ST. AUGUSTINE UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA

Department of public relation and advertisement

The contribution of advertisement on increasing sales performance: A case study of

Nyanza Bottling Company Limited Mwanza

Research Paper on Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Bachelor Degree of Art in Public Relations and Marketing Submitted in the Department of Public

Relations and Advertising

Leonidas Irene K

June, 2013

i

DECLARATION

I, Leonidas Irene K,declare that the material of this research study are my own original

work and have not been published nor submitted to any other University for the similar or

different award.

Signature……………………………..Date

Denis Mpagaze (Research Supervisor)

Signature……………………………Date………………………

ii

COPYRIGHT

This copyright material is protected under the Berne Convention, the Copyright act of

©1999 and other national enactments. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be

reprinted, copied, photocopied in any way without the prior permission of the owner.

The owner of this work is LEONIDAS Irene K however SAUT can give permission on

her behalf.

iii

DEDICATION

I dedicate this work to my parents Mr. Leonidas Mulogo and my late mother Christer

Leonidas.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly I would like to thank the Almighty God and his Son Jesus for being with me till

today.

Secondly, I send my heart full gratitude to my ever loving family my Father Mr.

Leonidas Mulogo, My late mother Christer Leonidas, my young sister Lilian Leonidas,

my young brother Victor Leonidas and my sister Sylvia Leonidas for their prayers, moral

as well as financial support throughout my academic years at SAUT.

My heart full thanks go to my supervisor Mr. Denis Mpagaze, for his good guidance and

supervision of my research, with my own efforts I would not make it.

I want to express my thankful appreciation to Mr. Frank Katabi for devoting his time

helping me out during my studies. I appreciate his counseling, guidance and moral

support during my three years of study at SAUT.

I give my sincere thanks to my lovely friend Jackline Basmarck Patric for his support

throughout the three years at SAUT. May God bless Jackline.

I forward my thanks to my group members who assisted me in one way or another during

my studies especially my chair man Gidion Magana and many others.

This acknowledgement will be incomplete if I won’t take time to say thanks to my

respondents who gave me support and appropriate data for my research.

v

My appreciations also go to my friends, Mwema Kihengu, Luis Idda, Edward Paulus,

Mazigo Boaz, Mosha Monika, Ndaki Gisela, Mosha Prim for their support throughout

my stay at SAUT.I know there are a lot of people left out, but I would like to say that I

recognize their love and support in our friendship during my stay at SAUT. May the

Almighty God bless you all?

vi

ABSTRACT

The study is about contribution of advertisement on increasing sales performance of

Nyanza Bottling Company. The main objective was to find out the contribution of

advertisement in increasing sales of Nyanza Bottling products. Push theory was used as a

guideline for problem development and data collection. The theory argues that in order

for any organization to grow and get market for their products they need to advertise and

promote more their products.

The researcher used interviews and question to collect data from 50 respondents in

Ilemela district in Mwanza region Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to

analyze the data. The major Discovery was that advertisement plays great role promoting

products of NBCL to increase sales and create awareness of their products.

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ............................................................................................................. i COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................. iv ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. vi CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................1 Problem Setting ...............................................................................................................1

1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................1 1.2 Background of the study .........................................................................................1 1.2. 1 The background of Nyanza Bottling Company Limited (NBCL) ........................1 1.4 Research Objectives ...............................................................................................2 1.5 Research Questions ................................................................................................3 1.6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................3 1.7 Scope of the study ..................................................................................................3 1.8 Definition of Key terms ..........................................................................................3

CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................5 Literature Review ............................................................................................................5

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................5 2.2 Theoretical argument ..............................................................................................5 2.3 Theoretical Framework ..........................................................................................6 2.4 Empirical Literature Review ...................................................................................7 2.5 Research gap ..........................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE .........................................................................................................9 Methodology ...................................................................................................................9

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................9 3.2 Research Design .....................................................................................................9 3.3 Population Sample .................................................................................................9 3.4 Sampling Technique ............................................................................................. 10 3.5 Sample Size ......................................................................................................... 10 3.6Area of study ......................................................................................................... 10 3.7 Data collection methods ....................................................................................... 10

viii

3.8 Validity and Reliability ........................................................................................ 11 3.9 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER FOUR ......................................................................................................... 12 Findings ........................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................... 15 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 15

5.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 15 5:2 Discussions .......................................................................................................... 15 5:3 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 17 5:4 Recommendations ................................................................................................ 17

REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 19 APPENDEX 1 ............................................................................................................... 20 Questions for NBCL Staff ............................................................................................. 20 DODOSO 1 ................................................................................................................... 22 MASWALI KWA MENEJA WA BAA NA HOTEL ..................................................... 22

1

CHAPTER ONE

Problem Setting

1.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the background to the study, statement of the problem, research

objectives, research questions, scope of the study, definitions of the key terms and

abbreviations.

1.2 Background of the study

Today is the world of business with free market economy. Every company sells whatever

the product it wants at any price and quantity. Therefore, the world is so competitive and

every company fights to survive through increasing market share and for a company to

do well in the market place there should be some mechanism to attract more customers.

Scholars in advertising theories argue that advertisements and promotion remain to be the

major factors which facilitate the rapid growth of sales performance. The more

competitors’ brands increase, the more competitors need promotion and advertisements

to capture customers. Thus why advertisement has become international since producers

and companies try to sell their product on the globalize market in almost every corner of

the world (Kotler, 1991).

1.2. 1 The background of Nyanza Bottling Company Limited (NBCL)

NBL was established in December 1984 with the explicitly objectives of bottling the coca

cola range of products as authorized bottler of coca cola company. Coca cola is going

under license; this has been franchised from abroad. It is a 1986’s joint venture between

2

Sumaria Corporation and the Christopher Mwita Gachuma Group of Companies (CMG);

one of the East Africa’s most dynamic companies. Currently the company sells more than

one million bottles per day. NBCL is located at Igoma area, 8 Km from Mwanza city.

Apart from Coca cola, the company produces Fanta, Sprite, club soda such as spar letta;

Dasani water and sun fill juice. Sold over six regions; Tabora, Kigoma, Kagera, Mara,

Shinyanga and Mwanza.

1.3 Statement of the problem

Companies have been using advertising as part of their marketing strategies in order to

inform and persuade consumers of their products and services in a competitive world.

This testifies the important of advertisements for any company survival. NBCL being a

company is not far behind in using advertisements to persuade people consume it brands;

Coca cola, Fanta, Sprite, Club soda such as Spar letta, Dasani water and Sun fill juice.

Currently NBCL remains a leading soft drink company in lake zone but no study has

been conducted to establish whether such successes is a results of advertisements, this

study sought therefore to fill out this gap.

1.4 Research Objectives

1.4.1 General objectives of the research

To find out the contribution of advertisements in increasing NBCL’S sales performance

1.4.2 Specific objectives

i. To investigate the type of media used by NBCL when advertising its products.

3

ii. To find out the frequency at which NBCL advertises its products to consumers.

iii. To find out the consumers’’ perceptions of NBCL advertisements.

1.5 Research Questions

The research was guided by the following questions:-

i. What type of media does NBCL use when advertising its products?

ii. How frequent does NBCL advertise its products to consumers?

iii. What are the customers’ perceptions of NBCL advertisements?

1.6 Significance of the study

i. To the researcher

This study provides broad knowledge of the importance of advertising on increasing sales

performance in business industry.

1.7 Scope of the study

The research was conducted on the contribution of advertisement in increasing sales of

NBCL Mwanza plant. Therefore, findings obtained reflect responses from NBCL

customers and NBCL staff.

1.8 Definition of Key terms

Promotion: Promotion is a coordination of sellers initiated to set up channels of

information and persuasion to sell goods and services (Belch, 1998:14).

Advertising: Advertising is any paid form non personal communication about an

organization, product, services or idea by an identified sponsor (Belch, 1998:14).

4

Market: Market means to advertise something in a particular way in order to sell it

(Poliwoda, 1993:35).

5

CHAPTER TWO

Literature Review

2.1 Introduction

This chapter covers a number of literatures that the researcher reviewed concerning the

problem under the study. It includes theoretical argument, theoretical framework,

empirical literature and research gap.

2.2 Theoretical argument

2.2.1 Theoretical perspective on advertisement

Advertising performs essential functions in today’s society of business and completion. It

is through advertisements that consumers can be aware on the kinds of brands and

services available in the marketplaces. It is through advertisement that new markets are

created and mass production is stimulated by mass demand (Gillian, 1971).

Market maturity study asserts that a good competitor for product and service must inter in

marketing advertising because is more persuasive, and at this stage mass selling and sales

promotion blends of consumer product firms may require aggressive personal selling

perhaps to supplement more advertising and total budget allocated to advertising and

promotion may rise as a competition increasing (William, 1999).

Advertisement is intended to create immediate actions and it generally carries an

argument message such as an announcement of sale, contest, coupon, or some other offer.

The consumer benefit special offer, usually to financial nature. The major sale activities

are supported by advertising for specific objective and it is determined by the nature of

6

advertising being used. NBCL advertising is designed to describe the prize structure and

what consumer can do to identify the product through making the premium clearly

(Runyoni, 1984).

Advertising is integral part of our social and economic system. In our contemporary

society advertising has involved into a vital communication system for both consumer

and business. The ability of advertising method to deliver carefully prepared massages to

target audience (Belch, 2001).

Advertising in historical industrial market is there to save many geographical dispersed

customers, by making efforts and use full of advertising in industrial marketing through

performing his function (Runyoni, 1984).

Also if an organization advertises his products can influence direct or indirect purchase of

the product being sold simply advertisement play the role in creating awareness about the

product and leads the customer to be able to identify it. Also advertisement helps the

organization to build the reputation and prepare the way for personal selling and motivate

company to distribute their product. Therefore NBCL provide different advertisement so

as to change customer altitude towards their product.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

This research was guided by the following theories:-

The Push theory

The Push theory by Daniel Dick states that you can increase sales by creating incentives

to wholesalers or retailers to sell more of your products. In this method you would offer

7

discounts to whole sellers or retailers who buy your product to bulk, this leaves them with

more of your merchandise on hands and drives them to sell more of your products giving

them discounts, pushes them to buy more of your products at lower prices to increase the

amount of money they make in turn they must push your products to customers because

they will make a better return on them than a similar products supplied to them by your

competitors.

The activation theory of information exposure

The activation theory of information exposure by Lewis Donohue, Philip Palm Green and

J Duncan in 1980states that individual will seek to satisfy their needs for stimulation and

information when attending to a message before they seek to fulfill their needs for

information alone (Araka and Araka, 2010, p. 31). Activation theory helps to overcome

the criticism that uses gratification research does not stipulate why people use the media

by nothing that the media are part of the environment providing a variety in activities.

Information helps in understanding the world and self and activities of various intensities.

This theory explains how individuals seek messages that fulfill their cognitive need for

information as well as their needs to be entertained. When conducting Advertisement

NBCL points to a need to meet both the cognitive and emotional needs of their

consumers.

2.4 Empirical Literature Review

Eutropia (2008)’s study on “The impact of advertisement on sales performance” reports

that there is extremely challenging to establish advertisement budgets where by the

management lucks reliable standards for determining how much to spend on specific

8

activities and how much to spend altogether on advertising or personal selling. A serious

problem is that the management normally cannot assess the result of promotion

expenditure. Advertisement activities generally are budgeted as current operating

expenses, implying their benefits are used up current immediately. Luhanga’s study

recommends that before doing advertisement there should be a well framed budget which

will be used to guide them as they do advertisement throughout.

James (2010)’s study on the ‘impacts of advertisement on organizational performance”

reports that advertisement should be included in a company’s plan along and personal

selling. It means that advertisement budget selects appropriate sales promotion technique

and evaluates performance of sales activities. One problem the management faces is that

many promotions techniques are short run tactical actions which are designed to produce

immediate response as a result they tend to be used as stop gap measure to reverse

unexpected sales decline rather than as integrated part of marketing program .

2.5 Research gap

Most researchers have tried to explain how advertisement has some impacts on

organization sales performance and the importance of advertisement on promoting

customer relationship within an organization. Despite that the studies which have been

done are very few. Therefore the researcher aimed at investigating the contribution of

advertisement on increasing sales of NBCL product.

9

CHAPTER THREE

Methodology

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents various steps adopted by the researcher in studying problem along

with logic behind. Therefore this chapter is categorized into research design, population,

sampling technique and sample size, tools for data collection, validity and invalidity and

data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

Research design is the conceptual framework within which the research is conducted

whereby researchers are to provide the clear statement of the problem, data collection

techniques, population to be studied and methods for data collection and analysis

(Kothari, 1990). This study involved a survey research design whereby Nyanza Bottling

Company Limited was selected as a social setting in which data were collected from the

NBCL employees and NBCL customers. In addition to that, the researcher used both

qualitative and quantitative designs because data were shown clearly due to the use of

tables and explanation (Orodha, 2003).

3.3 Population Sample

Population of the study includes individuals with common observable characteristics; it is

the targeted group of the study from which the desired information can be drawn

(Mugenda and Mugenda, 2003). The target population of the study was customers of

NBCL and workers of NBCL who provided information to the study.

10

3.4 Sampling Technique

The researcher used purposive sampling technique where the only members who met the

objectives of the study were to give their opinions and arguments on the research

questions. The researcher used purposive sampling because it was relevant to the research

topic, also in that it was possible to select and choose the purpose respondent as well as

specific targeted people (Tromp, 2006).

3.5 Sample Size

Sample size is the optimum number of the individuals to be selected from the entire

population (Kothari, 1990). In this study, the researcher had a sample size of 50

respondents where15 NBCL staff members, 25 NBCL customers, and 10 managers of bar

and hotel the total was 50.

3.6Area of study

The study was conducted in Mwanza region where by Nyanza Bottling Company Limited

was used as a unit of study. The researcher chose Mwanza region because of limited time

and cost constraints.

3.7 Data collection methods

3.7.1. Primary data collection

The primary data was collected through questionnaires and interview

(i) Interview

Interview is a systematic conversation between the researcher and the respondent

(Kothari, 2004:150). The researcher interviewed customers and workers of NBCL.

Customers were grouped into retail and whole sales interviews were conducted with

11

individual respondents. Questions directed were too technical to secure more realistic

information to supplement the data likewise to the customers of NBCL who were also

grouped.

(ii) Questionnaires

The researcher used questionnaires collect information from scattered respondents

3.7.2. Secondary Data collection

The researcher collected secondary data through sales evaluation forms, brand

performance, evaluation forms, and booklets on sales development programs, annual

reports and relevant materials.

3.8 Validity and Reliability

Extreme efforts were made to ensure that the data were reliable by being careful during

the analysis of the relevant literatures.

3.9 Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of cleaning up the raw data collected from the field; it

simplifies interpretation process (Kothari, 2004). In this study, findings were analyzed

both qualitatively and quantitatively. Tables and percentages were used to analyze

quantitative data and words (explanations) were used for interpretation of both numerical

and qualitative data.

12

CHAPTER FOUR

Findings

3.1 Introduction

As noted earlier, this study intended to find out the contribution of advertisements in

increasing the sales of products. This chapter, therefore, presents and analyses data

collected by a researcher through interview and questionnaire.

3.2 Findings

(i) The importance of advertisements to NBCL

Table 1: The importance of advertisements to NBCL

Departments

Responses

Administration Sales Production Total %

Increasing sales 1 1 2 4 26%

Creating awareness 4 3 2 9 60%

Making comparison 0 1 1 2 13%

Total 100%

Source: Research findings 2013

13

The table indicates that four respondents one from administration, one from sales

department and two from production department which make a total of 26% said that

advertisement is very important to their organization because it help the organization to

increase sales through reminding the public about their product and decide to purchase.

Also nine respondents four from administration, three from sales department and two

from production department which is 60% said advertisement helps organization to create

awareness of their products, and two respondents one from sales department and one

from production department which is 13% said that advertisement help customers to

differentiate their product from other companies’ products. Therefore advertisement is

important to NBCL because of being a tool for creating awareness as nine respondents

said.

(ii) Customers’ perception about NBCL advertisements

Table 2: Customers perception towards NBCL advertisements

Responses Number of respondents Percentage

Very good 20 40%

Good 28 56%

Bad 2 4%

Very bad 0 0%

Total 50 100%

Source: Research findings 2013

14

The table indicates that 40% of customers said that advertisements done by NBCL are

very good, 56% of customers said that NBCL advertisements are good while 4% said that

NBCL advertisements are bad. This indicates that the majority of customers perceptions

about NBCL products is good that’s why they are motivated and influenced by the

advertisements hence they purchase NBCL products.

(iii) Type of media used by NBCL in advertising its products

Respondents from NBCL staff said that the type of media they used in advertising their

products were magazine, billboards and television whereby NBCL staff members said

that they mostly prefer using the three types of media because of the fact that television

isn’t reliable to all people especially rural areas whereby in rural areas because there is no

excess to television they use magazine and billboards to advertise different products. Due

to this NBCL use magazine, television and billboards to advertise their products.

(iv) The frequency at which NBCL advertises its products

The researcher wanted to know how frequent NBCL does its advertisement and came to

discover that NBCL does its advertisement as per campaign because when they want to

launch a new product whereby they believe it’s the right time to advertise their products.

15

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion

5.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses objectives of the study which was obtained through findings and

theoretical literature review of the study.

5:2 Discussions

5:2:1 The role played by advertisement in increasing sales

The role of advertisement in historical market is to serve many geographical dispersed

customers, by making effort and useful of it in industrial marketing through performing

this function. Also when an organization advertises and promotes its product can

influence direct or indirect purchase influence of the customer. Advertisement plays great

role in creating awareness about the product and leads the customers to be able to identify

it.

Also advertisement helps the organization to build the reputation and the way for

personal selling and motivate company to distribute their product.

Advertisement play important role in many organizations through helping the

organization to generate revenue and profit by stimulating sales. Advertising rises market

awareness of an organization product and services and generate to lead sales force to

follow up by building a brand image for the product advertising, differentiate the product

from competitors and help to generate a corporate image and build market confidence

and trust an organization.

16

Also in successful business, advertising play an essential and important role especially in

promoting sales of many organization through increasing sales and creating awareness in

people. This generates public to become conscious to the goods and services under the

brand they pursue and make people to buy better.

According to the data a researcher have shown that the role of advertising in promoting

sales of NBCL product is to create awareness, increase sales and help customers to

differentiate their product from other companies product for example nine respondents

from administration, sales department and production department agreed that advertising

play important role in their organization through increasing sales.

5:2:2 The influence of advertisement on increasing sales

Push theory utilizes the concept of market segmentation, consumer reach, idea

configuration, communication facilitation in centers in order to maximize the target

audience response. The theory looks at marketing philosophy that people will adopt new

idea or behavior if they feel that there is something of value and if there is certain

discounts in the product they want to purchase something which will make a customer go

for affordable goods with affordable prize. Push theory relies on four basic principles

such as product, price, promotion and place. These techniques are used in targeting

market and show factors like funds for the product and campaigns.

Push theory influences and increase sales of NBCL product through the involvement of

marketing mix which enable public to make effort in changing their behavior, thinking

and altitudes and hence start to purchase the product segmented. For instant NBCL report

show that sales in Gedeli lodge before advertisement were eight but soon after

17

advertisement increased up to 8.4. Therefore push theory through focusing that customers

need to be boosted or pushed behind to go for a certain product influence sales of NBCL

products.

5:2:3 The type media used in advertisement

Media plays a very great role in one way or the other to create awareness among people

where by the report shows that NBCL uses television, billboards and magazine as a

means in which customers get information concerning their products and services. This is

also another thing of great help to NBCL.

5:3 Conclusions

Advertising has contributed much in increasing sales performance of NBCL brads and

since Tanzania is heading to f East African Community and trade liberalization there is

no doubt that through advertising, NBCL will survive.

5:4 Recommendations

5:4:1 To the company

There is a need for NBCL Company to employ more advertising staff who are competent

and well qualified with at least the specialization in advertising and public relations and

marketing so that they can be able to produce attractive advertisements

Apart from that NBCL should have a tendency of evaluating sales after advertising so as

to get feedback about the activities they have done and be able to compare sales before

and after advertising instead of evaluating annually.

18

5:4:2 Sponsorship

NBCL should not rely on sponsoring only football because not all customers like it,

others like basketball, netball, and car racing.

5:4:3 Motivations Workers

NBCL should motivate their marketing people to work hard in order to increase sales

19

REFERENCES

Runyoni, K. E. (1984). Advertising. (2nd Ed). London: Charles E. & Merrill publishing

Company.

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. (2nd Ed). New

York: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Kleppner, O. & Greyser, S. A. (1973). Advertising Management Consultation. (6th Ed).

New York: Havard University.

Kotler, P. & Zaltman, G. (1971). Social Marketing Theory: An approach to planned

social change. Journal of Marketing.

Gillian, P. (1971). Advertising. Great Britain: Bats ford.

Mugenda, O. M. & Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and

Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.

20

APENDICES

APPENDEX 1

Questions for NBCL Staff

My name is Leonidas Irene K, pursuing Public Relations and Marketing at St. Augustine University of Tanzania (SAUT), undertaking research on the contribution of advertisement on promoting sales towards NBCL. Kindly I am requesting you to fill the questionnaire below prepared to get information about the topic studied. Please put a ( ) where appropriate.

Your cooperation to this exercise is highly appreciated

Thanks in advance.

1. Are you familiar with the advertisement done by NBCL

a. Yes ( ) b. No ( ) c. Somehow ( )

2. If yes what media does NBCL use for its advert?

a) Radio advert ( ) b) TV advert ( ) c) Magazine ( ) d) Any other…………………………………………………………………………

3. How often does NBCL advertise its products?

a) Once a month ( ) b) Twice a month ( ) c) Once a week ( ) d) Any

other…………………………………………………………………………

4. Does the advertising play any role at NBCL?

a) Yes ( ) b) No ( ) c) Not sure ( )

5. I f yes in question 4 above what role does it play?

a. …………………………………………………………………………

21

b. …………………………………………………………………………

c. …………………………………………………………………………

6. Does advertisement lead to any increase of customer base at NBCL?

a) Yes ( ) b) No ( ) c) To some extent ( )

7. If yes in question 8 above explain why.

a) ……………………………………………………………………………

b) ……………………………………………………………………………

c) ……………………………………………………………………………

9. Are there any challenges facing NBCL Adverts?

a) Yes ( ) b) No ( ) c) Not sure ( )

10. If yes what are those challenges?

a) ……………………………………………………………………………

b) ……………………………………………………………………………

22

DODOSO 1

MASWALI KWA MENEJA WA BAA NA HOTEL

Kwa jina naitwa Leonidas Irene K, ni mwanafunzi wa mwaka wa tatu katika chuo cha mtakatifu Augustino Tanzania kilichopo Mwanza nasoma shahada ya sanaa na mawasiliano na uhusiano kwa umma, ninafanya utafiti kuhusu mchango unaotokana na matangazo pamoja na promosheni katika kukuza biashara za NBCL. Hivyo naomba ushirikiano wako katika kujaza maswali yafuatayo ili niweze kufanikiwa kupata shahada yangu ya sanaa na mahusiano kwa umma. Tafadhari naomba uweke ( ) sehemu sahii, na jaza sehemu zilizo wazi.

1. Je NBCL wanafanya matangazo katika baa yako? a) Ndiyo ( ) b) Hapana ( )

2. Je unaweza kuelezea biashara ilivyokuwa kabla ya matangazo kutoka NBCL?

………………………………………………………………………………………

3. Je biashara ilikuwaje baada ya matangazo kutoka NBCL? Toa sababu ………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Unawashauri nini NBCL juu ya matangazo wanayotoa? ……………………………………………………………………………………