lemmon_the sherman phenomena

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THE SHERMAN PHENOMENA:

The Image of Theory or

A Foreclosure of Dialectical Reasoning?

By Nadine Lemmon

In the early 80s, as theoretical models were being developed to address the

perplexing issues raised by postmodern culture, Cindy Shermans work was

adopted by theorists as the visual manifestation of theoretical tenets.

However, if examined closely, these developing theories often served to

foreclose dialectical reasoning and critical questioning of Shermans work

instead of opening it up.

Although Sherman is often heralded as the quintessential postmodern

artist, the modernist tendencies of her work coupled with the critics inability

to confront the ambiguity of her work, have rendered her postmodern label

problematic. Postmodern theory advocates a deconstruction of the power

structures embedded in late capitalist society. But Shermans work functions

seamlessly (and successfully) within the market strategies of the 80s, typified

by corporate control of museums and market control of galleries. Given that

her work can be read as both a challenge to the art market and a creative,

marketable product, the boundary between postmodern critique of the

market and marketability has clearly been eroded. While critics applaud

Shermans work for deconstructively denying the totality of a real Cindy, the

meaning of her work is dependent upon the concept of the celebrity Cindy.

Simultaneously, critics partially negate her deconstruction, mythologizing

her as the autonomous artist-genius, harkening back to the modernist

heroization of the creative individual. On one level, Shermans work appears

to be subversively linked to low art characterized by b-grade film and

photography, on another level, her work is fetishized as the modernist ideal

of the high' art object.

Most disturbingly, and I shall concentrate on this point, Sherman has been

heralded as the subversive feminist that has boldly confronted issues

concerning the female body. This is a very debatable position, a position not


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necessarily supported by Shermans images or interviews. What is very clear

about this position is that it reflects critics desire for a visual example of

their theories. The following excerpts from my 1993-1994 articles

inDiscourse, Perspektif, and San Francisco Camerawork1 trace the often

precarious use of Shermans images to support postmodern theories of

visuality.

-----------------------

The theory of the gaze is probably the most important issue relevant to

Shermans work. It is definitely the most controversial. Critics have radically

divergent opinions as to whether Sherman replicates or deconstructs

oppressive ways of seeing.

Many critics feel that since Sherman poses and takes pictures of herself, she

is in control of her image. According to Lisa Phillips in the Whitney

catalogue:

because Sherman is both the subject and object of these fictions, actress and

director, image and author, she takes control of the dynamic that regulates

desire... she deflects the gaze of desire away from her body toward

reproduction itself, forcing the viewers to recognize their own

conditioning.2

And yet in the same catalogue, Peter Schjeldahls statements seem to

contradict this thesis:

As a male, I also find these pictures sentimentally, charmingly, and

sometimes pretty fiercely erotic: I'm in love again with every look at the

insecure blonde in the nighttime city. I am responding to Shermans knack,

shared with many movie actresses, of projecting feminine vulnerability,

thereby triggering (masculine) urges to ravish and/or to protect. But it is the

frame, with its exciting safety, that makes my response possible. 3

Schjeldahls comments, combining voyeurism with an undisguised (male)

desire for dominance (insecure blonde, feminine vulnerability, ravish,
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protect) lucidly show that Sherman mightnot have vdeflected the male

gaze, but rather, provoked it.

Mira Schor, one of Sherman's few critics, takes the exact opposite position to

Phillips in reference to the gaze. She states that Shermans

negative representations are disturbingly close to the way men have

traditionally experienced or fantasized women. Shermans camera is male.

Her images are successful partly because they do not threaten phallocracy,

they reiterate and confirm it. 4

Irony and parody through double mimesis seem to be the keys that

distinguish Shermans work as critical. 5 How does one differentiate between

ironic double mimesis and replication of oppressiveness? In Sherman's work,

the viewer is left to differentiate between the two. As Martha Rosler notes,

irony is not accessible to everyone. For those without a pre-existent critical

relation to the material, the [mimesis] seems a slicked-up version of the

original, a new commodity.6 The contradictory responses to Shermans work

throws into question the level of sophistication and the effectiveness of her

critique.

Some critics have stretched the boundaries of theory in order to image

Sherman as progressive. In reference to the Film Stills, Craig Owens

acknowledges that the spectator posited by this work is invariably male but

that Shermans work denies the male desire (specifically, the masculine

desire to fix the woman in a stable and stabilizing identity) because

Sherman does not portray one identity but many.7 However, I would argue

that almost all of the identities that Sherman portrays fit into the already

existing stereotypes of woman that serve to fulfill male desire. Hence,

Sherman may be fulfilling the males desires for fixity itself.

Judith Williamson implies that the viewer is guilty for the negative readings

of Shermans images. In a way, it [Shermans constructed image of

woman] is innocent; you supply the femininity simply through social and

cultural knowledge. Referring to the reaction of a gallery visitor who

criticized Sherman for presenting women as sex objects, Williamson
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concludes: I was certain his anger must have come from a sense of his own

involvement, the way those images speak not only to him but from him --

and he kept blaming Sherman herself for it, deflecting his sexism onto her, as

if she really were a bit of a whore.8 Though this is a tempting argument, it

essentially alleviates the responsibility any producer has for any production

of meaning. Williamson appears to believe that if an artist utilizes signs that

are laden with constructed meanings in a public realm, it is the receiver that

is primarily responsible for the production of meaning. Doesnt Sherman

control the viewing context, the targeted audience, and, most importantly,

the juxtaposition and composition of signs? Are Sherman and her work

innocent?

While discussing Shermans horizontal series (a controversial series inspired

by porno magazines), Rosalind Krauss gyrates into a discussion of the

fetishization of the vertical. She mentions the psychoanalytic use of vertical

metaphors (the phallus, the fetish, the Lacanian mirror stage) as well as the

art historical and visual dependence upon verticality (paintings hung on the

vertical axis, and vision represented from a standing position). Krauss states

that, like Jackson Pollock, Sherman disturbs this verticality by using a

downward camera angle in her photographs. Yes, the angle makes one

aware of the horizontal, but it also emphasizes the vertical

(power/domination) position of the viewer in relation to the apparent

weakness of the horizontally inclined woman (Sherman). It is revealing that

Krauss barely mentions the porn inspiration for these images. Theory has

enabled Krauss to agilely cover up the sticky issues raised by this series.

Michael Brenson concludes that Shermans figures in familiar pornographicpositions have a consciousness or emotional expressiveness that prevents

them from being perceived as sexual objects. 9Yet, how is this

consciousness or emotional expressiveness perceived? Clearly, the

opposite conclusion could be derived from the symbolic structure of the

womans gestures and facial expressions, and through the visual technique

used in the image. Therefore, this perception must be grounded in the

viewers cognitive position. The fact that these images are made by a woman

(who has been critically linked to deconstruction) and that the images are
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exhibited in an art world context (historically linked with progressiveness),

the viewer can easily project his/her own desires for the subversion of the

gaze and the imaging of woman as sex object.

After the small bout of negative criticism on the horizontals, Sherman made

a shift in her work towards the grotesque. She comments that her next series,

the fairy tale images, shows just how wrong those people really

were. 10 Indeed, the women in the fairy tale and fashion series no longer

show the passive/vulnerable woman. However, she is replaced by the demon,

the witch, and the evil castrating woman -- that other stereotyped (male)

way of seeing women. To Mulvey, the hideousness of the fairy tale series

seems to personify the stuff of the unconscious itself.11 But whose

unconscious? The males unconscious who, according to psychoanalytic

theories, ultimately fears castration by the female? Jamey Gambrell feels

that Sherman seems to be venturing into an imaginative territory beyond

the confines of received ideas. 12 However, Shermans women are much

closer to an archetypal imaging of the castrating women than an imaging of

the woman that exists beyond the realm of received ideas.

In reference to Shermans 1985 & 1986 objects series which utilize the signs

of a de-idealized detritus of femininity (used cosmetics, torn clothing,

deformed bodyparts, blood, and vomit), Norman Bryson tries to argue that

Sherman is reaching towards a body that exists outside of discourse, a body

in the realm of the (Lacanian) Real. Since the Real, by definition, cannot be

represented, it must be accessed through other means -- like the abject, the

horror-object, the grotesque. Bryson feels that postmodernism's key

practitioners -- Sherman, David Lynch, and Joel-Peter Witkin [!?!] -- allattempt to approach this affect of the Real. However, I would argue that

these three aestheticize and, consequently, distance the Real, rather than

encounter it. For proximity to the Real, I would suggest that Bryson sit

through a performance by the screaming Diamanda Galas, or pour through

David Wojnarowiczs torrent of words, or stare at the electronic noise that

silently engulfed TV screens as smart bombs hit their targets -- truly a

horror that resists representation. Somewhere between Galas, Wojnarowicz,

and Schwarzkopf one can imagine that the Real exists...but in a photograph
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of Cindy with a mask on?

Michael Newman argues that in this series the mimesis appears to break

down or implode, and the conditions and limits of mimetic representation

are momentarily exposed. 13This concept seems exaggerated given that

Shermans images are still allegorically laden with the mimetic signifiers of

woman, and the linguistic structures of the photograph have not been

altered.

Newmans most interesting point (also made by Mulvey) is the correlation

between these images and Julia Kristevas theory of the abject in Powers of

Horror. Simplified, the abject is that which represents a threat to the

subject's constitution in a pre-conceived (and often confining) symbolic

realm; that which threatens the concept of a clean and proper body. It is

thus not lack of cleanliness or health that causes abjection but what disturbs

identity, system, order. What does not respect borders, positions,

rules. 14 Kristeva reads the abject politically as the initial step in the

rejection of the symbolic order and the reconstitution of the subject. By

connecting Sherman to Kristeva, Newman implies that Shermans series

could be read as the first step towards political empowerment; the first step

towards constituting the self apart from the confining language of

femininity. However, Shermans explanation of her transition to grotesque

images is very disillusioning: In a way, I was freed up because I just wanted

to be shocking.15

As Peter Burger notes, nothing loses its effectiveness more quickly than

shock. The repetitive use of shock as a strategy ultimately leads to

expected or institutionalized shock.16 Shermans potentially fruitful

exploration of the issues of identity and the abject is at risk of being

sacrificed at this altar of shock. Shermans work appears to be reduced to a

desire to catch the critics off guard. She states: The criticism, even if its

really good criticism, makes me realize, 'well, if thats the way they all think

its going, then Im going to take it this way.' 17

Amidst this torpor of critical contradictions, Sherman remains silent. Critics
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protect her unwillingness to discuss the issues raised by her work,

supplanting her responsibility for the production of meaning with that

pseudo-romantic quality, 'intuitiveness.' The result is a mystification of

silence as social power. Viewers project their desires onto the images,

transforming Sherman into whoever they want her to be.

Krauss states: I would like to think of Sherman in dialogue with...I imagine

her reflecting on.... Clearly, these comments are about Krauss desire. Krauss

states that instead of speaking, Sherman has constructed the interpretive

frames in which she is producing her work. For Krauss, Sherman situates

herself in the discursive horizon that is structured by other works, by critical

interpretations, and by Shermans friends. I would argue that association

with something does not imply a discursive relationship with it. Krauss does

not consider the fact that the discursive horizon is also structured by the

space of reception -- in Shermans case, an aestheticized, high-culture space

(such as Rizzoli and Metro Pictures) that has, in effect, silenced the work.

Sherman is inextricably situated in a history of womens silence--a silence

that has denied women power. How can one distinguish between Shermans

silence as political and Shermans silence as replicating this history of

repression? Critics readings of Shermans silence as political is based on the

assumption that Sherman is fully conscious of womens historical silence, an

assumption that is not substantiated by her interviews or, I would argue, her

work.

In conclusion, postmodern theory has been crucial to problematizing the

role of art, of aesthetics, of politics, and of the modernist hangover of the

autonomous artist. These ground-breaking (and challenging) theories that

have been essential to understanding and contending with late capitalist

society are hinted at by the signs in Shermans work: identity formation, the

masquerade, the gaze, mass culture, gender and sexual transgressions, etc.

However, the signs (or cliches) in Shermans work are so vaguely grounded

that they have become floating signifiers of meaning that can be molded to

the desire of the viewer, and need not necessarily challenge the viewers

ideological or political point of view. Plagued by an intense desire to


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advance a politics of visuality, critics tend to praise (instead of questioning)

Shermans politics. Postmodern theory, still in its nascent stages and still

unable to obtain a critical distance to analyze its own contradictions, has

come dangerously close to foreclosing extended dialectic reasoning and

replacing it with the totality of theory. The Sherman Phenomena is an

alarming symbol of our current cultural and critical situation.

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