leo aoi hosoya research institute for humanity and nature
TRANSCRIPT
Leo Aoi HosoyaResearch Institute for Humanity and Nature
What is the ‘routine-scape’?- The basic concept
What did agriculture bring to Japan?- Storage facilities and routine-scape in
Yayoi social transformation What did (rice) agriculture bring to China?
- Research perspective for reconstruction of diversity and transformation of routine-scapes of early rice farmers
What is the ‘Routine-scape’?-The basic concept
Giddens, 1987“…we can analyze the routines of day-to-day life in terms of the time-space paths which individuals regularly follow. …we can thereby examine the connections between routines of daily life and extended forms of social system which individuals produce and reproduce in their day-to-day actions.”
Pred, 1985“…the spatially-transformed village scene must have greatly influenced the scene of place, structure of feeling and other elements of consciousness held by residents by breaking down the grammar of taken-for-granted codes.”
In repetition of routinised activities, social system is reproduced and transformed
The new social system produces new types of activity places, such as buildings, pathes etc.
Transformed activity places (= landscape) greatly influence transformation of socially accepted ‘taken-for-granted’ concepts
One example…?
“Once a monument had been built in a particular space, that space can never again be interpreted in the same way as before” (J. Thomas 1992)
Out-door communication -public phones or
notice boards
Mobile phones introduced
More and more intensive use of mobile phones
X XPublic phones and notice boards disappear-new landscape
- New social system was produced through routinised activities
Communication with mobile phones became taken-for-granted
What did agriculture bring for life? The concept of long-term planning?
Emergence of social stratification?
Hunter-gatherers also had long-term planning to systematically exploit seasonal food resources
e.g. Storing nuts over the winter
×
△The idea ‘Agriculture allowed surplus production, and it made certain people rich and powerful’ is too simple, as surplus is only made for ‘need’.
So, we have to consider how social stratification could be produced as the result of introducing agriculture.
Agriculture introduced new types of routine, which may well have transformed landscape, then shift of people’s ‘taken-for-granted’
codes to form new type of social structure (e.g. social stratification)
Fishing
Gathering
Hunting
SUMMER
AUTUMNSPRING
WINTER
SUMMERAUTUMN
WINTER SPRING
Fishing
Hunting Gathering
Cultivation
No-Cultivation cycle
Cultivation-Plus cycle
(from Kohmoto 2004)
CookingHunting
Fishing
Gathering
Eating
Farming
Routine
－ Scape
ＲＥＣＯＮＳＴＲＵＣＴＩＮＧ
What did agriculture bring to Japan?- Storage facilities and routine-scape
in Yayoi social transformation
Origin and diffusion of rice agriculture
CHINA
JAPANKOREA
[Origin]Yangtze area
approx. 10,000 b.p.
[Diffusion to Japan]Northern Kyushuapprox 3,000 b.p.
Jomon (Hunter-gatherer
s) culture13,000-
2,500b.p.
Yayoi (Rice farming) culture 3,000-1,700b.p.
Jomon (hunter-gatherers) routine and storage facility
Chozo-ketsu Pit for seasonally storing nuts
Seasonally scheduled exploitation of various resources
Collaborated work such as communal construction
Ayaragi-go site, Chugoku (Yayoi Phase I)
More than 1000 Chozo-ketsu pits with an enclosure on the plateau
Probably controlled by each household
Separate from the settlement
Assembled but divided by ditches
Toro site, Chubu (Yayoi Phase V)
Raised-floor granary
Pit House
(Reconstruction)
(Reconstruction)
Probably controlled by each household
Made within the settlement
Attached to each house compound
Rice monoculture => storage dependent living style => larger storage facility, closer access to it
Yoshino-ga-ri Site, Kyushu
(late Yayoi)
Granary Area
80 Raised-floor granaries were found assembled(approx. 20 simultaneous)
(reconstruction)
Controlled by the community
Visual discrimination between central and periphery settlements
The Chozo-ketsu Pit routine （ Early Yayoi ）
The Raised-floor granary routine（ Middle-Late Yayoi ）
Visibility of storage in the living space→
・ Controllable for the central body・ Social implication (symbolism, power) attached
Community-controlled Granary Area
Introduction of the raised-floor granary
(In the cultural centre)[Yayoi Phase Ⅱ]
Emergence of the ‘Central Building’
Towards the Kofun king’s residence
[Yayoi Phase Ⅲ-Ⅳ]
[Yayoi Phase Ⅴ-Kofun]
Establishment of social stratification
Ikegami Sone site, Kinki
(Yayoi Phase Ⅲ-Ⅳ)
(Reconstruction)
Central Building
Weed seeds (%)
Concentration of rice glume bases
Chaff
(%
)
Cro
p
seeds(%
)
Repetitive rice dehusking at the central building?
Dehusking = a part of agricultural routine
Generally stored crops are dehusked => Dehusking is associated with granaries
The granary-shape ‘central building’ retained the function as a granary, and
took a part of agricultural routine?
Other ‘Central Building’ activities
Stone knife industry (= trading)
Managements with octopus traps (= trading)
Casting Dotaku bronze bells
(= Community ritual)
The common code = The place of activities for the whole community’s benefit
Central Building= Emphasized granary
=>retained the function of granary, then took a part of agricultural routine
As a part of agricultural routine, people may well have regularly gathered at the central building
Through activities at the central building,
the spatial common code appeared as ‘the place of activities for the whole
community’s benefit’ With the cycle of agricultural
routine, people may well have ended up regularly gathering at the space
for ‘community’s benefit’
Through the repetitive routinised activities, gathering for community’s benefit (probably under supervision of the community leader) became
taken-for-granted?
Centralized power, and its connection with the community leader was accepted?
Yoshino-ga-ri Site, Kyushu
(late Yayoi)
(Reconstruction)
Central Arena
Ise site, Kinki (late Yayoi)Fence in square shape
Fenced Central Arena
(Reconstruction)
Introduction of rice agriculture
New routine, towards rice monoculture
New storage system: raised-floor granaries (= New landscape)
New routine with the granaries
Emphasised granary (= ‘central building’) emerged
‘Central building’ in the agricultural routine => through regular activities there, centralized power was socially accepted as taken-
for-granted => Social stratification
‘Central building’ transformed to community leaders’ private property (= New landscape)
What did (rice) agriculture bring to China?- Research perspective for reconstruction of
diversity and transformation of routine-scape
of early rice farmers
Tian luo shan site, Zhejiang
(from Fuller et al. 2009)
Wild food plants took an important part of farmers’ subsistencefor considerably a long time
AcornsAcorns Quercus sp.Quercus phillyraeoides Lithocarpus sp.
ChestnutsChestnuts Castanea mollissima
Fox nutsFox nutsEuryale felox
Water chestnuts Water chestnuts Trapa sp. Trapa maximowicxii Trapa bispinosa
Require acid-removal procedure>> more organized and complex routine
For reconstruction of rice+wild food plants routine…
Botanical remains? >> Require spatial analyses, contextual analyses, preservation states of nuts
Artefacts?>> Require analyses on functional basis
Case study with grinding stones>> possible nut peeler & grinder>> but a priori considered as millet-dehusking tools…
Classification by function
Re-considering the function of Chinese Neolithic grinding stones (Makibayashi 2003,
2008)
Saddlequerntype
Stone disctype
Yellow River area
Several types of routine going on?
6,000 BC
2,000 BC
5,000 BC
3,000 BC
Yangtze rice farming area?
Because of the ‘grinding stone = millet dehusking tool’ bias, grinding stone discovery in the Yangtze area
has hardly been reported, but….
In fact, grinding stones do existin the Yangtze area too, in a different state from that in
the Yellow River area.
With a more careful look, there may be more of them.
>>Unique routine-scape with rice + nuts?
(from Makibayashi 2008)
Production-routine is shared, but processing-routine is diverse
Both production- and processing-routine is diverse
Yangtze
Yellow River
Lower Yangtze cooking tools
Lower Yangtze cultivation tools
‘Routine-scape’ is an effective viewpoint for reconstructing dynamic interaction between landscape and social structure in continuous transformation, through reconstructing routinised activities, which are archaeologically approachable.
In Japanese Yayoi early farmers’ case, introduction of rice agriculture led formation of rice monoculture society, accompanied with the new type of storage facility: raised-floor granaries. With it, ‘routine-scape’ greatly shifted, which ended up creating the space for centralized power accepted by people as taken-for-granted, through routinised activities there.
In Chinese early rice farmers’ case, as the original places of rice cultivation, there are potentialities for reconstruction of diverse characteristics of regional farming communities and their social transformation towards established faming society, through the scope of ‘routine-scape’.
