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In situ generationand

emission free storageemission free storage of

hydrogen

Leonid Surguchevg

Hydrogen

energy of the future

H2 + O2 = H2O + Energy

2

Review of industrial hydrogen production processes

• About 50 million tons of hydrogen were produced in the world in 2009. 10% production growth every year. H lf f it i d d f th d 20% fHalf of it is produced from methane and 20% from coal.

• Hydrogen consumption:

– Ammonia production (50%)

– Methanol production (10%)

Hydro cracking (10%)– Hydro-cracking (10%)

– Hydro cleaning (10%)

– Refining (10%)

1. HydroCarbon Gas production (HCG)

3. Steam reforming of HCG into hydrogen, CO2 capture

Conventional hydrogen production

2. Process, compress and transport of HCG

4. CO2 separation, transport, sequestration

Capture and storage of CO2 from a power plant alone can increase the energy costs by up to

60%.

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Energy and enviroment

• Each step of processing and compressing gas requires energy

• Capture and storage of CO2 from the power plant can increase cost of the energy by up to 60%

• CO2 contributes to “green house” effect and is strong corrosive agent

Imagine avoiding it all!

The proposed process will allow

• Generation of clean energy source, accumulation and storage sub terrain.

• Commercialisation ofCommercialisation of

– Huge tight gas and shale gas resources in the world

– Remaining oil in depleted fields

– Heavy oil and bitumen deposits

– Coal bed methane.Coal bed methane.

• Prevention of “green house” gases release to the atmosphere.

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Imagine clean hydrogenHydrogen producing well

procursor

Gravity segregation of hydrogen upwards and

H2

H2H2

CHn CHn

Injection of precursor and release of active catalyst nano-

particlesReforming of hydrocarbons

into hydrogen

hydrocarbons downwards

H2O and CO2

Horizontal injection well

Steam reforming; CO2 capture and storage; H2 compression ALL in on place – in the reservoir!

Concept verification

1. Industrial hydrogen production processes.

2. Laboratory experiments:

• Catalytic conversion of methane to hydrogen at high P and T.

• Gravity segregation in the porous medium at reservoir conditions.

3. Numerical simulation of the process and history p ymatch of the laboratory experiments.

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Catalytic conversion of methane to hydrogen

Pressure

Laboratory apparatus to perform a set of tests at various pressures and temperatures:

Heating High pressure

Vacuum pump

Pressure gauges

Closing valvesg

ovenpcell

Methane container

Storage container

GC

Catalytic conversion of methane to hydrogen

Conversion analysis: • GC detected hydrogen in syngas

• Thermo-dynamic equilibrium - 57.2% methane conversion CO2 and COconversion

• Conversion achieved according to GC: ca 15%

• CO / CO2 ratio from thermodynamics: 1.49

Very close value measured in GC: 1.47

CO2 and CO

H2 d CH4

Temperature,  0C

Pressure, bar

Ratio Methane/water = 1/5

H2 and CH40C 200 350 500

600 9.6 7.3 6.1

750 28.7 22.0 18.0

900 60.6 47.8 41.0

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Catalytic conversion of methane to hydrogen

Reformation of NG: CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 - syngas - main hydrogen sourceWater-gas-shift (WGS) reaction: CO + H2O → CO2 + H2

Intelligent use only

Initial composition: CH4 and H2O

Expected final composition: H2, CO, CO2, CH4, H2O

Reaction mechanism

Chemical reactios with precursor activation

Modelling catalytic conversion

Diffusion of reaction products

to and from catalist particals

dominate

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Flow experiment in the porous medium at reservoir conditions

Critical points forMethane: Tc= -82.40C, Pc= 46.4 bar

CO2: Tc= 310C, Pc= 73.8 bar

Two experiments were performed:1) 1000C, 25 bar

CO2 is liquid; density 817.6 kg/m3, viscosity 0.074 cP

Methane is supercritical; density 75.9 kg/m3, viscosity 0.014 cPCO2 is 10.8 times more dense than methane

2) 600C, 500 barCO2 is supercritical; density 933.5 kg/m3, viscosity 0.1 cPMethane is supercritical; density 245.5 kg/m3, viscosity 0.03 cPCO2 is 3.8 times more dense than methane

Flow experiment in the porous medium at reservoir conditions

Measurements of γ-ray attenuation

enable detection of phase saturations at various stages

of the experiments

Differential pressure

Produced fluids flow into a gas

collection system with a GC

measurements

pressure transducer

monitors the differential

pressure across the core.

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Experiment at 250C and 100 bar

Flow experiment in the porous medium at reservoir conditions

Clear gravity segregation:

CO2 is sinking

downwards after

injection is shut

EOS 2D simulations with 50*50 cells model

shut resulting in a

bank

Experiment at 600C and 500 bar

Flow experiment in the porous medium at reservoir conditions

Clear gravity segregation:

CO2 is sinking

downwards after

injection is shutshut

resulting in a bank

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Gamma attenuation change is increasing with increase of CO2 concentration.

The gamma scans show a fast gravitational segregation of CO2 downwards the core Early breakthrough of CO2

Flow experiment in the porous medium at reservoir conditions

Experiment 2, 600C and 500 barExperiment 1, 250C and100 bar

core. Early breakthrough of CO2.

250C and 100 bar

Flow experiment in the porous medium at reservoir conditions

Simulation ofCO2 in the core

Simulation with diffusion and dispersion

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CO2 and H2 in the reservoir

• Hydrogen is the lightest gas with molecular weight of 2 g/mole in comparison with 18 g/mole of water and 44 g/mole of CO2. g 2

• CO2 dissolves in water 700 times better than H2 and 70 times better than CH4.

• Processes of segregation, dissolution, diffusion and vaporisation of multi-components mixtures containing CO2

do not have adequate representation today in the numerical reservoirtoday in the numerical reservoir simulation models.

Future “hydrogen recovery”

In-situ hydrogen generation from hydrocarbon

HYDROGENproducedCarbon

nanostructure store high volumes of hydrogen

No CO2

emissions

CARBON left

In-situ

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Process advantages

• Hydrogen - cleanest energy source

• Hydrogen storage and transport issues resolved• Hydrogen storage and transport issues resolved

• No HC and CO2 gas “subsurface-surface” circulation, compression and transport

• No CO2 emissions

• CO2 capture and storage at no cost right in situ2 p g g

Thank you for your attention!

Leonid.Surguchev@iris.no

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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS

The IPR is secured through a commercialisation t UK t t li ti Nagreement, a UK patent application No

99745.63382, PCT application and WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation).

The Patent has been filed by IRIS through IRIS-Forskningsinvest AS and partners.