsizfrHkk'kkyhfo}kuMkW-c`tsUnzukFk'khyosQghfo|kFkhZFksftUgksausvkxspydjlekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxfn;kAlu~1921esay[kuÅfo'ofo|ky;esavFkZ'kkL=kfoHkkxosQvUrxZrlekt'kkL=kdksekU;rkvo';nhx;h]ijUrqblfo"k;dkvè;;uvFkZ'kkL=k fo"k;osQvUrxZrgh fd;ktkusyxkA;gk¡ns'kosQizeq[k fo}kuMkW- jkèkkdeyeqdthZdkslekt'kkL=kdkfoHkkxkè;{kfu;qDrfd;kx;kAlu~1924esaizks-iSfVªdxsfMlosQcknmUghaosQf'k";vkSjns'k&fons'kesatkus&ekuslekt'kkL=khMkW-th-,l-?kqfj;sdkscEcbZfo'ofo|ky;esalekt'kkL=kosQfoHkkxkè;{kdkinlq'kksfHkrdjusdkvoljfeykAizks-jkèkkdeyeqdthZvkSjMkW-th-,l-?kqfj;sdkHkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkujgkgSAeSlwjfo'ofo|ky;esalu~1923esaLukrdd{kkvksaesablfo"k;dks
122 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
i<+k;ktkusyxkAblo"kZvkUèkzfo'ofo|ky;esaHkhlekt'kkL=kdks,dfo"k;osQ:iesaekU;rkiznkudhx;hAlu~1930esaiwukfo'ofo|ky;esalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxizkjEHkgqvkvkSjJherhbjkorhdkosZusfoHkkxkè;{kdkinlaHkkykAèkhjs&èkhjsns'kosQoqQNvU;fo'ofo|ky;ksaesaHkhlekt'kkL=kdksch-,-rFkk,e-,-osQikB~;ØeesalfEefyrdjfy;kx;kAlu~1947osQiwoZrdns'kesalekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhxfrdkiQhèkhehjghijUrqbldkyesa;gk¡lekt'kkL=kdhuhaovo';iM+pqdhFkhAbrukvo';gSfdLorU=krk&izkfIrosQiwoZrddghalekt'kkL=kvFkZ'kkL=kosQlkFkrksdghaekuo'kkL=k;kn'kZu'kkL=kosQlkFktqM+kjgkvkSj,dLorU=kfo"k;osQ:iesaekU;rkizkIrughadjldkA
3- LorU=k Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k dk O;kid izlkj ;qxµlu~1947esaLoU=krkizkfIrosQcknls;g;qxizkjEHkgksrkgAbl;qxesalekt'kkL=kdksns'kosQfofHkUufo'ofo|ky;ksaesa,dO;ofLFkrLorU=kfo"k;osQ:iesaekU;rkizkIrgqbZrFkkblosQvè;;u&vè;kiudhvksjyksxksadkè;kux;kAorZekuesans'kesavkèkslsvfèkdfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxdhLFkkiukgkspqdhgSAorZekuesaeqacbZ]dksydkrk]y[kuÅ]eSlwj]iwuk]cM+kSnk]xqtjkr] iVuk] Hkkxyiqj] xksj[kiqj] fnYyh]tcyiqj] iatkc] ukxiqj] jktLFkku]tksèkiqj]mn;iqj]vtesj]bUnkSj]thokth]Hkksiky]jk;iqj]jkaph]dk'khfo|kihB]oqQekÅa]#gsy[k.M]cqUnsy[k.M]dk'khfgUnwfo'ofo|ky;]jfo'kadj]esjB]vyhx<+eqfLyefo'ofo|ky;]psUubZ]dkuiqjvkfnfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=kfoHkkxksadhLFkkiukgkspqdhgSAbuosQvfrfjDrns'kosQvusdjktdh;,oavjktdh;egkfo|ky;ksaesaHkhch-,-vkSj,e-,-Lrjijlekt'kkL=kdkvè;kiudk;ZpyjgkgSAorZekuesablfo"k;dhyksdfiz;rk,oami;ksfxrkrsthosQlkFkc<+rhtkjghgSAvcrksvusdfo'ofo|ky;ksaesalekt'kkL=klslEcfUèkr'kksèk&dk;ZHkhpyjgsgSaAlkFkghlekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhn`f"VlsoqQN'kksèklaLFkkuHkhLFkkfirfd,x,gSaA
Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh izo`fÙk;k¡ (Trends of Development of Sociology in India)
1- ik'pkR; lekt'kkL=kh; ijEijk ls izHkkfor (Influenced by Western Sociological Thinking)µbl fopkjèkkjkosQekuusokys fo}kuksadkdgukgS fdHkkjresaif'pehlekt'kkL=khfl¼kUrksa,oavè;;ui¼fr;ksadksdkeesaysrsgq,ghlekt'kkL=kdkfodklfd;ktkldrkgSA
Hkkjresa ik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh; fpUruls izHkkfor gksdjtkfr] oxZ] fookg] ifjokj]ukrsnkjhvkSjèkeZlslEcfUèkrvusdvuqHkokRedvè;;u(Empirical Studies)fd;sx;sgSaA,slsvè;;udrkZvksaesaMkW-gV~Vu]fjtys]MkW-?kqfj;s]etwenkj,oadkifM;kosQuke fo'ks"kr%mYys[kuh;gSaA bu fo}kuksausmi;qZDrijxguvè;;udjlekt'kkL=kosQfodklesaviowZ;ksxfn;kAMkW- gV~VuvkSjetwenkjusHkkjrh;tkfr&O;oLFkkdhlw{efoospukizLrqrdhgSAMkW-?kqfj;susfofHkUulekt'kkL=kh;fo"k;ksaijfy[kkgSftuesatkfr]oxZ]O;olk;]ifjokj]èkeZvkfneq[;gSaAvkiusvusdiqLrosaQHkhfy[khgSaftuesa(i) Caste Class and Occupation; (ii) Culture and Society; (iii) Cities and Civiliza-tion izeq[kgSaAvkiosQiz;Ruksalslu~1952esa Indian Sociological Society dhLFk-kiukgqbZftlus^lksf'k;ksykWftdycqysfVu*(Sociological Bulletin)dkizdk'kufd;kAvkighblif=kdkosQizFkelEikndjgsgSaAMkW-osQ-,e-dkifM;kusfookg]ifjokjvkSjukrsnkjhijviusvè;;uksaosQvkèkkjijcgqroqQNfy[kkgSAvkiusdbZys[kksaosQvfrfjDrnksegÙoiw.kZiqLrosaQfy[khgSa%(i) Marriage and Family India, rFkk(ii) Hindu
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 123
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
KinshipAMkW-etwenkjusfcgkj]eè;izns'k]mÙkjizns'krFkkcaxkyosQtutkrh;{ks=kksaesaegRoiw.kZvuqlUèkkudk;Zfd;kgSAtkfr&O;oLFkkvkSjxzkeh.kHkkjrosQosQlEcUèkesaHkhvkiusdkiQhoqQNfy[kkgSAvkidhiqLrdksaesafuEufyf[kriqLroasQizeq[kgSa%(i) Races and Cultures of India; (ii) An Introduction to Social Anthropology; (iii) A Tribe in Transition rFkk(iv) Caste and Communication in an Indian VillageA
blfopkjèkkjklslEcfUèkrvU;fo}kuksaesaosyksxvkrsgSaftUgksausèkk£edfo'oklksarFkkuSfrdfopkjksaosQrqyukRedvè;;uijtksfn;kgSAmnkgj.kosQ:iesa]MkW-,e-,u-Jhfuoklusnf{k.kosQoqQxZizns'kesaoqQxZyksxksadkbln`f"Vlsvè;;ufd;kvkSjviuhizfl¼iqLrd‘Religion and Society among the Coorgs of South India’ fy[khAvU;lekt'kkfL=k;ksausblizdkjosQvè;;uksaesadksbZfo'ks"k#fpughafn[kk;h_;|fiHkkjresa,slsvè;;uksadhdkiQhegÙkkdhdkiQhegÙkk,oami;ksfxrkgSAvkiusHkkjresatkfrosQlUnHkZesagksusokysifjorZuksadksle>kusgsrqlaLÑrhdj.k(Sankritization) ukedvoèkkj.kkizLrqrdhAvkidhmi;qDriqLrdosQvykokvU;izeq[kiqLrosaQfuEufyf[krgSaA(i) Marriage and Familiy in Mysore; (ii) Caste in Modern India and other Es-says; (iii) Social Change in Modern India, (iv) Indian VillagesA
;gk¡vusdfo}kuksaus xzkeh.kvè;;u*(Village Studies) Hkhfd;sgSaA;svè;;uvesfjekdhlket'kkL=kh;ijEijklsdkiQhizHkkforgSaAHkkjresaMkW-,l-lh-nqcs]MkW-etwenkj]MkW-,-vkj-nslkbZvkfnizeq[klekt'kkfL=k;ksausxzkeh.klektosQvè;;uesafo'ks"k#fpfn[kk;hgSAMkW-nqcsdhfuEufyf[kriqLrosaQdkiQhyksdfiz;gSa%(i) An Indian Village (ii) India’s Changing Villages rFkk(iii) The KamarAizFkenksiqLrdksaesa'kksèkdk;ks±osQvkèkkjijxzkeh.kleqnk;ksaijcgqroqQNfy[kkx;kvkSjlkFkghogk¡pyjgsfodkldk;ks±dhèkhehxfrosQdkj.kksadkfo'ys"k.kfd;kx;kgSAMkW- etwenkjusviuhiqLrd‘Rural Profile’ esaxzkeh.klektdklekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vlsfp=k.kfd;kgSAMkW- ,- vkj- nslkbZusHkkjrh;xzkeh.klektijdkiQhoqQNlkexzhmiyCèkdjk;hgSAvkidhiqLrosaQ(i) Rural Sociology in India rFkk(ii) Rural India in Transition dkiQhyksdfiz;gSaA
lekt'kkL=kdhblijEijklslEcfUèkr,oavU;izo`fÙklkekftdvkSjvk£FkddkjdksaosQ,d&nwljsijiM+usokysizHkkoksaosQvè;;ulslEcfUèkrgSaAblizo`fÙkdks^lkekftdvFkZ'kkL=k*osQukelstkuktkrkgSAblizo`fÙkosQfodklesaMkW-jkèkkdeyeqdthZvkSjizks-Mh-ih-eqdthZdkfo'ks"k;ksxnkugSAMkW-jkèkkdeyeqdthZus vFkZ'kkL=kdklaLFkkRedfl¼kUr*(Institutional Theory of Economics) izfrikfnrfd;kAblesavkiuscrk;kgSfdlkekftdewY;vkSjijEijk,¡vk£FkdthoudksdkiQhek=kkesaizHkkfordjrhgSaAMkW- Mh- ih- eqdthZusvFkZ'kkL=klslEcfUèkrizkphuKkudksbfrgkl,oalekt'kkL=klstksM+usdhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZdk;Zfd;kA;|fi;snksuksafo}kuizeq[kr%vFkZ'kkL=khFks]ijUrqbUgksausviusekSfydfpUruvkSjlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"Vdks.kosQdkj.klekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxfn;kA
Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kh;fpUruijif'pedkdkiQhizHkkogksusosQdkj.k;gk¡lekt'kkL=kdk LorU=k :i ls fodkl ugha gks ldkA ;gk¡ lekt'kkL=k esa vkRe&fuHkZjrk (Self-Sufficiency)dkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSAMkW-,l-lh-nqcsdhekU;rkgS fdHkkjrh;lekt'kkL=kh;fpUruvkSjys[kuesamifuos'kokndkLi"VizHkkovcHkhns[kusdksfeyrkgSA;gk¡osQcqf¼thohvcHkhik'pkR;ns'kksaosQlekt'kkfL=k;ksalslekt'kkL=kh;fpUrudhn`f"Vlsizsj.kkizkIrdjrsgSa]ijUrqorZekuesafo'okliwoZd;gdgktkldrkgSfdvclekt'kkL=kmifuos'koknosQizHkkolsNqVdkjkizkIrdjrkvkSjLorU=k:ilsfodflrgksrktkjgkgSA
124 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
2- ijEijkxr Hkkjrh; fpUru ls izHkkfor (Influenced by Traditional Indian Thinking)µ Hkkjr esa lekt'kkL=k osQ fodkldh f}rh; izo`fÙk osQ lerFkZdksa osQ vuqlkj Hkkjrh;lekt'kkL=kh;fpUrudhèkkjkdkvkèkkjik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrughagksdjHkkjrh;ijEijkxrfl¼kUrgksuspkfg,AHkkjrh;lektvkSjlaLÑfresaoqQN,slhfo'ks"krk,¡gSaftUgsaik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksadkvUèkkuqdj.kdjosQBhdlsughale>ktkldrkA,slhfLFkfresaHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodklijEijkxrHkkjrh;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksaosQvkèkkjijghfd;ktkukpkfg,A,slkdjusijghgeHkkjrh;lektdkslghifjizs{;esale>losaQxsAblizo`fÙkosQleFkZdksaesaJhvkuUnoqQekjLokeh]MkW-Hkxokunkl]izks-,-osQ-lju]MkW-uxsUnz]ueZns'ojizlkuvkfngSaAJhvkuUnoqQekjLokeh,oaMkW-HkxokunklusHkkjrh;laLÑfrdkdkiQhxgurkosQlkFkvè;;ufd;kgSAblfo}kuksadhekU;rkgSfdif'pelsfy,x,fl¼karksa,oavoèkkj.kkvksaosQvkèkkjijgeHkkjrdksBhdlsughale>ik;saxsAHkkjrh;lektvkSjik'pkR;lektksaosQlkekftdewY;]thou&n'kZu,oalaLÑfresaoqQN,slsekSfydvUrjgSafdik'pkR;fl¼kUr;gk¡yksxksadksHkkjrh;lektdksokLrfod:iesale>usesaennughansik,axsAbunksuksafo}kuksaosQvuqlkjijEijkxrHkkjrh;fopkjksadkvè;;urk£ddn`f"Vlsfd;ktkukpkfg,Aizks-ljuusHkkjrh;lektdhlajpukosQvè;;uosQfy,lkekftdewY;ksadksHkyh&Hkk¡frle>usij”kksjfn;kgSAizks-ueZns'ojizlknustkfr&O;oLFkkosQvè;;uosQvkèkkjijHkkjrh;lektvkSjlEiw.kZthou&O;oLFkkdksle>kusdkiz;Rufd;kgSAbulHkhfo}kuksadhekU;rkgSfdHkkjrh;lekt]lkekftdlaLFkk,¡vkSjlaLÑfrbrusO;kid,oatfVygSafdbuosQvè;;ulsgelEiw.kZHkkjrh;lekt&O;oLFkkdksBhdlsle>ldrsgSaA
vktvfèkdrjlekt'kkL=kh;gekuusdksrS;kjughagSa fdosQoyijEijkxrHkkjrh;fl¼kUrksaosQvkèkkjijghHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodklfd;ktkukpkfg,AvktdyyksxckSf¼dleUo;esafo'okldjrsgSaAik'pkR;ns'kksaesalekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesatksoqQNdk;ZgqvkgS]mlHkkjrh;ifjizs{;esafopkjfd;ktkukpkfg,A;gk¡n`f"Vdks.k;gughagksukpkfg,fdtksoqQNijEijkxrHkkjrh;fpUru;kfl¼kUrgSa]mUgsagesaNksM+ukghgSrFkktksoqQNik'pkR;gS]mlsxzg.kdjukghgSAHkkjrdhlekt&O;oLFkkdksBhdlsle>usvkSj;gk¡lekt'kkL=kosQ,dfoKkuosQ:iesafodklesauosQoyijEijkxrHkkjrh;fl¼kUrksadkcfYdtgk¡vko';dvkSjykHkyk;dgks]ik'pkR;lekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksa,oavoèkkj.kkvksadkHkhlgkjkfy;ktkukpkfg,A
3- ik'pkR; ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt'kkL=kh; ijEijkvksa osQ lefUor fpUru ls izHkkfor (Influenced by Synthetical Thinking of Western and Indian Sociological Traditions)µ blizo`fÙkosQleFkZdksaesaMkW-jkèkkdeyeqdthZ]izks-Mh-ih-eqdthZ]MkW-th-,l-?kqfj;s,oaMkW-vkj-,u-lDlsukosQuke fo'ks"kr%mYys[kuh;gSaA bu fo}kuksauslekt'kkL=kosQ fodkldhn`f"VlsijEijkxr,oavkèkqfudfopkjksaosQleUo;ij”kksj fn;kgSAMkW- jkèkkdey eqdthZuscrk;kgSfdlekt'kkL=kh;fopkjksadksHkyh&Hkk¡frle>usosQfy,,sfrgkfldn`f"Vdks.kviuk;ktkukpkfg,AvkidhekU;rkgSfdlektosQlkekU;fl¼kUrdksle>usgsrqlektdhlaLrj.kkRediz.kkyh(Hierarchial System) vkSjlkFkghmllektesaekStwnvykSfddfo'oklksaosQlEcUèkesatkudkjhizkIrdjukvko';dgSA ik'pkR; lkekt'kkL=kh; ijEijkvksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vkius Hkkjr esa ifjfLFkrh;lekt'kkL=k (Ecological Sociology) osQ fodkldhdkiQhdksf'k'kdhAvkidh,dizeq[knsu^izokflrkdkfl¼kUr*gSAvkiusviusfopkjksadkizfriknuviuhfuEufyf[krizeq[kiqLrdksaesafo'ks"kr%fd;kgS%(i) Dynomics of Morals, (ii) Social Ecology; (iii) Social Structure of ValuesA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 125
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
MkW-Mh-ih-eqdthZusHkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesadkiQh;ksxfn;kgSAvkidkn`<+fo'oklgSfdHkkjrh;lektdkviukLo;adkdksbZfpUrugS]Lo;adhoqQNekU;rk,¡gSaftudkvè;;ufd;ktkukpkfg,AvkiHkkjrh;lektdksle>usosQfy,Hkkjrh;lekt'kkfL=k;ksaosQfy,izeq[kdrZO;gksukpkfg,AvkidhekU;rkgSfdHkkjresavuqlUèkkudk;ZosQoyif'pelsvk;kfrrfl¼kUrksa]voèkkj.kkvksa,oavè;;u&i¼fr;ksaosQvkèkkjijughafd;ktkukpkfg,A;gk¡vuqlaèkkuosQfy,Hkkjrh;ijaijkvksa]izFkkvksa]laLdkjksa]tujhfr;ksavkfndksBhdlsle>ktkukpkfg,A;gk¡Hkkjrh;laLÑfrijle;≤ijvU;laLÑfr;ksadkvkSjfo'ks"kr%if'pehlaLÑfr;ksadkizHkkoHkhiM+kvkSjblosQifj.kkeLo:ilaLÑrhdj.k,oalkekftdifjorZudhizfØ;kHkhizkjEHkgqbZAlaLÑfrosQblleUo;dksle>usosQfy,,sfrgkfldi¼frdklgkjkfy;ktkukpkfg,Avkidkn`<+fo'okljgkgSfdHkkjresaik'pkR;vkSjHkkjrh;ijEijkvksaosQlefUorfpUruosQvkèkkjijghlekt'kkL=kdkmi;ksxh<axlsfodklgksldrkgSAvkiusviusfopkjizeq[kr%fuEufyf[kriqLrdksaesaO;Drfd;sgSa%(i) Basic Concepts in Sociology; (ii) Modern Indian Culture (iii) Diversities; (iv) Personality and Social ScienceA
MkW-th-,l-?kqfj;sdhekU;rkgSfdosQoyif'pehosQvUèkkuqdj.kosQvkèkkjijHkkjrh;lektvkSjlaLÑfrdksughale>ktkldrkAblosQfy,ik'pkR;vkSjHkkjrh;ijEijkvksaosQlefUorfpUrudhvko';drkgSAif'peesalekt'kkL=kdktksoqQNfodklgqvkgS]tksoqQNfl¼kUr,oavoèkkj.kk,¡fodflrgqbZgSa]tksi¼fr;k¡viuk;hx;hgSa]mUgsaHkkjrh;ifjfLFkfr;ksa,oalekt&O;oLFkkdhfo'ks"krkvksadksè;kuesaj[ksfcukmlh:iesaviukuk fdlhHkhn`f"Vls fgrdjughagksxkAvr%muesavko';drkuqlkjla'kksèkudjosQHkkjrh;ijEijkvksadksè;kuesaj[kdjlefUorfpUruosQvkèkkjijghHkkjresalekt'kkL=kdkfodklfd;ktkukpkfg,Avkidhizeq[kjpukvksadkmYys[kigysfd;ktkpqdkgSAMkW-vkj-,u-lDlsukHkhmi;qDrizo`fÙkosQghleFkZdgSaAvkidhekU;rkgSfdijEijkxrHkkjrh;fl¼kUrksadksle>usosQfy,,sfrgkfldn`f"Vdks.kdksviuk;ktkukpkfg,Avkiuscrk;kgSfdiq#"kkFkZfl¼kUr&èkeZ]dkevkSjeks{kO;fDrosQlHkhizdkjosQlekftdlEcUèkksadkvkèkkjgSvkSjlekt'kkL=kesablosQvè;;uijfo'ks"ktksjfn;ktkukpkfg,AvkiosQvuqlkjizkphuHkkjrh;fopkjksaijxEHkhjrklsfopkjfd;ktkukpkfg,A
Hkkjresalekt'kkL=k osQ fodkl dh vU; izo`fÙk ekDlZoknh fpUru ls izHkkforgSaAizks-Mh-ih-eqdthZblhizo`fÙklsizHkkforjgsgSa];|fivkiuslkaLÑfrdijEijkvksaosQvè;;uosQvkèkkjijlekt&O;oLFkkdksle>usijtksjfn;kgSA
Hkkjresalekt'kkL=kosQfodklesami;qDrfo}kuksaosQvfrfjDrMkW-ih-,u-izHkq]izks-lfPpnkuUn]MkW-;ksxs'kvVy]MkW-;ksxsUnz¯lg]izks-,y-ih-fo|kFkhZ]izks-jktkjke'kkL=kh]izks-,e-,l-,-jko]izks-okbZch-nkeys]MkW-JherhbjkorhdkosZ]MkW-Vh-osQ-,u-;wfUuukFk]MkW-c`tjktpkSgku]izks-,l-ih-ukxsUnzvkfnfo}kuksadk;ksxnkuHkhdkiQhegÙoiw.kZgSA
gesa;gdgusesadksbZladkspughagSfdLorU=krk&izkfIrosQcknlsvcrdHkkjresalekt'kkL=kh;fpUrudhdksbZLi"Vfn'kkughacuik;hgSA;gk¡vU;ns'kksalsvk;kfrrlekt'kkL=kh;fl¼kUrksadksHkkjrh;lekt&O;oLFkkdhfof'k"Vfo'ks"krkvksadksè;kuesaj[ksfcuk]viuk;stkusdhizcyizo`fÙkjghgSAHkkjrh;lekt]laLÑfrvkSjlkekftd¯pruijlekt'kkL=kh;n`f"VlsdefopkjgqvkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfd;gk¡lekt'kkL=kdhfdlhfuf'priq"VijaijkdkfodklvHkhrdughagksik;k];|fiblosQy{k.kvcvo';fn[kkbZnsusyxsgSaA
126 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
4-6 lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk osQ fl¼kar (Theories of the Origin of Sociology)
vk/qfud (The Modern)µlksygoha'krkCnhesajkT;rFkklektdkvarjLi"Vfd;kx;kAys[kdksausthoudhleL;kvksadksvf/d;FkkFkZLrjijle>kAbuesalclsizfl¼gkCl(Hob-bes)vkSjeSfd;kosyh(Machiavelli)FksAeSfd;kosyhdhiqLrd^nh¯izl*(The Prince)jkT;rFkkjkT;&eeZKrkdk,d;FkkrF;vè;;ugSvkSjmlesaeq[;r%jkT;dksliQyrkiwoZdpykusosQfl¼karksadko.kZugSAbufl¼karksadksmlus,sfrgkfldvk¡dM+ksaosQvk/kjijfu£erfd;kFkkAljFkkelewj(Sir Thomas More)bl;qxosQvU;izfl¼ys[kdFksftUgksuslu~1515esaizdkf'krviuh ;wVksfi;k*(Utopia)esa],dvkn'kZlkekftdO;oLFkkdkfp=k.kvkSjnSfudthoudhlkekftdleL;kvksadko.kZufd;kgSAokLrfodthouoSQlkgksukpkfg,]blckrdkscrkusosQfy,ewjusftl'kSyhesavkn'kZthoudkfp=k.kfd;kgS]ml'kSyhdkvuqdj.kvU;ys[kdksausHkhviuhiqLrdksaesafd;k]tSlsFkkWeloSQEisosyk (Thomas Campavclla)usviuhiqLrd^flVhvkiQnhlu* (City of the Sun)]ljiSzaQfllcsdu(Francis Bacon)usviuhiqLrd U;w,Vykf.Vl*(New Atlantis)vkSjtsElgsfjXVu(James Harrington)usviuhiqLrd^nhdkWeuoSYFkvkiQus'kUl*(The Commonwealth of Nations)esaA
lkekftd?kVukoLrqdhoSKkfud[kkstdhn'kkesaviuhegÙoiw.kZnsuosQfy,bVyhosQys[kdfodks(Vico)vkSjizQkalhlhys[kdekaVsLD;w fo'ks"kmYys[kuh;gSaA fodksusviuhiqLrd^fnU;wtlkbUl*(The New Science)esadgkgSfdlektoqQNfuf'prdkuwuksa;kfu;eksaosQv/hugksrkgSAbudkuwuksadks;FkkrF;fujh{k.k}kjkghle>ktkldrkgSAekaVsLD;wusviuhfo[;kriqLrd^fnfLifjVvkWiQykt*(The Spirit of Laws)esablckrdkfo'ys"k.kfd;kgSfdckárRo]fo'ks"kr;ktyok;q]ekuo&lektosQthoudksfdlizdkjizHkkfordjrsgSaAekUVsLD;wosQvuqlkj]¶dkuwujk"Vªh;pfj=kdkizrhdgSvkSjmulsftlHkkoukdkirkyxrkgS]mldhO;k[;kmulkekftdrFkkHkkSxksfydvoLFkkvksadksè;kuesaj[kdjdhtkuhpkfg,ftuesayksxjgjgsgksaA¸tyok;qlkekftdthoudkeq[;fu.kkZ;dgSAekUVsLD;wosQfu"d"kZdYiukRednk'kZfudksadhvis{kkoqQNvPNsFks]ijarqmldknks"k;gFkkfdmluslkekftdthoulslacaf/rlexzlR;rkdks,dghvk/kjijle>kusdkiz;Rufd;kAvjLrwosQleku;gHkhblh:f<+oknhifj.kkeijigq¡pkfd^tksgS*]ogvo';^jgukpkfg,*A
vkxLV dkEVs (Auguste Comte)µrRi'pkr~vkxLVdkEVsdk;qxvk;kAmlslekt'kkL=kdktUenkrkdgukBhdghgS]D;ksafdmlus,d,slsfoKkudhLFkkiukdkiz;Rufd;kftlosQvarxZrlexzekuo&thouoekuoh;xfrfof/;k¡lfEefyrFkhaAogvk/qfud;qxdkigykfopkjdFkkftlusLi"V'kCnksaesablrF;dksizfrikfnrfd;kfdlkekftdthoudhfn'kk,¡,drkosQlw=kesac¡/hgqbZgSavkSj;gHkhcrk;kfd;g,drkfodklksUeq[kgSAmlosQvuqlkjµekuolkekftdfodkldhrhuvoLFkkvksa/k£ed]HkkSfrdvkSjoSKkfudosQ}kjkvkxsc<+rktkrkgSA;gk¡rdizko`Qfrd?kVuk&oLrqosQ¯prudkiz'ugS]ekuovcoSKkfudvoLFkkdksizkIrdjpqdkgS]ijarqmldklekt&laca/h¯pruvHkhrdvkf/HkkSfrdvoLFkkesaghgSAlkSHkkX;lsvkf/HkkSfrdvoLFkkyxHkxiw.kZgkspqdhgSvkSjekuorkoSKkfudvoLFkkdhngyhtijgSAgk¡]dkEVsi;kZIrvk'kkoknhFkkA
tho oSKkfud (The Biologists)µMk£oudhiqLrd^vksfjftuvkWiQLis'kht*(Origin of spe-cies)osQizdkf'krgksusosQmijkarlekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhfn'kkesai;kZIrvè;;ufd;kx;kAMk£oudkfl¼kargSfd cfy"B%vfrthfor%*(survival of the fittest)AblhosQvk/kjijthouosQlaiw.kZ:ifodflrgq,gSaAvk/qfud;qxosQlokZf/dizfrHkk'kkyhvaxzstfo}ku~gjcVZLisUlj(Herbert Spencer)us^cfy"B%vfrthfor%*rFkkizko`Qfrdp;ufl¼karksadkslekt'kkL=kosQ{ks=kesaiz;qDrfd;kA;gdgktkldrkgSfdmldhlekt'kkL=klaca/hjpukvksauslekt'kkL=kdks,dLora=kfo"k;dkLFkkuiznkufd;kALisUljusrekefoKkuksadks,dizk:iesalefUordjusvkSj,dewyfu;e]ftlosQ}kjkizko`QfrdvkSjlkekftdlaca/ksadhO;k[;kgkslosQ]dks[kkstusdkiz;Rufd;kAmlosQizeq[kfl¼karksa
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 127
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
esals,dfl¼kar;ggSfdthoksaosQlekughlkekftd?kVuk&oLrqHkhljy]le:ilstfVyrFkkfo"ke:idhvksj/hjs&/hjsfodflrgksrhgSAvkfneekuomlosQfy,lk/kj.kekuo&izdkjFkkftllslH;ekuofodflrgqvkAmldhnwljhegÙoiw.kZnsurFkkdfFkrtSfodfl¼kar(organic analogy)gSftlesamluslektdhlekurkekuoh;'kjhjlsfn[kykbZgSA,slhnsuksaosQdkj.kLisUljlket'kkL=kdhthofoKku&fopkj/kjkesavfxzeLFkkuj[krkgSAmluslektdhizko`Qfrd?kVuk&oLrqosQ:iesaO;k[;kdjosQlkekftdrF;ksaosQoSKkfudfo'ys"k.kosQfy,HkwfedkrS;kjdjnha
euksoSKkfud (The Psychologists)µgjcVZ LisUlj osQvuq;kf;;ksadhla[;k cgqr FkhvkSjthofodkl&laca/hmudkfl¼kar19oha'krkCnhosQvarrdizpfyrjgk]ijarq20oha'krkCnhosQizkjaHkesalkekftd?kVuk&oLrqosQlaca/esamldhtSfodO;k[;kosQLFkkuijeuksoSKkfudO;k[;kdhLFkkiukgqbZA;gfn[kkusosQiz;Rufd;sx;sfdlektdkfodklfdlizdkjekuo&euosQfodklijfuHkZjgSAbaXySaMesaxzkgeoSysl(Graham Wallace)]eSDMwxy(Mc-Dougal)vkSjgkWcgkml(Hobhouse)usvkSjvejhdkesaokMZ(Ward)]fx¯MXl(Giddings)]owQys(Cooley)]ehM(Meed)vkSjMhoh(Dewey)useuksoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.klslkekftdfodkldhO;k[;kvius&vius<axrFkkvius&vius{ks=kksaesadhA
nq[khZe (Durkheim)µ,dizQkalhlhys[kd(1858&1917)lektdhokLrfodrkijcynsusokykizFkevk/qfudys[kdFkkAmluslkekftdokLrfodrkvksaijcyfn;krFkklekt'kkL=kdkseuksfoKkulsvyxi`"BHkwfeiznkudhAmlosQvuqlkj]lkekftdrF;ckágksrsgSatkslkekU;foKkudkfo"k;gksldrsgSaD;ksafdmUgsaJsf.k;ksaesaO;ofLFkrfd;ktkldrkgSAmlusJefoHkktudh,dlkekftdlaLFkk&,d,slhlexzrkftlesavusdO;fDrlkekftdleUo;rkizkIrdjrsgSa]dkvè;;ufd;kAmlusvizfrekurk^anomic*dhvo/kj.kkizLrqrdhtks
(i) m|ksxksaosQizca/ddkJelsvyxko
(ii) O;fDrxrizko`QfrdizfrHkkosQizfrvlEeku,oa
(iii) izdk;kZRedxfrfof/;ksaosQvuqfprleUo;dkifj.kkegSA
nq[khZedk;gfopkjFkkfdikjaifjd/eZoSKkfudvUos"k.kdhHkkoukdksiw.kZdjusesavleFkZjgkgS,oabllsfdlhlkekU;mís';dhiw£rughagqbZgSAmlus^peZ*osQuSfrdizkf/dkjdksvLoho`Qrfd;kAmlosQvuqlkj]¶nSoh;rkosQoylkekftdefgekUohdj.k,oaizrhdkRedvo/kj.kkgSA¸mlus;gHkhdgk]¶gesabZ'oj,oalektesals,ddksNk¡VukgksxkA¸
mldheq[;o`QfÙk;k¡gSa%‘Dc La Division his Travail Social’ and ‘has formes Elementa-ries de La view Religievse’.
teZu lekt'kkL=kh (German Sociologist)
teZulekt'kkfL=k;ksaµokuohts(Von Vrise)]Vksuh(Tonnies)]ohjdkar(Vier Kandt)]flesy(simmel),oaeSDloScj(Max Waber)usHkhlekt'kkL=kosQfodklesaviwoZ;ksxnkufn;kgSA
eSDloScj (Max Waber)osQ egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnkulkekftd fØ;kdk fl¼kar] izkf/dkjdhvoèkkj.kk] ukSdj'kkghdhvo/kj.kk rFkkvkn'kZ izdkjdhvo/kj.kk gSA eSDl oScj osQvuqlkj]lekt'kkL=klkekftdfozQ;kdko`gnfoKkugSAmluslkekftdfozQ;kdksblosQvfHkfoU;kldhfof/osQvuqlkjpkjJsf.k;ksaesafoHkDrfd;k]vFkkZr~
(i) vlac¼O;fDrxrmís';ksaosQrk£ddvfHkfoU;klosQ:iesa]
(ii) fujaoqQ'kewY;osQrk£ddvfHkfoU;klosQ:iesa]
(iii) LusgkRedvfHkfoU;klosQ:iesa,oa
(iv) ijaijkosQ:iesaA
128 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
eSDl oScj osQ vuqlkj] jkT; izkf/dkj dk loZizeq[k :i gS ftls fuf'pr izns'k osQ vanj'kkjhfjdcyosQoS/iz;ksxdk,dkf/dkjizkIrgSAmlusizkf/dkjosQrhuizdkjcryk;sgSa%ikjaifjd]rk£dd&dkuwuh,oadfj'ekoknhA
^ukSdj'kkgh*osQviusvè;;uesa];|fieSdloScjblosQykHkksalsifjfprgSa]rnfiogblosQHkfo";osQckjsesavk'oLrughagSaAmlsvk'kadkFkhfdHkfo";esaukSdj'kkghosQikligq¡pnqyZHkgkstk;sxhA
vkn'kZizdkjdk]eSDloScjosQvuqlkj]iw.kZrklsdksbZlaca/ughagS,oaugh;gewY;fu.kZ;ksalslac¼gSA;gfo'kq¼roZQ;qDrfof/gSftlosQvarxZr&fo"k;oLrqdksblosQvkarfjdroZQdksmtkxjdjosQvFkokbldkfuekZ.kdjosQcqf¼xzkácuk;ktkrkgSAvkn'kZizdkjdkdk;ZgSµ¶vkuqHkfodokLrfodrkosQlkFkrqyuk ftllsbldhlekurkvksavFkokvlekurkvksadks Li"Vfd;ktklosQAblosQlokZf/dLi"Vvo/kj.kkvksadko.kZufd;ktklosQ,oadkj.kkRed:ilsbldhO;k[;kdhtklosQA¸
dkyZ ekDlZ (Karl Marx, 1818-1883)dkuosQoyekuoh fopkj/kjkvfirqlkekftdlajpukijHkhxguizHkkogqvkgSAmlosQizeq[kfopkjksadkizfriknumldho`Qfr;ksa;Fkk‘Communist Manifesto’,oa‘Das Capital’esafd;kx;kgSAmlosQizeq[klekt'kkL=kh;;ksxnkugSaA
(i) ,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdokn
(ii) futhlaifÙkdkfl¼kar,oa
(iii) jkT;foghulektA
(i) ,sfrgkfld HkkSfrdokn (Historical Materialism)µeksVsrkSjijekDlZdkfopkjgS]¶lHkhlkekftd]jktuhfrd,oackSf¼dlaca/ksa]rFkk/k£ed,oafof/O;oLFkkvksa]lHkhlS¼kafrdfopkjksaftudkbfrgklosQckjsesamn~HkogqvkgS]thoudhHkkSfrdvoLFkkvksadkifj.kkegSaA¸nwljs 'kcnksaesa]lektdhlajpukmRiknd'kfDr;ksadhvk/kjf'kykij[kM+hdhx;hgSAlektdksle>usgsrq]gesablesaizpfyrmRiknu,oa foHkktudhiz.kkyhdksle>ukgksxkA,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdoknosQ fl¼karkuqlkj¶lHkhlkekftdifjorZuksa,oajktuhfrdozQkafr;ksaosQvar%dkj.k]euq";osQefLr"d]lukrula?k,oaU;k;dh[kkstesamldhvar£n`"Vesau[kkstdj]mRiknu,oafofue;dhfof/esavk;sifjorZuksaesa[kkststkuspkfg;s]mudhryk'kn'kZuesaughavfirqlacaf/r;qxosQvFkZ'kkL=kesadhtkuhpkfg;sA¸,sfrgkfldHkkSfrdoknosQfl¼kar}kjkekDlZuslkekftdifjorZuosQdkj.kksaesavk£FkdrRodksvk/kfjdHkwfedkiznkudhgSA
(ii) futh laifÙk dk fl¼kar (Theory of Private Property)µfuthlaifÙkiw¡thokndkvk/kjgStksbls'kks"k.kdkjhcukrhgSAekDlZosQvuqlkj]futhlaifÙkfofPNUuO;fDr]fofPNUuthou,oafoeq[keuq";lsizkIrdhtkrhgSAJfedviusdk;ZlsfofPNUugkstkrkgSAmlosQfy;sdk;ZosQoythou&;kiuosQlk/ugSa,oaogLo;a,doLrqgSAfoyxkoiw¡thoknhlektesaxaHkhj:ilsO;kIrgSAeuq";Lo;als],dnwljsls,oaizo`Qfrlsfoyxgksx;kgSAfoyxkodksnwjdjusgsrqfuthlaifÙkdhO;oLFkkdkslekIrdjukgksxkA
(iii) oxZ la?k"kZ (Class Struggle)µdkyZekDlZosQvuqlkj]¶vcrdvofLFkrlektdkbfrgkloxZla?k"kZdkbfrgklgSA¸ekDlZdkdFkugSfdizR;sd;qxdklektnksJsf.k;ksaesafoHkDrgkstkrkgSµ'kks"k.k,oa'kksf"krftuesalnSola?k"kZpyrkjgrkgSD;ksafdmuosQfgrksaesaVdjkogSAJfedksa,oaekfydksaosQeè;orZekuoxZ&la?k"kZvUrr%loZgkjkdhfot;dkstUensxkAblfot;osQiQyLo:i]oxZHksnHkkolektlsnwjgkstk;saxs,oamuosQlekIrgkstkusijoxZ&la?k"kZHkhnwjgkstk;sxkrFkkoxZghulektdktUegksxkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 129
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
(iv) jkT;foghu lekt (Strikless Society)µdkyZekDlZosQvuqlkj]¶jkT;vUrr%lekIrgkstk;sxkijarq,slkgksuslsiwoZloZgkjkoxZosQvYidkyhuvf/uk;dra=kdk;qxvk;sxkAloZgkjkjkT;iw¡thoknlektosQLFkkuijjkT;foghulektdkekxZiz'kLrdjsxkAjkT;dhcyosQvfHkdj.k:iesavko';drkughajgsxhD;ksafdlkE;oknhlektesayksxfdlhfoo'krk,oav/huLFkrkosQcxSjlkekftdthouosQizkjafHkdfu;eksadkLo;esoikyudjusosQvH;Lrgkstk;saxsAekuotkfrmlle;vko';drkosQlkezkT;lsfudydjLora=krkosQlkezkT;esaizos'kdjsxhA¸
VkydkWV iklZUl (Talcott Parsons)
VkydkWViklZUlosQnksizeq[k;ksxnkugSaµ
(i) fozQ;k,oablosQ?kVd],oa
(ii) lajpukRed&izdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kA
ikjlUldhiqLrd‘The Structure of Social Action’ (1937)]dks¶vesfjdulekt'kkL=kosQfodklesalkekU;:ilsrFkklekt'kkL=kh;fl¼karoknesafo'ks"kr;k,oafoHkktdjs[kkle>ktkrkgS;g,dizeq[ko`QfrFkhD;ksafdblus,du;hfn'kkµizdk;kZRedfo'ys"k.kdhfn'kkvkjaHkdhA¸mldhvU;iqLrosaQ‘Social System’esafofHkUuifjfLFkfr;ksaosQle:ilaLFkkxrewY;ksa,oaekudksarFkkfofHkUuo`QrlkekftdHkwfedkvksaosQegÙoijcyfn;kx;kgSA
1- fozQ;k&ifjf/ (Action - Frame)µVkydkWVikjlUlosQvuqlkj]fozQ;kosQpkjrRogSa]
(i)dÙkkZ]pkgsogO;fDrvFkoklewggks]
(ii)y{;(end)]
(iii)fLFkfr(situation)]
(iv)lk/u(Means)A
vr,o]fdlhdk;ZosQfu/kZj.kesarhuO;oLFkk,¡
(i)O;fDr&O;oLFkk(personality system),
(ii)lkekftdO;oLFkk(social system), ,oa
(iii)lkaLo`QfrdO;oLFkk(cultural system)HkwfedkvnkdjrhgSaA
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(v)fof'k"V&foLr`rvaxzsthfo"k;esa#fp{ks=k,oabldhifjHkk"kkA
130 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
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(ii)y{;izfr(goal attainment),
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(iv),dhdj.k(Intogration)A
4-7 /eZ vkSj lekt (Religion and Society)
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 131
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
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HkkjrosQizeq[k/k£edlaiznk;gSaµ¯gnw]eqfLye]bZlkbZ]fl[k]tSuvkSjikjlhAbuesavafrenksla[;kesadegSaijvusdlfn;ksalsegÙoiw.kZgSaAlu~1991esavledksNksM+djoqQytula[;kesa¯gnqvksadhla[;k67-25djksM+]eqfLye9-52djksM+]bZlkbZ1-88djksM+]fl[k1-62djksM+]ckS¼0-63djksM+tSu0-33djksM+FkhA1991&2001rdvkcknhesao`f¼15-63djksM+dhgqbZgSfgUnqvksadhvkcknhesao`f¼12-48djksM+eqfLyeksadho`f¼2-34djksM+]bZlkbZ26yk[k]ckS¼17yk[k]fl[k13yk[kvkSjtSuosQoy2yk[kc<+sgSA
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132 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 133
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
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2- ;gxSjo`Q"kdjgs,oaf'kYi]nLrdkjh]gLrf'kYiO;kikj]O;olk;vkfnesalayXujgsA
3- ;geq[;:ilsuxjosaQnzh;leqnk;gSaA
134 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fczfV'kvkxeurFkkmldhuhfr;ksaosQiQyLo:ieqlyekuksadksHkkjresadbZleL;kvksadklkeukdjukiM+kA
1- 1857osQfonzksgosQi'pkr~fczfV'k'kkluus;geglwlfd;kfdeqlyekuvkSifuosf'kdlÙkkdksLohdkjdjusosQfy;srS;kjughagSaAvr%bldksdetksjfd;ktkukvko';dgSvkSjblozQeesalqfu;ksftrrjhosQlslsukiz'kklutSls{ks=kksaesaxSj&eqlyekuksadksc<+kokfn;kx;kA
2- fczfV'kvkSifuosf'kd,oavk£FkduhfrdkHkhlclsnq"izHkkobUghaijiM+kAfons'khoLrqvksadhHkkjrh;cktkjesa,dkf/dkjcukusosQfy;sbuosQijaijkxrgLrf'kYi]nLrdkjhvkfndks{kfrigq¡pkbZx;hftllsbuesaxjhchrFkkcsjkstxkjhc<+hA
3- fczfV'kdkyesatksvkSifuosf'kdgqvkmlosQcM+hla[;kesaxzkeuxjizotugq;sAftlls'kgjksaesatudh.kZrkc<+hthouLrjesafxjkoVvk;hA(thoufuokZg[kpZ)esao`f¼gqbZftllsbuosQthoudhxq.koÙkkijudkjkRedizHkkoiM+kA
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dkykarjesacaxkyfoHkkturFkkLons'khvkanksyu]fy;kdrvkanksyu]lkaiznkf;diapkVtSlhdbZfodkljgsftUgksaus¯gnwrFkkeqlyekuksaosQchpyxkrkjfoHkktudkdkefd;kftldhvafreifj.kfr¯glkosQchpns'kdkfoHkktujgkA
Lora=krkizkfIrosQi'pkr~i`"BHkwfeosQdkj.k¯gnwrFkkeqlyekuksaosQchplgtlaca/cuusesadbZck/k;sajghftllsfdeq[;/kjkesaeqlyekuvU;vYila[;dksadhrjgutqM+losQAtgka,dvksjfgUnqvksadks;gfo'oklFkkfdbudkns'k/eZosQvk/kjijikfdLrkugSblfy;sHkkjrosQlalk/uksa,oavoljksaijvcbudkdksbZvf/dkjughagSAoghanwljhrjiQeqlyekuHkh;gk¡,slhghHkkoukikyusosQfy;sfoo'kgq;sA
vchnlqjrhosQvuqlkjeqlyekuksaesaLora=krklaxzkerFkkmlosQi'pkrlsgjekbuksfjVhfiQ;jlkbdksfll(vYila[;dHk;euksxzafFk)fodflrgksx;hftlosQdkj.kogvlqj{kklsihfM+rjgsvkSjviusfopkj,oaO;ogkjesaladh.kZgksrsx;sA
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1- 1950osQn'kdrdlkaiznkf;dnaxsvlaxfBr]vpkudrFkkvfHk;ksftrgksrsFksijarq1960osQn'kdls;gfu;ksftr,oalaxfBr:iesagksusyxsA
2- mu{ks=kksaesatgk¡lkisf{kroapuvf/dgSrFkkjkT;dhoS/rklhfergSogk¡lkaiznkf;dnaxsvf/dgksrsgSaA
3- xk¡odhvis{kk'kgjksaesanaxsvf/dgksrsgSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 135
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
4- tgk¡eqlyekuksadhtula[;k15&35»osQchpgSogk¡naxsdhlaHkkouk,¡vf/dgaSA
5- lkaiznkf;dnaxsjktuSfrdykHkosQfy;sizk;ksftrfd;stkrsgSaA
6- ¯gnqvksadhvis{kkeqlyekuksadhtku&ekydhgkfuvf/dgksrhgSA
7- lkaiznkf;dnaxsjk"Vªh;leL;kugksdj,dlkekftd]vk£FkdrFkkjktuSfrdleL;kgSA
lkaiznkf;dnaxksaosQvfrfjDreqlyekuksadhvU;xaHkhjleL;k;sagSaµ
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2- vk/qfudhdj.k ,oa vk/qfud f'k{kk dk vHkkoµikjaifjdrFkk/k£edgksusosQdkj.k]/eZfujis{k] jkstxkj ewyd ,oa mi;ksfxrkoknh f'k{kk ls ;g oafpr jgs ftlls cnyrhifjfLFkfr;ksaosQvuqlkjugh;gviusdks<kyik;svkSjughaifjorZuksaosQizfrlgtHkkoj[kik;sA
3- tula[;k rFkk xjhchµtula[;krFkkxjhchesa,dnq'pozQlaca/gSAnksuksa,dnwljsdksc<+krsgaSA2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkjtula[;kdhlokZf/dn'kdh;o`f¼eqlyekuksadhghjghAxjhch]fpfdRlh;lqfo/kvksadkvHkko]/k£ed:f<+okfnrkvkfnosQdkj.ktula[;kfu;a=k.kosQizfrvU;lewgksatSlhtkx:drkbueasughavk;hftllsxjhch,oatula[;kosQnq"pozQls;gfudyulosQA
mijksDrleL;kvksaosQdkj.k/k£ed:f<+okfnrk]mxzrk]eq[;/kjkosQizfrmnklhurk]vkradokn]/ek±/rktSlhleL;k,¡blleqnk;osQlkFktqM+x;hftldkbudhNfoijudkjkRedizHkkoiM+kAU;k;ew£rlPpjlfefrosQvuqlkjtgk¡budhoqQytula[;kHkkjrdh13»gSAlkoZtfudthouesabudhlgHkkfxrkek=k3»gSA,slsesalkekftdvk£Fkd,oajktuSfrdleL;k,¡LokHkkfodgSaA
lek/ku
1- laoS/kfude;kZnkvksaosQvarxZrbUgsaigpkudjbUgsavU;lqfo/koafprksadhJs.khesaj[kdjizkFkfedrk,¡nsrsgq;sbudklkekftdvk£FkdrFkk'kS{kf.kdfLFkfresalq/kjdkiz;klfd;ktkukpkfg;sA
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6- oSlsbfrgkllkfgR;vkfndksla'kksf/r fd;ktkukpkfg;stksnksuksaleqnk;ksaosQchpvlgtrk,oavlaosnu'khyrkfodflrdjrsgSaAiz'kklfuddBksjrk,oaU;kf;dlfozQ;rkosQdbZ,slhleL;k,¡tksvuko';d:ilslektdksvfLFkjdjrhgSajksdktkldrkgSA
136 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fl[kksa dh leL;k,¡
Hkkjresafl[kksadhoqQytula[;kyxHkx2»gSAfl[k/eZeè;dkyesaxq#ukud}kjkizkjaHkfd;kx;k,dlektlq/kjvkanksyuFkktksvkxspydjiFk,oaxq#xks¯on¯lgosQle;,dèkeZosQ:iesavfLrRoesavk;kAizkjaHkesabldkmís';lkekftdoqQjhfr;ksadeZdkaMksa]vkMacjksavkfndkslekIrdjleekuorkoknhlektrFkklaLdkjfodflrdjukFkkAbl/eZeaslaxrrFkkiaxrdkvR;f/degÙogSAfl[kksaosQnlosaxq#xks¯on¯lgusviusvuq;kf;;ksaosQfy;siapddkizko/kufd;kvkSj;g,di`Fkd/eZosQ:iesavfLrRoesavk;kftldkmís';eqxyksa,oaeqlyekuksalslektdhj{kkdjukFkkA
izkjaHklsgh;glewgvius'kkS;ZrFkkle`¼laLo`QfrosQfy;sfo[;krjgkgSrFkkLora=krklaxzkeesaykykyktirjk;]ykykgjn;ky]ljnkjHkxr¯lgtSlsLora=krklsukfu;ksadkvfoLej.kh;;ksxnkujgkgSA1920esaHkkjresalHkhxq#}kjksaosQizca/urFkkfu;a=k.kosQfy;sJhxq#}kjkizca/ddesVhdkxBugqvkftldkmís';xq#}kjksadhlaifÙkdk/eZiwoZdizca/uFkkA1940osQn'kdesatceqgEenvyhftUukus/eZosQvk/kjiji`FkdjkT;dhekaxdhmlle;oqQNfl[kpjeiafFk;ksausHkhLora=kjkT;dhekaxj[khijarqjk"Vªh;rkdhrhozHkkoukus,slhekaxdkslfozQ;gksusughafn;kA
blhchp1947esans'kdkfoHkktugqvk ftldhlclsvf/d{kfriatkcrFkk fl[kksadksmBkuhiM+hD;ksafdµ
1- la;qDr iatkc fl[k ckgqY; Fkk ijarq foHkktu osQ i'pkr fl[k nksuksa gh iatkcksa esavYila[;dgksx;sA
2- foHkktuosQdkj.ktkstku&ekyosQuqdlkugq;smlesaHkhlokZf/d{kfrbUghsadhgqbZA
3- bldklclsifo=krhFkZ&LFkyuudkuklkfgcikdesapykx;kA
4- Hkkjrh;iatkcesayksx]iatkchcksyrsFks,oaxq#eq[khfy[krsFksijarqtux.kukeasfgUnhfy[kokusyxsftllsHkk"kk;hHkkoukdksHkh{kfrigq¡phA
5- Hkk"kk;hrFkklkaLo`Qfrdvk/kjijtksfgekpyizns'krFkkgfj;k.kkoSlsvyxjkT;cusmllsHkhbueasi`FkdrkdhHkkoukvk;hA
mijksDr dkj.kksa ls fl[kksa esa vlarks"k ,oa vlgtrk iSQyrh jghA 1957 esa ekLVj rkjk¯lgJhxq#}kjkizca/ddesVhosQvè;{kfuokZfprgq;sftUgksausLora=k[kkfyLrkudhekaxj[khrFkkvHkhugharksdHkhughadhekaxdkukjkfn;kA
1966esaHkk"kk;hvk/kjijgfj;k.kkjkT;osQxBuus[kkfyLrkudhekaxdksuSfrdvk/kjrFkkoS/kfudrkiznkudhA
1970osQn'kdosQ[kkfyLrkuvkanksyuvR;f/dlaxfBr]¯gldrFkk'kfDr'kkyhgksx;kftlsjksdusosQfy;s1983eas^vkijs'kuCywLVkj*pyk;kx;kAftllslSU;dk;ZokghosQfo:¼fl[kksaesaHkkjhvlarks"kdhHkkoukiuihftlosQifj.kkeLo:irRdkyhuiz/kuea=khbafnjkxk¡/hosQfl[kvaxj{kdksausghmudhgR;kdjnhftllsiwjsHkkjresafl[kfojks/hnaxsiSQysrFkkyk[kksatkusax;hAek=kfnYyheasfl[kfojks/hnaxksaeas80]000lsvf/dfl[kekjsx;sA
1990osQn'kdizkjaHkesarRdkyhueq[;ea=khljnkjcsvar¯lg,oaiqfylegkfuns'kdosQ-ih-,l-fxyosQdBksjiz;klksalsiatkcesavkardokndhleL;klekIrdhx;hA
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uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 137
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
bZlkbZ;ksa dh leL;k;sa
HkkjresabZlkbZvkcknhyxHkx2-4»gSAHkkjresaloZizFkebZlkbZnloha'krkCnhosQvkl&ikl]fe'kujhlsaVFkkWelosQusr`RoesaosQjykosQekykckjrVijvk;srFkkogk¡dhloZJs"BtkfruEcwnjhczkã.kksadksblkbZ/eZesa/ekZUrfjrdjusesaliQyjgsftUgsalhfyufozQf'p;udgktkrkgSA
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4-9 /eZ fujis{krk (Secularisation)
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138 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
fookg,oae`R;qosQmRloksaijvciqjkuslHkhlaLdkjksadksughafd;ktkrkA¯gnw/eZijvU;/eks±dhvis{kk/eZfujis{krkdkizHkkovf/dgSA/eZfujis{krkdhfo'ks"krk,¡fuEufyf[krgSa%
(i) /eZokn dk Ékl (Decrease of religionism)%tSlkdhmQijcryk;kx;kgS/eZfujis{krkdho`f¼esa/eZokndkÉklfufgrgSAfgUnwlektesathouosQfofHkUui{kksaij/eZosQfxjrsgq,izHkkoosQdkj.k/eZfujis{krkdkvf/dizHkkoiM+jgkgSA
(ii) foHksnhdj.k (Differentiation)%/eZfujis{krkdho`f¼lkekftdthouosQfofHkUuLo:iksaesafoHksnhdj.kmRiUudjnsrhgSAblizdkj]orZekulektesavk£Fkd]jktuhfrd]fof/d,oauSfrdiz'uksadks,d&nwljslsi`Fko~Qj[kktkrkgSA/eZmuosQlek/kudksizHkkforughadjrkAvk£Fkdiz'uksadklek/kuvk£Fkdfu;eksaosQvk/kjijfd;ktkrkgS]blhizdkjjktuhfrdiz'uksadklek/kujktuhfrdfu;eksaosQvk/kjijgksrkgSAblizdkj]/eZtksigysthouosQfofHkUuLo:iksadks,dlw=kesala;qDrj[krkFkk]dkegÙovclekIrgksx;kgSAjktuhfrdksuSfrdlsfoyxughaj[kktkrkgS]uSfrddksvk£FkdlsA
(iii) foosd'khyrk (Rationality)% foosd'khyrk /eZ fujis{krk dh vxyh fo'ks"krk gSAekuo&thoudhleL;kvksadhvcfoosd'khyO;k[;kdhtkrhgS,oamudkroZQ;qDrlek/ku[kkstusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgSA
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(iv) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k (Scientific attitude)%/eZ fujis{krkdhvU; fo'ks"krk ;g gSfdoSKkfud[kkstksausiqjkuhizFkkvksaesayksxksaosQfo'okldkslekIrdjfn;kgSAvusdizko`Qfrd ?kVukvksa ,oa lkekftd ifj?kVuk dh /k£ed O;k[;kvksa dk LFkku oSKkfudO;k[;kvksausysfy;kgSA
4-10 /eZfujis{krk osQ dkj.k (Causes of Secularisation)
/eZ&fujis{krkosQdkj.kksaesafuEufyf[kregÙoiw.kZgSaµ
(i) vk/qfud f'k{kk (Modern education)% Hkkjr esa /eZ&fujis{krk dk lokZf/degÙoiw.kZdkj.kik'pkR;f'k{kkgSftlusik'pkR;laLo`Qfrdklw=kikrfd;k,oaHkkrh;laLo`QfrosQizHkkodksdedjfn;kAdgktkldrkgSfdHkkjresa/eZ&fujis{krkdhizfozQ;kblns'kesavaxzstksaosQvkxeulsizkjaHkgqbZAvk/qfudf'k{kkusekuohleL;kvksaosQizfroSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kdksizksRlkfgrfd;kAf'kf{kroxZusvusdijaijkxrfo'oklksa,oa fozQ;kvksaosQ fy,oSKkfudO;k[;kvksadh[kkstdjusdkiz;Ru fd;kAlgf'k{kk&iz.kkyhuslektesafL=k;ksadhHkwfedkosQckjseasvusdfo'oklksadkslekIrdjfn;kAfookg]O;olk;,oavU;ekuohfozQ;kvksaosQizfr/eZ&fujis{kn`f"Vdks.kviuk;kx;kA
(ii) ;krk;kr ,oa lapkj osQ lk/uksa dk fodkl (Development of the means of trans-port and communication)%;krk;kr,oalapkjosQlk/uksaesaifjorZuksaus'kkjhfjdxfr'khyrkdksc<+kfn;kgSAns'kosQfofHkUuHkkxksaesajgusokysO;fDr;ksaosQvar£eJ.klsvf/dka'kHkzkafr;k¡nwjgksx;ha,oamnkjfopkjksadkfodklgqvkAtkfr&iz.kkyhdks/Ddkyxk,oavLi`';rk&laca/hfopkjksaesaHkhifjorZuvk;kA;krk;krosQlk/uksadho`f¼usxzkeh.kleqnk;osQ/eZ&fujis{krkesadkiQhlgk;rkdhgSA
(iii) lkekftd ,oa /k£ed lq/kj vkanksyu (Social and religious reform movement)% Hkkjrh;usrkvksa];Fkk jktk jkeeksgu jk;]ljlS;nvgen[kk¡]osQ'kopanlsu] Lokeh
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 139
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
n;kuan]nsosUnzukFkVSxksj,oaegkRekxka/h}kjkpyk,fofHkUulkekftd,oa/k£edlqèkkjvkanksyuksausHkhHkkjresa/eZ&fujis{krkdhizfozQ;kdksxfriznkudhA
(iv) uxjhdj.k (Urbanization)%/eZfujis{krkxzkeh.kthoudhvis{kkuxjh;thouesavf/dizeq[kgSAedkuksadhdeh];krk;kr,oalapkjosQlk/uksadhcgqyrk]vk£FkdleL;kvksa]'kksHkkpkj]f'k{kk]uxjh;lkekftd,oajktuhfrdlajpuk]ik'pkR;laLo`Qfrdkuxjh;thouijizHkko]O;fDroknµbulHkhrRoksausuxjh;n`f"Vdks.kdks/eZ&fujis{kcukfn;kA
(v) fo/ku (Legislation)% vaxzst 'kkldksa us vusd vf/fu;e] ;Fkkµfo/ok iqu£ookgdkuwu&1856] tkfr v;ksX;rk,¡ mUewyu vf/fuf;e&1850] fo'ks"k fookg dkuwu&1872ikfjrfd,ftUgksausHkkjrh;yksxksaosQ:f<+xrfopkjksaijizgkjfd;kAvk/qfudle;esa¯gnw fookgdkuwu1955] ¯gnwmÙkjkf/dkjdkuwu&1956] ¯gnw fo/okiqu£ookgdkuwu]1956_ikyu&iks"k.kdkuwu,oanÙkd&xzg.kdkuwuusfookg,oaifjokjdh¯gnwlaLFkkvksaosQèkeZ&fujis{krkesa;ksxfn;kgSA
(vi) Hkkjrh; lafo/ku (Indian constitution)% Hkkjr osQ lafo/ku us /eZ&fujis{krk dhizfozQ;kdksnzqrcuk;kgSAla'kksf/rizLrkoukesaHkkjrdks/eZ&fujis{k?kksf"krfd;kx;kgSAlHkhukxfjdksadkstkfr]¯yxvFkoklaiznk;osQHksnHkkoosQfcuklekuvf/dkjksadkfo'oklfnyk;kx;kgSAlkoZtfudoqQ,¡,oafouksn&LFkkulHkhtkfr;ksaosQfy,leku:ils[kqysgSaAukxfjdksadksdksbZHkhO;olk;djusdhNwVgSAvLi`';rkdksvijk/?kksf"krfd;kx;kgSA/eZdhLora=krklslacaf/r/kjk,¡27&30Hkkjrdks/eZ&fujis{kjkT;cukrhgSAHkkjrh;lafo/kuusHkkjrh;thoudh/eZ&fujis{krkesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxnkufn;kgSA
(vii) ik'pkR; laLo`Qfr (Western culture)%ik'pkR;laLo`QfrosQizHkkousHkkjrh;thoudks/eZ&fujis{kcuk;kgSAik'pkR;laLo`QfrHkkSfrdokn]O;fDrokn]fo"k;klfDr]v/eZokn,oaLoPNanrkijcynsrhgSAblusHkkjresayksxksaosQikfjokfjdlaca/ksa,oan`f"Vdks.kdksizHkkforfd;kgSAosQoy/eZghvcfookg]f'k{kk]¯yx,oaikfjokfjdthouvFkokvk£Fkd xfrfof/;ksa ls lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dk fu/kZj.k ugha djrkA ik'pkR; laLo`Qfr osQizHkkok/huHkkjrh;laLo`Qfrusu,fopkjksadksvkRelkr~djfy;kgSAlkaLo`Qfrdxfrfof/;ksadh/k£edO;k[;kdkLFkku/eZ&fujis{kO;k[;kusysfy;kgSA/eZ&fujis{krkosQizHkkodkslkfgR;,oadykosQ{ks=kksaesaHkhns[kktkldrkgSftuosQfo"k;vc/eZ&fujis{k]oSKkfud]roZQ;qDr,oaiztkra=kh;fopkjksadhvfHkO;fDrdjrsgSaAHkkjr,d/eZ&fujis{kns'kgS]vr,ons'k}kjkizpkjosQlHkhlk/u/eZ&fujis{krkdkizpkjdjrsgSaA
4-11 /k£ed :f<+okn (Religious Fundamentalism)
:f<+okn(Fundamentalism)dkvFkZ¯dghewyfo'oklksaesavkLFkkrFkkfdUghaewyfl¼karksadkvuqlj.k,oamuosQizfrdBksjizfrc¼rkgSA:f<+okndkLo:i/k£ed,oaxSj/k£ednksuksagksldrkgS]mln`f"VlsiQklhoknvFkoklkE;oknosQ:iesaloZlÙkkokngh:f<+oknosQLo:idgstkldrsgSaA
/k£ed:f<+oknfdlh/eZosQO;fDrml/eZosQewyfl¼karksaesafo'okl]vkLFkk;kizfrc¼rkdkog:igStks/ekZU/rkdhlhekvksadksNwysrhgSAtcfdlhèkeZfo'ks"kosQerkoyafc;ksa}kjklkjhnqfu;kdksviusgh/eZosQlaca/esans[kktkrkgSvkSjviusijaijkxr/eZdksvafrelR;osQ:iesaLFkkfirdjusdkiz;klfd;ktkrkgSrks;g/k£ed:f<+okndgykrkgSA
140 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
/k£ed:f<+oknvius/eZosQmQijlHkhthou'kSyhdksHkz"Vthou'kSyhekursgSavkSjbldks'kq¼djusdkiz;kldjrsgSatSlsekSykukekSnq<h(Hkkjresatek;rsbLykehosQlaLFkkid)usorZekuthoui¼frdksvKkuhdhlaKknhvkSjblsHkz"Vcrk;k_fHk.Mjkokysusifrrfl[kksadkmYys[kfd;ktksviuhnk<+hcukrsgSa]viusckydVkrsgSavkSjijaijkxrfl[ki¼frdkikyuughadjrsgSaAblhlanHkZesageviQxkfuLrkuosQrkfyckfu;ksavkSjikfdLrkuesaykyefLtnosQekSyfo;ksaosQfozQ;k&dykiksadhppkZdjldrsgSaftUgksausijaijkxreqfLyethoui¼frdksbLykeosQvuq:iekukvkSjvkèkqfudthoui¼frdkfojks/fd;kA,d/k£edO;fDrgksukrFkk,d/k£ed:f<+oknhgksuk,dlekuughagS]D;ksafd/eZ:f<+oknughagksrk]/k£ed:f<+okn/eZdkfoyksegS]/eZdk'kks"kdgStkslkekU;fgrksadksR;kxdjO;fDrxrfgrksadhiw£rgsrq/eZdhHkz"Vekè;eosQ:ieasiz;ksxdjrkgSA(tsElokuZj]ooZQeSu‘Fundamentalism, Revivalism and voilance in South Asia’—Book)
mijksDrfo'ys"k.kosQvk/kjij/k£ed:f<+oknosQfuEuy{k.kksadhppkZdhtkrhgSµ
1- ,d/k£ed:f<+oknhvius/eZ@laiznk;vFkokbulstqM+sfo'oklO;oLFkkdksvfuok;Z];Fks"VrFkkiw.kZr%izekf.krekurkgSA
2- :f<+oknhdHkhle>kSrkoknhughagksrsgSacfYdviusfo'oklesa/ekZU/,oaLo:iesavkozQkedgksrsgSaA
3- /k£ed:f<+oknosQfl¼karmYya?kuh;]vk{kfjd]fujaoqQ'krFkkckè;dkjhgksrkgSA;gosQoyvf/jksi.kdhtckule>rkgSvkSjviuserdkslghekursgq,lelrlektdksmlerdksekuusijcynsrkgSA
4- /k£ed:f<+okndkLo;adkergksrkgSogHkys/eZesagks;k]ugksijarq:f<+oknhviuserdksroZQ}kjk;k/eZdhiquO;kZ[;k}kjk/eZlEerfl¼djnsrsgSa]tSlstsgknA(LVhoczwlFundamentalism Book)
5- /k£ed:f<+oknfoKku,oafoosdoknnksuksadksvLohdkjdjrkgSA
6- /k£ed:f<+oknhviusO;ogkjesamxzrkdksizn£'krdjrsgSaA
4-12 /k£ed :f<+okn&,d oSf'od leL;k@blosQ ifj.kke (Religious Fundamentalism – A Global Problem)
;|fi/k£ed:f<+okndh'kq#vkr1979esabZjkuesavk;krqYyk[kqeSuhosQusr`RoesaeqfLye:f<+okfn;ksa }kjk eksgEen jtk 'kkg osQ r[rk iyVdh ?kVuk dks rFkk vesfjdk esa ladh.kZrkoknh:f<+okfn;ksa}kjkpyk;sx;suo/k£edvkanksyuosQ:iesagksx;hFkhrFkkfigkyosQo"kks±esaèkk£ed:f<+okn ,d izeq[k ?kVuk osQ :i esa mHkjdj lkeus vk;k gSA gky osQ o"kks± esa viQxkfuLrku esarkfyckuhfozQ;k&dykiksa]ikfdLrkuesaykyefLtnlstqM+seqfLye:f<+okfn;ksaosQfozQ;k&dykiksarFkkHkkjresa¯gnw:f<+okn,oaeqfLye:f<+oknlslacaf/rfozQ;k&dykiksaesabldks,dToyarledkyhuleL;kosQ:iesaizLrqrfd;kgSftllsvk/qfudukxfjdlektosQle{kdbZleL;k;sa@pqukSfr;k¡mRiUugqbZgSa]tSlsµ
1- /k£ed#f<+oknusledkyhufo'oesa/k£ediquZmRFkkudhizo`fÙkdksrhoz fd;kgSftlls/eZfujis{khdj.kdhizfozQ;kckf/rgqbZgSvkSjvk/qfudlektosQfuekZ.kdkiz;kldetksjgqvkgSA(Anthony Giddens)
2- blusfo'oesadeksos'klHkhns'kksaesalkaiznkf;druko,oala?k"kZesao`f¼dkslaHkocuk;kgSvkSjoSf'odLrjij^leL;kvksaosQeè;la?k"kZ*(Hutington)dhlaHkkoukdhiq"Vfd;kgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 141
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
3- HkkjresafgUnweqfLyela?k"kZ_eè;iwoZesabLyke]tqMkbTe]vkSjif'pehfozQf'p;uosQchpla?k"kZ]ikfdLrkuesaf'k;k,oalqUuhosQchpla?k"kZ;kfiQjHkkjrosQiatkcesafl[k,oaMsjklPpklkSnkosQchpla?k"kZblrF;dksifjyf{krdjrsgSaA
4- fo'oosQyxHkxlHkhns'kksaesa/k£ed:f<+oknusfoosdlEer,oaoSKkfudn`f"Vdks.kdkfojks/djosQ/eZfujis{khdj.kdhizfozQ;kosQle{kpqukSrhizLrqrdhgSA
5- pw¡fd/k£ed:f<+oknfoosdlEer,oaoSKkfudn`f"Vdkfojks/h,oaijaijkmUeq[kgksrkgSbln`f"Vlsblusnqfu;kosQyxHkxlHkhns'kksaesauohurk,oaifjorZudkfojks/djosQlkekftd]vk£Fkdfodkl,oavk/qfudhdj.kdhizfozQ;kdksckf/rfd;kgSAviQxkfuLrku]bZjkdvkfnosQfodkldksvo#¼djusesa/k£ed:f<okn,eizeq[kdkjdfl¼gqvkgSA
6- /k£ed:f<+okndk,dizeq[kifj.kke/k£edvkradokngSftlusledkyhufo'oosQlHkhns'kksadks=kLrdjj[kkgSA
Li"V gS fd/k£ed:f<+oknledkyhuoSf'odlektosQ fy,leL;kRed,oavk/qfudukxfjdlektosQy,fuekZ.kdkfojks/hjgkgSijarqvxjihVjcs;jdksekusarks;gijks{k:ils/k£edleqnk;esavkarfjd,drkvkSj/eZosQvk/kjijjk"VªoknosQfodklesaHkhlgk;djgkgSAbZjkd]btjk;y]tkikuvkfnns'kksaesamldksLi"V:ilsns[kktkldrkgSA
4-13 /k£ed :f<+okn osQ mn~Hko osQ dkj.k (Origin Causes of Religious Fundamentalism)
oSf'odLrjij/k£ed:f<+okndh?kVukosQmn~HkoosQfy,dbZdkj.kmÙkjnk;hgSa]tSlsµ
1- rhozlkekftdifjorZulsmRiUumFky&iqFkyvkSjigpkuladV/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hkodk,dizeq[kdkj.kjgkgSD;ksafd;guosQoyigpkuladVdklek/kuizLrqrdjrkgScfYd,dvPNsiwoZorhZ;qxosQokilhdkoknkHkhdjrkgSA(Anthony gid-dens)
2- /eZvk/kfjru`tkfrosaQnzh;rkdhHkkouk,oe~bldhizfrfozQ;kHkh/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hkoesaizeq[kjgkgSAbLykeesafl;k&lqUuhla?k"kZvkSjHkkjresa¯gnw&eqfLyela?k"kZosQihNs;g,dizeq[kdkjdjgkgSA
3- :f<+oknhO;fDrdklaxBu}kjkblfn'kkesafd;sx;siz;klksadksHkhO;kidLrjijèkk£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hko,oaizlkjosQfy,mÙkjnk;hBgjk;ktkldrkgSAbLykfed:f<+oknosQizlkjesavkslkekfcuyknsudkiz;klbldkizeq[kmnkgj.kgSA
4- fofHkUuO;fDr;ksa;kjktuhfrdnyksa}kjklÙkkesacusjgus;klÙkkdhizkfIrgsrqerksadksykecandjus,oatuleFkZudksizkIrdjusdhfn'kkesa/k£edHkkoukdkiz;ksxHkhèkk£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hkodk,dizeq[kdkjdjgkgSg¯VxVudhekusrksbjkdesalíkegqlSu}kjkvesfjdhmifuos'koknosQfo#¼tuleFkZuizkIrdjusgsrq/k£edHkkoukvksadkiz;ksxbldkcsgrjmnkgj.kizLrqrdjrkgSA
5- ihVjcsejustkiku]bZjkd]btjk;ytSlsns'kksaesajk"VªoknosQfodklesafd;sx;s/eZosQiz;ksxdksHkh/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~HkoosQfy,,dizeq[kdkjdosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;kgSA
6- fofHkUulewgksa}kjkjktuhfrd,oavk£Fkd'kfDrdksizkIrdjusgsrq/eZdks,dlaxBfud'kfDrosQvk/kjosQ:iesafd;kx;kiz;ksxHkh/k£ed:f<+oknosQmn~Hko,oafodklgsrqmÙkjnk;hjgkgSA
142 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
7- vxjcks£MykMosQfopkjksaosQlanHkZesans[ksarks{ks=kh;Lrjij]lkewfgdLrjij],oaO;fDrxrLrjijfo|ekulkekftdvk£Fkdfo"kerk]xjhch]csjkstxkjh]vf'k{kktSlhlkekftdleL;kvksausHkh/k£ed:f<+okndksizksRlkfgrdjusesaegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkvnkdhgSA
ewY;kaduµLi"VgS/k£ed:f<+oknoSf'odLrjij,dizeq[kledkyhuleL;kosQ:iesamHkjkgSftlusekuolektosQfy,dbZudkjkRedifj.kkeksaosQlkFk&lkFkoqQN,dlkdkjkRedifj.kkeksadksHkhmRiUufd;kgSA;g?kVukdbZla;qDrdkjdksadkifj.kkegSvkSjmudkjdksadksnwjdjrsgq,,dvk/qfud/eZfujis{k,oafodflrlektdhLFkkiukgsrqdbZiz;klHkhfd;stkjgsgSaAt:jrgSbuiz;klksadksvkSjlqn`<+djusdh]rHkhge,dvkn'kZ]le`¼,oe~vk/qfudoSf'odlektosQy{;dksizkIrdjldrsgSavkSjfofo/rkesa,drkdhifjdYiukdkslkdkjdjldrsgSavkSjblosQfy,oqQNlq>koksaijveyfd;ktkldrkgS]tSlsµ
1- rk£dd,oaoSKkfudn`f"Vdkvf/dkf/dizlkjfd;ktk,rFkktxr,oathouosQlHkh{ks=kksalslacaf/rleL;kvksaosQlek/kugsrqoSKkfud,oark£ddrjhdksaijcyfn;ktk,A
2- /eZfujis{krkdksl'kDrfopkj/kjkRedLrjijtuvkanksyudk:ifn;ktk,vkSjèkeZosQlkFklkeatL;LFkkfirdjrsgq,/eZfujis{krkosQi{kesatupsruk,oatuerdkfuekZ.kfd;ktk,A
3- lHkh/eks±dksvf/dkf/drk£dd,oaO;kogkfjdcuk;ktk,(/eZdk/eZfujis{khdj.k)vesfjdkesaefgykvksadksiknjhcuusdkvf/dkjnsuk]HkkjresavU;tkfr;ksadksiqtkjhcuusdkvf/dkjnsuk;kgkyghesaMumbaiesaeqfLyePersonal Law Board}kjkefgykvksadksrykddkvf/dkjnsukblfn'kkesaljkguh;iz;klgSA
4- fofHkUu/eks±osQchpfo|ekufofHkUurkosQctk;lekurkosQi{kksadksmtkxjdjosQfofHkUu/k£edleqnk;ksadks,dnwljsosQlkFktksM+ktk,vkSjmuosQchplkaLo`Qfrdvar%fozQ;kdksizksRlkfgrfd;ktk,AAnthony Giddens;kPetter BayerosQfopkjksaosQlanHkZesans[kktk,rksoSf'odj.kdhizfozQ;kus‘Universalisation’osQ:iesablfn'kkesaljkguh;iz;kldjjghgSfiQjHkhblosQdbZvk;ke,slsgSftlijfopkj,oaiz;klvko';dgSA
5- fofHkUu/k£edleqnk;ksaesafo|ekufo"kerkvkSjfo'oLrjijfo|eku{ks=kh;fo"kerkdksnwjfd;ktk,(cks£MykM)lkFkghgkf'k;sijosQyksxksadklkekftdvk£FkdfodkldjosQbUgsaeq[;/kjkesa'kkfeyfd;ktk,A
6- /ekZU/O;fDr;ksa]laxBuksa,oajktuhfrdnyksadhvlkekftdxfrfof/;ksadksgrksRlkfgrfd;ktk,A
7- lapkjlk/uksa,oaLo;alsohlaxBuksadksblfn;kesamÙkjnkf;Roiw.kZHkwfedkosQfuoZgugsrqizksRlkfgrfd;ktk,A
4-14 lkjka'k (Summary)
• lu~1838esavkWxLrdkWEVsusmi;qZDrizLrkforfoKkudks lksf'k;ksykWth*ukefn;kA;gySfVuosQ^lks';l*rFkkxzhdosQ^yksxl*'kCnlsfeydjcukgSftldkvFkZgksrkgSµlektdkfoKku;k'kkL=kAblsgh¯gnhesalekt'kkL=kdgkx;kA
• NBh'krkCnhlspkSngoha'krkCnhrddkdkelekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhf}rh;voLFkkekuhtkrhgSAbldkyesaHkhdkiQhyacsle;rdlkekftdleL;kvksadksle>usosQfy,èkeZvkSjn'kZudklgkjkfy;ktkrkjgk]ysfdursjgoha'krkCnhesalkekftdleL;kvksadksrk£dd<axlsle>usdkiz;Rufd;kx;kA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 143
lekt'kkL=k dh mRifÙk(Origin and Development of
Sociology)
• lekt'kkL=kosQfodkldhprqFkZvoLFkkdkizkjaHkvkWxLrdkWEVs(1798&1875)osQle;lsekuktkrkgSA;ghlekt'kkL=kosQoSKkfudfodkldhokLrfodvoLFkkgSAizQkalhlhfo}kuvkWxLrdkWEVsosQxq#ls.VlkbeuHkkSfrdfoKkuksaosQlekulektdks,d,slkfoKkucukukpkgrsFksftlesalkekftd?kVukvksadkO;ofLFkr,oaozQec¼vè;;urFkkfo'ys"k.kfd;ktklosQA
• teZulekt'kkfL=k;ksaµokuohts(Von Vrise)]Vksuh(Tonnies)]ohjdkar(Vier Kant)]flesy(simmel),oaeSDloScj(Max Waber)usHkhlekt'kkL=kosQfodkleasviwoZ;ksxnkufn;kgSA
• ,e-,u-Jhfuoklus/eZdhHkwfedkdhtk¡pO;fDr;ksavkSjlewgksaosQchp,dca/udkjh'kfDrosQ:iesadhgSA,e-,u-Jhfuokl/k£edO;ogkjdkslkekftdthoudkvaxekursgSaAmUgksausfuEuckrksadkftozQfd;kgS_1-xzkeh.kvkSjvU;LFkkuh;LrjksaijfofHkUutkfr;ksavkSj/k£edlewgksalslaca/]2-ns'kosQvk£Fkdfodklesa/eZdhvkeHkwfedk]vkSj3-/eZvkSjlkekftd&vk£Fkdfo'ks"kkf/dkjA
4-15 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙk,oablosQfodkldko.kZudhft,A
2- lekt'kkL=kdhmRifÙkosQfl¼karcrkb,A
3- /k£edvYila[;dksadhleL;k,¡crkb,A
4- /eZ&fujis{krkdkD;kvFkZgS\blosQegÙoiw.kZdkj.kksadkmYys[kdhft,A
5- /k£ed:f<+okndkD;kvFkZgS\blsoQy{k.kksadko.kZudhft,A
4-16 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further readings)
• ckWVkseksj] Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth %,xkbMVw izkWCyEl,aM fyVjspj-tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA
• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h-2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth]vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA
• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth % , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA
• ¯x¯MXl],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhosl]osaQfcztA
144 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
bdkbZ&5(Unit–5)
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
:ijs[kk5.1 mís';(Objectives)5.2 izLrkouk(Introduction)5.3 lekthdj.kdkvFkZ(Meaning of Socialization)5.4 lekthdj.kdhizfØ;k(Process of Socialization)5.5 lekthdj.kosQvfHkdj.k(Agencies of Socialization)5.6 lekthdj.kosQrÙo(Elements of Socialization)5.7 lekthdj.kosQegÙo(Role of Socialization)5.8 izkS<+ksadklekthdj.k(Socialization of Adults)5.9 oS;Drhdj.k(Individualisation)5.10 oS;Drhdj.kosQi{k(Aspects of Individualization)5.11 efgyk,¡,oalekt(Women and Society)5.12 dU;kèku,oangst&izFkk(Bride-wealth and Dowry System)5.13 efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkosQdkj.k,oamik;(Causes and Measures of Violence Against
Women)5.14 ¯gnwefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Hindu Women)5.15 eqfLyeefgykvksadhleL;k,¡(Problems of Muslim Women)5.16 efgykvksadhleL;kvkasosQlekèkkugsrqiz;Ru(Efforts to Solve Problems of Women)5.17 ljdkj}kjkfd,x,iz;Ru(Efforts Made by the Government)5.18 lkjka'k(Summary)5.19 vH;kliz'u(Review Questions)5.20 lanHkZiqLrosaQ(Further Readings)
5-1 mís'; (Objectives)
blbdkbZosQvè;;uosQi'pkr~]fo|kFkhZ;ksX;gksaxs%
• lekthdj.kdhizfØ;kdko.kZu]
• oS;fDrdj.kosQi{kdhO;k[;k,oa
• efgyk,¡,oalektosQlacaèkksadhtkudkjhA
5-2 izLrkouk (Introduction)
ekuolekt],dcká?kVuk&oLrqughagS]vfirqbldhvofLFkfrblosQlnL;ksaosQeuesaghns[khtkldrhgSAekuo&f'k'kqlalkjesai'kqdhvko';drkvksals;qDr,dthforvo';osQ:i
M-pc/E/Laxmi/Kunal ji 11-09-2020
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 145
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
esavkrkgSAogèkhj&èkhjs,dlkekftdizk.khosQ:iesa<ytkrkgSrFkkdk;ZdjusvkSjlkspusosQlkekftd<axksadkslh[kysrkgSA<kyusdhblizfØ;kosQfcukurkslektthforjgldrkgSvkSjulaLÑfr_vkSjughO;fDr]iq#"k(person)culdrkgSA<kyusdhblizfØ;kdkslekthdj.kdgktkrkgSA
5-3 lekthdj.k dk vFkZ (Meaning of Socialization)
eSdkbojosQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.k,dizfØ;kgSftlosQ}kjklkekftdizk.kh,d&nwljsosQlkFkviusO;kidrFkk?kfu"BlacaèkLFkkfirdjrsgSaftlesaos,d&nwljslsvfèkdkfèkdc¡èktkrsgSavkSj,d&nwljsosQizfrviusdrZO;ksa,oamÙkjnkf;RoksadhHkkoukdkfodkldjrsgSa]ftlesaosvius,oanwljksaosQO;fDrRodksvfèkdvPNhrjgle>usyxrsgSarFkkftlesaosfudVrj,oavfèkdfoLr`rlkgp;ZdhtfVylajpukdkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaA¸
fdEcy ;ax(Kimball Young)dhn`f"Vesa¶lekthdj.kogizfØ;kgSftlosQ}kjkO;fDrlkekftd,oalkaLÑfrd{ks=kesaizos'kdjrkgSrFkklektosQfofHkUulewgksadklnL;curkgSvkSjftlosQ}kjkmlslektosQewY;ksarFkkekudksadksLohdkjdjusdhizsj.kkizkIrgksrhgSA¸lekthdj.kfuf'pr:ilslh[kusdhizfØ;kgS]tSfodoa'kkuqØedhughaAlekthdj.kdhizfØ;k}kjkgh,duotkrf'k'kqlkekftdizk.khcurkgSrFkkoglektosQiw.kZlnL;osQ:iesafodflrgksrkgSAeuq";tksoqQNgS]oglekthdj.kosQ}kjkcurkgSAcksxkMZl(Bogardus)osQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.kbdV~Bkfeydjdk;Zdjus]lewg&nkf;RodhHkkoukfodflrgksusrFkkvU;O;fDr;ksadhdY;k.kdkjhvko';drkvksalsekxZn'kZuysusdhizfØ;kgSA¸vkxcuZ(Ogburn)osQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.k,dizfØ;kgSftllsfdO;fDrlewgosQvkn'kZ]fu;eksaosQvuq:iO;ogkjdjuklh[krkgSA¸jkWlosQvuqlkj¶lekthdj.klkfFk;ksaesa^geHkkouk*rFkkbuesabdV~BsdkedjusdhbPNk,oaleFkZrkdkfodklgSA¸lekthdj.kdhizfØ;k}kjkeuq";,dlkekftdO;fDrcurkgSrFkkO;fDrRodksizkIrdjrkgSAyaqMcxZ(Lundberg)osQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.kvar%fozQ;kdhtfVyizfozQ;kvksadkukegSftlosQ}kjkO;fDrlkekftdlewgksa,oaleqnk;ksaesaizHkkohHkkxysusgsrqvknrksa]prqjkb;ksa]fo'oklksa,oafu.kZ;osQekudksadkslh[krkgSA¸tkWulu(Johnson)osQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.k,dizdkjdklh[kukgStkslh[kusokysdkslkekftddk;ZdjusosQ;ksX;cukrkgSA¸xzhu(Green)osQvuqlkj¶lekthdj.kogizfozQ;kgSftlosQ}kjkcPpklkaLo`Qfrdfo'ks"krkvksa]vkReiuvkSjO;fDrRodksizkIrdjrkgSA¸gkWVuZ ,oa gaV(Horton and Hunt)osQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.kogizfozQ;kgSftlosQ}kjkdksbZO;fDrviuslewgosQekudksadksvkRelkr~djysrkgSAftllsmuosQ^vkRe*dkfodklgksrkgStksmlO;fDrdhviuhfo'ks"krkgSA¸,pú Vhú etqenkj(H.T. Mazumdar)osQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.kogizfozQ;kgSftlosQ}kjkewyizo`Qfrekuo&izo`QfresacnytkrhgSrFkkiq#"kO;fDrcutkrkgSA¸izR;sdO;fDrLo;adksmli;kZoj.k,oaifjfLFkfresaleaftrdjusdkiz;RudjrkgStksmlle;lekt}kjk]ftldkoglnL;gS]fuèkkZfjrdhxbZgksrhgSA;fnogbliz;RuesavliQyjgrkgSrksoglkekftdfopyu(deviant)cutkrkgSAleatudhblhizfozQ;kdkslekthdj.kdgrsgSaA;gO;fDrdj.kosQfoijhrgSA;g^vkRe*(self)osQfoLrkjdhizfozQ;kgSA;gmlesalkeqnkf;dHkkoukdkfodkldjrkgSAla{ksiesa]lekthdj.k,d,slhizfozQ;kgSftlosQ}kjkO;fDrekuohO;ogkjosQizfrekuksadksx`ghrdjrkgSA
lekthdj.klkekftdrk,oalektoknlsfHkUugSAlkekftdrk,dxq.kgS]lekthdj.k,dizfozQ;kgSAlkekftdrkdkvFkZgS]nwljksalsfeyus&tqyusrFkkmuosQlkFklqxerk,oaljyrklslaca/cukusdh{kerkAeuq";,dlkekftdizk.khgS]pkgsmlesacgqrvf/dlkekftdrkugksAlekthdj.kdhizfozQ;klseuq";lkekftdrkdkxq.kxzg.kdjrkgSA
lektoknµlektokn,dfl¼kargS]xq.kvFkokizfozQ;kughaA;glektosQHkkohiqu£uekZ.kdkfl¼kargSAbl'kCndhdksbZLi"VifjHkk"kkughagSAizR;sdO;fDr,oanyLo;adkslektoknhdgrkgSAtksM(Joad)usbldhrqyuk,d,slsVksilsdhgStksviuh'kfDr[kkscSBkgS]D;ksafdizR;sd
146 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
O;fDrblsigurkgSAlghvFkZesalektokn,dfl¼kargSftldkvfHkizk;gSfdmRiknu]fofu;erFkkforj.kosQlk/u;krksjkT;osQgkFkksavFkokfu;a=k.kesagksuspkfg,vFkok,slsla?kksaosQgkFkksaesagksuspkfg,tksizR;{kk:ilsleqnk;osQizfrmÙkjnk;hgksA,slhO;oLFkklslaifÙkdkvis{kko`Qrlekuforj.kgksxk]yksxxjhch]jksx,oavKkulseqDrgkslosaQxsAlektokndklaca/blckrlsgSfd^D;kgksukpkfg,A*
lekthdj.kdk^ifjiDork*(maturation)lsHkhvarjfn[kyk;ktkldrkgSAifjiDorkewy:ilsfodkldhHkkSfrd,oajklk;fudizfozQ;kvksa]ftuijeuq";dkvis{kko`Qrdefu;a=k.kgksrkgS]lslacaf/rgSA;gtho(organism)osQfodflrgksus,oa/hjs&/hjsifjo£rrgksusdhizfozQ;kgSAlekthdj.klh[kusdhizfozQ;kgSftlosQ}kjkeuq";vknrksa,oaizfrekfurO;ogkjdkslh[krkgSA;gmurekelkekftdizfozQ;kvksa,oanckoksadksfu£n"VdjrkgSftuosQ}kjklewg;kleqnk;osQvkn'kZfu;eksa,oaekudksadksO;fDr&lnL;ksaosQO;ogkjksa,oafo'oklksaesacSBkfn;ktkrkgSA
5-4 lekthdj.k dh izfozQ;k (Process of Socialization)
lkekftdO;oLFkkeq[;r%lekthdj.kijvk/kfjrgSA;fnO;fDrviuslewgosQvkn'kZfu;eksaosQvuqlkjvkpj.kughadjsaxsrkslewgfNUu&fHkUugkstk;sxkAijarqlekthdj.kdhizfozQ;koSQlsvkjaHkgksrhgS\;gdgktkrkgSfd;gizfozQ;kf'k'kqosQtUelsiwoZghvkjaHkgkstkrhgSamlosQtUelsiwoZlkekftdifjfLFkfr;k¡cgqrlhekrd;gfu/kZfjrdjnsrhgSafd;gfdlizdkjdkthouO;rhrdjsxkAekrk&firkdhizse&yhykvkSjthou&lkFkhdkpquko]xHkkZ/ku,oatUelslacaf/rjhfr&fjoktrFkkifjokjesaizpfyrlkaLo`QfrdfozQ;kvksadhlaiw.kZiz.kkyhcPpsosQfodklesaegÙoiw.kZLFkkuj[krhgSAekrk&firk}kjkns[kHkkydhfof/;k¡mlosQtUeysus,oaLoLFkjgusdhlaHkkoukvksadksizHkkfordjrhgSaAblizdkj]tUelsiwoZdhifjfLFkfr;ksadkvizR;{k:ilslektesamlosQfodklijizHkkoiM+rkgSAijarqizR;{klekthdj.ktUeosQi'pkr~ghvkjaHkgksrkgSAuotkrf'k'kqesathoosQ:iesaoqQNoLrq,¡gksrhgSatkslekthdj.kdksifjlhferdjrhgSavFkokmlesalgk;dgksrhgSaAbuoLrqvksadkstksmlesagksrhgSa]izfroÙkZ(reflexes)]ewy&izo`fÙk;k¡(instincts)]var%izsj.kk,¡(urges)rFkk{kerk,¡(capacities)dgktkldrkgSA
izfroÙkZlekthdj.kijdBksjrelhek,¡yxknsrhgSaAizfroÙkZnÙkmíhfIr;ksaosQizfrthodhLopkfyrvkSjvueuh;izfrfozQ;k,¡gksrhgSaAoslh[khgq,ughagksrhavkSjmudkscnykHkhughatkldrkAthoD;kdjldrkgS];smldhlhekfu/kZfjrdjnsrhgSaAijarqos,slsvk/kjughagSaftulslekthdj.kdktUegksrkgksArstjks'kuhesavk¡[kdhiqryhdkfloqQM+tkuk]'kDdj;kphuhosQp[kuslseq[kdhxzafFk;ksadkykjlzo.k(salivation)izfroÙkZosQmnkgj.kgSaA
oqQN euksoSKkfudksa us ekuo&O;ogkjdh O;k[;k ewy&izo`fÙk;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa dh gSA O;ogkjewy&izo`R;kReddgktkrkgS;fnogfdlhvar%izsj.kk;k#fposQdkj.kvkjaHkgks]mlesackálalkjdkoqQNcks/fufgrgks];kaf=kd,oafofp=k:ilsfLFkjgks]oa'kkuqxrlajpukijvk/kfjrvr,otkfr(species)dhfof'k"VrkgksrFkkblosQlkFkghvR;f/dvuqowQyh(adaptive),oafozQ;kRed(functional)gksAijarqewy&izo`fÙk;ksaosQvk/kjijekuo&O;ogkjdhO;k[;kdjukHkzkedgS]D;ksafdekuoizk.khtUeosQle;dksbZiw.kZlgtizo`fÙkughaj[krk]ijarqoqQNsdrÙo];FkklgtfozQ;k,¡,oavar%izsj.kk,¡j[krkgSA
var%izsj.kkosQvk/kjijekuo%&O;ogkjdhvf/dBkslO;k[;kdhtkldrhgSA;fnekuodhvko';drk,¡iw.kZughagksrhrksblosQvanj,d¯[kpkomRiUugkstkrkgSvkSjrcrdcukjgrkgS]tcrdfdlhvfHkizsj.kk(stimulus)}kjkognwjughagkstkrkAblizdkjvar%izsj.kkO;ogkjosQihNs,dxfr'khy'kfDrgS];glekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kosQizkjafHkd¯cnqdksiznkudjrhgSA
izR;sdO;fDroqQN{kerk,¡ysdjtUeysrkgSA,dO;fDrtksoqQNdjldrkgS]mldhoqQNlhek,¡gksrhgSa_ijarqbllhekdksyk¡?kktkldrkgSvkSjlH;rkosQfodkl}kjk,slkfd;ktk
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 147
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
jgkgSAeuq";osQlh[kusdh{kerkesaizf'k{k.k,oavfHkizsj.kkvksadhu;hfof/;ksa}kjko`f¼dhtkldrhgSaAvktdyekuobrukughalh[kikrkftrukogvuqowQyifjfLFkfr;ksaesalh[kldrkFkk]D;ksafdmldhlh[kusdh{kerkdkvf/drelhekrdiz;ksxughafd;ktkrkAlHkhlektekuodhf'k{k.k&leFkZrkdksu"VdjusosQnks"khgSaA
vkRe dk fodkl (The development of self)µ^vkRe*dkfodkllekthdj.kdkosaQnz¯cnqgSAtccPpsdktUegksrkgSrksmlsLo;a;knwljksadhdksbZpsrukughagksrhAmlesaO;ogkjdhos;a=k&jpuk,¡gksrhgSatksO;fDrdksfdlhlewgdkvax,oalnL;cukrhgSaAla{ksiesa]tUeosQle;mlsviusrFkknwljksaosQchplaca/ksadhdksbZpsrukughagksrhAbulaca/ksadkscPpklekthdj.kdhizfozQ;k}kjklh[krkgSA;gmlosQoS;fDrdfodkl,oao`f¼osQfy,mldhdk;Z&{kerkvksadhiw£rgSA;gizkf.k'kkL=kh;thodksekuoh;cukrkgSrFkkmleas^vkRe*dkfodkldjrkgSftllsmlesaigpkudjusdhle>rFkkoqQNvkn'kks±]ewY;ksa,oabPNkvksadkfodklgkstkrkgSAlekthdj.koS;fDrdrk,oapsrukosQfodkldhvfuok;Z'krZgSA
^vkRe*osQfodkldhO;k[;klslacaf/rrhuizeq[kfl¼kargSatksowQys(Cooley)]ehM(Mead),oaizQk;M(Freud)usizfrikfnrfd;sgSaAbufl¼karksadklaf{kIrfooj.kfuEufyf[krgSµ
1- owQys dk fl¼kar (Cooley’s Theory)µvkRefodkllaca/howQysosQfl¼kardks^niZ.kfl¼kar*(looking glass concept)dgkx;kgSAmlosQvuqlkj]euq";^Lo*osQckjsesaèkkj.kknwljsO;fDr;ksadhlgk;rklscukrkgSAeuq";mlle;rdviusckjsesadksbZèkkj.kkughacukrktcrdognwljksaosQlaiZdesaughavkrkrFkkviusckjsesamudhèkkj.kkdksughatkuysrkAogvius^Lo*dh/kj.kkviusckjsesavU;yksxksadh/kj.kkosQvk/kjijcukrkgSAblizdkjtcgekjsfe=kgedkscqf¼eku;klkekU;]yack;kNksVk]eksVk;kirykdgrsgSarksgemudh,slh/kj.kkosQizfrizfrfozQ;kdjrsgSarFkkviusckjsesaogh/kj.kkcukysrsgSatksmUgksausgekjsckjsesacukbZgSanwljs'kCnksaesa]ftlizdkjniZ.k'kkjhfjd^Lo*dk¯ccgS]mlhizdkjnwljksadh/kj.kkgekjslkekftd^Lo*dk¯ccgSALo;aosQckjsesaKkunwljsO;fDr;ksadhizfrfozQ;kesaizkIrgksrkgSAnwljsO;fDrgekjklkekftdniZ.kgSaftlosQekè;elsgeviusckjsesa/kj.kkcukrsgSaA
niZ.kfl¼karosQrhueq[;rRogSaµ
1-nwljsyksxesjsckjsesaD;klksprsgSa\
2-nwljsyksxksaustks/kj.kkesjsckjsesacuk;hgS]mlosQlanHkZesaeSaviusckjsesaD;klksprkgw¡\
3-eSaviusckjsesalkspdjviusdksoSQlkekurkgw¡A
,dmnkgj.klsblsLi"Vfd;ktkldrkgSAdYiukdhft,fdtcdHkhHkhrqedejsesaizos'kdjrsgksrksogk¡cSBsgq,O;fDr]tksvkilesackrdjjgsgSa]mBdjcgkukcukdjpystkrsgSaA,slkvusdckjgqvkgSAD;k;grqEgkjhHkkoukvksadksizHkkforughadjsxk\vFkoktcdHkhHkhrqeckgjtkrsgks]O;fDr;ksadklewgrqEgkjspkjksavksjcutkrkgS]yksxksa}kjk,slkekurqEgkjh^Lo*HkkoukvksadksfdlizdkjizHkkfordjsxk\blizdkj]geLo;adksviusizfrnwljksadhizfrfozQ;kosQekè;elstkursgSaA;gvkReKkuigys gesa ekrk&firkls izkIr gksrk gStks cknesavU; O;fDr;ksadh izfrfozQ;kvksa osQiQyLo:icnytkrkgSA;gHkhè;kuesaj[kus;ksX;gSfdlHkhnwljsO;fDr;ksadhgekjsckjsesaizfrfozQ;klekuughagksrhvFkokgemudhizfrfozQ;kvksadkxyrewY;kadudjldrsgSaAvgadksc<+kusokyhmudhvH;qfDrosQoyek=kpepkfxjhgksldrhgSAblizdkjniZ.kosQekè;elsvkReosQckjsesacuk;hxbZ/kj.kklsfcYoqQyfHkUugksldrhgStksnwljksausokLrfod:ilsgekjsckjsesacukbZgSAnwljsO;fDr;ksadksfdlhosQckjs
148 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
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lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
esaD;kokLrfodfopkjgSarFkkosmlsoSQlkfpf=krdjrsgSa]blfo"k;ijO;fDrdh/kj.kkesadkiQhfHkUurkgksldrhgSA^vkRe*dkfodkllkekftdvuqHkodkfo"k;gSvkSj;glkekftdvar%fozQ;kosQiQyLo:imRiUugksrkgSA
2- ehM dk fl¼kar (Mead’s Theory)µehMuslekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdklekt'kkL=kh;fo'ys"k.k fd;kgSAmlosQvuqlkj]cPpsdknwljsO;fDr;ksalstclaogukRedlaioZQ(communicative contact)gksrkgS]rc^vkRe*dkfodklgksrkgSAuotkrf'k'kqdhHkkstuvkSjoL=klaca/hvko';drk,¡gksrhgSaAekrkbuvko';drkvksadhiwrhZdjrhgSftllscPpkmlosQmQijfuHkZjgkstkrkgSvkSjogHkkoukRedLrjijekrkosQlkFkLo;adkrknkRE;hdj.kdjysrkgSAijarqdkykarjesacPpkLo;adksekrklsvyxle>usyxrkgSftllsogLo;adksrFkkekrkdks,du;hlkekftdO;oLFkk]nksO;fDr]nksHkwfed&O;oLFkkesalekdfyrdjrkgSAblO;oLFkkesaekrkdhHkwfedkJs"BrFkkcPpsdhv/huLFkgksrhgSArnqijkarcPpkblhizfozQ;kdksfirkosQfy,nksgjkrkgSAogfirkdksekrklsfHkUuekurkgSrFkkmldklkekftdO;oLFkkesalekdyudjrkgSAblizdkj]cPpsosQfy,vU;^egÙoiw.kks±*(significance)dhla[;kc<+rhtkrhgSvkSjogbu^vU;ksa*dhHkwfedkdksvarjho`QrdjrkgSAogLo;adks^vU;ksa*dhHkwfedkesa<kyrkgSvkSjrcviusgh'kCnksavkSjdk;ks±dkblizdkjmÙkjnsrkgStSlkfd^vU;*nsaxsAblizdkjvkRedkfodklgksrkgSA^vkRe*dk,dvfuok;ZrRobldkijkorZuh;(reflexive):igSAbllsehMdkvfHkizk;gSfd^vkRe*Lo;aesadrkZHkhgksldrkgSvkSjdeZHkhAogLo;aviusckjsesfopkjdjldrkgS]vFkoktSlkfdvDljgedgrsgSa]ogLo;aosQizfrpsruk'khygksldrkgSAvkRepsruk;kvkReokndhlclscM+hleL;k;ggSfddksbZO;fDrviuslsckgjfudydjviusfp=kdkfo"k;Lo;afdlizdkjculdrkgS\og,slkosQoynwljksaosQekè;lsdjldrkgS]vFkkZr~FkksM+hnsjosQfy,viusdksnwljksaosQ:iesaekudjogviuhvksjns[ks]ekuksognwljksadhvk¡[kksalsviusdksns[kjgkgSAblizdkjogdYiukdjuklh[krkgSfdognwljksadksoSQlkfn[kkbZiM+rkgS_nwljsO;fDrmldhvko`QfrosQckjsesaD;klksprsgSavkSjblizdkjog;gHkhlh[ktkrkgSfdnwljksaosQfu.kZ;osQizfrviuhdYiukosQvuqlkjogfdlizdkjizfrfozQ;kdjsxkAblizdkjviusizfrnwljksaosQn`f"Vdks.kdksviukdjLo;adksdrkZ,oadeZdhfLFkfresaj[krkgSA
ijarqLo;aosQizfrnwljksaosQn`f"Vdks.kdksviukysukO;fDrosQfy,dkiQhughagSAogviusizfrmuosQn`f"Vdks.kdh[kkstdjrkgSA,slkmlosQfy,vko';dgS]vU;FkkogurksviusO;ogkjdksfu;af=krdjlosQxkvkSjublosQckjsesadksbZiwoZdFkuAf'k'kqNksVhvk;qesagh;glh[ktkrkgSfdviusHkkx;dkso'kesadjusdh,degÙoiw.kZfof/;ggSfdviusizfrnwljksadhHkkoukvksadksizHkkforfd;ktk,A
nwljksaosQn`f"Vdks.kksadkKkuizrhdkRedlapkjdh;a=kfof/}kjkghgksldrkgS]vr%ogHkk"kklh[krkgSAtcognwljksaosQn`f"Vdks.kdksviusn`f"Vdks.kosQ:iesaviukysrkgSrksogfu.kZ;djldrkgSfdnwljkasdhizfrfozQ;koSlhgksxhtSlhvius}kjkmPpkfjr'kCnksaosQizfrmldhviuhizfrfozQ;kFkhAblizdkjO;fDrLo;alsghiz'uksÙkjdjrkjgrkgSAcPpsdh^Lo;a*osQckjsesapsrukgh^vkRe*dkfuekZ.kdjrhgSognwljksadhHkwfedkfuHkkusyxrkgSAmnkgj.kkFkZ]cPpkxqfM+;kdksckFk:eesaugkusosQfy,ystkrkgS]D;ksafdxqfM+;kdkrknkRE;mlus'kk;nviuhek¡vFkokcgulsdjfy;kgSAehMosQvuqlkj]¶blizdkjdhlHkhfozQ;kvksaosQnkSjku^cPpk*viusckjseas,dfo'ks"kèkkj.kkcukysrkgSA;g/kj.kkmlcPpsosQizfrnwljsyksxvFkokifjokjosQvU;lnL;ksaosQfopkjksalsizHkkforgksrhgSAgekjsLo;aosQ^vkRe*rFkknwljksaosQ^vkRe*osQchp
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 149
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
dksbZLi"Vjs[kkugha[khaphtkldrh]D;ksafdgekjk^vkRe*gekjsvuqHkoesamlhizdkjdk;ZdjrkgStSlknwljksaosQvkReHkhgekjsvuqHkoesadk;ZdjrkgSA¸¶vkRedksbZ,slhoLrqughagStksigysvfLrRoesavkrhgSvkSjfiQjnwljksalslaca/LFkkfirdjrhgSA;glkekftdvar%fozQ;klsfodflrgksusokyhoLrqgStksu;hifjfLFkfr;ksa,oala?k"kks±dktUegksusijLo;adksfujarjlek;ksftrdjrhjgrhgSA;glkekftdO;oLFkkdhiwoZfLFkfrdhdYiukdjrhgS]rnfi;g,slkiksrgSftlesa,oaftlosQ}kjkO;oLFkkxfrkeujgrhgSA¸
3- izQk;M dk fl¼kar (Freud’s Theory)µowQys rFkk ehMosQ fl¼karksa esa ^vkRe* ,oa^lekt*osQchpewY;&laxfrdhdYiukdhx;hgSAowQysosQvuqlkj] O;fDrrFkklektvyx&vyx ?kVuk&oLrq,¡ ugha gSa] ijarq osQoy ,dgh oLrq osQ lkewfgd,oaforj.kkRedigywgSaAizQk;M]euksfo'ys"k.kdkfirk]vkRerFkklektdhblvo/kj.kklslgerughagSAmlosQvuqlkj]vkRe,oalektle:iughagSaAmluslekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdhO;k[;k^bM*(Id)]^vge~*(Ego)]rFkk^ijkge~*(super-ego)]tkseudhrhuO;oLFkk,¡gSa]dhvo/kj.kkvksaosQekè;elsdhgSaA^bM*O;fDrdhewyizsj.kkvksalslacaf/rgSAgekjhlHkhbPNk,¡^bM*}kjkizsfjrgksrhgSA^vge~*okLrfodrkgS]vFkkZr~lektusO;fDrdhbPNk&iw£rosQfy,D;kfu;evkfncukj[ksgSaµbldkKkugesa^vge~*nsrkgSA^ijkge~*O;fDrdhogpsrukvFkokvarjkRekgStksfu'p;djrhgSfdO;fDrdksveqddk;Zdjukpkfg,vFkokughaA^bM*rFkk^vge~*esacgq/kla?k"kZjgrkgSA^bM*dkslkekU;r;knck;ktkrkgS]ijarqdHkh&dHkh;g^ijkge~*dk[kqykfojks/djosQiwQViM+rkgSAdHkh&dHkhbldhvfHkO;fDrNn~eos"kesagksrhgSAmnkgj.kr;k]tcfirkviusozQks/dksnwjdjusosQfy,cPpsdksihVrkgSA,slhvoLFkkesa^vge~*dhrqyukviusdk;ZosQvk/kjdkKkuughagksrkAizQk;Mus bM*dhrqyuk?kksM+srFkk vge~*dhrqyuk?kqM+lokjlsdhgSAmldkdFkugSfd^vge~*dkdk;Z?kqM+lokjtSlkgS]vFkkZr~?kksM+s]tks^bM*gSa]dkekxZn'kZudjukAijarqdHkh&dHkh?kqM+lokjdhHkk¡fr^vge~*?kksM+svFkkZr~^bM*dksviuhbPNkuqlkjekxZn£'krdjusesavliQygkstkrkgSftllsmlsfoo'kr;k^bM*dksmlhfn'kkvFkokekewyhfHkUufn'kkdhvksjtkusnsukiM+rkgSftlvksjogtkusosQn`<+izfrKgSA¸^bM*,oa^vge~*osQla?k"kZesaeuksfof{kIrdktUegksrkgSAizQk;Mdkfu"d"kZgSfd^bM*]^vge~*,oe~^ijkge~*osQvar%}a}dhizfozQ;kesaghO;fDrdklekthdj.kgksrkgSA
5-5 lekthdj.k osQ vfHkdj.k (Agencies of Socialization)
lekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kosQoycpiuesaghugha]vfirqthou&i;ZUrfozQ;k'khyjgrhgSA;gtUelsvkjaHkgksdjO;fDrdhe`R;qrdfujarjpyrhjgrhgSA;gvfojkeizfozQ;kgSAoqQNle;iwoZ^lekthdj.k*'kCno;Ldksa}kjklh[ksx;svuqHkoksaosQfy,iz;qDrughagksrkFkk_blsosQoycPpksa}kjklh[ksx;svuqHkoksaosQfy,lhferj[kkx;kAijarqgkyesa]lekthdj.kdhvo/kj.kkdksfoLr`rfd;kx;sgSftllso;Ldvkpj.kdksHkhblesalfEefyrfd;ktkrkgSAvcbls¶,dvar%fozQ;kRedizfozQ;kle>ktkrkgSftlosQ}kjkfdlhO;fDrdkO;ogkjmlosQlewgksa]ftudkoglnL;gS]osQlnL;ksadhizR;k'kkvksaosQvuq:i<kyktkrkgSA¸fopkjdksausblizfozQ;kdhO;k[;kosQoycPpksaosQlanHkZesablfy,dhgS]D;ksafdmlesa,slstfVyrRodkvHkkogksrkgStksmlle;mRiUugkstkrsgSatcO;fDr^vkRe*rFkknwljksaosQckjsesapsrugkstkrkgSAtcO;fDriqLrosaQi<+ukvkSjdgkfu;k¡lquukvkjaHkdjnsrkgSrFkk,dvkn'kZlektdhdYiukdjus;ksX;gkstkrkgS]rksmlle;oLrqfu"BrRoksadksoLrqijdrF;ksalsi`Fko~QdjukrFkkcPpsosQlekthdj.kesamuesaozQe'k%;ksxnkudkewY;kadudjukdfBugkstkrkgSA
150 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
pw¡fd]lekthdj.klektosQfy,,degÙoiw.kZfo"k;gS]vr,o;gokaNuh;ghgSfdcPpsdklekthdj.kosQoyvkdfLed?kVukijuNksM+ktk,]cfYdlaLFkkxrekè;eksa}kjkfu;af=krgksukpkfg,AcPpkD;kcuustkjgkgS];gvf/degÙoiw.kZckrgSvis{kr;kblosQfdogD;kgSAlekthdj.kosQ}kjkghcPpklektdkmi;ksxhlnL;curkgSvkSjlkekftdifjiDorkizkIrdjrkgSAvr,o;gtkuukijeko';dgSfdcPpsdklekthdj.kdkSudjrkgS\
cPpsosQlekthdj.kosQnkseq[;ÏksrgSaAizFke]osyksxgSatkscPpsosQmQijlÙkkj[krsgSa_nwljsosyksxgSaftudhlÙkkmlosQlekugSAizFkeJs.khesaekrk&firk]f'k{kd]o`¼tu,oajkT;vkrsgSaAnwljhJs.khesaozQhM+k&laxh]fe=k,oaDycosQlkFkhlfEefyrgSaAmlosQizf'k{k.kdkegÙo,oabldhvar%&oLrqblckrijfuHkZjdjrsgSafdmlosQlekthdj.kdkÏksrD;kgSAigyhJs.khosQlaca/ckè;rkosQ]tcfdnwljhJs.khosQlaca/lg;ksxosQrRoijvk/kfjrgSaAckè;rkosQlaca/dkvk/kjlÙkk/kjhO;fDr;ksaosQizfr,di{kh;vknjgS]tcfdlg;ksxdklaca/lekuO;fDr;ksaosQchpikjLifjdln~Hkkoukijvk/kfjrgSAigyhJs.khosQvarxZrvkpj.kosQfu;eksadksJs"B]fujaoqQ'k,oackále>ktkrkgS]ijarqnwljhJs.khosQfu;eksadhLo;esodksbZJs"BrkvFkokiw.kZrkughagksrh]ososQoylg;ksxosQfozQ;kRedfu;egksrsgSaAcPpsijlÙkkj[kusokysO;fDrlkekU;r;kvk;qesacM+sgksrsgSa]tcfdmlosQlkFklerkj[kusokysmldhghvk;qosQgksrsgSaA
lÙkk;qDrfof/;ksa}kjkghlekthdj.kD;ksagks]blosQdbZdkj.kgSa]laLo`QfresaizR;kf'krO;ogkjosQizfrekulgtughagksrs]dHkh&dHkh;sizkf.k'kkL=kh;izo`fÙkosQfoijhrgksrsgSaAvr,o;gvko';dgSfdftuO;fDr;ksadkscPpsosQlekthdj.kdknkf;RolkSaikx;kgS]mUgsavkns'knsusdkvfèkdkjgksukpkfg,A ,slkvf/dkj osQoyvk;q esa cM+s O;fDr;ksadks gh fn;ktkldrk gS] D;ksafdtclekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kizkjaHkgksrhgSrcf'k'kqlsNksVkdksbZvU;ughagksrkvkSjcjkcjvk;qokyksaosQlkFklg;ksxdjusdhleFkZrkmlesaughagksrhAblfy,ekrk&firkigysO;fDrgksrsgSatkscPpsdklekthdj.kdjrsgSaAososQoyifjokj&O;oLFkkesaghmlls?kfu"Blacaf/rughagksrs]vfirqizko`Qfrd:ilsHkhvU;ksadhvis{kkmlosQfudVgksrsgSaAekrk]firklsigys]lekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdksvkjaHkdjrhgSAmllsghcPpsdksizFker;klkekftdvfHkizsj.kkfeyrhgSAogbuvfHkizsj.kkvksadhudydjrkgSAekrk&firkrFkkcPpsosQchpvk;q,oavuqHkodkO;kidvarjgksusosQdkj.kogmuosQ}kjklapkfjrlHkhckrksaosQroZQ,oaLo:idksle>usesavleFkZgksrkgSA;fncPpkfu;eksadkikyuughadjrkrksmlsckè;fd;ktkrkgS]D;ksafdlkekftdn`f"Vdks.klsvfuok;Zckr;gughagSfdcPpsdksviusO;fDrRoosQdVhdj.kosQfy,otZu(toboo)lseqDrfd;ktk,]cfYdvfuok;Z;ggSfdmlstujhfr;ksa,oa#f<+;ksadkikyudjukfl[kk;ktk,rFkkmlscpiudhew[kZrkvksalslqjf{krj[kktk,Avr,ocPpkmulsigystksoqQNxzg.kdjrkgS]ogvf/dka'kr;kca/udhjhfrdrkgSAlektfdlhizdkjdktksf[kemBk;sfcukviuhlaLo`QfrosQewY;oku~rRocPpsdkslapkfjrdjnsrkgSAblizdkjlkekftduSfrdrkfoosd'khyle>dkfo"k;ugksdjlaosnu'khynkf;Rodkfo"k;gSA
cPpkoqQNckrsa]tksoglÙkk/kjhO;fDr;ksalsughalh[kldrk]viusgetksfy;ksalslh[krkgSAmulsoglgdkjhuSfrdrkrFkklaLo`QfrdhoqQNvukSipkfjdckrsarFkkekewyhtujhfr;k¡]'kkSd]luosaQ]ifjrqf"VdhxqIrfof/;k¡vkSjfuf"k¼Kkulh[krkgSAlkekftdn`f"Vdks.klsbuckrksadhtkudkjhvko';dgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]gekjslektesaySafxdlaca/ksadkKkuuo;qodosQfy,vokafNrle>ktkrkgStcrdmldkfookgughagkstkrkA;fn,slsKkudksfookgrdiw.kZ:ilscandjfn;ktk,rks;kSuthouosQcgqrlsdk;ks±dhiw£rfookgosQckndfBugkstk,xhAvr,o;kSuKkudksiw.kZr;kcfg"o`Qrughafd;kx;k];|fivkSipkfjd:ilsblsvkokaNuh;le>ktkrkgSA;gKkucPpkviusgetksfy;ksalsizkIrdjrkgS];|ficPpkviuslekuvk;qokyscPpslsbrukKkuizkIrughadjldrkArFkkfi¶tgk¡rdcPpklekuvk;qokyslewglslgdkjhiz;RuksaosQvax&Lo:ifu;eksadksle>uklh[krkgS]tgk¡rdoglÙkk/kjhO;fDr;ksaosQlaj{k.k;kijkJ;dhghurkosQfcukviusvf/dkjksaosQfy,yM+uklh[krkgS]mllhekrdogoqQNewY;okuckrsalh[krkgStkslÙkk;qDrlaca/&O;oLFkkesalh[kuk;fnvlaHkougharksdfBuvo';gSA¸
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 151
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
blizdkj]lÙkk;qDr,oalerk;qDrnksuksaizdkjosQlaca/cPpsosQlekthdj.kesa;ksxnkudjrsgSaA,slhckrsaftuosQlapkjesavuq'kklu,oankf;RofufgrgksrsgSa]lÙkk;qDrlacaf/;ksadkstcfdvU;ckrsalerk;qDrlacaf/;ksadkslqiqnZdhtkrhgSaA
lekthdj.kdhizeq[k,”ksfUl;k¡laf{kIr:iesafuEufyf[krgSaµ
(i) ifjokj (Family)µifjokjizkFkfedvkSjlclsegÙoiw.kZlaLFkkgStkscPpsosQlekthdj.kosQfy,lokZf/dmÙkjnk;hgSAekrk&firkdkcPpsosQlkFkuosQoy?kfu"Blaca/gksrkgS]vfirqosnwljksadhvis{kkvf/dmlosQfudVHkhgksrsgSaAcPpk]ekrk&firklsviuhHkk"kk,oacksyhlh[krkgSAmlslkekftduSfrdrkfl[kkbZtkrhgSAoglÙkk/kjheuq";ksaosQizfrvknj&Hkkouklh[krkgSAifjokjesaogvusdukxfjdxq.kksadksHkhlh[krkgSAifjokjdksBhdghukxfjdxq.kksadhikB'kkykdgkx;kgSAcPpklg;ksx]lgdkfjrk]lfg".kqrk]vkRe&cfynku]LusgvkfnosQizFkeikBifjokjesaghlh[krkgSAikfjokfjdokrkoj.kcPpsosQfodkldksizHkkfordjrkgSAeuksoSKkfudksaus;gfl¼djfn[kk;kgSfdO;fDrtksoqQNgS]ogifjokjosQdkj.kgSAcqjsifjokjesacPpkcqjhvknrsalh[krkgStcfdvPNsifjokjesaogvPNhckrsalh[krkgSAcky&vijk/dk,ddkj.kcqjkikfjokfjdokrkoj.kgksrkgSAthou&lkFkhdkp;udjrsle;ekrk&firkyM+osQ&yM+dhosQifjokjosQbfrgkldkstkuusdkiz;kldjrsgSa]rkfdmllsmUgsavPNh;kcqjhckrksadkirkyxlosQAekrk&firkrFkkcPpsosQchplaca/ckè;rkdklaca/gSaekrk&firkvk;qesacM+sgksusosQdkj.kmlsvkKkikyudkvkns'knsusdkvf/dkjj[krsgSaA;fncPpkmuosQvkns'kdkikyuughadjrkrksmlsn.Mfn;ktkrkgSAekrk&firkesalsekrkdkLFkkulekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kesafirklsiwoZvkrkgSAifjokjthou&i;ZUrO;fDrRodksizHkkfordjrkjgrkgSAlektesaifjokjosQegÙoosQmQijdkiQhlkfgR;izkIrgSA
(ii) f'k{k.k&laLFkk,¡ (Educational institutions)µlekthdj.kdkvxykvfHkdj.kLowQygSALowQyesacPpkf'k{kkizkIrdjrkgStksmlosQ fopkjksa,oan`f"Vdks.kksadksizHkkfordjrhgSAvPNhf'k{kkdksvPNkukxfjdcukldrhgS]tcfdcqjhf'k{kkmlsvijk/hcukldrhgSAf'k{kkdklekthdj.kesaegÙoiw.kZLFkkugSAf'k{kkdhlqfu;ksftriz.kkyhlektho`QrO;fDr;ksadkstUensldrhgSA
(iii) ozQhM+k&lkFkh vFkok fe=k (Playmates and friends)µozQhM+k&lkFkh ,oa fe=k Hkhlekthdj.kosQizeq[kvfHkdj.kgSaAcPpsrFkkmlosQozQhM+k&lkFkhosQchplekurkdklaca/gksrkgSA;glg;ksx,oaikjLifjdln~Hkkoukijvk/kfjrgSAmudhvk;qyxHkxlekugksrhgSAcPpkviuslkfFk;ksa,oafe=kksalsoglcoqQNxzg.kdjrkgStksogekrk&firklsxzg.kughadjldrkAmulsoglgdkjhuSfrdrkrFkklaLo`QfrdhoqQNvukSipkfjdckrsa;FkkiSQ'ku]luosaQ]dkerqf"VosQ<ax,oafuf"k¼Kkulh[krkgSAblizdkjdkKkulkekftdn`f"Vdks.klsvko';dgSAmnkgj.kr;kySafxdKkugekjslektesafookglsiwoZfuf"k¼ekuktkrkgSA;fnKkuiw.kZr;kcandjfn;ktk,rksySafxdthouosQvusddk;ZfookgosQckniwjsdjukdfBugkstk;sxkAcPpkblKkudksviuslkfFk;ksa,oafe=kksalsizkIrdjrkgSA
(iv) ppZ (Church)µppZlsrkRi;Z/k£edlaLFkkvksalsgSAizkjafHkdlektesa/eZus,drkosQca/udkegÙoiw.kZdk;Zfd;kFkkA;|fivk/qfudlektesa/eZdkegÙodegksx;kgS]rFkkfi;ggekjsfo'oklksa,oathouosQ<axksadksizHkkfordjrkgSAizR;sdifjokjesaoqQNuoqQN/k£edfozQ;k,¡fdlhufdlhvoljijgksrhgSaAcPpkviusekrk&firkdkseafnjtkrsrFkk/k£edlaLdkjdjrsns[krkgSAog/k£edizopuksadkslqurkgStksmlosQthoudhfn'kkdksfu/kZfjrrFkkmlosQfopkjksadksizHkkfordjldrsgSaA
152 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
(v) jkT; (State)µjkT;,dlÙkk;qDr,tsUlhgSA;gyksxksaosQfy,dkuwuksadkfuekZ.kdjrhgSrFkkmulsvisf{krvkpj.kosQfu;eksadksfu/kZfjrdjrhgSAyksxksadksbudkuwuksadkvo';esoikyudjukiM+rkgSA;fnmudkvkpj.kjkT;osQdkuwuksaosQvuq:iughagksrkrksmUgsan.Mfn;ktkrkgSAblizdkj]jkT;HkhgekjsO;ogkjdks<kyrkgSA
mi;qZDr,tsfUl;ksaosQvfrfjDr]vk£FkdlaLFkk,¡]lkaLo`QfrdlaLFkk,¡]fookg]iM+kslrFkkukrsnkjhlewgHkhlekthdj.kesaegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkrsgSa;gHkhè;kuesaj[kktk,fdbu,tsafl;ksadkslqn{k<axlsdk;Zdjukpkfg,]rkfdlektho`Qrizkf.k;ksadkfuekZ.kgkslosQAlektesac<+rsgq;svijk/dk,dizeq[kdkj.klkekftdvfHkdj.kksadhcPpsosQmfpr,oa;Fks"B:ilslekthdj.kesavliQyrkgSAvk/qfudifjokjladVdklkeukdjjgkgS]blesaekrk&firkoqQleatuesa=kLrgSatkslekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdksoqQizHkkfordjrkgSAf'k{kkO;oLFkknks"kiw.kZgSAfo|ky;f'k{kkosQeafnjughajgx;sgSa]vfirq;g,slsLFkkucux;sgSatgk¡;qod&;qofr;k¡u'khysinkFkks±dklsoudjrsgSa,oavuqfprlk/uksalsliQyrkikukpkgrsgSaAlkaLo`QfrdfojklrosQ;gvcosaQnzughagSaAuxjhdj.kdhnzqrxfrlsiM+kslhiulekIrgksx;kgS]ozQhM+kLFkyksadkÉklgksx;kgS]cPpksaosQozQhM+klkFkhughajgsgSa]ogvcbysDVªksfud[ksy?kjesacSBdj[ksyrsgSa]iM+kslesatkdjcPpksaosQlkFkugha[ksyrsAblhizdkj/eZdkHkhuxjh;lektesairugqvkgSrFkkjkT;lÙkkdkHkhvcikyudegksrkgS]mYya?kuvf/dAvk/qfudlektdkslekthdj.kdhvusdleL;kvksadksgydjukgSArnFkZbulHkhvfHkdj.kksadksvf/dfozQ;k'khy,oaizHkko'kkyhcukukgksxkA
5-6 lekthdj.k osQ rÙo (Elements of Socialization)
mQijgeuslekthdj.kdhizfozQ;k]tSls;glektesadk;ZdjrhgS]dko.kZu fd;kgSAlekthdj.kesalclsigyhizsj.kkcPpsdksek¡lsfeyrhgSAijarqtSlsghmlosQlaca/foLr`rgksrsgSa_firk]HkkbZvkSjcgusa]lkFkh]vè;kidvkSjiqfyldkflikghvkfnnwljsO;fDrmlosQO;ogkjdks<kyukvkjaHkdjnsrsgSaA
O;fDrdhlekthdj.k&izfozQ;kesarhurRodk;ZdjrsgSaA;sgSaµ
1- O;fDrdh'kkjhfjd,oaeuksoSKkfudcikSrh]
2- i;kZoj.kftlesamldktUegqvkgSrFkk
3- laLo`QfrftlesaogburÙoksadhfozQ;k&izfrfozQ;kosQdkj.kjgrkgSA
fozQ;k&izfrfozQ;kdhizfozQ;kcM+htfVygksrhgStksO;fDrosQfuekZ.krFkklektesamldhfLFkfrdksdkiQhgnrdfu/kZfjrdjrhgSAvkb,]blizfozQ;kdklw{evè;;udjsaA
cPpkviusifjokjosQi;kZoj.kesaoqQNtUetkr'kkjhfjd,oaekufld{kerkvksadksysdjtUeysrkgSAviuh{kerkvksaosQvuqlkjogifjokjdhlaLo`Qfrdksxzg.kdjrkgSA;fnmldh'kkjhfjd,oaekufld{kerk,¡mÙkeughagksrhrksogviusi;kZoj.klsykHkughamBkldrkAblosQfoijhr];fnmlosQifjokjdkokrkoj.kvPNkughagS]rksviuh'kkjhfjd,oaekufld{kerkvksaosQckotwnHkhogviukiw.kZfodklughadjldrkAekuo&O;fDrRoosQfodklesai;kZoj.kh;izsj.kkdhegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkgksrhgSAvPNkLowQy]lkekftdlekurk]jktuhfrdLora=krk]la{ksiesavPNkokrkoj.kcgqroqQNlhekrdblckrdkfu/kZj.kdjrkgSfdcPpsijlkekftd;kvkReosaQfnzr'kfDr;ksaesafdldkizHkkovf/diM+sxkAeuksoSKkfudksausfl¼fd;kgSfdO;fDrlektesaoSlkO;ogkjdjrkgS]tSlkogifjokjesa<ytkrkgSAgSyh ,oa czksuj(Healy and Bronner)uscryk;kgSfdcky&vijk/hvfèkdka'kr%muifjokjksalsgksrsgSatksfdlhle;lkekftdlaca/ksadhiw£resafdlhck/kosQf'kdkjjgsgSaAos';k&o`fÙkdhleL;kekrk&firk]cPps]osQlaca/dhleL;kdghtkrhgSAftlizdkje#LFkyesaiq"iviuhlqxa/dksizdVughadjldrkvkSjvusn[kkeqj>ktkrkgS]mlhizdkj;fnmi;qDrokrkoj.kufeysrkseuq";viuhizfrHkkdkspedkughaldrkAijarqtSlsgeusmQijcryk;kgS]
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 153
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
osQoymi;qDrokrkoj.kghO;fDrRodkfodklughadjldrk];fneuq";esamfprekufld,oa'kkjhfjd{kerk,¡ugksaA
i;kZoj.kijlewgdkizHkkoiM+rkgS]D;ksafdizR;sdlewgdhviuhfof'k"VlaLo`QfrgksrhgSAeuq";lewgesajgrkgS]vr%mlsviuslewgosQjhfr&fjoktksa]fo'oklksarFkkvkn'kks±dkikyudjukiM+rkgSAlkekftdizo`Qfrdkfodkllewgesa,oamlosQekè;elsgksrkgSAMCywú vkbZú Fkkel(W.I. Thomas)usifjfLFkfrdhifjHkk"kk(definition of the situation)'kCnkoyhdhjpukdhftllsmldkvfHkizk;FkkfdcPpkftlfLFkfresaLo;adksikrkgS]mlfLFkfrdkfu/kZj.kmlosQfy,iwoZghgkspqdkgksrkgSrFkkmlsftufu;eksaosQvuqlkjvkpj.kdjukgS]mldkfu/kZj.kHkhmllewgosQ}kjkftlesamldktUegksrkgS]fd;ktkrkgSAcPpsdkslewg}kjkfu/kZfjrfu;eksaosQizfrowQyviuhbPNkvksadhiw£rdjusdhcgqrdeNwVgksrhgSAmldhbPNkvksa,oafozQ;kvksaesack/kiM+uhvkjaHkgkstkrhgSvkSj/hjs&/hjsikfjokfjdifjHkk"kkvksa]LowQyosQozQhM+k&lkfFk;ksa]iBu]vkSipkfjdf'k{k.k,oaLoho`QfrrFkkvLoho`QrosQvukSipkfjdfpÉksa}kjko;Ldrkdhvksjc<+rsgq,lnL;lektdhfu;ekoyhdkslh[kysrsgSaAblizdkj]lewgosQizHkkoHkhekuo&O;fDrRoosQfodkldksfu/kZfjrdjrsgSaAvr%mi;qZDrrhurÙoksadhvar%fozQ;kvksaosQiQyLo:iekuo&izk.khlkekftdizk.khcurkgSA
lekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdhO;k[;kdjrsle;oqQNlekt'kkfL=k;ksauspkSFksrRoµO;fDrosQvuqHkodkHkho.kZufd;kgSAdHkh&dHkh;gns[kkx;kgSfdmi;qDrokrkoj.kosQgksrsgq,Hkheuq";viuhekufld,oa'kkjhfjd{kerkvksadkiw.kZykHkughamBkikrk]D;ksafdviusfuthvuqHkoosQdkj.kogmlokrkoj.klsvyxjgrkgSA;fnfdlhcPpsdksi<+usosQfy,ckè;fd;ktk;]rksogi<+kbZdks'kkjhfjdn.MosQlkFklac¼le>usyxrkgSvkSjHkxksM+kcutkrkgSAT;ksa&T;ksaeuq";esaifjiDorkc<+rhtkrhgS]og,dosQcknnwljsdBksjvuqHkoizkIrdjrktkrkgSAdHkh&dHkhmldhcgqfiz;oLrqHkhmllsfNutkrhgSftldkj.kognwljksaosQdY;k.kesavf/d#fpysusyxrkgSAdHkh&dHkhnq%[kHkheuq";dklekthdj.kdjnsrkgSA
5-7 lekthdj.k osQ egÙo (Role of Socialization)
ekuo&O;ogkj,oaekuo&eukso`fÙkosQfodklesalekthdj.kdkegÙo^vUuk*(Anna)rFkk^btkcsyk*(Isabela)osQnksmnkgj.kksalsfn[kk;ktkldrkgSA,dvoS/cPphvUukdksmQijosQdejsesavosQykcanj[kkx;kAtcyxHkxNgo"kZdhvk;qesamlsdejslsfudkykx;k]vUukughcksyldrhFkh]ughpy&fiQjldrhFkhvkSjuogdksbZ,slkdk;ZdjldrhFkhftllsmldhcqf¼dkirkyxsAogHkkouk'kwU;vkSjizR;sdoLrqosQizfrfojDrFkhAogviuhvksjlsdksbZdk;ZughadjldrhFkhAbllsLi"VgSfdlekthdj.kosQvHkkoesaosQoy'kkjhfjd;kizkf.k'kkL=kh;lk/uiw.kZO;fDrRoosQfodklesa;ksxughansldrsAlaogukRedlaioZQlekthdj.kdkosaQnz¯cnqgaSA
btkcsyklk<+sNgo"kZdhvk;qesafeyhFkhAvUukosQlekuogHkh,dvoS/larkuFkhvkSjblhdkj.k,dkaresaj[khx;hFkhAtcogfeyhrksmlsfdlhHkhizdkjosQlaca/ksadkKkuughaFkkAfdlhHkhuokxUrqdosQizfrmldkO;ogkjtaxyhtkuojtSlkFkkAtcmlosQizf'k{k.kdh,dO;ofLFkrvkSj{kerkiw.kZ;kstukcukbZx;hrksizkjaHkesarksogdk;Zfujk'kktudyxk]ysfdu/hjs&/hjsvk'kktudiQyfeyusyxsAlk<+svkBo"kZdhvk;qrdog,dlkekU;Lrjijigq¡pxbZA
btkcsykosQmnkgj.kls;gLi"VgSfdNgo"kZdhvk;qrddhi`Fkdrkftlesafdlhizdkjdhok.khdksizkIrughafd;kx;k]blosQcknesaizkfIrdkfu"ks/ughadjrhA¯drq;gdgukcgqrdfBugSfdfdlvk;qrdlektlsfcYoqQyi`Fko~QjgusijHkheuq";lektdhlaLo`Qfrlh[kus;ksX;jgtkrkgSAbrukrksfu'p;izrhrgksrkgSfdiUnzgo"kZdhi`FkdrkosQckn,slklaHkoughagksxk]laHkor%nlo"kZdhvk;qrdi`Fko~QjgusijHkh,slkghgksAgk¡];snksuksamnkgj.kvuks[ks:ilsO;fDrRoosQfodklesalekthdj.kosQegÙodksLi"VdjrsgSaAbuosQekè;elsekuo&O;fDrRoosQfodklesanksdkjdksadks¶ewrZ:ilsfoHkDrdjosQns[kktkuklaHkogS]tksvU;Fkkfo'ys"k.k
154 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
}kjki`Fko~Qghfd;stkrsgSaA;gdkj.ktho&tufud(bio-genic) rFkklekt&tukfud(Socio-genic)gSA¸la{ksiesa]O;fDrRoosQfodklesalekthdj.kdkegÙoiw.kZHkkxgSA
5-8 izkS<+ksa dk lekthdj.k (Socialization of Adults)
vHkhrdgecPpksaosQlekthdj.kdhppkZdjjgsFks]ijarqtSlkiwoZesaghdgktkpqdkgS]lekthdj.k,dfujarjpyusokyhizfozQ;kgSA;gfdlhvk;q&fo'ks"kijlekIrughagkstkrhgS]ijarqthou&i;ZUrpyrhjgrhgSAizkS<+ksadklekthdj.kcPpksaosQlekthdj.klsljygS_izFker;kblfy,fdizkS<+lk/kj.kr;kviusrFkkiwoZifjyf{kry{;dhvksjdk;ZdjusdksizsfjrgksrkgS_nwljs]blfy,fdftlHkwfedkdksogvarjho`Qrdjusdkiz;RudjjgkgS]ogmlosQO;fDrRoesaiwoZfo|ekuHkwfedkvksalsdkiQhlekurk,¡j[krhgSa_rhljs]blfy,fdlekthdj.kdkvfHkdrkZHkk"k.kosQ}kjkmlls{kerklsckrphrdjldrkgSA
gk¡]izkS<+ksadklekthdj.k,dyach,oadfBuizfozQ;kgksldrhgSA,slkfo'ks"kr;krcgksrkgStclh[khtkusokyhHkwfedk,¡dfBugksarFkkHkwfedkosQnkf;RodBksjgksaAmlosQvfrfjDr]izkS<+ksa]esamuosQvkn'kZ,oan`f"Vdks.kigysgh?kjdjpqosQgksrsgSa]vr,otcj[kstkusokysvkn'kZ,oan`f"Vdks.kO;fDrRoesaiwoZfufgrvkn'kks±osQfoijhrgksrsgSarksizkS<+ksaosQlekthdj.kdhizfozQ;kdfBugkstkrhgSA
lektesalektho`Qro`fÙk;ksaosQegÙodksdeughafd;ktkldrkAlektho`Qrn`f"Vdks.kj[kusokykO;fDrdHkhHkh,slkdk;ZughadjsxktkslektosQfy,gkfudkjdFksAog,slkdksbZO;kikj&dk;ZHkhughadjsxktkslkekftdfgrdhn`f"VlsvuqRikndgksvFkoktksvLoLFkizfr;ksfxrkijvk/kfjrgksAlektho`QrukxfjdlkekftddY;k.kdksviusO;fDrxrykHkdhvis{kkvf/dLFkkunsxkAogekuoh;ewY;ksadksloksZifjLFkkunsxkAlekthdj.klkekftdnwjhdksdedjosQfudVrkdho`f¼djrkgSAvk/qfudlektdksvHkhcpiu,oa;kSouosQlHkhLrjksaijlekthdj.kdhleL;vksadksgydjukgSA;gdgukdfBugSfddksbZHkhlektO;fDrdh{kerkvksadkiw.kZykHkmBkrkgSA
lekthdj.kesa lq/kjekuo&izo`Qfr ,oa ekuo&lektosQ Hkkoh ifjorZuosQ fy,lcls cM+hlaHkkoukiznkudjrkgSA
5-9 oS;Drhdj.k (Individualization)
blvè;k;dkslekIrdjuslsiwoZoS;Drhdj.krFkkbldhfozQ;kiz.kkyhdhO;k[;kdjukmfprgksxkAoS;Drhdj.koglkekftdizfozQ;kgStkseuq";dksmlosQlewglsU;wukf/dLora=kcuknsrhgSrFkkmlesaLo;adhvkRe&psrukdkfodklgkstkrkgSAeSdkboj (Maclver)µosQvuqlkj¶oS;Drhdj.k,dizfozQ;kgSftlesaeuq";vf/dLok;ÙkvFkokvkRe&fu.kZ;dkjhgkstkrsgSaftlesaososQoyvuqdj.kh;rk;kckávuq'kfLrfy,ekudksadhLoho`Qfrlsvkxsc<+tkrsgSa ftlesaosijaijkvksa,oaizFkkvksa}kjkviusthouosQfu;euesadeckfèkrgksrsgSa]fopkj,oaerosQekeyksaesalÙkk,oavkns'kosQdevk/hugksrsgSarFkkblckrdksekursgSafdizR;sdO;fDr,dvyxizk.khgStksviusthouosQy{;ksadhiw£rrHkhdjldrkgStcogLo;abuosQckjsesapsruk;qDrgksrFkk;sLo;amlosQ}kjkpkghx;hgksA¸oS;Drhdj.k,dizfozQ;kgSftlesaeuq";Lo;adkstkuusyxrkgSrFkkvkarfjdnkf;RodhHkkoukxzg.kdjrkgSA;gLo;adkstkuysusdhizfozQ;kgSA
tcO;fDrfdlhdk;ZdksosQoyblfy,ughadjrkfdnwljsHkhmlsdjjgsgSa]vfirqblfy;sdjrkgSD;ksafdmldhvarjkRekmls,slkdjusdhLoho`QfrnsrhgSAogviusO;fDrRoosQcyijpyrkgStksmldk,dxq.kgSAlekthdj.keuq";dknwljksaosQlkFklaca/LFkkfirdjrkgS]tcfdoS;Drhdj.kmlsLok;ÙkvFkokvkRefu/kZjdcukrkgSAoS;Drhdj.kdhizfozQ;kdksle>uslsiwoZnksHkzked/kj.kkvksadksnwjdjysukJs;LdjgksxkAizFker;k];g/kj.kkdhoS;Drhdj.kLo;aO;fDr}kjkvosQys:iesapkfyrizfozQ;kgS_nwljhO;k[;k;ggSfdoS;Drhdj.kiwoZizpfyrfopkjksaosQ
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 155
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
}kjkiSQyk;hx;hekufldizfozQ;kgSAtcO;fDrvkRedhizkfIrdjysrkgS]rksmldkvFkZ;gughagksrkfdO;fDrviuslewgosQizHkkolsiw.kZr;keqDrgksx;kgSAuosQoyLo;aO;fDr]vfirqlektHkhmlsnkf;RodhvkarfjdHkkoukdksizkIrdjusrFkkLo;adkstkuusesamldhlgk;rkdjrkgSAblizdkj]oS;Drhdj.kdhizfozQ;kO;fDr,oalektnskuksaosQ}kjkpykbZtkrhgSAf}rh;]lekt'kkL=khdk;ZosQoy;gughagSfdogfdlhle;izpfyrfopkjksadksekywedjs]vfirqmlsblckrdhHkh[kkstdjuhgksrhgSfdbufopkjksadktUeoSQlsgqvkALo;afopkjoS;Drhdj.kdkfodklughadjrs]osrksoS;Drhdj.kdhizfozQ;kdhosQoyek=kekufldvfHkO;fDr;k¡gksrsgSaA
5-10 oS;Drhdj.k osQ i{k (Aspects of Individualization)
ekughe (Mannheim)usoS;Drhdj.kdkspkjizeq[kLo:iksaesafoHksfnrfd;kgSA;sgSaµ
1- nwljsyksxksalsfofHkUu<axlslh[kusdhizfozQ;klsoS;Drhdj.k]
2- vkRelaca/hfozQ;kvksaosQu;s:iksaosQLrjijoS;Drhdj.k]
3- oLrqvksaosQekè;elsoS;Drhdj.k]
4- vkRe&xaHkhjrkosQ:iesaoS;Drhdj.kµftldkvfHkizk;gSvkRe&laca/hvuqHkoksadksxzg.kdjukrFkkoS;Drhdj.kdh'kfDr;ksadkviusHkhrj,oabnZ&fxnZmUu;udjukA;slcizfozQ;k,¡furkarfHkUu?kVuk,¡gSaA
oS;Drhdj.kosQigysLo:iesanwljsO;fDr;ksalsfHkUucuusdhizfozQ;klfEefyrgSAO;fDr;ksaosQckáfoHksnu;slewgksadhjpukdjrsgSaAvk/qfudvkS|ksfxdlektdhfo'ks"krk]Je&foHkktuus,slslewgksaosQfodkldksc<+kokfn;kgSA;slewgvkarfjdlajpuk,oafofu;eksadhek=kk,oaxaHkhjrkosQvuqikresaviuslnL;ksadksU;wukf/doS;fDrdrkdhvuqefrnsnsrsgSaAbunksrÙoksavFkkZr~ckáfoHksn,oaJe&foHkktuosQvfrfjDrrhljkrÙoHkhgStksizdkjksaosQckáHksndkstUensrkgSA;ggSµlaidks±dkvHkkoA,slsO;fDrtksnwljsO;fDr;ksalsvyxjgrsgSa]mudkO;fDrRofHkUuizdkjdkgksrkgSAiztkra=khdj.k]Lora=kizfr;ksfxrk,oalkekftdxfr'khyrkHkhoS;Drhdj.kdks]tksfHkUucuusdhizfozQ;kgS]vkxsc<+krsgSaA
vius fof'k"V xq.kksa ls ifjfpr gksuk rFkk vkRe&ewY;kadu osQ ,d u;s izdkj dk tUe HkhoS;Drhdj.kgSAO;fDrLo;adksnwljksalsJs"B,oavyxekurkgSrFkkviukewY;kadumQ¡ps'kCnksaesadjrkgSAogviusthou,oapfj=kdksvuqiele>usyxrkgSAoS;Drhdj.kdhblizfozQ;kdhoqQNiwoZ'krs±gSaµizfl¼vfHktkroxZdhnwjh,oadBksjfoHksnhdj.k]lewgdkblizdkjlaxBufdoqQNyksxksadksfujaoqQ'kcuusdkvoljizkIrgkslosQ]njckjhO;fDr;ksadk,d,slklewgtgk¡fujaoqQ'k'kklddks;fnbZ'ojugharks'kfDr'kkyhgksusdkHkzegkslosQA;siwoZ'krs±O;fDrdksfujaoqQ'kcuknsrhgSaftldh'kfDr'kkjhfjdcy,oavkè;kfRedvoihM+uijvk/kfjrgksrhgSAbfrgkl,slsvR;kpkfj;ksaosQmnkgj.kksalsHkjkiM+kgSAtksLo;adksloZJs"Ble>rsFksvkSjvuqHkodjrsFksfdmudkthouvkSjpfj=kvuqiegSA;gvkRefHkekudhHkkoukgSAvlqjcuhiky(Assurbanipal)(885&860ch-lh-)osQbfro`Ùklsm¼`rfuEuiSjkvkRefHkekudhblHkkoukdkLi"Vmnkgj.kgSµ
¶eSajktkgw¡AeSaLokehgw¡AeSaloZJs"Bgw¡AeSaegku'kfDr'kkyhgw¡AeSaizfl¼gw¡]eSaoqQyhugw¡A;q¼dkLokehgw¡AeSa,d¯lggw¡Aesjhfu;qfDrLo;abZ'ojusdhgSAeSavts;'kL=kgw¡tks'k=kqvksaosQN=kdksHkXuko'ks"kdjnsrkgSAeSausmudksthforidM+dj[kaHkksaijVk¡xfn;kAeSausmuosQ[kwulsigkM+ksadksmQudhrjgj¡xfn;kAmuesalscgqrksadh[kkym/sM+djeSausnhokjksadks<¡dfn;kAeSausthfor'kjhjkaslsLraHkcuk;kvkSj,dnwljsLraHkdhjpukmuosQfljksalsdhAijarqchpesaeSausmuosQfljksadksvaxwjdhcsyijVk¡xfn;kAeSausvius'kkghBkBdh,dcM+hrLohjcuk;hvkSjmlijviuh'kfDr,oaizHkqrkdks[kqnok;kesjkpsgjkHkXuko'ks"kksaijpedrkgSAviuhozQks/&fiiklkdks'kkardjusesaeq>slarqf"VfeyrhgSA¸
156 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
oS;fDrdj.kdkrhljkLo:ioLrqvksa}kjkbPNkvksadkoS;fDrdj.kgSAoqQNyksxoqQNsdO;fDr;ksa,oaoLrqvksaosQizfrfLFkjHkkoukcukysrsgSaAeuksoSKkfudfo'ys"kdksausbls^fu/kZfjrdke&okluk*(libido fixations)dkukefn;kgSAo`Q"kd,oatehankjvfHktkroxZdhbPNk,¡uxjksaosQxfr'khy/uhyksxksadhvis{kkvf/dfLFkjgksrhgSAoS;fDrd#fpdksvusdrÙo]tSlslaifÙk]mRiknu,oaforj.kdhizfozQ;kizHkkfordjrsgSaAlkekftdxfr'khyrkHkhO;fDrdksfof'k"VvfHkyk"kkvksalsck¡/saj[krhgSAikfjokfjdifjfLFkfr;k¡HkhO;fDrdhbPNkvksadks:iiznkudjrhgSaA
fojfDr;k,dkUroklhcuusdhHkkoukO;fDrdksvar[kksZthvkSjvareqZ[khcukldrhgSAcM+suxjksaesatgk¡eS=khokrkoj.kdkvHkkogS]foeq[krk,oavLr&O;LrrkgSrFkktgk¡leqnk;dkviuslnL;ksaijdksbZfo'ks"kizHkkoughagS]ogk¡fojfDrdhHkkoukvf/dfof'k"VgSA,slhifjfLFkfr;ksaesaO;fDrosQvanjvosQysiu;kvkaf'kdvyxkodhHkkoukmRiUugkstkrhgSAbllsO;fDrvar[kksZthcutkrkgStksoS;Drhdj.kdkgh,d:igSA
5-11 efgyk,¡ ,oa lekt (Women and Society)
efgyk,alk/kj.kr;kizR;sdlektdk,degÙoiw.kZvaxgSaftudhla[;kyxHkxiq#"kksaosQlekughgksrhgSaAtgkardHkkjrh;lektdkiz'ugS]fL=k;ksadhfLFkfrdkiQhmPpjghgS]fo'ks"kr;k¯gnwlektesaiq#"kosQvHkkoesaL=khdks]L=khosQvHkkoeasiq#"kdksviw.kZekukx;kgSAblhdkj.k¯gnwlektesaL=khdksiq#"kdhv/k±fxuhdgkx;kgSA/hjs&/hjsLe`frdky]/eZ'kkL=kdkyrFkkeè;dkyesabuosQvf/dkjfNursx,vkSjiq#"kksadhrqyukesabudhfLFkfresafxjkoVvkbZAbUgsaijra=k]uLlgk;vkSjfucZyekufy;kx;kAvaxzsth'kkludkyesans'kosQjktuhfrdvkSjlkekftd{ks=kesatkx`frvkusyxhAlektlq/kjdksa,oausrkvksadkè;kufL=k;ksadhfLFkfrdkslq/kjusdhvksjx;kA;gkafiNysoqQNo"kks±esafL=k;ksadhfLFkfresadkiQhlq/kjgqvkgSA
Hkkjresa2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkjoqQytula[;k102-87djksM+gSAbuesaiq#"kksadhla[;k53-223djksM+gStcfdefgykvksadhtula[;k49-651djksM+gSAtgkardL=khvkSjiq#"kvuqikrdkiz'ugS];g2001esa933izfrgtkjiq#"kgksx;kgSAtksfdfiNyso"kks±dhrqyukesaoqQNdegSAosQjyesafLFkfrfHkUugS]ogkafL=k;ksadhla[;kiq#"kksadhvis{kkvf/dgSAogka1058izfrgtkjiq#"kdkvuqikrgSAHkkjrh;lanHkZesa950;kmllsvf/ddkL=kh&iq#"kvuqikrefgykvksaosQvuqowQyekuktkldrkgSAosQjyvkSjfgekpyizns'kosQvykokblJs.khosQvarZxrvkusokysjkT;oosaQnz'kkflrizns'kblizdkjgSaµvka/zizns'k(978)]xksvk(961)]dukZVd(965)]ef.kiqj(974)]mM+hlk(972)]rfeyukMq(987)]nknjvkSjuxjgosyh(812)]neuvkSjnho(710)rFkkiqMqpsjh(1001)A
Lora=krkizkfIrosQle;efgykvksaesalk{kjrkdhnj18-33izfr'kr(iq#"klk{kjrk27-16vkSjefgyklk{kjrk8-86izfr'kr)FkhA2001esaHkkjresalk{kjrkdhnj64-8izfr'kr(iq#"klk{kjrknj75-3vkSjefgyklk{kjrknj53-7)FkhA
tgk¡ rd ns'k esa dk;Z'khy efgykvksa dk iz'u gS ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd 2001 dhtux.kukosQvuqlkj'kgjksarFkkxkaoksanksuksaesa?kjdhpkjnhokjhlsckgjfudydjfL=k;kavk£Fkdn`f"VlsmiktZudkdk;ZdjusyxhgSaA1971dhtux.kukosQvuqlkjosQoy13izfr'krHkkjrh;fL=k;kans'kdhoqQydk;Z'khytula[;kesadk;ZjrFkhaA2004esa;gizfr'krc<+dj28gksx;kAdk;Z'khyfL=k;ksaesao`Qf"keasvizR;{k:ilsyxhgqbZefgykvksadkizfr'krdjhc72gSAosaQnzh;vkSjjkT;Lrjdhiz'kklfudlsokvksarFkklkoZtfud{ks=kosQlaLFkkuksaesadk;Z'khytula[;kdkdjhc18-5izfr'krHkkxefgyk,agSaAo`Qf"kJfedksaosQ:iesaefgykvksadhla[;k2001esa9-13djksM+gksxbZAHkkjresadk;Z'khyyksxksaesaefgykvksadhoqQytula[;kesa100dk;ZjrfL=k;ksaesa52-29vf'kf{krgSarFkk28-56izkFkfedrFkkekè;fedLowQyrdf'k{kkizkIrgSaA13-78izfr'krmPpekè;fedf'k{kkizkIrgSavkSjosQoy5-07Lukrd;kbllsmPpf'k{kkizkIrgSaAuxjh;{ks=kksaeas100ukSdjh'kqnkfL=k;ksaesa25-83vf'kf{krgSa,oa35-49izkFkfedrFkkekè;fedf'k{kkizkIrgSa]25-71mPpekè;fedrdf'k{kkizkIr
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 157
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
gSavkSj12-97LukrdrFkkbllsmPpf'k{kkizkIrgSaAxzkeh.k{ks=kksaesaizfr100ukSdjh'kqnkefgykvksaesa88-11vf'kf{krgSa]10-68izkFkfedrFkkekè;fedLrjrdf'kf{krgSavkSj1-21ekè;fedLrjlsmQijdhf'k{kkizkIrgSaA
efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk] ;kSu 'kks"k.k ,oa mRihM+u
efgykvksaosQizfr¯glk,oavijk/dksbZvktosQ;qxdhgh?kVukughagSoju~izkphuHkkjresaHkhblosQvusdmnkgj.kfeyrsgSaAegkHkkjrdkyesa;qf/f"BjusviuhiRuhnzkSinhdkstq,esankaoijyxkfn;kFkkvkSjnq;ksZèkuusHkjhlHkkesamldkphj&gj.kdjviekfurfd;kFkkAjkek;.kdkyesajko.kuslhrkdkvigj.kfd;kFkkAfo/okvksadksHkkjresavusdvf/dkjksalsoafprfd;ktkrkjgkrFkkukukizdkjosQd"Vfn,tkrsjgsgSaAngstdksysdjukjhdkstyknsus;kgR;kdjnsukvktosQ;qxdhlclscM+h=kklnhgSAlrhRoosQukeijefgykvksadksblhns'keasftUnktyk;ktkrkjgkgSAgevk,fnui=k&if=kdkvksaeascykRdkjdh?kVuk,¡i<+rsjgrsgSaftuesalsoqQNesarksiqfylvkSjiz'kkluHkh'kkfeygksrkgSAblizdkjlsefgykvksadkmRihM+u,oa'kks"k.k]muosQlkFkcykRdkj]mUgsacgykiqQlykdjHkxkystkuk,oaos';ko`fÙkosQ fy,mUgsacspnsuk]muosQlkFkekjihV,oaxkyh&xykStdjuk]mUgsatyknsuk]mudhgR;kdjnsuk]vkfnefgykvijk/osQoqQNizeq[kmnkgj.kgSaA
orZekuesalekt'kkL=kesaefgykvksaosQckjsesavè;;uesa#fpdkfodklgqvkgSAjSfMdylekt'kkL=khtkslektosQ nfyr,oamisf{kroxZosQvè;;uesa #fp j[krs gSa] Hkhefgykvksa osQvè;;uosQizfrdkiQhlaosnu'khygSaAlekt&lq/kjdksa]jkT;ljdkjksa]fo'o&fo|ky;ksa,oaegkfo|ky;ksaesaLFkkfirefgykvè;;uizdks"Bksa]euksjksxfo'ks"kKksa]vijk/'kkfL=k;ksavkfnusHkhefgykvè;;uksaesa#fpn'kkZ;hgSvkSjefgykvksalslacaf/rvusdvk;keksadkvè;;ufd;ktkjgkgSAorZekuesaoqQNyksxvijk/esaefgykvksadhHkwfedk,oaefgykvksaosQizfr¯glk,oavijk/fo"k;ksaesaHkh#fpysusyxsgSaAefgykvksaosQizfr¯glklsrkRi;ZgSefgykvksaosQfudVfj'rsnkjksa_tSlsekrk&firk]HkkbZ&cfgu]lkl&llqj]nsoj]uun]HkkHkh;kifjokjosQfdlhHkhlnL;vFkokvU;O;fDr;ksa}kjkfd;ktkusokyk¯glkRedO;ogkj,oamRihM+utksukjhdks'kkjhfjdekufldvk?kkrigq¡pkrkgSA
ufUnrk xka/h,oaufUnrk 'kkgusblsLi"Vdjrsgq,fy[kkgS]¶efgykosQizfr¯glkosQvarxZrcykRdkj]ngstgR;k,¡]iRuhdks;kruk,¡nsus];kSfudgrksRlkgurFkklapkjekè;eesaL=khdksxyr<axlslekfgrfd;ktkldrkgSA¸
efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkosQoxhZdj.kesa¯glkdksrhuHkkxksaesafoHkDrfd;kx;kgS%
1- vijkf/d ¯glk_tSlscykRdkj,oavigj.k]vkfnA
2- ?kjsyw ¯glk_tSlsngstlaca/he`R;q]iRuhdksihVuk]ySafxdnqO;Zogkj]vkfnA
3- lkekftd ¯glk_tSlsiRuh,oaiq=k&o/wdkseknkHkzw.kdhgR;kosQfy,ckè;djuk]efgykvksalsNsM+&NkM+_]fo/okdkslrhgksusosQfy,ckè;djuk]ngstosQfy,raxdjuk,oaL=khdkslaifÙkesafgLlkunsuk]vkfnA
HkkjresaefgykvksaosQizfrfd,tkusokysvijk/ksa,oa¯glkdhtkudkjhgesax`gea=kky;]iqfylvUos"k.kfoHkkxrFkkus'kuybaLVhV;wVvkWiQlks'kyfMisQUlfoHkkx}kjkizlkfjrvkadM+ksalsgksrhgSAngstlaca/hgR;kesao`f¼gqbZgS]tkso"kZ2002esa6]822Fkhog2004esac<+dj7]026osQLrjijigqapxbZAo"kZ2005esalkoZf/dngstgR;kosQekeysmÙkjizns'k]fcgkjrFkkeè;izns'kesaik,x,gSaAHkkjresaizR;sd33feuVesaefgykvksaosQizfr,dvijk/dh?kVukgksrhgSAefgykvksaosQlkFkfd;stkusokysvijk/ksaesals2@3vijk/HkkjrosQikapjkT;ksaµeè;izns'k](17-6)]mÙkjizns'k(15-7)]egkjk"Vª(13-9»)]vka/zizns'k(7-9»)]rFkkjktLFkku(7-5»)esagksrsgSaA37-4»efgyk
158 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
vijkèk'ks"kHkkjrosQlHkhjkT;ksa,oaosaQnz'kkflrizns'kksaeasgksrsgSaAefgykvksaosQckjsesaizn£'krfd,x,;svkadM+sviw.kZgSaD;ksafdmuosQizfrfd,x,lHkhvijk/ksadksiqfylesantZughadjk;ktkrkgSrFkkukjhosQizfr?kjesaghfd,tkusokysvijk/ksadks?kjsywekeykle>djiqfylmuesagLr{ksiughadjrhvkSjfL=k;k¡HkhmUgsackgjmtkxjdjukmfprughaekurhaA
efgykvksaosQizfrgksusokysoqQNizeq[kvkijkf/do`QR;fuEuizdkjgSa%
cykRdkj (Rape)
Hkkjrh;n.Mlafgrk (Indian Penal Code)dh/kjk376osQvuqlkjcykRdkj,dnaMuh;vijk/gSAftlesavijk/hdksvkthoudkjkoklrdgksldrkgSAbl/kjkosQvuqlkjtcdksbZiq#"kfdlhL=khlsmldhbPNkosQfo#¼;klEefrosQfcuk;ke`R;qdkHk;fn[kkdjlEefrlslaHkksxdjrkgSrksogcykRdkjhdgykrkgSAcykRdkjdhleL;klHkhlektksaesaik;htkrhgS]¯drqHkkjrdhrqyukesaik'pkR;ns'kksaesa,slh?kVuk,avf/d?kfVrgksrhgSaAcykRdkjosQlHkhekeyksadhtkudkjhlaHkoughagSAosQoyoqQNekeysghiqfylesantZdjok,tkrsgSaA,slkekuktkrkgSfdljdkjhvkadM+ksadhrqyukesaokLrfodcykRdkjdhla[;kikapxquklsHkhvf/dgSAyanuesa1] 236fL=k;ksadk,dlosZ{k.kfd;kx;krksik;kfdizR;sd6efgykvksaesals,dosQlkFkcykRdkjgqvkgS'ks"kikapesals,dusmlosQizfrfd,tkusokyscykRdkjosQiz;RuosQizfrla?k"kZfd;kAcykRdkjosQftrusekeysgq,]muesalsvk/sL=khosQ?kjijvkSjvk/scykRdkjhosQ?kjijgq,AftuefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjgq,]muesalsvf/dka'kml?kVukdksHkqyknsukpkgrhgSa]osviukesfMdyeqvk;ukdjokuk,oaiqfyloU;k;ky;}kjktkapdjokukughapkgrhaD;ksafddkuwuhizfozQ;kyackle;ysusokyh,oaijs'kkuhiSnkdjusokyhgksrhgSAodhyksa}kjkbllanHkZesaiwNstkusokysiz'uHkhukjhdksihM+kigqapkusokysgksrsgSaAis'khdkekgkSyHkhukjhesaHk;iSnkdjrkgSrFkkukjhdksvkjksihlsU;k;ky;esavkeuk&lkeukHkhdjukiM+rkgSAU;k;ky;HkhukjhosQizek.kksaosQvk/kjijghvkjksihdksnf.MrughaadjrkgS]mlsvU;izek.kHkhnsusgksrsgSaftUgsatqVkukdfBugksrkgSAjktLFkkuesavkaxuckM+hesadkedjusokyhefgykHkaojhckbZosQlkFkoqQNyksxksauscykRdkjfd;k]¯drqizek.kksaosQvHkkoesacykRdkfj;ksaosQizfrdksbZBksldk;ZokghughadhtkldhgSAblhizdkjlsmÙkjk[k.MdhLFkkiukdhekaxdksysdjfnYyhesaizn'kZudjustkusokyhefgykvksaosQlkFkHkhiqfyl}kjkcykRdkjfd;kx;k]¯drqnks"khiqfyld£e;ksaosQizfrdksbZdBksjdk;ZokghughadhxbZAcykRdkjfd;kx;kgSbldkizek.ktqVkuk]cykRdkjhdksigpkuukvkSj;gfl¼djukfdfcukL=khdhlgefrosQ;g?kVuk?kVhgS],ddfBudk;ZgSAfutZu,oajkf=kesava/sjsLFkkuksaijfd,x,cykRdkjosQizek.ktqVkukrksvkSjHkhdfBugkstkrkgSAifr}kjkiRuhosQizfrfd,x,cykRdkjdksdkuwuh:ilscykRdkjughaekuktkrkgSD;ksafd;gfookgdk,dizfriQyekuktkrkgSAtcrdrykdugkstk,L=kh&iq#"kdksi`Fko~Q&i`Fko~QjgusdhjktkKkizkIrgksusijHkh;fndksbZiq#"kviuhiRuhlscykRdkjdjrkgSrksmlscykRdkjughaekuktkrkAfookgesacykRdkjdksvoS/ughaekukx;kgSAoqQNif'pehns'kksatSlsdukMk]MsuekoZQ]LohMu,oaukosZeasfookfgriq#"k;fnviuhiRuhosQlkFkcykRdkjdjrkgSrksogtqeZgSA
cykRdkj ls lacaf/r lkekU; rF; bl izdkj gSa%
1- vf/dka'kr%cykRdkjxjhcefgykvksaosQlkFkgq,A
2- dkedkthefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjmuosQvkWfiQlosQckWl}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA
3- iSQDVªhesadkedjusokyhJfedefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjmuosQekfydksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA
4- vLirkyesaejhtksaosQizfrcykRdkjvLirkyosQdeZpkfj;ksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA
5- tsyesaefgykoSQfn;ksaosQlkFkcykRdkjtsydeZpkfj;ksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 159
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
6- vkokjkxnhZdjusokyholafnX/gkyresaik;htkusokyhfL=k;ksaosQlkFkcykRdkjiqfyld£e;ksa}kjkfd,tkrsgSaA
7- ikxy]xwaxh]cgjh]viax,oafHk[kkfjuefgykvksaosQlkFkHkhcykRdkjfd,tkrsgSaA
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lkekftd vè;;udrkZvksa us cykRdkj laca/h vè;;u djus ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd%
1- ;g/kj.kkxyrgSfd;fnefgykfojks/djsrksmlosQlkFkcykRdkjughagksldrkA
2- cykRdkjosQoylqUnjfL=k;ksaosQlkFkghgksrkgS];gfopkj=kqfViw.kZgSA
3- ;glkspukHkh=kqfViw.kZgSfdftuefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjgksrkgS]osmldkvkuanysrhgSaA
4- ;gfopkjlghughagSfdvf/dka'kcykRdkjhekufld:ilsijs'kkuO;fDrgksrsgSaA
5- ;gdgukHkhlghughagSfdvf/dka'kcykRdkjLor%gksrsgSavkSjmudhvfxze;kstukughacuk;htkrhA
6- ;gdgukHkhmfprughagSfdcykRdkjdklaca/iq#"kesavR;f/ddkemÙkstukdhHkkoukrFkkmPprk,oa'kfDrdhHkkouklsgSA
7- eSFkqudhrhozbPNk,oacykRdkjesadksbZ?kfu"Blaca/ughagSA
fiNysoqQNo"kks±esaif'pehns'kksaeasukjhlaxBucykRdkjosQckjsesoS/kfud,oatulkspdkscnyusosQfy,iz;Ru'khyjgsgSaAosblckrijcynsrsjgsgSafdcykRdkjdks;kSuvijk/uekuktk,oju~bls,d¯gldvijk/(Violent Crime)ekuktk,A;gek=k,d'kkjhfjdvkØe.kghughaoju~;gO;fDrdhfu"BkvkSjlEekuijHkhvkØe.kgSAblvfHk;kudkvljgqvkgSvkSjvktdbZif'pehns'kksaesacykRdkjdksoS/kfud:ils,dfo'ks"kizdkjdhvijkf/d¯glkosQ:iesaLohdkjfd;kx;kgSA
vesfjdk esa ,d L=kh laxBu us cykRdkj ls cpus osQ fy, oqQN mik; lq>k, gSaA os gSa%
1- vius?kjdksvR;f/dlqjf{krcukb,A?kjosQrkys]f[kM+fd;ka,oanjoktsdk;ZdjusdhfLFkfresagksuspkfg,A;fnvki?kjcnysarksrkysHkhcnynhft,A
2- ;fnvkivosQysjgjgsagksarks,slkizdVdjsafd;gka,dlsvf/dO;fDrjgrsgSa];gcgkukdjsafd?kjesaiq#"kHkhgSaAtcdksbZnjoktk[kV[kVk,rksvkitksjlsdgsafdnjoktk[kksyjghgwarqedejsesaghjgksA
3- njoktsijiwjkukefy[kusosQLFkkuijviukNksVkukefy[ksa_tSlslarks"koqQekjhvxzokyosQLFkkuij,l-osQ-vxzokyfy[ksaA
4- vtuchlsnwjjgsarFkkvtuchosQvkusijnjoktku[kksysaA
160 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
5- futZuedkuksaesavosQysujgsaA
6- jkf=kesaxfy;ksa,oafo'ofo|ky;ksaesavosQysu?kwesaA
7- viusiklgfFk;kj]ykbVj]dkaVs&Nqjh,oalhVh(Whistle)j[ksaAlewgesa?kwesavosQysughaA
8- ;fnvkidkjpykrhgSarksdkjosQnjoktsfcukrkykyxk,uNksM+sarFkkdkjesacSBuslsiwoZihNsdhlhVdhtkapdjysaA
9- vkozQe.k gksus ij cykRdkj&cykRdkj (Rape-Rape) u fpYyk,a oju~ dgsa xksyhpykvks&xksyhpykvks(Fire-Fire)A
Hkxk ys tkuk o vigj.k djuk (Abduction and Kidnapping)
Hkkjrh;naMlafgrkdh/kjk366osQvuqlkj HkxkystkusdkrkRi;ZgS fdlhefgykdkstcjnLrh]diViwoZd;k/ks[kk/M+hdjosQmlscgyk&iqQlykdjystkukrFkkmlosQlkFkvoS/;kSulaca/LFkkfirdjuk;kmlsmldhbPNkosQfo#¼fookgosQfy,ckè;djuktcfdHkkjrh;naMlafgrkdh/kjk361osQvuqlkjvigj.kdkrkRi;ZgS,dukckfyx(18o"kZlsdevk;qdhyM+dho21o"kZlsdevk;qdkyM+dk)dksmlosQekrk&firk;koS/kfudlaj{kddhvuqefrosQfcukystkukAvigj.kesaftldkvigj.kfd;ktkrkgS]mldhlgefrdkdksbZegÙoughagksrktcfdHkxkystkusesa]ftlsHkxk;ktkrkgSmldhlgefrvijk/hdks{kekdjnsrhgSA
Hkkjresaizfro"kZyxHkx1]500efgykvksadksHkxkdjystk;ktkrkgSvFkokmudkvigj.kfd;ktkrkgSAnwljsa'kCnksaesaizfrfnu42yM+fd;ksadksHkxkus;kvigj.kosQekeysgksrsgSaAnwljs'kCnksaeasizfr,dyk[ktula[;kijnksekeysHkxkystkus;kvigj.kosQgksrsgSaAftUgsaHkxk;ktkrkgSmuesals54-8»efgyk,a18ls30o"kZdhvk;qdh]35-3»30ls50o"kZdhvk;qdh]4-5»18o"kZlsdevk;qdhrFkk5-4%50o"kZlsvf/dvk;qdhgksrhgSaAvigj.kosQlokZf/dekeysmÙkjizns'kesa(3]099)rFkkmlosQcknozQe'k%jktLFkku(2]018)]fcgkj(1]219)]eè;izns'k(1]202)rFkkvle(1]010)esagq,gSaA
MkW-vkgwtk}kjkvigj.kvkSjHkxkystkuslaca/hfd,x,,dvè;;ulsKkrgksrkgSfd
(i) fookfgrdhvis{kkvfookfgryM+fd;ksadksvf/dHkxk;ktkrkgSA
(ii) Hkxkusokyk,oaHkkxusokyhnksuksagh,dnwljslsifjfprgksrsgSaA
(iii) bunksuksadklaioZQmuosQ?kjksavFkokiM+kslosQdkj.kgksrkgSA
(iv) vf/dka'kr%Hkxkystkusesa,dghO;fDrdkgkFkgksrkgSA
(v) Hkxkystkusdkizeq[kmís';eSFkqu,oafookggksrkgSA
(vi) 1@10ekeyksaesavk£Fkdmís';lsHkh,slkfd;ktkrkgSA
(vii) HkxkystkusosQfy,ekrk&firkosQfu;a=k.kdkvHkko]ifjokjesaLusgiw.kZlaca/ksadkvHkko]vkfnizeq[kdkj.kgSaA
(viii) yxHkx80»ekeyksaesaHkxkystkusosQcknyM+dhijySafxdvkozQe.kgksrkgSA
gR;k (Murder)
gR;kosQekeysL=khvkSjiq#"knksuksaghosQlkFk?kfVrgksrsgSa]¯drqfo'oesaloZ=kghfL=k;ksadhrqyukesaiq#"kksadhghgR;kvf/dgksrhgSAvesfjdkesaizfro"kZoqQygR;kdk20ls25izfr'krHkkxefgykgR;kdkgksrkgStcfdHkkjres;gizfr'krosQoy10ghgSAHkkjresagR;kesalfEefyryksxksaesa96-7izfr'kriq#"k,oa3-34izfr'krefgyk,agksrhgSaA
1- MkW-vkgwtk}kjkgR;klaca/hfd,x,vè;;uesa;gik;kx;kfdgR;kdjusokys,oagR;kosQf'kdkj,dghifjokjosQgksrsgSaaA(yxHkx94»)A
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 161
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
2- 80»gR;kjs25ls40o"kZdhvk;qlewgesalsFksA
3- gR;kdhf'kdkjvkSjrksadkizfr'kryxHkx50FkkA
4- ftufL=k;ksadhgR;kdhxbZ]muesalsvk/hfL=k;ksadhlarkusaFkhaA
5- vf/dka'kgR;kjsfuEuO;olk;,oavk;qlewglslacaf/rFksA
6- 2@3gR;k,aHkkokos'kesarFkkvfu;ksftr<axlsdhxbZFkhaA
7- efgykvksadhgR;kosQizeq[kdkj.kL=khdhyachchekjh]vU;iq#"kksals;kSulaca/,oaNksVs&eksVs?kjsyw>xM+sFksA
ngst gR;k,a (Dowry Deaths)
Hkkjresangst,dxaHkhjleL;kcuhgqbZgSAngstosQvHkkoeasHkkjresagtkjksafL=k;ksadksizfro"kZtyk;ktkrkgS]mUgsalkl&llqj]nsoj&tsB]ifr,oallqjkyi{kokyksaosQ}kjkdbZizdkjdh;kruk,¡nhtkrhgSaAmUgsaHkw[kkj[kktkrkgS]viusihgjokyksalsiSlkeaxkusosQfy,raxfd;ktkrkgSvkSj;gkardfdvkRegR;kdjus,oa?kjNksM+djpystkusrdosQfy,etcwjfd;ktkrkgSftllsfdifrnwljh'kknhdjngsttqVklosQA
;|fi1961esaHkkjrljdkjus^ngstfujks/dvf/fu;e*(Dowry Prohibition Act)cukfn;kvkSjblvf/fu;eosQvarxZrngstysukonsuknksuksaghvijk/ekusx;sgSa]¯drqokLrfodfLFkfr;ggSfdngstlektesaoSaQljdhrjgc<+rktkjgkgSvkSjngstlaca/heqdneksadhla[;kux.;gSAns'kesaizfro"kZyxHkxikapgtkjgR;k,angstosQdkj.kgksrhgSaAHkkjresaizfrfnu33rFkkizfro"kZ5]000gR;k,¡ngstlslacaf/rgksrhgSaApw¡fdvf/dka'kngstlaca/hgR;k,¡yM+dhdhllqjkyesaghgksrhgSa]vr%llqjkyokysgR;klaca/hizek.kfeVknsrsgSavkSjmlsvkRegR;k;kgknlsdk:insnsrsgSaAlk{;osQvHkkoesavijk/hvdljcptkrsgSaA
lkekU;r%;gns[kkx;kgSfd
(i) ngstlaca/hgR;k,oamRihM+uosQekeysfuEu,oamPpoxZdhrqyukesaeè;eoxZesavf/dgksrsgSaA
(ii) ngstesamRihfM+r70»efgyk,a21ls24o"kZosQvk;qlewgesalsgksrhgSaA
(iii) ngstdhleL;kfuEutkfr;ksadhrqyukesamPptkfr;ksaesavf/dik;htkrhgSaA
(iv) gR;klsiwoZo/wdksdbZ;kruk,¡nhtkrhgSa,oaviekfurfd;ktkrkgSA
(v) ifjokjdhjpukuoo/wdkstykusesaegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkrhgSA
(vi) L=khdhf'k{kkosQLrj,oangstgR;kesadksbZdk;Z&dkj.kdklaca/ughaik;ktkrkgSA
lkspk;gx;kFkkfdf'k{kkosQizlkjosQlkFk&lkFkngstlslacaf/rcqjkb;ksadkvargksxk]¯drqgqvkblosQfcYoqQyfoijhrvkSjizfro"kZngstlaca/hgR;k,¡,oamRihM+udh?kVuk,¡c<+rhghtkjghgSatksiwjslektosQfy,'keZdhckrgSA
iRuh dks ihVuk % x`g ¯glk (Domestic Violence)
HkkjresaiRuhosQ:iesaukjhdhizfr"BkjghgSvkSjmls;gk¡x`g&y{ehdhlaKklslacksfèkrfd;kx;kgSAiRuhdksiq#"kdhv¼k±fxuh]lgèkeZpkfj.kh]èkeZiRuhHkhdgktkrkgS];gk¡iRuhosQvHkkoesaifr}kjkfd,x,èkk£eddk;ks±dksfu"iQyekukx;kgS]fdUrq;grLohjdk,digywgSAiRuhosQlkFknqO;Zogkjdjus,oamlsekjus&ihVusdh?kVuk,¡HkhdbZckjlquusesavkrhgSaAfookgosQcknifrls;gvis{kkdhtkrhgSfdogviuhiRuhdkHkj.k&iks"k.kdjsxk]mlsizsedjsxkvkSjlaj{k.kiznkudjsxkAHkkjresaifrosQfy,^HkrkZ*'kCndkiz;ksxfd;kx;kgSftldkvFkZgSHkj.k&iks"k.kdjusokykAlkekU;r%;gekuktkrkgSfd?kjukjhosQfy,lqj{kk,oaizlUurkdhn`f"V
162 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
lsLoxZgS]¯drqvusdfL=k;ksaosQlkFk?kjesa¯glkdkO;ogkjfd;ktkrkgSAmUgsaykrksa]?kwlksa]pkaVksaoMaMksa(ydfM+;ksa)lsekjktkrkgS]gfM~M;k¡rdrksM+nhtkrhgSaAigyusviusvè;;uesaik;kfdifr;ksa}kjkviuhifRu;ksadkspkoqQvksalsxksnkx;kAiQuhZpjisaQddjekjkx;k]lhf<+;ksalsfxjk;kx;kvkSjoqQNfL=k;ksaosQrksiSjksaesadhysaBksdhxb±A
19ohalnhosQvUrrdbaXySaMesa,slkdksbZdkuwuughaFkktksiq#"kdksviuhiRuhosQlkFkxkyh&xykStdjus]pksVigq¡pkus;kgR;kdjuslsjksosQ]fdUrqvktrksogk¡ukjhdksvfèkddkuwuhlqj{kkizkIrgSAdkuwuhn`f"VlsvktukjhpkgsvPNhfLFkfresaD;ksaugks]fdUrqfiQjHkhfL=k;k¡?kjesamuosQizfrdhx;h¯glkosQfo#¼iqfylesaf'kdk;rughadjrhavkSjdkuwuoU;k;ky;dh'kj.kughysrhgSaAblckjsesaiqfyldkn`f"Vdks.kHkhvlg;ksxhghgksrkgS]ogbls?kjsywekeyk]ifr&iRuhdkfuthekeykekudjdksbZdk;ZokghughadjrsAtcdHkh,slhfLFkfresaiqfyllsennekaxhtkrhgSrksogosQoy>xM+sdks'kkUrdjusrdghgLr{ksidjrhgS]iq#"kijnckoMkyus;kmlijvkjksiyxkusesamldhdksbZ#fpughagksrhgSA
ukjhdh;getcwjhgSfdmlosQlkFk¯glkdkO;ogkjgksusijHkhogvk£Fkdolkekftddkj.kksa]cPpksaosQizfrviusnkf;Roksa,oalkekftdfuUnklscpus]vkfndkj.kksalslcoqQN'kkUrHkkolslgudjrhjgrhgSA;gblsghviukHkkX;ekurhgS]iwoZtUeosQdeks±dkiQyekurhgSAlektosQyksxHkhblslfg".kqgksusdkghmins'knsrsjgrsgSaAmlsdgktkrkgSµ^ifrosQ?kjesaMksyhesacSBdjvk;hFkh]vcrks;gk¡lsrqEgkjhvFkhZghmBsxhA*vkSjogcspkjhtgjosQ?kawVihdjftUnkyk'kdhrjg?kjesacuhjgrhgSA
MkW-vkgqtkusviusvè;;uesaik;kfd(1)35o"kZlsdevk;qdhfL=k;ksaosQlkFkihVusdh?kVuk,¡vfèkdgksrhgSaA(2)devk;okysifjokjksaesa,slh?kVuk,¡vis{kr;kvfèkdgksrhgSaA(3)iRuhdksihVusoQdkj.kksaesa;kSulEcUèkksaesavlek;kstu]HkkokRedxM+cM+]ifrdhvgaHkkouk;kghuHkkouk]ifrdk'kjkchgksuk]bZ";kZ,oaiRuh}kjkifrosQnqO;ZogkjosQizfrfuf"Ø;rkcjruk]vkfnizeq[kgSaA(4)f'kf{krfL=k;ksadhrqyukesavf'kf{krfL=k;ksadksvfèkdihVktkrkgSA(5)muifRu;ksadkstksviusifrls5o"kZlsvfèkdNksVhgksrhgSaviusifr}kjkihVstkusdhlEHkkoukvfèkdgksrhgSA(6)ifjokjosQvkdkjvkSjmldhjpukdkiRuhdkihVuslsijLijdksbZlEcUèkughagS](7)osykstkscpiuesa¯glkosQf'kdkjgq,FkscM+sgksusijiRuhdksihVusdhvksjvfèkd#>kuj[krsgSaA(8)'kjkchifr;ksa}kjkiRuhdksihVusdhek=kkvfèkdik;htkrhgStksu'ksdhrqyukesagks'k&goklesavfèkdihVrsgSaA
foèkokvksa osQ izfr ¯glk (Violence Against Widows)
Hkkjresafo'ks"k:ilsfgUnqvksaesafoèkokvksadh,dxEHkhjleL;kgSD;ksafdfgUnqvksaesafookgdksèkk£edlaLdkjekukx;kgSvkSj;gifr&iRuhdktUe&tUekUrjdkcUèkugSftlsrksM+kughatkldrkAvr%ifrdhe`R;qosQckniRuhdksnwljkfookgdjusdhNwVughagSA;ghdkj.kgSfdifrdhe`R;qosQcknlsghfoèkokL=khosQnq%[kizkjEHkgkstkrsgSaAmlosQfljdkseqaMokfn;ktkrkgS]ogvPNsoL=kughaiguldrh]Üka`xkjughadjldrh]b=korsydkiz;ksxugahdjldrh]lkoZtfudmRloksa,oa'kqHkdk;ks±esamldhmifLFkfrdksvi'koqQuekuktkrkgSAlkl&llqj,oaifrosQifjokjosQyksxfoèkokijvR;kpkjdjrsgSa]mlsMk;udhlaKknsrsgSaftlusviusifrdksgh[kkfy;kgSAfoèkokvksaosQHkhvusdizdkjgksldrsgSa_tSlsfcukcPPkksaokyh;qokfoèkok],d&nkscPpksaokyhizkS<+foèkok,oavfèkdmezokyhfoèkok]vfèkdka'kr%;qok,oaizkS<+foèkokvksadhleL;k,¡ghvfèkdgSaAvfèkdmezokyhfoèkokrksviuscPpksaosQifjokjdkvaxcutkrhgSa]ogviusiksrs&iksfr;ksadksns[kjs[kdjus][kkukidkus]?kjosQdk;ks±esaenndjus,oaekxZn'kZudjusdhn`f"Vlsmi;ksxhekuhtkrhgSaA;qok,oaizkS<+foèkokvksadhleL;k,¡xEHkhjgksrhgSaAmuosQlkFkghvusdizdkjosQnqO;Zogkjfd,tkrsgSaAmUgsaihVktkrkgS]xkfy;k¡nhtkrhgSa]muosQlkFkO;kfHkpkj,oaySafxdnqO;Zogkjdkiz;Ru
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 163
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
fd;ktkrkgS]mUgsaifrdhlEifÙklsoafprfd;ktkrkgSAHkkjresafL=k;ksaesavf'k{kkdhvfèkdrkosQdkj.kmUgsaifrosQO;kikj]lEifÙk]chesdhjdevkSjtekiw¡thvkfndhtkudkjhughagksrhgSAbldkykHkmBkdjmlosQllqjkyokysmllsdkxtksaijvaxwBkyxokdjmldhoSèkkfudlEifÙkdksgM+iusdkiz;RudjrsgSaA(1)foèkokvksaosQmRihM+uosQrhuizeq[kdkj.kgksrsgSaµ'kfDr]lEifÙkvkSjdkeoklukdhiw£rAvk;q]f'k{kkvkSjoxZdhlnL;rkdkHkhfoèkokmRihM+uls?kfu"BlEcUèkgSAbln`f"Vls(2)o`¼foèkokvksadhrqyukesa;qokfoèkokvksa](3)f'kf{krfoèkokvksadhrqyukesavf'kf{krfoèkokvksarFkkmPpoxZdhfoèkokvksadhrqyukesaeè;e,oafuEuoxZdhfoèkokvksadksvfèkdmRihfM+rfd;ktkrkgSA(4)foèkokL=khdhfuf"Ø;dk;jrkHkhmlosQmRihM+udkizeq[kdkjdgSA(5);|fifoèkokvksadksiqu£ookgdhNwVnsusdhn`f"VlsHkkjresa^foèkokiqu£ookgvfèkfu;e*1856cukgqvkgS]fdUrqfoèkokvksa}kjkiqu£ookgcgqrdeghfd,tkrsgSaA(6)lkldklÙkkoknhO;fDrRo,oaifrosQHkkbZcguksadkvlkeatL;foèkokmRihM+uosQizeq[kdkj.kgSaA(7)ifjokjdhjpukvkSjmlosQvkdkjlsfoèkokmRihM+udkdksbZlacaèkughagSA¯glkosQvijkèkdrkZvfèkdka'kr%ifrosQifjokjosQlnL;gksrsgSaA
os';ko`fÙk (Prostitution)
,dlkekftdcqjkbZosQ:iesaos';ko`fÙkvfrizkphudkylsizpfyrjghgSAos';ko`fÙkdks;kSur`fIrdk,dfoÑr,oa?k`f.krlkèkuekukx;kgSAbllsO;fDrdk'kkjhfjd,oauSfrdirugksrkgS]mlsvk£FkdgkfumBkuhiM+rhgSrFkk;gekuoosQikfjokfjd,oalkekftdthouesafo"k?kksynsrhgSAbfy;VvkSjeSfjyfy[krsgSa]¶os';ko`fÙk,dHksn&jfgrvkSjèkuosQfy,LFkkfirfd;kx;kvoSèk;kSulacaèkgSftlesaHkkokRedmnklhurkgksrhgSA¸os';ko`fÙkdksjksdusosQfy,1956esa^fL=k;ksa rFkk dU;kvksa dk vuSfrd O;kikj fujksèkd vfèkfu;e*ikfjrfd;kx;k]fiQjHkh;gHkhizdVvkSjvizdVnksuksagh:iesaHkkjreasfo|ekugSAizdVlewgesaosos';k,¡vkrhgSatksjftLVMZgksrhgSarFkkLi"V:ilsos';ky;pykrhgSaA'kgjksaesa,sls{ks=kdkstgk¡os';k,¡jgrhgSa^ykyjks'kuh{ks=k*(Red Light Area)dgrsgSaAvizdV:ilsos';ko`fÙkdjusokyhfL=k;k¡ukSdjh;kO;olk;osQlkFk&lkFk;gdk;ZHkhdjrhgSaAorZekuesacM+s&cM+s'kgjksaosQ'kjkc?kjksa]gksVyksa]oSQcjsLFkyksa]ukp?kjksarFkkDycksaesaf'kf{krvkSjmPp?kjksadhyM+fd;k¡HkhblO;olk;esayxhgksrhgSaAgksVyksaosQekfyd]VSDlhMªkboj]oSQcjsu`R;osQla;kstd,oavU;nykyviukdeh'kuysdjbldk;Zesalg;ksxnsrsgSaA
os';ko`fÙkdk,d:insonklhizFkkHkhgSAblizFkkosQvuqlkjyM+fd;ksadksefUnjksaesansorkvksadhlsokosQfy,HksaVp<+kfn;ktkrkgSA;syM+fd;k¡efUnjksaesaxk;u,oau`R;dkdk;ZdjrhghgSa]lkFkghiafMrksa]iqtkfj;ksa,oatehankjksadh;kSu&Hkw[kcq>kusdkdk;ZHkhdjrhgSaAxjhch]foyklhthouO;rhrdjusdhykylk]L=khdhvk£Fkd&ijkfJrrk]ikfjokfjd&ifjfLFkfr;k¡]fookg&foPNsn]foèkokfookgijjksd]ngst&izFkk]nq[khoSokfgdthou]vuSfrdO;kikj]voSèklacaèk]vlkekU;dkeqdrk,oaèkk£eddkj.kyM+fd;ksadksos';ko`fÙkdjokusosQfy,izeq[kmÙkjnk;hdkjdgSaA
os';ko`fÙkosQdkj.kukjhtxrdkviekugksrkgS]oS;fDrd]ikfjokfjd,oalkekftdfo?kVuesao`f¼gksrhgS]uSfrdirugksrkgS]vk£FkdgkfugksrhgS];kSujksxksaesao`f¼gksrhgSAvr%ekuorkdk;grdktk,oauSfrdrkdhekaxgSfdos';kvksadksbloqQdeZlsjksddjukjhtkfrosQizfrfd,tkusokysblvijkèklsukjhdhj{kkdhtk,A
ukjh gR;k rFkk Hkzw.k gR;k (Femicide and Foeticide)
Hkkjrh;lektiq#"kizèkkugSrFkk;gk¡yM+dhdhrqyukesayM+osQdksvfèkdegÙofn;ktkrkgSAèkk£eddkj.kksalsHkhiq=kizkfIrvko';dekukx;kgSD;ksafdoghJk¼,oariZ.k}kjke`rfirk,oaiwoZtksadksLoxZigq¡pkrkgSAmÙkjkfèkdkjdhn`f"VlsHkhiq=kdkgksukvko';dgS]¯drqdbZckjfdlhifjokjesayM+fd;ksadhla[;kvfèkdgksusijyM+dhosQiSnkgksrsghekjfn;ktkrkgS(female
164 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
infanticide)tksukjhgR;kdkgh,d:igSAukjhgR;kgesaizdVvkSjvizdVdbZ:iksaesans[kusdksfeyrhgSaAekrkosQxHkZesaghukjhf'k'kqdksekjnsuk;ktUeosQcknmlsekjnsuk;kngstosQyksHkesacgwdkstyknsuk;kihV&ihVdjekjnsuk]mldkmRihM+udjuk;k,slhifjfLFkfr;k¡iSnkdjnsukftuesaukjhvkRegR;kdjusosQfy,foo'kgkstk,]tgjnsdjekjnsuk]xyk?kksaVnsuk]vkfnlHkhukjhgR;kosQizR;{k:igSaAukjhgR;kdkvizR;{k:ioggSftlesaukjhf'k'kqosQikyu&iks"k.k,oafpfdRlkdhvksjmfprè;kuughansuslsosekSrdhf'kdkjgkstkrhgSaAoSKkfudizxfrusekuodksgtkjksalq[k&lqfoèkkosQlkèkutqVk,gSa]vktgeekrkosQxHkZdhtkapftls^,efu;kslsaVsfll*(Amniocentesis)dgktkrkgS]osQ}kjkHkzw.kdhtkapdj;girkyxkldrsgSafdmRiUugksusokykf'k'kqyM+dkgS;kyM+dhA
bloSKkfudKkudkyksxksausnq#i;ksxfd;kgSvkSjog;fnHkzw.kyM+dhdkgSrksmldkxHkZikrdjoknsrsgSatksHkzw.kgR;kgSAyM+osQdhpkgesayM+dhdhgR;kekuorkosQekFksijcgqrcM+kdyadgSAvktosQ;qxesarksyM+osQoyM+fd;k¡lHkhlekugSaAokLroesatksfLFkfr;k¡ns[kusolquusesavkrhgSamuosQvuq:irksyM+dksadhrqyukesayM+fd;k¡ghekrk&firkdhvfèkdlsokdjrhgSavkSjfo'ofo|ky;ks,oaizfr;ksxhijh{kkvksaosQifj.kke;gcrkrsgSafd;ksX;rklwphesayM+fd;k¡yM+dksalsvkxsghgSaA
vktosQthouosQgj{ks=kesayM+fd;ksadksn{krklsdk;Zdjrsgq,ns[kktkldrkgSAvr%yksxksaosQeuls;gHkzefudkyukgksxkfdiq=kizkfIrvko';dgSvkSjmldhpkgesafdlhHkh:iesaukjhgR;kvekuoh;gS,oauSfrdrkodkuwuosQfo#¼vijkèkgSAukjhgR;kesaiq#"kdhvis{kkLo;aukjhdk;ksxnkuHkhdeughagksrkgSAokLroesans[kktk,rksukjhghukjhdhnq'eugSAvr%loZizFkerksukjhdksghukjhosQfo#¼gksusokysvijkèkksadksjksdusosQfy,mB[kM+kgksukiM+sxkA
NsM+NkM+ (Reasing)
ukjhosQfo#¼vijkèkksaesaNsM+NkM+Hkh,dc<+rhgqbZizo`fÙkgSAegkfo|ky;ksaosQifjljesa]jsyksa,oaclksaesa]cktkjksaesaeupys,oamí.MfdLeosQyM+dksa}kjkyM+fd;ksadksHkísvkSjxUnsb'kkjsfd,tkrsgSa]muijiQfCr;k¡dlhtkrhgSa]mUgsavi'kCndgstkrsgSa]muosQlkFkxkyh&xykStdhtkrhgS]mudksNwusdkiz;Rufd;ktkrkgS]mUgsauksapus;kmuosQfpoqQVhdkVus]uk[kwupqHkksustSlhxUnhgjdrsadhtkrhgSAdHkh&dHkh,slsyksxksadhlkoZtfud:ilsturk}kjkfiVkbZHkhdjnhtkrhgS;kiqfyldhfxjÝresavktkusijvPNh[kklhejEerHkhgkstkrhgSAblizdkjdhxq.MkxnhZcM+s'kgjksaesavkSjfo'ks"k:ilsmÙkjhHkkjresavfèkdik;htkrhgSAfnYyh]dkuiqj]vkxjk]cukjlvkSjvU;cM+s'kgjksaesaNsM+NkM+dh?kVuk,¡T;knkgksrhgSaA
,slh?kVukvksaosQfojksèkesafnYyh,oavU;uxjksaesaukjhlaxBuksa}kjkizn'kZuHkhfd,x,gSarFkkxq.MkxnhZosQf[kykiQdkuwuhdk;ZokghgsrqvfHk;kuHkhpyk,x,gSa]fdUrqdkuwudhyEchvkSjFkdknsusokyhegaxhizfØ;kosQdkj.klTtuO;fDrblipM+sesaughaiM+ukpkgrsgSavkSjbllsxq.MksaosQgkSalysvkSjcqyUngksrsgSaAukjhosQizfrNsM+NkM+dh?kVukvksadksflusek,oaosQEiltSlslhfj;yksalsc<+kokghfeykgSD;ksafdbuesaizn£'krvPNkbZlsughaoju~cqjkbZlsghyksxvfèkdizHkkforgksrsgSaA
,slh?kVukvksalscpusosQfy,Lo;ayM+fd;ksadksghviusvkidksleFkZcukukgksxk]lewgcukdj,slsxq.MksalsmUgsaghfuiVukgksxkAlcoqQNljdkj]iqfylvkSjdkuwuijghughaNksM+ktkldrkA
ukjhosQfo#¼mi;qZDrvijkèkksa,oac<+rh¯glkosQvfrfjDrHkísvkSjHkkSaMsfoKkiuksaesaukjhosQuXu,oav¼Z&uXufp=kksaosQ}kjkoLrqvksadkscspusdkiz;klHkhukjhdhetcwjhdkykHkmBkukghgSAukp?kjksa,oagksVyksaesamllsoSQcjsu`R;djokukHkhvizR;{k:ilsukjhdhekalynsgdk'kks"k.kghgS]¯drqbulcosQfy;sek=kiq#"kdksghmÙkjnk;hughaBgjk;ktkldrk]L=khHkhdeftEesnkjughagSAvr%lclsigykiz;klrksLo;aukfj;ksadksghviusvkidksla;rdjosQouSfrdcukdjdjukgksxk]vU;mik;rkscknesagksrsgSaA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 165
lekthdj.k(Socialization)5-12 dU;kèku ,oa ngst&izFkk (Bride-wealth and Dowry System)
orZekuesangst,dxEHkhjleL;kcuhgqbZgSAblosQdkj.kekrk&firkosQfy,yM+fd;ksadkfookg,dvfHk'kkicux;kgSAlkekU;r%ngstmlèku;klEifÙkdksdgrsgSatksfookgosQle;dU;ki{k}kjkoji{kdks fn;ktkrkgSAisQ;jpkbYMosQvuqlkj]¶ngstogèkulEifÙkgStksfookgosQvoljijyM+dhosQekrk&firk;kvU;fudVlEcfUèk;ksa}kjknhtkrhgSA¸eSDl jsfMu (Max radin)fy[krsgSa]¶lkèkkj.kr%ngstoglEifÙkgStks,diq#"kfookgosQle;viuhiRuh;kmlosQifjokjlsizkIrdjrkgSA¸ngst fujksèkd vfèkfu;e]1961osQvuqlkj]¶ngstdkvFkZdksbZ,slhlEifÙk;kewY;okufufèkgS]ftls(i)fookgdjusokysnksuksai{kksaeasls,di{kusnwljsi{kdksvFkok(ii)fookgesaHkkxysusokysnksuksai{kksaesalsfdlh,di{kosQekrk&firk;kfdlhvU;O;fDrusfdlhnwljsi{kvFkokmlosQfdlhO;fDrdksfookgosQle;]fookgosQigys;kfookgosQcknfookgdhvko';d'krZosQ:iesanhgksvFkoknsukLohdkjfd;kgksA¸ngstdh;gifjHkk"kkvR;UrfoLr`rgSftlesaoj&ewY;,oadU;k&ewY;nksuksaghvktkrsgSaAlkFkghblesamigkj,oangstesavUrjfd;kx;kgSAngstfookgdh,dvko';d'krZosQ:iesafn;ktkrkgStcfdmigkjnsusokykviuhLosPNklsnsrkgSA
dHkh&dHkhoj&ewY;,oangstesavarjfd;ktkrkgSAngstyM+dhosQekrk&firkLusgo'knsrsgSa];giwoZ&fuèkkZfjrughagksrkvkSjdU;k&i{kosQlkeF;ZijfuHkZjgksrkgS]tcfdoj&ewY;ojosQO;fDrxrxq.k]f'k{kk]O;olk;]oqQyhurkrFkkifjokjdhfLFkfr]vkfnosQvkèkkjijoj&i{kdhvksjlsekaxktkrkgSvkSjfookglsiwoZghr;djfy;ktkrkgSAorZekuesangst,oaojewY;esafo'ks"kiQoZQughale>ktkrkgS]D;ksafdvktdyvfèkdka'kr%ngstdkizpyuoj&oèkwosQ:iesa;kfookgdh'krZosQ'kq:esaghgSA
ngstdkizpyuizkphudkylsghjgkgSAczãfookgesafirkoL=k,oavkHkw"k.kksalslqlfTtrdU;kdkfookg;ksX;ojosQlkFkdjrkFkkAjkek;.k,oaegkHkkjrdkyesaHkhngstdkizpyuFkkAlhrk,oanzkSinhvkfndksngstesavkHkw"k.k]?kksM+s]ghjs&tokgjkr,oavusdcgqewY;oLrq,¡nsusdkmYys[kfd;kgSAmlle;ngstdU;kosQizfrLusgosQdkj.kLosPNklsghfn;ktkrkFkkAngstdkizpyujktiwrdkyesarsjgoha,oapkSngohalnhlsizkjEHkgqvkvkSjoqQyhuifjokjviuhlkekftdfLFkfrosQvuqlkjngstdhekaxdjusyxsAcknesavU;yksxksaesaHkhbldkizpyugqvkAmPpf'k{kkizkIr]èkuh]vPNsO;olk;;kukSdjhesayxsgq,,oamPpoqQyosQojdksizkIrdjusosQfy,orZekuesayM+dhosQfirkdksvPNk&[kklkngstnsukgksrkgSAf'k{kk,oalkekftdpsrukdho`f¼osQlkFk&lkFkngstdkizpyu?kVusdhctk;c<+kfn;kx;kgSvkSjblusohHkRl:ixzg.kdjfy;kgSA
Hkkjro"kZblizFkkosQfy,fo'oHkjesacnukegSA;gk¡tUelsghyM+dhdksijk;kèkudgktkrkgSmlosQikyu&iks"k.kijyM+dksalsdeè;kufn;ktkrkgSAekrk&firkdU;kdksijk;kèkule>djmlosQlkFkmis{kkiw.kZO;ogkjdjrsgSaAyM+dhdksviuslkFkngstughaystkusijllqjkyesarkuslquusiM+rsgSa_lkFkghngstosQdkj.kyM+fd;ksadkstykdjekjHkhfn;ktkrkgSA
ngst osQ dkj.k (Causes of Dowry)
1- thou&lkFkh pquus dk lhfer {ks=kµtcdU;kdkfookgviusgho.kZ]tkfr;kmitkfresadjukgksrkgSrksfookgdknk;jkcgqrlhfergkstkrkgSvkSj;ksX;ojosQfy,ngstnsukvko';dgkstkrkgSA
2- cky&fookgµcky&fookgosQdkj.koj,oaoèkwdkpqukomuosQekrk&firk}kjkfd;ktkrkgSvkSjosviusykHkosQfy,ngstdhekaxdjrsgSaA
3- fookg dh vfuok;Zrkµ¯gnqvksaesadU;kdkfookgvfuok;Zekukx;kgSAbldkykHkmBkdjoji{kosQyksxvfèkdkfèkdngstdhekaxdjrsgSaA
166 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
4- oqQyhu fookgµoqQyhufookgosQdkj.kÅ¡psoqQyksaosQyM+dksadhekaxc<+tkrhgSvkSjmUgsaizkIrdjusosQfy,dU;ki{kdksngstnsukgksrkgSA
5- f'k{kk ,oa lkekftd izfr"BkµorZekule;esaf'k{kk,oaO;fDrxrizfr"BkdkvfèkdegRogksusosQdkj.kizR;sdO;fDrviuhdU;kdkfookgf'kf{kr,oaizfrf"BryM+osQosQlkFkdjukpkgrkgSftlosQfy,mlsdkiQhngstnsukgksrkgSD;ksafd,slsyM+oQksadhlektesadehik;htkrhgSA
6- èku dk egÙoµorZekuesaèkudkegÙoc<+x;kgSvkSjblosQ}kjkO;fDrdhlkekftdizfr"BkfuèkkZfjrgksrhgSAftlO;fDrdksvfèkdngstizkIrgksrkgS]mldhizfr"BkHkhc<+tkrhgSA;ghugha]cfYdvfèkdngstnsusokysO;fDrdhHkhlkekftdizfr"Bkc<+tkrhgSA
7- egaxh f'k{kkµorZekuesamPpf'k{kkizkIrdjusosQfy,dkiQhèku[kpZdjukiM+rkgSftlstqVkusosQfy,oji{kosQyksxngstdhekaxdjrsgSaAf'k{kkosQfy,]fy;sx;sÍ.kdkHkqxrkuHkhdbZckjngst}kjkfd;ktkrkgSA
8- izn'kZu ,oa >wBh izfr"Bkµviuhizfr"Bk,oa'kkudkizn'kZudjusosQfy,Hkhyksxvfèkdkfèkdngstysrs,oansrsgSaA
9- xfr'khyrk eas o`f¼µorZekule;esa;krk;krosQlkèkuksadhmUufr,oafodklgqvkgS]uxjhdj.k,oavkS|ksxhdj.kc<+kgS]ifj.kkeLo:i,dtkfr,oamitkfrdhxfr'khyrkesao`f¼gqbZgSvkSjmuosQlnL;nwj&nwjrdiSQyx;sgSaAbldkj.kviuhghtkfr;kmitkfresaoj<w¡<+ukdfBugksx;kgSAiQyLo:ingst&izFkkdksc<+kokfeykgSA
10- lkekftd izFkkµngstdkizpyulektesa,dlkekftdizFkkosQ:iesaghik;ktkrkgSAtksO;fDrviuhdU;kosQfy,ngstnsrkgSogviusiq=kosQfy,HkhngstizkIrdjukpkgrkgSA
11- nq"pØ (Vicious circle)µngst,dnq"pØgSftuyksxksausviuhyM+fd;ksaosQfy,ngstfn;kgSosHkhvoljvkusijviusyM+dksaosQfy,ngstizkIrdjukpkgrsgSaAblhizdkjlsyM+osQosQfy,ngstizkIrdjosQosviuhyM+fd;ksaosQfookgosQfy,nsusosQfy,mlslqjf{krj[kukpkgrsgSaA
ngst&izFkk osQ nq"ifj.kke (Evil Eeffects of Dowry System)
ngst&izFkkosQifj.kkeLo:ilektesavusdleL;k,¡mRiUugqbZgSa]buesalsizeq[kfuEuizdkjgSaµ
1- ckfydk oèkµngstdhvfèkdekaxgksusosQdkj.kdbZO;fDrdU;kdksiSnkgksrsghekjMkyrsgSaAbldkizpyujktLFkkuesafo'ks"k:ilsjgkgS]fdUrqorZekuesa;gizFkkizk;%lekIrgkspqdhgSA
2- ikfjokfjd fo?kVuµdengstnsusijdU;kdksllqjkyesavusdizdkjosQd"Vfn;stkrsgSaAnksuksaifjokjksaesaruko,oala?k"kZiSnkgksrsgSavkSjifr&iRuhdklq[khoSokfgdthoumtM+tkrkgSA
3- gR;k ,oa vkRegR;kµftuyM+fd;ksadksvfèkdngstughafn;ktkrkmudksllqjkyesavfèkdlEekuughagksrk]mUgsadbZizdkjlsraxfd;ktkrkgSAblfLFkfrlseqfDrikusosQfy,ckè;gksdjoqQNyM+fd;k¡vkRegR;krddjysrhgSaAngstosQvHkkoesadU;kdknsjrdfookgugksusijmlslkekftdfuUnkdkik=kcuukiM+rkgS],slhfLFkfresaHkhdHkh&dHkhyM+dhvkRegR;kdjysrhgSAtcngstdhek=kkvkdka{kkvksaosQvuq:iughagksrhgSrkscgwdkstykfn;ktkrkgS;kmldhgR;kdjnhtkrhgSAlu~1987
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 167
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
esa2]912]lu~1990esa4]148vkSj1991esa5]157ekeysngstgR;kosQntZfd;sx;sAifrvkSjllqjkyokyksa}kjkozwQjrkosQ1983esa1]160vkSj1991esa15]949ekeysntZfd;sx;sAngstgR;kosQlokZfèkdekeysmÙkjizns'k]egkjk"Vª]if'pecaxky,oaeè;izns'kesantZfd;sx;sA
4- Í.kxzLrrkµngstnsusosQfy,dU;kosQfirkdks#i;kmèkkjysukiM+rkgS;kviuhtehu,oatsojkr]edkuvkfndksfxjohaj[kukiM+rkgS;kcspukiM+rkgSifj.kkeLo:iifjokjÍ.kkxzLrgkstkrkgSAC;ktdhÅ¡phnjosQdkj.kmèkkjfy;kgqvk#i;kpqdkukdfBugkstkrkgSAvfèkddU;k,¡gksusijrksvk£Fkdn'kkvkSjHkhfcxM+tkrhgSA
5- fuEu thou LrjµdU;kosQfy,ngsttqVkusosQfy,ifjokjdksviuhvko';drkvksaesadVkSrhdjuhiM+rhgSAcprdjusosQpDdjesaifjokjdkthou&LrjfxjtkrkgSA
6- cgqiRuh fookgµngstizkIrdjusosQfy,,dO;fDrdbZfookgdjrkgSbllscgqiRuhRodkizpyuc<+rkgSA
7- csesy fookgµngstosQvHkkoesadU;kdk fookgvf'kf{kr]o`¼]oqQ:i]viax,oav;ksX;O;fDrosQlkFkHkhdjukiM+rkgSA,slhfLFkfresadU;kdksthouHkjd"VmBkukiM+rkgSA
8- fookg dh lekfIrµngstosQvHkkoesadbZyksxviusoSokfgdlacaèkdU;ki{klslekIrdjnsrsgSaAdbZckjrksngstosQvHkkoesarksj.k}kjlsckjkrokilykSVtkrhgSvkSjoqQNyM+fd;ksadksoqaQvkjhghjgukiM+rkgSA
9- vuSfrdrkµngstosQvHkkoesadbZyM+fd;ksadknsjrdfookgughagksikrkgSvkSjosviuh;kSubPNkvksadhiw£rvuSfrdrjhdksalsdjrhgSabllsHkz"Vkpkjc<+rkgSA
10- vijkèk dks izksRlkguµngsttqVkusosQfy,dbZvijkèkHkhfd;stkrsgSa]fj'or]pksjh],oaxcuosQ}kjkèku,d=kfd;ktkrkgS]vkRegR;k,oaHkz"Vkpkjesao`f¼gksrhgSA
11- ekufld chekfj;k¡µngst,d=kdjus,oa;ksX;ojdhryk'kesaekrk&firkfpfUrrjgrsgSaAekrk&firk,oayM+fd;ksaesafpUrkosQdkj.kdbZekufldchekfj;k¡iSnkgkstkrhgSaA
12- fL=k;ksa dh fuEu fLFkfrµngstosQdkj.kfL=k;ksadhlkekftdfLFkfrfxjtkrhgS]mudktUevi'koqQuekuktkrkgSvkSjmUgsaHkkohfoifÙkdklwpdle>ktkrkgSA
ngst&izFkk osQ ykHk (Merits of Dowry)
oqQNyksxngstosQi{kesafuEukafdrroZQnsrsgSaµ
1- ngstosQdkj.koqQ:idU;kvksadkHkhfookggkstkrkgSA
2- ngstutqVkusdhfLFkfresadU;kvksadknsjrdfookgugksuslscky&fookglekIrgkstkrsgSaA
3- ngstosQvHkkoesansjrdfookgugksusijekrk&firkyM+fd;ksadksf'k{kkfnykrsjgrsgSa]bllsL=kh&f'k{kkesao`f¼gksrhgSA
ngst&izFkk dks lekIr djus gsrq lq>ko (Suggestions to end of Dowry System)
MkW- vYVsdj usfy[kkgSfdfgUnwlektosQfy,;gmfprle;gSfdngstdhnwf"krizFkkdksftlusvusdvcksèkdU;kvksadksvkRegR;kosQfy,izsfjrfd;kgS]lekIrdjnsAblslekIrdjusgsrqfuEukafdrlq>kofn;stkldrsgSaµ
1- L=kh&f'k{kkµL=kh&f'k{kkdkvfèkdkfèkd izlkj fd;k tk, rkfd os i<+&fy[kdj Lo;adekus yxsaA ,slk gksus ij mudh iq#"kksa ij vk£Fkd fuHkZjrk lekIr gksxh rFkk blosQifj.kkeLo:ifookgdhvfuok;ZrkHkhujgsxhA
168 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
2- thou&lkFkh osQ pquko dh LorU=krkµyM+osQoyM+fd;ksadksviukthou&lkFkhLo;apquusdhLorU=krkizkIrgksusijviusvkingstizFkklekIrgkstk;sxhA
3- izse&fookgµizse&fookgdhLohÑfrgksusijHkhngstdhleL;klekIrgkstk;sxhA
4- vUrtkZrh; fookgµvUrtkZrh;fookgdhNwVgksusijfookgdknk;jkfoLr`rgksxkAifj.kkeLo:ingst&izFkklekIrgkslosQxhA
5- yM+dksa dks LokoyEch cuk;k tk,µtcyM+osQi<+&fy[kdjLo;avtZudjusyxsaxsrks;ksX;ojdkvHkkonwjgkstk;sxk]muosQfy,izfr;ksfxrkdegkstk;sxhiQyLo:ingstHkh?kVtk;sxkA
6- LoLFk tuerµngstfojksèkhtuerrS;kjfd;ktk,Ayksxksaesatkx`friSnkdhtk,ftllsfdosngstdkfojksèkdjsaAblosQfy,vfèkdkfèkdizpkj,oaizlkjosQlkèkuksadkmi;ksxfd;ktk,Alekt&lqèkkjdksa,oa;qodksa}kjkblvksjviusfo'ks"kiz;Rufd,tkuspkfg,A
7- ngst fojksèkh dkuwuµngstizFkkdhlekfIrosQ fy,dBksjdkuwuksadk fuekZ.k fd;ktk,,oangstekaxusokyksadksdM+h&ls&dM+hltknhtk,AorZekuesa^ngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e]1961*ykxwgS]ijarq;gvfèkfu;eviuhdbZdfe;ksaosQdkj.kngst&izFkkdksdedjusesavliQyjgkgSAorZekuesablvfèkfu;edksla'kksfèkrdjblsdBksjcukfn;kx;kgSrFkknksO;fDr;ksadksvfèkdltknsusdhO;oLFkkdhx;hgSA
8- ;qok vkUnksyuµngst&izFkkdkslekIrdjusosQfy,;gvko';dgSfd;qodLo;atkx:dgksdjbldkfojksèkdjsaAblosQfy,n`<+fu'p;dkgksukvfuok;ZgSA
ngst fujksèkd vfèkfu;e] 1961 (Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961)
¯gnwlektesangstdhHkh"k.kleL;kdksgydjusosQfy,Hkkjrh;lalnesaebZ1961esa^ngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e*ikfjrfd;kx;kAbldhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡blizdkjgSaµ
(1)blvfèkfu;eesangstdksblizdkjifjHkkf"krfd;kx;kgS%¶fookgosQigys;kcknesfookgdh,d'krZosQ:iesa],di{k;kO;fDr}kjknwljsi{kdksizR;{k;kvizR;{k:ilsnhx;hdksbZHkhlEifÙk;kewY;okuoLrq^ngst*dgyk;sxhA¸(2)fookgosQvoljijnhtkusokyhHksaV;kmigkjdks^ngst*ughaekuktk;sxkA(3)ngstysusonsusokysrFkkbldk;ZesaenndjusokysO;fDrdksN%ekgdhtsyvkSjikatgtkj#i;srddkn.Mfn;ktkldrkgSA(4)ngstysusonsuslacaèkhfd;kx;kdksbZHkhle>kSrkxSj&dkuwuhgksxkA(5)fookgesaHksaVnhx;hoLrqvksaijdU;kdkvfèkdkjgksxkA(6)èkkjk7osQvuqlkjngstlacaèkhvijkèkdhlquokbZizFkeJs.khdkeftLVªsVghdjldrkgSvkSj,slhf'kdk;rfyf[kr:iesa,do"kZosQvanjghdhtkuhpkfg,A
bllanHkZesa,dckrmYys[kuh;gSfdngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;eesamM+hlk]fcgkj]if'pecaxky]gfj;k.kk]iatkc]fgekpyizns'kvkSjmÙkjizns'kljdkjksausla'kksèkudjblsdBksjcukfn;kgSAmÙkjizns'kus1976esablvfèkfu;eesala'kksèkufd;kftlosQvuqlkjfookgosQle;dksbZHkhi{k5gtkj#i;ksalsvfèkd[kpZughadjsxkftlesafookgosQmigkjHkhlfEefyrgSaAvcfcukfdlhf'kdk;rosQHkhiqfylvkSjizFkeJs.khdkeftLVªsV,slsekeysdhfjiksVZrFkktkapdjldrsgSaA1984,oa1986esangstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e]1961esala'kksèkudjblsvkSjdBksjcuk;kx;kAngstosQfo#¼vijkèkvclaKs;(Cognizable),xSj&”kekurhgSrFkkvfHk;qDrdksgh;gizek.knsukgskrkgSfdogfunkZs"kgSAngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e1961osQlanHkZesa,dckrmYys[kuh;gSfdngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;eesamM+hlk]fcgkj]mÙkjizns'k]if'pecaxky]iatkc]gfj;k.kk]fgekpyizns'kdhljdkjksausla'kksèkufd;kgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 169
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
5-13 efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk osQ dkj.k ,oa mik; (Causes and Measures of Violence Against Women)
¯glkdhf'kdkjdkSuvFkok¯glkdhf'kdkjefgykvksadhfo'ks"krk,¡(Who are the Victims of Violence or Characteristics of Victims of Violence)
ftuefgykvksaosQlkFkvijkèkfd;ktkrkgSvFkokftuosQfo#¼¯glkdhtkrhgS]osgSa%
1- tksxjhc]vlgk;,oavolknxzLr(depressed)gksrhgSa]tksLo;aviuhutjksaesafxjpqdhgksrhgSarFkkmuosQizfrfd,x,vijkèk,oa¯glkosQdkj.kosHkkokRed:ilsfo?kfVrgkspqdhgksrhgSaA
2- tksfo?kfVrifjokjksaesajgrhgSarFkkftuijifjokjosQlnL;ksadknckocukjgrkgSftllsmuesavusdizdkjdhoaqQBk,¡ik;htkrhgSaA
3- ftuesaekufld,oalkekftdifjiDorkdkvHkkoik;ktkrkgSA
4- ftuosQifr;kllqjkyi{kosQyksxfoÑrO;fDrRoosQgksrsgSaA
5- ftuosQifr'kjkch,oau'kscktgksrsgSaA
efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk osQ vijkèkdrkZ dh fo'ks"krk,¡ (Characteristics of Perpetrators of Violence Against Women)
efgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkdjusokysvijkèkdrkZvksadhizeq[kfo'ks"krk,¡tksfofHkUuvè;;uksa}kjkKkrgqbZgSa]osfuEukafdrgSa%
1- osyksxtkscpiuesa¯glkosQf'kdkjgq,gSa]cM+sgksusijefgykvksaosQfo#¼vijkèkdjrsgSaA
2- tksyksx'kjkcvfèkdihrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkvfèkddjrsgSaA
3- tksyksxviusikfjokfjdthouesarukoiw.kZfLFkfr;ksadklkeukdjrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQfo#¼¯glkvfèkddjrsgSaA
4- tksyksx'kDdh]izHkqrkpkgusokys,oaekfydkukiuokyhizÑfrosQgksrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯gldO;ogkjdjrsgSaA
5- ftuyksxksaesaO;fDrRolacaèkhnks"kgksrsgSavkSjtkseuksjksxhgksrsgSaosHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯glkiw.kZO;ogkjdjrsgSaA
6- tks O;fDr volknxzLr (depressed) gksrs gSa] ftuesa ghu&Hkkouk gksrh gS vkSj ftuesavkRe&lEekudkvHkkogksrkgSosHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯glkRedO;ogkjdjrsgSaA
7- ftuyksxksaosQiklizfrHkk]lkèku,oan{krkdkvHkkogksrkgSoksHkhefgykvksaosQizfr¯gldO;ogkjdjrsgSaA
efgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk osQ dkj.k (Causes of Violence Against Women)
ge;gk¡mudkj.kksadkmYys[kdjsaxstksefgykvksaosQizfr¯glkdksizsfjrdjrsgSa%
1- iq#"k izèkkurk (Male Domination)µHkkjresaghughaoju~fo'oosQyxHkxlHkhlektksaesaiq#"kksadhizèkkurkik;htkrhgSAog'kfDrdkizrhdekuktkrkgSAiq#"kviuhJs"Brk]'kfDr,oaiq#"kRodksLFkkfir,oalkfcrdjusosQfy,ukjhijvR;kpkjdjrkgSA
2- fL=k;ksa dh iq#"kksa ij vk£Fkd fuHkZjrk (Economic dependency of Women on Men)µ HkkjresafL=k;ksadhiq#"kksaijvk£FkdfuHkZjrkik;htkrhgSAifrghiRuhdkHkj.k&iks"k.kdjrkgSA,slhfLFkfresamlsifrosQvR;kpkjlgudjusiM+rsgSaA;fnmlsifr?kjlsfudkynsrkgSrksogcslgkjkgkstk,xh,oathou;kiudhdfBukbZHkhlkeusvk,xhA
170 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
3- vf'k{kk (Illiterarcy)µHkkjresafL=k;ksaesalk{kjrkdkizfr'kr2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkj53-6gSrFkkiq#"kksaesa75-2gSAf'k{kkosQvHkkoosQdkj.kefgyk,¡viusvfèkdkjksaosQizfrtkx:dughagSarFkkos;gHkhughatkurhfdmuosQfgrksadhj{kkosQfy,dkSu&dkSulsdkuwucusgq,gSarFkkmuijvR;kpkjgksusijmUgsafdulaxBUkksadhennysuhpkfg,Avf'k{kkmUgsa?kjdhpgkjnhokjhrdghoSQndjosQj[knsrhgSavkSjogvR;kpkjlgusosQfy,etcwjgkstkrhgSaA
4- efgykvksa osQ izfr fo}s"k (Hostility towards Women)µdbZiq#"kksaesaefgykvksaosQizfrfo}s"kdhHkkoukHkjhgksrhgSftlsosmuosQizfrvR;kpkjdjosQ'kkardjrsgSaAftuyksxksadksviusHkwrdkyesafdlhL=khusraxfd;kgks;kftldkizsevliQygksx;kgks]ohlEiw.kZukjhtxrosQizfrcnysdhHkkouklsizsfjrgksdjdk;ZdjrkgSAmlosQeuesafL=k;ksaosQizfr?k`.kk,oabZ";kZbruhxgjkbZlscSBtkrhgSfdmlosQthoudkmís';ghukjhmRihM+ugkstkrkgSvkSjogukjhdksviekfurdjusesaghlq[kdhvuqHkwfrdjrkgSA
5- lkekftd oqQizFkk,¡ (Evil Social Traditions)µHkkjr esa vusd oqQizFkk,¡ izpfyr gSaftuesacky&fookg]ijnk&izFkk]ngstizFkkfoèkokiqu£ookgdkvHkko]vkfnizeq[kgSaAbuoqQizFkkvksadkf'kdkjefgykvksadksghgksukiM+rkgSvkSjmulslacafèkrvR;kpkjHkhefgykvksadksgh>syusiM+rsgSaA
6- ikfjokfjd ruko (Family Tensions)µikfjokfjdrukoHkhefgykvksaosQizfrvR;pkjosQfy,mÙkjnk;hgSAtcifr&iRuhosQLoHkkoesalkeatL;ughagksrkgSAfopkjksaesavarjgksrkgSrcHkhiq#"kviusdksiRuhijFkksiusdkiz;RudjrkgS]mlsviusvuqowQycuusosQfy,ckè;djrkgSvkSjvuqowQyucuus,oafojksèkdjusdhfLFkfresaifr}kjkiRuhijtqYe<k,tkrsgSaA
7- ihfM+r }kjk HkM+dkuk (Provocation by Victim)µdbZckjihfM+rfL=k;ksadkO;ogkj,slkgksrkgStksifrdksvR;kpkjdjusosQfy,izsfjrdjrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,];fndksbZL=khviusifrdhnwljksaosQlkeuscqjkbZdjrhgS]og,slsyksxksalsckrphrdjrhgSftUgsamldkifrilUnughadjrkgS]ifrosQifjokjokyksaosQizfrnqO;ZogkjdjrhgS]?kjdhvksjè;kuughansrhgS]fdlhijk,enZlsvuSfrdlEcaèkj[krhgS]lkl&llqjdhvkKkdkikyuughadjrhgS]ifrosQekeysesavuko';dgLr{ksidjrhgS;kmlij'kddjrhgS]mlsrkusnsrh;kviekfurdjrhgSrks,slhfLFkfresaifrHkM+dtkrkgSvkSjiRuhosQizfrekj&ihV]xkyh&xykSt,oanqO;ZogkjdjrkgSAdbZckj;gHkhns[kktkrkgSfdftuefgykvksaosQlkFkcykRdkjgqvk]os,slhHkko&Hkafxek,¡,oaeqnzk,¡izdVdjjghFkhafdiq#"kcykRdkjosQfy,mÙksftrgksx;kAgR;kosQekeyksaesaHkh;gik;kx;kfdefgykuscglosQnkSjku,slhfLFkfriSnkdjnhfdiq#"kgR;kosQfy,m}sfyrgksx;kAvè;;uksals;gHkhizdVgqvkgSfdHkxkystkusosQekeyksaesaHkhyM+fd;ksaus,slkdjusosQfy,viuhlgefrnhFkh]fdUrqidM+stkusijiqfyl,oaekrk&firkosQnckoesavkdjmUgksausiq#"kijtcjuHkxkystkusdkvkjksiyxkfn;kA
8- u'kk (Intoxication)µ;siq#"ktks'kjkcihrsgSa;kvU;izdkjdku'kkdjrsgSa]u'ksosQnkSjkuHkhiRuhosQizfrvR;kpkjdjrsgSaAcykRdkjosQdbZekeyksaesa;gi;kx;kfdcykRdkjhu'ksesaèkqÙkFkkAifr'kjkcihdjtc?kjvkrkgSvkSjiRuhlsdgklquhgkstkrhgSrcHkhogiRuhdksxkyhnsus;kihVusdkdk;ZdjrkgSAbldkdkj.k;ggSfdu'ksdhgkyresaO;fDrdksvius}kjkfd,x,dk;ks±osQifj.kkeksadhtkudkjhughagksrhgSftlosQfy,oggks'kesavkusiji'pkrkidjrkgSA,slkHkhns[kkx;kgSfddbZckjO;fDrvijkèkdjusosQfy,lkgltqVkusosQfy,Hkh'kjkcdklsoudjrkgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 171
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
9- vijkèkh osQ izfr fuf"Ø;rk (Passiveness towards Criminal)µdbZckjvijkèkdhf'kdkjefgyk,¡viusizfrfd,x,vijkèkdkscnkZ'rdjrhjgrhgSavkSjosiqfyl;kU;k;ky;dh'kj.kesatkus;kvU;yksxksalsennysusdkiz;RuughadjrhgSaA,slhfLFkfresavijkèkhdksfujUrjvijkèkdjusdhizsj.kkfeyrhjgrhgSvkSjog,slkdjrkpyktkrkgSA
10- ifjfLFkfro'k izsj.kk (Situational Urge)µdbZckjifjfLFkfr;k¡gh,slhgkstkrhgSafdO;fDrvijkèkdjcSBrkgSAmnkgj.kosQfy,]vUèksjhjkf=kesadksbZL=khvosQysohjkuLFkkulsxqtjjghgksrksogk¡mifLFkrO;fDrcykRdkjosQfy,izsfjrgkstkrkgSA[ksr][kku;kiSQDVªhesaL=khosQvosQysgksusijHkhekfydmlosQlkFkNsM+NkM+;kvoSèklacaèkdkiz;RudjldrkgSA
efgykvksa osQ izfr ¯glk dks jksdus osQ mik; % lq>ko (Measures to Check Violence Against Women : Suggestions)
efgykvksaosQizfrfd,tkusokyh¯glkdksjksdusosQfy,gefuEukafdrmik;viukldrsgSa%
1- vkJ; dh O;oLFkk (Arragement for Shelter)µljdkj osQ Lo;alsoh laxBuksa dks,slhefgykvksaosQfy,vkokldhO;oLFkkdjuhpkfg,tksifrvkSjllqjkyokyksaosQvR;kpkjlsraxvkdj?kjNksM+ukpkgrhgSaAftuefgykvksadkvigj.kfd;kx;kgS;kftUgsaHkxkdjystk;kx;kgSostcidM+yhtkrhgSarksmuosQfy,rFkkftUgsaekjusdhèkefd;k¡nhtkjghgSa;kftuosQizfrizfrfnu¯glkgksjghgS],slhefgykvksaosQfy,lqjf{kr]LFkk;h;kvLFkk;hvkJ;tqVkukpkfg,A
2- jkstxkj dh O;oLFkk (Arrangement for Employment)µfL=k;ksa}kjkmuosQizfrdhtkusokyh¯glkdkscnkZ'rdjusdk,ddkj.kvk£FkdgSAosviusoviuscPpksaosQHkj.k&iks"k.kosQfy,ifr,oallqjkyi{kosQyksxksaijfuHkZjgksrhgSaA;fn,slhefgykvksaosQfy,jkstxkj,oaukSdjhdhO;oLFkkdhtk,]mUgsaNksVk&eksVkO;olk;djusosQfy,Í.kdhlqfoèkkmiyCèkdjk;htk,vkSjijke'kZdhlqfoèkkiznkudjk;htk,rksosviusizfrdhx;h¯glkdkslguughadjasxhvkSjvkRefuHkZjcuusdkiz;kldjsaxhA
3- f'k{kk dh lqfoèkk iznku dh tk, (Provide Educational Facilities)µL=kh ijvR;kpkjdk,ddkj.kfL=k;ksadkvf'kf{krgksukHkhgSAblsjksdusosQfy,Hkhf'k{kkdkizlkjfd;ktk,]tksi<+kbZNksM+pqdhgSavkSjvkxsi<+ukpkgrhgSa]muosQfy,fu%'kqYdf'k{kk,oaO;kolkf;d,oavU;izdkjosQizf'k{k.kdhO;oLFkkdhtk,AbllsmuesavkRefo'oklc<+sxk]osviusvfèkdkjksaosQizfrtkx:dgksaxhvkSjviusizfrfd,tkusokysvR;kpkjksadkfojksèkdjlosaQxhA
4- n.M dh O;oLFkk (Punishment)µtksyksxviuhifRu;ksadksijs'kkudjrsgSa]mudhlkekftdfuUnkdhtk,vkSjmUgsalkoZtfud:ilsnf.Mrfd;ktk,]ftllsfdvU;yksxksadksHkhlcdfeysvkSjos,slkdjusosQfy,izsfjrugksaA
5- efgyk U;k;ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk (Establishment of Women Courts)µefgykvksaosQizfrfd,x,vijkèkksa,oa¯glkdhlquok;hosQfy,i`Fko~QlsefgykU;k;ky;ksadhLFkkiukdhtk,ftlesavuqHkohefgykU;k;èkh'kgksaAbllslkekU;U;k;ky;ksaesatkusdkefgykvksaesatksHk;gksrkgSoglekIrgksxkvkSjosviuhckrdksbuU;k;ky;ksaesalkiQ&lkiQdgik,axhA,slsU;k;ky;ksadhlquokbZ,oadk;ZokghlkoZtfud:ilsugksAmuesaosQoyU;k;kèkh'k]ifjoknh,oaihfM+refgykdhenndjusokysyksxksa,oavkjksfi;ksadksghvkusdhbtktrgksA
172 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
6- dkuwuh lgk;rk ,oa ijke'kZ (Legal Aid and Consultancy)µihfM+refgykvksadksdkuwuhlgk;rkiznkudjus,oamuosQfooknksadksfuiVkusosQfy,Lo;alsohlaxBuksadksvkxsvkukgksxkvkSjoseqÝresa,slhihfM+refgykvksadhenndjsa,oamUgsamfprlykgnsdjmudkekxZn'kZudjsarkfdosiqu%lq[khthouO;rhrdjlosaQA
7- efgyk laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k (Formation of Women Organizations)µihfM+refgykvksadksvR;kpkjksalseqfDrfnykus]mUgsadkuwuh,oavk£Fkdennnsus]mUgsauSfrdlEcynsus,oamuesavkRefo'okltxkusosQfy,vfèkdkfèkdefgyklaxBuksadhLFkkiukdhtk,A,slslaxBuihfM+refgykosQifr]lkl&llqj,oallqjkyi{kokyksalsckrphrdj]muijlkekftdouSfrdnckoMkydjleL;kdklekèkkudjusdkizR;RudjsAO;fDrxrLrjosQLFkkuij;fnefgykvksa}kjklkewfgd:ilsiz;Rufd,tk,axsrksosvfèkddkjxjgksaxsA
8- oSpkfjd ifjorZu (Change in Attitude)µefgykvksa osQ fo#¼ ¯glk ,oa vijkèkksadks jksdusosQ fy,yM+fd;ksa osQekrk&firkosQ fopkjksa esa HkhifjorZuykukgksxkAosyM+fd;ksaesacpiulsghblizdkjdklekthdj.kdjrsgSaftlesamUgsaifrijes'ojdhèkkj.kkfl[kk;htkrhgS]mUgasdgktkrkgSifrosQ?kjMksyhtkrhgSvkSjvFkhZHkhoghalsmBrhgS]L=khdkslfg".kqgksukpkfg,]vkfnA,slslaLdkjksaosQdkj.kghL=khlcoqQNcnkZ'rdjrhjgrhgSvkSjizfrjksèkughadjrhAosviuhiqf=k;ksadksfookfgr,oafoèkokftUgsamuosQifrihVrsgSa;kllqjkyokysnqO;ZogkjdjrsgSa]dksmudhbPNkosQfo#¼llqjkyesajgusdksetcwjD;ksadjrsgSa]osmudksvius?kjD;ksaughacqykysrs]lkekftddyadosQMjlsosviuhiq=khdkscfydkcdjkD;ksacukrsgSa\
nwljhvksjefgykvksadksHkhfuf"Ø;:ilsvR;kpkjughalgukpkfg,]osviusneu,oa'kks"k.kosQizfrtkx:dgksa]mudkfojksèkdjsa]U;k;ky;]dkuwu,oaviusifjtuksalsennek¡xsaAmuosQ}kjkvR;kpkjlgusdkizHkkomuosQcPpksaijHkhiM+rkgSvkSjosHkhHkh#gkstkrsgSa]muosQO;fDrRodkfodklughagksikrkAvr%loZizFkerksLo;aefgykvksadksghmBukgksxk]tkxukgksxk]fojksèkizdVdjukgksxkrHkhosladVdhfLFkfr;ksalseqDrgksik,axhA
5-14 fgUnw efgykvksa dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Hindu Women)
fgUnwfL=k;ksadhizeq[kleL;k,¡fuEuizdkjgSaµ
1- ikfjokfjd leL;k,¡µfgUnwlektiq#"k&izèkkugSAHkkjresaijEijkRed:ilsfir`lÙkkRedla;qDrifjokjO;oLFkkik;htkrhgSftlesaifjokjosQiq#"klnL;ksadksrksvusdvfèkdkj,oalqfoèkk,¡izkIrgSa]fdUrqefgykvksadksmulsoafprfd;kx;kgSAla;qDrifjokjO;oLFkkesaefgykvksadhcM+hnqnZ'kkgksrhgSAosnklhdhrjgthouO;rhrdjrhgSaAmudkthou[kkukcukus]cPpksadkstUensus]mudhns[k&js[kdjus,oaifjokjosQlnL;ksadhlsokesaghO;rhrgkstkrkgSAefgykdkseuksjatudklkèkule>ktkrkgSAmlslkl&uunosQmykgus]xkfy;ksa,oaizrkM+ukdkf'kdkjcuukiM+rkgS]f'k{kk,oackgjhlalkjlsmldkdksbZukrkughajgikrkgSAoglkoZtfudthoulsvufHkKcuhjgrhgSvkSjmlosQO;fDrRodkleqfprfodklughagksikrkgSA
2- oSokfgd leL;k,¡µifjokjdhHkk¡frghHkkjrh;efgykvksadhoSokfgdleL;k,¡HkhxaHkhjgSaAfookglslacafèkrmudhizeq[kleL;k,¡fuEuizdkjgSaµ
(d)cky&fookgµizkphule;ls gh Hkkjr esa cky&fookgdk izpyu jgk gSA gekjsèkeZ&xzUFkksaosQjpukdkjcky&fookgosQi{kesajgsagSavkSjdevk;qesaghyM+dhdkfookgdjnsukekrk&firkdkèkk£eddrZO;ekukx;kgSAHkkjrdhèkeZHkh#
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 173
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
turkèkk£edxzaFkksalsizsj.kkysdjNksVs&NksVsvcksèkckydksadkfookgdjrhjghgSavkSjvktHkhxzkeksaesa,slsfookgcgqrghlaiUugksrsgSaAegkjk"VªesarksnksxHkZorhefgyk,¡igyslsgh;gr;djysrhgSafdmuesals,dosQyM+dkvkSjnwljhosQyM+dhgqbZrksmunksuksadkijLijfookgdjokfn;ktk,xkAjktLFkkuosQxzkeh.k{ks=kksaesarksnwèkihrscPpksadksxksnesamBkdjvkSjFkkyhesacSBkdj'kknhdjoknhtkrhgSAlkekU;tudhrksckrghD;kdbZfoèkkufuekZrkHkhcky&fookglEiUudjkrsjgsgSaAdevk;qesafookggksus]larkusagksus,oaikfjokfjdnkf;RovktkusosQdkj.k]fL=k;ksadkLokLF;fxjtkrkgSvkSjos#X.kcuhjgrhgSa]iQyLo:imudhe`R;q&njc<+tkrhgSvkSjvkSlrthouvofèk?kVtkrhgSAdevk;qesafookgosQdkj.ktUe&njesaHkho`f¼gkstkrhgSvkSjnqcZylUrkusaiSnkgksrhgSaA
([k)foèkok&iqu£ookg dk vHkkoµfgUnqvksaesaiRuhdhe`R;qosQcknifrdksrksnwljkfookgdjusdhNwVnhxbZgSAD;ksafdiRuhosQfcukogèkk£eddk;ZlEiUuughadjldrk]fdUrqfL=k;ksadksifrdhe`R;qosQcknnwljkfookgdjusdheukghgSAfoèkokL=khvPNkHkkstuughadjldrh]mlosQHkkstuesaehBs]pViVs]Lokfn"V,oaikSf"VdrRoksaosQLFkkuijlknhoLrq,¡ek=kgksuhpkfg,Amlsb=k]rsy]iwQy,oapedhys&HkM+dhysoL=kughaiguuspkfg,D;ksafdbuls;kSumÙkstukiSnkgksrhgStksmlsiFk&Hkz"VdjldrhgSAfoèkok&iqu£ookgosQvHkkouslrh&izFkkdkstUefn;kftlosQvuqlkj,dL=khviusifrdhe`R;qosQcknmldhfprkesavkRenkgdjysrhgSA'kqHkdk;ks±esafoèkokvksadhmifLFkfrvi'koqQuekuhtkrhgSAmUgsaifjokjesalaifÙk,oavU;vfèkdkjksarFkklqfoèkkvksalsoafprdjfn;ktkrkgSrFkkvusdizdkjdh;kruk,¡nhtkrhgSaAblizdkjfookgdh;glqfoèkk,di{kh;gStksiq#"kusviusfy,rksj[kh]¯drqfL=k;ksadksbllsoafprdjfn;kAfoèkok&iqu£ookgdkvHkkomPp,oaf}ttkfr;ksaesaghgS]fuEutkfresarksbldhNwVgSAfdUrqftutkfr;ksaesafoèkok&iqu£ookgdhvuqefrgS]ogk¡foèkokvksaijvU;fu;ksX;rk,¡ykxwdhtkrhgSavkSjmudknwljkfookgigysdhrjgèkweèkkevkSjmRlkglsughafd;ktkrkgSAmUgsaoSfndjhfrlsfookgdjusdhctk;^ukrk*fookgdjusdhNwVgSA
orZekuesafoèkokvksadhfLFkfresalqèkkjgqvkgS]dkuwu}kjkifrdhlaifÙkesamUgsavfèkdkjfeykgSAljdkjhdeZpkfj;ksadhfoèkokvksadksvkthouikfjokfjdHkÙkk,oaisU'kunsusosQfu;eksausHkhfoèkokvksadksvk£Fkdlaj{k.kiznkufd;kgSA¯drqxkaoksaesarksfLFkfrvcHkhfodVgSA
(x)ngstµorZekuesangst,dxaHkhjleL;kcuhgqbZgSAblosQdkj.kekrk&firkosQfy,yM+fd;ksadkfookg,dvfHk'kkicux;kgSAthou&lkFkhpquusdklhfer{ks=k]cky&fookgdhvfuok;Zrk]oqQyhufookg]f'k{kk,oalkekftdizfr"Bk]èkudkegÙo]egaxhf'k{kk]lkekftdizFkk,oaizn'kZurFkk>wBh'kku]vkfnosQdkj.kngstysukvkSjnsukvko';dgksx;kgSAngstosQdkj.kutkusfdruhfL=k;ksadkstykfn;kx;k];kruk,¡nhx;havkSjvkRegR;k,¡gqbZgSaAvk,fnui=k&if=kdkvksaesagengstosQdkj.kfL=k;ksadhgR;kvksa,oamUgsatyknsusosQlekpkji<+rsgSaAngstusghckfydk&oèk]ikfjokfjdfo?kVu]Í.kxzLrrk]fuEuthou&Lrj]cgqiRuhizFkk]csesy&fookg]vuSfrdrk]vijkèk]Hkz"Vkpkj,oavusdekufldchekfj;ksadkstUefn;kgSAngstosQdkj.kghdbZifjokjksaesaiq=khosQtUedksvi'koqQuekuktkrkgSA
lkekftdvkSjvk£Fkdfo"kerk,¡c<+tkusosQdkj.kngst,degÙoiw.kZizyksHkucux;kgSAngstesa#i;klsysdjcrZuksa]tsoj]jsfizQtjsVj]dkjrFkk,;jdf.M'kuj
174 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
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(N)cgqiRuh fookgµHkkjrosQvusdHkkxksaesacgqiRuhizFkkdkizpyugSA;gfL=k;ksaosQfy,?kksjviekutud,oavkifÙktudgSAcgqiRuhRoosQdkj.kifjokjesala?k"kZ]oSeuL;,oabZ";kZdkokrkoj.kcukjgrkgSAbllsifjokjdhlq[k&'kkfUrlekIrgksrhgS]fL=k;ksadhlkekftdizfr"BkfxjtkrhgSvkSjifrdhe`R;qgksusijmldhlHkhifRu;k¡foèkok,oavukFkgkstkrhgSaA,dkfèkdifRu;ksadkHkj.k&iks"k.kHkhmfpr:ilsughagksikrkAuohufoèkkuksaosQizHkko]f'k{kkosQizlkj]eg¡xkbZ]vkfnosQdkj.kcgqiRuhfookgèkhjs&èkhjslekIrgksjgsgSavkSj,dfookgdhla[;kc<+jghgS]¯drqvktHkhfuEutkfr;ksaesa,dkfèkdfL=k;k¡j[kukizfr"BklwpdekuktkrkgSAcgqiRuhizFkkosQdkj.kfL=k;ksadhikfjokfjd,oalkekftdizfr"BkfxjtkrhgSAcaxkyesatgk¡oqQyhufookgizpfyrjgsgSa];gizFkkvfèkdjghgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 175
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
3- ijnk&izFkkµHkkjrh;fL=k;ksadhizkphudkylspyhvkjgh,dleL;kijnkj[kusdhHkhgSAfL=k;ksals;gvis{kkdhtkrhgSfdos?kw¡?kVfudkysavkSjvU;iq#"kksalsnwjhcjrsa]muosQlkeus[kqyseq¡gckrudjsaAijnk&izFkkosQdkj.kfL=k;ksaosQO;fDrRodkfodklughagksikrkgS]osf'k{kkxzg.kdjus,oavtZudjuslsoafprjgtkrhgSarFkkbllsmuosQLokLF;ijHkhcqjkizHkkoiM+rkgSAorZekuesaèkhjs&èkhjs;gizFkklekIrgksrhtkjghgSA
4- os';ko`fÙkµos';ko`fÙk,dlkekftdcqjkbZosQ:iesavfrizkphudkylsizpfyrgSAos';ko`fÙk];kSu&r`fIrdk,dfoÑr,oa?k`f.krlkèkuekukx;kgSAblizkphuO;olk;dkorZekuesaO;kikjhdj.kgqvkgSA;kSuifo=krkijcy]cky&fookg]foèkok&fookgdkvHkko]ngst]thou&LrjdksÅ¡pkmBkusdhbPNk]xjhch]ukjhdhvk£FkdijkfJrrk]nq%[khoSokfgdthou,oafL=k;ksaosQfy,jkstxkjosQvi;kZIrvolj]vkfn,slsdkj.kgSaftUgksausblcqjkbZdksiSQykusesa;ksxfn;kgSA
5- LokLF; lacaèkh leL;k,¡µHkkjresaLokLF;dkfuEuLrjik;ktkrkgSAblosQdbZdkj.kgSa]tSlsxjhch]csdkjh]LokLF;osQfu;eksaosQizfrvKkurk]fpfdRlklqfoèkkvksadkvHkko,oaO;kidchekfj;k¡Apw¡fdHkkjrh;lektiq#"k&izèkkugS]vr%iq#"kksaosQLokLF;dhvis{kkfL=k;ksaosQLokLF;dhrjiQleqfprè;kuughafn;ktkrkgSAblhdkj.k;gk¡¯yxvuqikresaiq#"kksadhvfèkdrk]fL=k;ksaesae`R;q&njdhvfèkdrk,oathouvofèkdegSA;|fiL=kh&iq#"knksuksadhvkSlrvk;qesao`f¼gqbZgSfiQjHkhiq#"kksadhrqyukesafL=k;ksadhthouvofèklnSoghdejghgSAvleku¯yxvuqikr]fL=k;ksadhvkSlrvk;qesadeh,oae`R;q&njdhvfèkdrkosQ fy,cky&fookg]izlo&dkyesa fL=k;ksadhe`R;q]fL=k;ksadhvk£FkdijkfJrrk]yM+fd;ksadhvis{kkyM+dksadksvfèkdegÙonsuk]oqQiks"k.k,oaLokLF;lsokvksadkvHkko]vkfnmÙkjnk;hgSaAvfèkdka'kr%efgykvksaesa;kSulacaèkhjksxHkhns[kusdksfeyrsgSaA
6- 'kS{kf.kd leL;k,¡µHkkjresalk{kjrkdkizfr'krcgqrdegSAfL=k;ksaesarks;gizfr'krvkSjHkhfuEugSA1971esaefgykvksaesalk{kjrkdkizfr'kr18-4oiq#"kksaesa39-5Fkktks2001esac<+djØe'k%53-7o75-2gksx;kA;gfHkUurkvyx&vyxjkT;ksaesavyx&vyxgSAosQjyesalk{kjrkdkizfr'krlokZfèkdgS]tcfdjktLFkkuov#.kkpyizns'kesadegSAjktLFkkuesa2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkjlk{kjrkdhnj60-4gSAjktLFkkuosQxzkeh.k{ks=kksaesarksfL=k;ksadhlk{kjrkdkizfr'krosQoy43-9ghgSAtksfdns'kesalclsdegSA2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkjns'kesa33-88djksM+fL=k;k¡fuj{kjgSaAHkkjresauxjksadhrqyukesaxk¡oksaesarksL=khlk{kjrkcgqrdegSAMkWDVjh]bUthfu;¯jx]odkyr,oavU;rduhdhf'k{kkizkIrdjusokyhyM+fd;ksadhla[;krksvkSjHkhdegSAfL=k;ksadksf'k{kkufnykusdkdkj.kijnk&izFkkvkSjfL=k;ksadhiq#"kksaijfuHkZjrk,oamudkdk;Z&{ks=k?kjrdghlhfergksukgSAxzkeh.kyksxrkslkekU;r%;gdgrsgSafdyM+dhrksijk;kèkugS]mlsi<+kdjgesadksbZjktughadjokukgSAyM+fd;ksadksi<+kukvcHkhdbZxzkeh.kyksxmfprughaekursA;ghdkj.kgSfdHkkjrh;fL=k;k¡vf'kf{krgSavkSjvf'k{kkosQdkj.kmRiUuleL;kvksadkmUgsaf'kdkjgksukiM+rkgSA
7- vk£Fkd leL;k,¡µxjhchblns'kdhlclscM+hleL;kgStksvusdvU;leL;kvksadksHkhtUensrhgSAHkkjrh;ukfj;ksadhHkhleL;k,¡mudhxjhch]vk£FkdijkfJrrk,oa'kks"k.klstqM+hgqbZgSaAHkkjresaiq#"kksadhrqyukesafL=k;ksadksdeosru,oaikfjJfedfn;ktkrkjgkgSApkgsogÑf"kdk{ks=kgks]m|ksxgks;kdksbZvU;{ks=kgksAvfèkdka'kr%efgyk,¡Ñf"k&dk;ZlsghlacafèkrgSaAblosQvfrfjDros[kuu]i'kq&ikyu,oaJfeddk;ZesaHkhyxhgqbZgSaAmPpinksaijvklhufL=k;k¡rksfxurhdhgSaAtcefgyk,¡jkstxkj
176 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
dk;ks±esaHkkxhnkjcgqrdegSarksmudhvk;HkhdegSAla;qDrifjokjiz.kkyh]iq#"kksaij fuHkZjrk] L=khvf'k{kk]vKkurk]ijnk&izFkk]:f<+okfnrkvkfndkj.kksals fL=k;ksadkdk;Z{ks=k?kjrdghlhfergSvkSjosvDljdekusosQfy,ckgjughatkrha]iQyLo:imUgsaviusHkj.k&iks"k.krdosQfy,iq#"kdhvksjns[kukgksrkgSAfuEuvk£FkdfLFkfrosQdkj.kifjokj,oalektesaHkhmudhizfr"BkmPpughagksikrhvkSjmUgsablosQdbZnq"ifj.kkeHkqxrusgksrsgSaA
8- lkekftd leL;k,¡µikfjokfjd,oaoSokfgdleL;k,¡lkekftdleL;k,¡ghgSaftudkmYys[kgeiwoZesadjpqosQgSaAbuosQvfrfjDrfL=k;ksadh,dleL;kL=kh&iq#"kksadhHkwfedkesafoHksndjusdhgSA;|fiHkkjrh;lafoèkkuesaL=kh&iq#"kksaosQchpvfèkdkjksadhlekurkijtksjfn;kx;kgSfiQjHkhoqQN{ks=ktSls]lsuk]vkfnesamudhlsok,¡ughayhtkrhaAfL=k;ksadksizeq[k:ils?kjlslacafèkrekukx;kgSvkSjmUgsax`gdk;Zdhns[kHkkydkdk;ZdjukgksrkgSAiRuh,oaekadhHkwfedk,¡ghmudhizeq[kHkwfedk,¡ekuhx;hgSaAfL=k;k¡pkgs[ksrksaesa]dkj[kkuksaesa]Hkou&fuekZ.k,oa[knkuksaesadkedjsavkSjpkgslisQniks'kukSdfj;k¡djsamulsmlhizdkjx`gdk;ks±osQfuokZgdhvk'kkdhtkrhgSftlizdkj,dx`gLFkhrdlhferL=khlsdhtkrhgSAckálalkjesamudhHkwfedkdksiq#"kksadhHkwfedkdhrjgLohdkjughafd;kx;kgSAleqnk;osQfy,fu.kZ;ysus]jktuhfrd'kfDrdkiz;ksxdjus]xkao,oatkfr&iapk;resaHkkxysus]vkfndk;ks±dksiq#"kksardghlhferfd;kx;kgSA?kjosQckgjiq#"kpkgs'kkjhfjdJedkdk;Zdjsa]¯drqoghdk;Z?kjesadjukmlosQfy,viekutudekuktkrkgSvkSjL=khlsghmlsdjusdhvis{kkdhtkrhgSA[kkukcukukodiM+slhuk]vkfndk;Ziq#"kO;olk;osQ:iesarksviukldrkgS]¯drq?kjesa;sdk;ZfL=k;ksaijNksM+fn,tkrsgSaAifjokjesavkSjmlosQckgjosQdk;ks±esafu.kZ;ysusesaHkhfL=k;ksadhvis{kkiq#"kghegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkkrsgSaA
9- jktuhfrd leL;k,¡µtcfL=k;ksadkdk;Z&{ks=k?kjghr;djfn;kx;kgksvkSjckáthouesamuosQfdlhHkhizdkjosQ;ksxnkudhvis{kkughadhxbZgksrksmUgasjktuhfrdthoulsysuk&nsukghD;kgS\;ghdkj.kgSfdHkkjresafL=k;ksaeasdHkhjktuhfrdpsrukughajghvkSjosjktdktesaHkkxhnkjughagqbZAfL=k;ksadhfLFkfrdkslqèkkjusosQfy,oqQNlqèkkjvkUnksyuksadkiz;RuHkhukjhdksifjokjesaubZfLFkfrfnykukjgkA20ohalnhosQizkjafHkdo"kks±esaefgyklaxBuksadhLFkkiukgqbZftUgksausjktuhfrdvfèkdkjksadhekaxdhA1917esaljksftuhuk;MwusfczfV'kik£y;kes.VesafL=k;ksadhHkhiq#"kksaosQlekuerkfèkdkjdhekaxdhA1921esalEiUu,oaf'kf{krefgykvksadksernkudkvfèkdkjnsfn;kx;kAfons'kh'kkldksadks;gfo'oklHkhughagksrkFkkfdHkkjrh;lektesaHkhdHkhfL=k;ksadksiq#"kksaosQled{kjktuhfrdvfèkdkjizkIrgksaxsAxkaèkhthusHkhfL=k;ksaosQjktuhfrdvfèkdkjksaijcyfn;kvkSjLorU=krkvkUnksyuesamulsizsfjrgksdjdbZefgykvksausHkkxfy;kALora=krkosQcknefgykvksaus foèkk;dksa]lkalnksa]jkT;iky]eU=kh]eq[;ea=khvkSjizèkkuea=khrddknkf;RolaHkkykgSAbllsLi"VgSfdmuesajktuhfrdpsrukc<+hgS]fiQjHkhiq#"kksadhrqyukeasosvcHkhfiNM+hgqbZgSaA
mi;qZDrfoospulsLi"VgSfdHkkjrh;ukfj;k¡vktHkhfofHkUuikfjokfjd]oSokfgd]lkekftd]'kS{kf.kd]LokLF;lacaèkhvk£FkdvkSjjktuhfrdleL;kvksalsxzLrgSaAbuleL;kvksalseqfDrosQfcuklekurkosQbl;qxesafL=k;ksadksmudhlPphizfr"BkizkIrughagksldrhAfL=k;ksadhfLFkfrdkslqèkkjus,oamUgsalkekftdU;k;fnykusgsrq;gk¡lqèkkjvkUnksyugq,gSavkSjljdkjhoxSj&ljdkjhLrjijdY;k.kdk;ZHkhfd,x,gSaA
¯gnqvksaosQlkFk&lkFkeqlyekuHkhHkkjrh;lektosQ,dizeq[kvaxgSaAtula[;kdhn`f"VlsHkhHkkjresafgUnqvksaosQcknmudknwljkLFkkugSAvr%;gk¡ijeqfLyefL=k;ksadhleL;kvksadkmYys[kdjukHkhmfprgksxkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 177
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
5-15 eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;k,¡ (Problems of Muslim Women)
lS¼kfUrd:ilseqfLyeefgykvksadksvusdvfèkdkjiznkufd,x,gSa]fdUrqrLohjdknwljkigywHkhgS]O;kogkfjdn`f"VlsosvktvusdleL;kvksalsxzLrgSa]ifj.kkeLo:imudhlkekftdfLFkfrdkiQhfxjhgqbZgSA;sleL;k,¡fuEuizdkjgSa%
1- cgqiRuhRo dh leL;kµeqfLyelekt esa ,d iq#"kdks pkj rd ifRu;k¡ j[kus dhlkekftd,oaoSèkkfudLohÑfrizkIrgSAvfèkdfL=k;k¡gksusijiq#"klslekuO;ogkjdhvis{kkughadhtkldrhAmuosQizfrHksnHkkocjrktkrkgSvkSjmUgsaiRuhRodkokLrfodlq[kughafeyikrkAL=khdhiq#"kijfuHkZjrkosQdkj.kHkhmudhfLFkfrÅ¡phughamBikrh]lHkhfL=k;ksaosQcPpksadksHkhifjokjesalekufLFkfrughafeyikrh],slhn'kkesamlsdHkh&dHkhla?k"kZHkhdjukiM+rkgSA
2- rykd dh leL;kµlS¼kfUrd:ilsrkseqfLyeefgykvksadksHkhiq#"kosQlekughrykdosQvfèkdkjizkIrgSaAfdUrqiq#"kijvk£FkdfuHkZjrk]vf'k{kk,oalektesaiq#"kksadhizèkkurkosQdkj.kiq#"kokLroesablvfèkdkjdkiz;ksxeuekus<axlsdjrkgS]fdUrqefgyk,¡blvfèkdkjdkiz;ksxdjusesaviusdksvlgk;ikrhgSaA
3- ijnk izFkkµeqfLyelektesaefgykvksadksoqQn`f"VlscpkusosQ fy,ijnkdjusdkvkns'kfn;kx;kgSAijnk&izFkkosQdkj.keqfLyeefgykvksadhf'k{kkughagksik;hgSAf'k{kkosQvHkkoesamuesavKkurk,oa:f<+okfnrkO;kIrgS]osLora=k:ilsvFkksZiktZuughadjikrhgSavkSjjktuhfrd,oalkoZtfudthouesaHkkxysuslsoafprjghgSaAns'kdhf'kf{krefgykvksaesamudkizfr'krcgqrghdegSA;ghdkj.kgSfdlektfuekZ.k,oalqèkkjeasHkhmudk;ksxnkucgqrdegSA
4- èkk£ed dV~VjrkµeqfLyeèkeZdBksjvuq'kklu,oa fu;U=k.kdhekaxdjrkgSAvr%blesadV~VjrkikbZtkrhgSA;guohurk,oaifjorZudksLohdkjughadjrk];ghdkj.kgSfdtsV;qxesaHkhvjchlekt,oaeksgEenlkgcosQ;qxosQfu;eksadkikyufd;ktkrkgSAfgUnqvksaesaèkeZ&lqèkkjosQvkUnksyuksausèkk£eddBksjrkdksdefd;kgSAmlhizdkjlsVdhZesadekyik'kkosQusr`RoesaefgykvksadhfLFkfresalqèkkjosQiz;Rugq,]fdUrqvktiqu%bZjkuesa'kkgdhljdkjosQiruosQckn,oaikfdLrkuesaljdkjosQusr`RoesaizkphubLykeosQfu;eksadksdBksjrklsykxwdjusosQiz;Rufd,x,AbldkizHkkogqvkfdeqfLyens'kksaesaefgykvksadkslkoZtfudthouesaizkIrmuvfèkdkjksalsiqu%oafprfd;ktkjgkgSftUgsaizkIrdjusosQfy,mUgksaus,dyackla?k"kZfd;kgSA
5- vfèkdkjksa dh vO;kogkfjdrkµeqfLyeefgykvksadks fookg] ifjokj ,oalEifÙklslEcfUèkrvusdvfèkdkjiznkufd,x,gSa]fdUrqO;kogkfjdn`f"Vlsbudkmi;ksxdjukmuosQfy,dfBugSAfoèkokL=khdksiqu£ookgdkvfèkdkjgS]fdUrq,slhL=khdkslektesaghun`f"Vlsns[kktkrkgSAblhizdkjlsfookgosQiwoZL=khlsLohÑfryhtkrhgS]fdUrqog,dvkSipkfjdrkghgS]mlsekrk&firkdhbPNkosQvuqlkjLohÑfrnsuhghiM+rhgSAesgjdhjkf'kijHkhL=khdkughaoju~iq#"kdk;kifjokjdkghvfèkdkjgksrkgSAlEifÙkesamlsdksbZfgLlkughafn;ktkrkgSvkSj,slkdjusosQfy,mlsU;k;ky;dh'kj.kesaghtkukiM+rkgSAogO;ogkjesaviusrykdosQvfèkdkjdkHkhdeghiz;ksxdjikrhgSAbllkjsfooj.klsLi"VgSfdvktHkheqfLyeefgykdhlkekftdfLFkfrvPNhughagS;|filS¼kfUrdn`f"VlsmlsdbZvfèkdkjiznkufd,x,gSaA
eqfLye efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku gsrq iz;Ru
eqfLyelektijEijkoknhgSrFkkèkk£eddV~Vjrkesafo'okldjrkgSAeqlyekuksaosQthouosQlHkh{ks=kksadklapkyuoqQjkuosQfu;eksaosQvkèkkjijgksrkgSA;ghdkj.kgSfduohuifjorZuksaosQ
178 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
ckotwnHkheqfLyeefgykvksadhlkekftdfLFkfrdksÅ¡pkmBkus,oaleL;kvksaosQlekèkkugsrqHkkjresadksbZfo'ks"kiz;Ruughagq,gSaAvaxzsth'kkludkyesamuosQfooklslacafèkrnksvfèkfu;evo';ikfjrgq,µ(1)eqfLye'kjh;rvfèkfu;e]1937_(2)eqfLyefookg&foPNsnvfèkfu;e]1939A'kjh;rvfèkfu;eeqfLyeefgykdksifrosQuaiqldgksusvkSjmlosQ}kjkiRuhij>wBkO;fHkPkkjdknks"kkjksi.kdjusrFkkbykoftgjosQvkèkkjijrykddhNwVnsrkgSAeqfLyefookg&foPNsnvfèkfu;eeqfLyeefgykvksadksfuEukafdrvkèkkjksaijrykdnsusdhNwVnsrkgS]tSlsµifrHkj.k&iks"k.kdjusesavleFkZgks]lkro"kZlsvfèkdo"kks±osQfy,tsyesagks]uiqald]ikxy];kSujksxooqQ"Bjksxlsxzflrgks]ozwQjrkiw.kZO;ogkjdjrkgks]èkk£eddk;ks±esackèkkMkyrkgks,oa,dkfèkdifRu;k¡gksusijlcosQlkFklekuO;ogkjudjrkgksA
Li"VgSfdeqfLyeefgyk,¡vktHkhfofHkUuleL;kvksalsxzLrgSa]ftUgssanwjdjusosQfy,dkjxjmik;djusdhl[rvko';drkgSAvcge;gk¡efgykvksadhleL;kvksaosQlekèkkufy,fd,x,lqèkkjvkUnksayuksa,oafofHkUumik;ksadkmYys[kdjsaxsA
5-16 efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa osQ lekèkku gsrq iz;Ru (Efforts to Solve Problems of Women)
efgykvksadhlkekftdfLFkfrdksifjo£rrdjusesafuEudkjdksadk;ksxjgkgS%
1- lqèkkj vkUnksyuµ19oha 'krkCnhosQizkjaHklsghoqQN fpUru'khyO;fDr;ksa]tSls jktkjkeeksgujk;]bZ'ojpUnz fo|klkxj]n;kuUnljLorh]osQ'kopUnzlsu],suhcsls.V]eg£"kdosZ]vkfnusHkkjrh;lektesaefgykvksadhn;uh;fLFkfrijfopkjdjukizkjaHkdjfn;k FkkAdbZegkiq#"kksa uslekt&lqèkkjosQvkUnksyuksadklapkyudjefgykvksadhfLFkfrdksÅ¡pkmBkusdkiz;Rufd;kAjktkjkeeksgujk;us1828esaczãlektdhLFkkiukdhvkSjvkiosQiz;Ruksalsgh1829esalrh&izFkkfujksèkdvfèkfu;ecukAvkiuscky&fookgdkslekIrrFkk^foèkokiqu£ookg*dksizpfyrdjkusosQi{keastuerrS;kjfd;kALokehn;kuUnljLorhusefgykf'k{kkdksizksRlkfgrdjusrFkkcky&fookgvkSjijnkizFkkdkslekIrdjusosQfy,iz;klfd,AbZ'ojpUnzfo|klkxjuscgqiRuhfookg,oa foèkok&iqu£ookg fu"ksèkdk fojksèk fd;kvkSjvkiosQ iz;Ruksa ls 1856 esa foèkokiqu£ookgvfèkfu;ecukAeg£"kdosZusHkhfoèkok&iqu£ookg,oaefgyk&f'k{kkosQfy,iz;klfd,AosQ'kopUnzlsuosQiz;klksals1872esafo'ks"kfookgvfèkfu;e*cukftlusfoèkok&iqu£ookg,oavUrtkZrh;fookgdksekU;rkiznkudhAbl'krkCnhesadbZefgykvksa,oaefgyklaxBuksa usefgykvksadksvfèkdkj fnykus,oamuesatkx`frykusosQiz;Rufd,AjekckbZjkukMs]eSMedkek]rksjnÙk]ekjxzsVukscyrFkk,suhcsls.V]vkfnefgykvksarFkk^vf[kyHkkjrh;efgyklEesyu*]^Hkkjrh;efgyklfefr*]^fo'ofo|ky;efgykla?k*]^vf[kyHkkjrh;efgykvksaf'k{kklaLFkk*]^dLrwjckxkaèkhLekjdVªLV*]vkfnefgyklaxBuksausHkhefgykvksadhfu;ksZX;rkvksadksdedjus,oamudhfLFkfrdkslqèkkjusosQiz;Rufd,AegkRekxkaèkhefgykvksa&iq#"kksadhlekurkosQleFkZdFksAmUgksausefgykvksadksjk"Vªh;vkanksyuesaHkkxysusosQfy,izsfjrfd;kA
2- laoSèkkfud O;oLFkk,¡µle;≤ ijvusd ,slsvfèkfu;e ikfjr fd, x, ftUgkasusefgykvksa dh n'kk dks lqèkkjus esa ;ksx fn;kA 1955 osQ ¯gnw fookg vfèkfu;e esaefgyk&iq#"kksadksfookgosQlacaèkesalekuvfèkdkjfn,x,]cky&fookglekIrdjfn;kx;kvkSjefgykvksadksi`FkDdj.krFkkfookg&foPNsn,oafoèkokvksadksiqu£ookgdhLohÑfrnhx;hA1956osQfgUnwmÙkjkfèkdkjvfèkfu;e]efgykvksavkSjdU;kvksadkvuSfrdO;kikjfujksèkdvfèkfu;e]ngstfujksèkdvfèkfu;e1961]vkfnusefgykvksadhfLFkfrdkslqèkkjusdhn`f"VlsegÙoiw.kZHkwfedkfuHkk;hgSA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 179
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
3- f'k{kk dk izlkjµtc efgykvksa esa f'k{kk dk izlkj gqvk rks os ijEijkxr cUèkuksa]:f<+okfnrkoèkekZUèkrklseqDrgqbZA ftulkekftdoqQjhfr;ksadksoslhusls fpiVk,gq,Fkha]mUgasR;kx]muesaroZQvkSjfoosdtkxkvkSjKkuosQ}kj[kqysAvkèkqfudf'k{kkizkIrefgyk,¡cUèkulseqfDrpkgrhgSa]iq#"kksadhnklrkdksLOkhdkjughadjrhavkSjosLorU=krkrFkklekurkdhiks"kdgSaAf'k{kkusefgykvksadksviusvfèkdkjksaosQizfrHkhtkx:dcuk;kAblizdkjf'k{kkdkizlkjHkhefgykvksadhfLFkfresaifjorZuosQfy,eq[;dkjdjgkgSA
4- ik'pkR; laLÑfr dk izHkkoµHkkjresa150o"kks±rdvaxzstksadkjkT;jgkAbllsHkkjrosQyksxif'pehlH;rkolaLÑfrosQlEioZQesavk,Aif'pehlaLÑfresaL=kh&iq#"kksadhlekurk]LorU=krkrFkklkekftdU;k;ijtksjfn;kx;kAif'peesalEioZQdkizHkkoHkkjrh;efgykvksaijHkhiM+kvkSjosHkhviusthouesaif'peosQewY;ksa]fopkjksavkSjfo'oklksadksviukusyxhaAmUgksausLorU=krk]lekurk]U;k;vkSjviusvfèkdkjksadhekaxdhftlosQiQyLo:imUgsadbZlkekftd]vk£Fkd,oajktuhfrdlqfoèkk,¡,oavfèkdkjizkIrgq,A
5- vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa uxjhdj.kµvkS|ksxhdj.kosQdkj.kefgykvksadhiq#"kksaijvk£FkdfuHkZjrkdegqbZ]osLo;adkj[kkuksaesadkedjusyxha]bllsmuesavkRe&fo'okltkxk]vkRefuHkZjrkiSnkgqbZvkSjiq#"kksadhnklrko fuHkZjrklekIrgqbZAuxjksaesa O;fDrxrLorU=krkik;htkrhgS]bldkj.kogk¡izse&fookg]vUrtkZrh;fookgrFkkfoèkok&iqu£ookgdkscqjkughaekuktkrkAuxjksaesaefgykvksadksf'k{kkosQ{ks=kesavfèkdvoljizkIrgksrsgSaAosogk¡jktuhfrdthouesaHkhHkkxysrhgSaAblizdkjvkS|ksxhdj.k,oauxjhdj.kusefgykvksadhfLFkfrdksifjo£rrdjusesaegÙoiw.kZ;ksxfn;kgSA
6- la;qDr ifjokjksa dk fo?kVuµijEijkxrHkkjrh;lektesala;qDrifjokjksadhcgqyrkFkhAla;qDrifjokjesaefgykvksadksiq#"kksaosQvèkhujgukgksrkFkkrFkk?kjdhpkjnhokjhghmudkdk;Z&{ks=kgskrkFkkAfdUrqtcuohuifjfLFkfr;ksaosQdkj.kla;qDrifjokjVwVusyxsvkSjmuosQLFkkuij,dkdhifjokjcuusyxsrksefgykvksadhLorU=krk]lEeku,oaxfr'khyrkesao`f¼gqbZA
7- vk£Fkd dfBukb;k¡µvkèkqfudle;esaegaxkbZosQdkj.keè;eoxZosQifjokjksadksdbZvk£FkddfBukb;ksadklkeukdjukiM+jgkgSAvPNkHkkstu]vPNkedkuvkSjlqfoèkk,¡izkIrdjusosQfy,os;gpkgrsgSafdefgyk,¡Hkhèkuv£trdjsaAvr%mUgsai<+k&fy[kkdjukSdjh,oaO;olk;osQfy,rS;kjfd;ktkrkgSAbllsmudhlkekftd]vk£Fkd]'kS{kf.kd,oaikfjokfjdfLFkfresalqèkkjgqvkA
8- vUrtkZrh; fookgµtc,dtkfrdhyM+dhnwljhtkfrosQyM+osQlsizse&fookg;kvUrZtkrh;fookgdjusyxhrksefgykvksadhfLFkfresaifjorZugqvk]osvcifjokjijvk£FkdHkkjughale>htkusyxharFkk,slsfookglscusifjokjesaifr&iRuhesalekurkosQHkkoik,tkrsgSavkSjL=khdksiq#"kdhnklhughale>ktkrkA
5-17 ljdkj }kjk fd;s x;s iz;Ru (Efforts Made by the Government)
efgyk dY;k.k dk;ZØe
1- 2001dhtux.kukosQvuqlkjns'kdhoqQytula[;k102-8djksM+gSftlesals49-65djksM+efgyk,¡gSatksns'kdhoqQyvkcknhdk48-3izfr'krgSaAlektosQbruscM+sHkkxdhmis{kkdjHkkjrizxfrughadjldrkAefgykvksaosQdY;k.kgsrqns'kesadbZdk;Zfd,x,gSaAHkkjresaefgykvksadhfLFkfrdkvè;;udjus,oamlesalqèkkjgsrq1971esa
180 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
,ddesVhcuhftlus1975esaviuhfjiksVZizLrqrdhAbldesVhosQlq>koksadksè;kuesaj[kdjefgykdY;k.kosQfy,vusddk;Zfd,x,gSaA
2- efgykvksadhlkekftdvkSjvk£FkdfLFkfresalqèkkjdjusdhn`f"Vls1979esa^lekuosruvfèkfu;e*ikfjrfd;kx;kAblosQ}kjkiq#"kksavkSjefgykvksaosQfy,lekuosrudhO;oLFkkdhx;hA
3- 1961esangstfujksèkdvfèkfu;eikfjrfd;kx;kftlesa1986esala'kksèkudjmlsvkSjvfèkddBksjcukfn;kx;kA
4- 1955esafgUnwfookgvfèkfu;eikfjrdjfL=k;ksadksHkhfookg&foPNsnlacaèkhlqfoèkkiznkudhx;hA
5- 1961,oa1976esaekr`RofgrykHkvfèkfu;ecuk,x,A
6- 15ls45o"kZdhvk;qlewgdhefgykvksaosQfy,1975&76lsghizdk;kZRedlk{kjrkdkdk;ZØepyjgkgSftlesaefgykvksadksLoPNrk,oaLokLF;]HkksturFkkiks"kdrRoksa]x`gizcUèkrFkkf'k'kqns[k&js[k]f'k{kkrFkkO;olk;osQlanHkZesavukSipkfjdf'k{kkiznkudhtkrhgSA
7- xzkeh.kxjhchmUewyudk;ZØeosQnkSjku40%efgykvksadks'kkfey fd;kx;kAns'kosQ lhekorhZ {ks=kksa tSls] v#.kkpy izns'k] tEew vkSj d'ehj] ysg] fgekpy] ykgkSyrFkkfdUukSj]mÙkjk[k.Mesapeksyh]xqtjkrosQcukldkaBkojktLFkkuosQtSlyesj,oaJhdj.kiqjesaekr`Rolsok,¡]f'k'kqns[kHkky]nLrdkjhizf'k{k.k,oalkekftdf'k{kkiznkudjusdhn`f"VlslhekorhZ{ks=kesadY;k.kosQUnzLFkkfirfd,x,gSaA
8- xzkeh.kefgykvksaosQdY;k.kosQfy,xkaoksaesaefgyke.Mycuk,x,gSaA
9- 1975esalkjsfo'oesavUrjkZ"Vªh;efgyko"kZeuk;kx;kAHkkjresaHkhblo"kZefgykvksaosQfy,vusdlkekftd&vk£FkddY;k.kosQdnemBk,x,A8ekpZ]1992lsizR;sdo"kZ8ekpZdksvUrjkZ"Vªh;efgykfnoleuk;ktkrkgSA
10- efgykvksadksmÙkejkstxkjlsok,¡miyCèkdjkusdhn`f"Vlslu~1986&87esa^efgykfodklfuxe*(WDC)LFkkfirfd,x,A
11- foKkiuksaesaefgykvksaosQHkísvkSjHkksaM+sizn'kZuksaijjksdyxkusosQfy,^efgykvksadkv'yhyfp=k.k(fuokj.k)vfèkfu;e]1986cuk;kx;kftlesanks"khO;fDr;ksadksnksgtkj#i,,oankso"kZrddkdkjkokldkn.Mnsusdkizkoèkkufd;kx;kA
12- xjhcvkSjt:jreUnefgykvksardÍ.kdhlqfoèkkigq¡pkusosQfy,]^efgykvksaosQfy,jk"Vªh;Í.kdks"k*dhLFkkiukdhxbZgSA
13- osQUnzh; lekt dY;k.k cksMZµ1953 esa efgykvksa] cPpksa rFkk fodykaxksa osQ dY;k.kdk;ZØeksadksLo;alsohlaxBuksaosQekè;elsykxwdjusosQmís';lsosQUnzh;lektdY;k.kcksMZxfBrfd;kx;kAblosQvUrxZrvusddk;ZØepyjgsgSa_tSlsµvkaxuckM+h]f'k'kqlnu]cPpksaosQvodk'kf'kfoj]dkedkthefgykvksaosQgksLVy]vkfnA
14- os';ko`fÙkvkSjvuSfrdO;ogkjdksjksdusdhn`f"VlsHkkjrljdkjuso"kZ1956esafL=k;ksaodU;kvksadkvuSfrd O;kikj fujksèkd vfèkfu;e]1956ikfjrfd;k]tks1ebZ]1985lsiwjsHkkjresaykxwgSA
15- ?kjsyw ¯glk ls efgykvksa dh j{kk djus lacaèkh dkuwu ^?kjsyw ¯glk efgyk laj{k.k vfèkfu;e] 2005*26vDVwcj]2006lsykxwgksx;kgSAbllsiRuhvFkokefgyklafxuhdhmlosQifrvFkokiq#"klkFkhosQfdlhizdkjdkvR;kpkjvFkok¯glklscpkofd;ktklosQxkA
uksV
Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 181
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
16- 'kgjh Lojkstxkj dk;ZØedh;kstuk]tksLo.kZt;Urh'kgjhjkstxkj;kstukdk?kVdgS]esaxjhchjs[kkosQuhpsthou;kiudjusokyh'kgjhefgykvksadkslgk;rkiznkudhtkrhgSAefgykvksadksjkstxkj,oavk;l`tuosQfy,Ñf"k]Ms;jh]gLrf'kYi]gFkdj?kk]i'kqikyu] js'kemRiknuvkSjeRL;ikyuosQijEijkxr{ks=kksaesaizf'k{k.kdhO;oLFkkdhtkrhgSAblosQvfrfjDrbysDVªkWfudleku]?kM+hcukus]dEI;wVjizksxzkerS;kjdjus]vkHkw"k.kcukus]lkeqnkf;dLokLF;dk;Z]d<+kbZ]cqukbZtSlsxSj&ijEijkxr{ks=kksaesa HkhefgykvksaosQfy,izf'k{k.kdk;ZØepyk,tkrsgSaA
17- tuuh lqj{kk ;kstukµfuèkZurk js[kk ls uhps thou;kiu djus okyh efgykvksa gsrq12vizSy]2005lsizkjaHkbl;kstukus^jk"Vªh; izlwfr ykHk ;kstuk*dkLFkkufy;kgSrFkk;g^jk"Vªh; xzkeh.k LOkkLF; fe'ku*dk?kVdgSAbl;kstukdkmís';xHkZorhefgykvksa dks LokLF; osQUnz esa iathdj.k osQ ckn ls f'k'kq tUe rdlHkhvko';dfpfdRlklqfoèkk,¡miyCèkdjkrsgq,cPpsosQtUeij,deq'rudnlgk;rkHkhmiyCèkdjkukgSA
18- bfUnjkvkokl;kstukesa;gvfuok;ZgSfdedkuksadkvkoaVuykHkkFkhZifjokjdhefgyklnL;osQukevFkokifrvkSjiRuhnksuksaosQla;qDrukelsfd;ktkukpkfg,A
19- jk"Vªh;efgykuhfrµ20ekpZ]2001dksikfjrjk"Vªh;efgykuhfrdkmís';efgykvksadhvfèkdkfjrk]izxfrvkSjfodklykukrFkkefgykvksaosQf[kykiQlHkhrjgosQHksnHkkodks[kRedjukvkSjthourFkkdk;ZdykiksaosQlHkh{ks=kksaesamudhlfØ;Hkkxhnkjhlqfuf'prdjukgSA
20- jk"Vªh;efgykvk;ksxµ1992esaLFkkfirefgykvk;ksxtks,dlkafoèkkfudfudk;gS]efgykvksaosQvfèkdkjksavkSjfgrksadhlqj{kkdjrkgSA
21- Lo;afl¼k;kstukµbfUnjkefgyk;kstukrFkkefgykle`f¼;kstukosQLFkkuijlapkfyr;kstukdkmís';Lo;algk;rklewgksaosQxBu}kjkefgykvksadksLojkstxkjosQekè;elsvk£FkdLokoyEcuiznkudjukgSA
22- efgykdEiksusUVIykuµbldk;ZØedkmís';;glqfuf'prdjukgSfdefgykvksalslacafèkrlHkh{ks=kksaesaefgykvksaosQfy,]30izfr'krlsdeiQUM@ctVfuèkkZfjrufd,tk,¡A
23- LokoyEcudk;ZØeµo"kZ 1982&83 ls izkjEHk bldk;ZØedk mís'; efgykvksa dksijEijkxrvkSjxSj&ijEijkxrèkUèkksadkizf'k{k.kvkSjdkS'kymiyCèkdjkdjmUgsafVdkÅvkèkkjijjkstxkjvFkokLojkstxkjizkIrdjusesalgk;rkdjukgSA
24- jkstxkjrFkkizf'k{k.kosQfy,lgk;rknsusdkdk;ZØe(LVsi)µo"kZ1986&87lsefgykvksagsrqizkjEHkbldk;ZØedkmís';iEijkxr{ks=kksaesaefgykvksaosQdkS'kyesalqèkkjdjkdjjkstxkjmiyCèkdjkukgSA
25- ekSykukvktknjk"Vªh;Nk=ko`fr;kstukµ1vxLr]2003lsizkjaHkbl;kstukdkmís';vYila[;dleqnk;dhxjhcizfrHkk'kkyhyM+fd;ksadksfo'ks"kNk=ko`fÙkiznkudjmPpf'k{kkosQfy,izksRlkfgrdjukgSA
26- Lo'kfDrµfo'ocSadrFkkvUrjkZ"Vªh;Ñf"kfodkldks"klslg;ksxizkIrbl;kstukdkmís';thoudhxq.koÙkkesalqèkkjykusosQfy,lalkèkuksardefgykvksadhigq¡pc<+kukvkSjblosQfy,vkyL;dkR;kx]le;cpkusosQrjhosQviukuk]LokLF;]lk{kjrkrFkkfo'oklesavfHko`f¼rFkkgqujdkfodkldjosQ]vk;c<+kdjvkSjvkenuhijviukfu;U=k.kc<+kukgSA
182 Lo&vè;;u lkexzh
uksV
lekt'kkL=k ,oa Hkkjrh; lekt(Sociology and Indian Society)
27- LokèkkjµdfBuifjfLFkfr;ksaesaiM+usokyhefgykvksaosQykHkgsrqo"kZ2001&02lsizkjEHkbl;kstukosQvUrxZrvkokl][kkuk&ihuk]diM+s]LokLF;dhns[kHkky]vkpj.klacaèkhizf'k{k.kosQ}kjkdkedkthgqujvkSjO;fDrRoosQfodkl]vkfn'kkfeygSaA;g;kstuk31ekpZ]2009dkslekIrgkspqdhgSA
28- oUnsekrje~;kstukµ9iQjojh]2004ls'kq:bl;kstukdkmís';xHkZorhefgykvksadksfuthfpfdRldksadhlgk;rklsfu%'kqYdmipkjmiyCèkdjkukgSA
29- jk"Vªh;iks"k.kfe'kuµbl;kstukdkmís';xHkZorhefgykvksadksfu%'kqYd[kk|kUumiyCèkdjkukgSrkfdogoqQiks"k.klseqfDriklosaQA
30- efgykm|fe;ksagsrqÍ.k;kstukµo"kZ2001&02lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';egykm|fe;ksadkslkoZtfudcSadksaosQekè;elsÍ.kmiyCèkdjkdjmUgsaLojkstxkjviukusgsrqizsfjrdjukgSA
31- thouHkkjrhefgyklqj{kk;kstukµo"kZ2002&03lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';18ls50o"kZdhvk;qoxZokyhefgykvksadksxEHkhjchekfj;ksa,oamuosQf'k'kqvksaosQtUetkrviaxgksusdhn'kkesamUgsalqj{kkdopiznkudjukgSA
32- dLrwjckxkaèkhckfydkfo|ky;;kstukµvxLr2004lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';f'k{kkdhn`f"VlsfiNM+sgq,{ks=kksaesackfydkvksadk'kSf{kdfiNM+kiunwjdjrsgq,fu%'kqYdvkoklh;fo|ky;[kksydjxq.koÙkk;qDrckfydkf'k{kkdhO;oLFkkdjukgSA
33- efgyk f'k{kkgsrqdUMsLMikB~;Øeµbldk;ZØedkmís';15o"kZlsvfèkdvk;qdhefgykvksadksf'k{kkrFkkmfprKku(gquj)miyCèkdjkdjlkekftdrFkkvk£FkdvfèkdkfjrkmiyCèkdjkukgSA
34- vYikofèkizoklx`gifj;kstukµo"kZ 1969lsizkjEHk blifj;kstukdkmís';ikfjok-fjdfooknksa]lkekftdcfg"dkj]uSfrdiruosQ[krjsosQdkj.klkekftd]vk£FkdvkSjHkkoukRedijs'kkfu;ksalstw>jghefgykvksavkSjckfydkvksadkslaj{k.knsukvkSjmudkiquokZldjukgSA
35- L=kh'kfDriqjLdkj;kstukµo"kZ1999lsizkjEHk;siqjLdkj;kstukHkkjrdhikapegk;'kfLouhukfj;ksaosQukeijfn,tkrsgSaA;sgSµdUuxh]ekrkthtkckbZ]nsohvfgY;kckbZgksYdj]>kalhdhjkuhy{ehckbZvkSjjkuhxSfMfy;wA;siqjLdkj(,dyk[k#i,rFkkiz'kfLri=k)izfro"kZ8ekpZdksvUrjkZ"Vªh;efgykfnolijfn,tkrsgSaA
36- MkW- nqxkZckbZ ns'keq[k iqjLdkj ;kstukµefgyk fodkl ls laca¼ ;g iqjLdkj (5 yk[k#i,],diz'kfLr&i=krFkk'kky)izfro"kZ,slslaxBudksfn;ktkrkgSftlusefgykvfèkdkfjrkrFkkefgykvksaosQdY;k.kgsrqmRÑ"VovfHkuo;ksxnkufn;kgksA
37- iSr`dlEifÙkesacsfV;ksadkslekuvfèkdkjdkdkuwuµiSr`dlEifÙkesacsVsosQlekughcsVhdksvfèkdkjnsusokykdkuwu9flrEcj]2005lsizHkkohgksx;kgSAfgUnwmÙkjkfèkdkj(la'kksèku)vfèkfu;e]2005dkslalnesaikfjrfd;kx;kFkkA
38- vk'k;kstukµo"kZ2004&05lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';ns'kosQlHkhxkaoksaesa,fØMsfVMlks'kygSYFkooZQj(vk'kk)dhfu;qfDrosQekè;els?kj&?kjefgykvksavkSjcPpksadkLokLF;lEcUèkhtkudkjholsok,¡miyCèkdjkukgSA
39- vkaxuckM+hfo'ks"krkchek;kstukµo"kZ2004&05lsizkjEHkbl;kstukdkmís';ns'kosQlHkhxzkeh.k{ks=kksaesadk;ZjrvkaxuckM+hdk;ZdÙkkZvksadksljdkjhlgk;rkosQekè;elschekdopmiyCèkdjkukgSA
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Lo&vè;;u lkexzh 183
lekthdj.k(Socialization)
5-18 lkjka'k (Summary)
• eSdkbojosQvuqlkj]¶lekthdj.k,dizfØ;kgS ftlosQ}kjklkekftdizk.kh,d&nwljsosQ lkFk vius O;kid rFkk ?kfu"B lacaèk LFkkfir djrs gSa ftlesa os ,d&nwljs lsvfèkdkfèkd c¡èk tkrs gSa vkSj ,d&nwljs osQ izfr vius drZO;ksa ,oa mÙkjnkf;Roksa dhHkkoukdkfodkldjrsgSa]ftlesaosvius,oanwljksaosQO;fDrRodksvfèkdvPNhrjgle>usyxrsgSarFkkftlesaosfudVrj,oavfèkdfoLr`rlkgp;ZdhtfVylajpukdkfuekZ.kdjrsgSaA¸
• ehMuslekthdj.kdhizfØ;kdklekt'kkL=kh;fo'ys"k.kfd;kgSAmlosQvuqlkj]cPpsdknwljsO;fDr;ksalstclaogukRedlEioZQ(communicative contact)gksrkgS]rc^vkRe*dkfodklgksrkgSAuotkrf'k'kqdhHkkstuvkSjoL=klacaèkhvko';drk,¡gksrhgSaA
• O;fDrdhlekthdj.k&izfØ;kesarhurRodk;ZdjrsgSaA;sgSaµ(1)O;fDrdh'kkjhfjd,oaeuksoSKkfudcikSrh](2)i;kZoj.kftlesamldktUegqvkgSrFkk(3)laLÑfrftlesaogburÙoksadhfØ;k&izfrfØ;kosQdkj.kjgrkgSAfØ;k&izfrfØ;kdhizfØ;kcM+htfVygksrhgStksO;fDrosQfuekZ.krFkklektesamldhfLFkfrdksdkiQhgnrdfuèkkZfjrdjrhgSAvkbZ;s]blizfØ;kdklw{evè;;udjsaA
• ekughe (Mannheim) us oS;Drhdj.k dks pkj izeq[k Lo:iksa esa foHksfnr fd;k gSA ;sgSaµ(1)nwljsyksxksalsfofHkUu<axlslh[kusdhizfØ;klsoS;fDrdj.k](2)vkRelacaèkhfØ;kvksaosQu;s:iksaosQLrjijoS;fDrdj.k](3)oLrqvksaosQekè;elsoS;fDrdj.k](4)vkRe&xaHkhjrkosQ:iesaoS;fDrdj.kµftldkvfHkizk;gSvkRe&lacaèkhvuqHkoksadksxzg.kdjukrFkkoS;fDrdj.kdh'kfDr;ksadkvius Hkhrj,oa bnZ&fxnZmUu;udjukA;slcizfØ;k,¡furkUrfHkUu?kVuk,¡gSaA
5-19 vH;kl iz'u (Review Questions)
1- lekthdj.kdkD;kvFkZgS\
2- efgykvksaosQizfrgksusokyseq[;vijkfèkdÑR;ksadko.kZudhft,A
3- efgykvksaosQfo#¼gksusokys¯glkReddkj.kksadkmYys[kdhft,A
4- Hkkjrh;lektesaefgykvksadhleL;kvksadko.kZudhft,A
5- fL=k;ksadhleL;kvksaosQlekèkkugsrqljdkjusdkSu&dkSulsiz;Rufd;sgSaA
5-20 lanHkZ iqLrosaQ (Further readings)
• ckWVkseksj] Vke-1962-lksf'k;ksykWth %,xkbMVw izkWCyEl,aM fyVjspj]tktZ],syu,aMvufou]yanuA
• pkSèkjh]eS=ks;h-2003-nizSfDVlvkWiQlksf'k;ksykWth-vksfj;saVyksaxeSu]u;hfnYyhA
• ctZj] ihVj ,y- 1963- buohVs'ku Vw lksf'k;ksykWth % , áwefufLVd ilZisfDVo- isaxqbu]gkjeaMLoFkZA
• ¯x¯Ml],aFkksuh-2001-lksf'k;ksykWth-prqFkZlaLdj.k]iksfyVhcsl]osaQfcztA