leprosy kristopher brevard 1. what is leprosy? ancient disease causes skin sores, nerve damage and...
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Leprosy
Kristopher Brevard1
What is leprosy?
• Ancient disease
• Causes skin sores, nerve damage and muscle weakness
• Worsens with time
2
What causes leprosy?
• Mycobacterium leprae
• Not very contagious
• Spread through prolonged close contact.
• Long incubation period
3
Prevalence of leprosy• About 41,780 new cases
in The United States in 2005
• Typically in the south, California, Hawaii, and U.S islands
• About 201,635 New Cases in Southeast Asia in 2005
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Mycobacterium leprae
• Causes leprosy
• Found in warm tropical countries
• Pleomorphic
• Acid-fast
• Can take up to 13 days for one replication cycle
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How does it get in?
• Binds to macrophages, and Schwann cells
• Phagocytosis
• Creates electron transparent zone
• Protects against phagolysosome
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Evasion !
• Replicates exclusively inside macrophages and Schwann cells
• Most phagocytes and APCs don't encounter pathogen
• Up regulated Mcl-1
• Down regulates Bak and Bad
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Evasion part 2
• NK cells and neutrophils are important in activating more immune response
• TH2 response not effective
• Bacteria is allowed to continue to replicate
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What are the symptoms?
• Skin lesions (lighter than normal skin)
• Decreased sensation to touch, heat or pain
• Muscle weakness
• Numbness
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Forms of leprosy
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•Tuberculoid• Less severe• Skin lesions• Asymmetrically
distributed
•Lepromatous • Pale macules • Failure of Th1 cell
activation.• More severe• Large lumps and
nodules
Diagnosis
• Lepromin skin test
• Skin lesion biopsy
• Skin scraping examination
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Treatments and Prevention
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• Multi drug therapy
• Rifampicin, Dapasone, Clofazimine
• Prevention is achieved by avoiding physical contact with untreated people
References
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• Sehgal, Virendra N., Kabir Sardana, and Sunil Dogra. "The Imperatives Of Leprosy
Treatment In The Pre- And Post-Global Leprosy Elimination Era: Appraisal Of
Changing The Scenario To Current Status." Journal Of Dermatological Treatment
19.2 (2008): 82-91. Academic Search Complete. Web. 28 Mar. 2012.Barker, L.
2006. Mycobacterium leprae interactions with the host cell: recent advances
(Review article). Indian J Med Res, 123: 748-59.
• “Leprosy Fact Sheet”. World Health Organization. October 2005. link
• “Hansen’s Disease: Leprosy”. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division
of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases. Dept. of Human Health and Services. October
2005. link
• Lavanya, M., Deena, V., Sujai, S., Balasubramanian, A., et al. 2001. Biochemical
aspects of mycobacterium leprae binding proteins: A review of their role in
pathogenesis. Int. J Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Dis. Link
• Greer, Alex Mycobacterium Leprae. Davidson College, 2007. Web. 10 Mar. 2012
<http://www.bio.davidson.edu/people/sosarafova/Assets/Bio307/algreer/
evasion.html>.