Unit One Review # 2 Q’s

Learning Outcome A-O

1. Cells make proteins such as blood proteins (hemoglobin, clotting factors) structural proteins (hair, fingernails, muscle) etc.

2. Three main nutrient groups are : FATS, PROTEINS and CARBOHYDRATES.

3. Proteins are built out of AMINO ACIDS.(see diagram below)

Final Protein Structure

Each sphere is an Amino Acid

4. A cell possesses genes on DNA, these segments of DNA act as a code/blue print to tell the cell what order to put the AA’s into, in order to build such and such protein.

5. There are about 20 different AA’s. Very small proteins may have just a couple dozen AA’s. But most proteins are large and may have several hundred or even thousands of AA’s. (the yellow part of the amino acids structure is the part that differentiates one AA from another.

6. When building a key protein known as Hemoglobin, some people have one AA –"Glutamate" accidentally replaced by a different AA "Valine". The result is SICKLE CELL ANEMIA.

7. The table indicates that the more similar things look to each other, the closer they are related and the more similar their protein sequencing is and therefore the more similar their gene sequencing (DNA) must be.

Learning Outcome A-1

1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid - DNA

This red blood cell is not properly shaped and it will not carry adequate amounts of oxygen

2. DNA consist of repeated units called nucleotides – Each nucleotide consists of – A SUGAR - A PHOSPHATE GROUP and – A NITROGENOUS BASE.

3. Double Helix

4. The only difference between the four different nucleotides is the type of base that they contain. There are four different bases. Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Thymine.

5. DEOXYRIBOSE

NUCLEOTIDE STRUCTURE

6. Purines are double-ringed bases, both ADENINE AND GUANINE are purines.

7. Pyrimidines are single-ringed bases, both Cytosine and Thymine are pyrimidines.

Missing an Oxygen atom

At this location

8. To bridge the gap between the strands/rails of sugar-phosphates a purine must bond to a pyrimidine.

9. Thymine to ADENINE – with two H-bonds.

"T to A with Two" "tattoo" - See diagram above.

10. Cytosine to GUANINE- with three H-bonds. "C to G with Three". See previous diagram.

11. A weak chemical bond known as a HYDROGEN bond holds the bases together.

12. Every three bases makes up a specific CODON (a specific code word) for a specific Amino Acid.

Do NOT need to know TABLE

13. The rails of DNA consist of Sugars and Phosphates. Vertical RAIL

14. The rungs or cross-bridges consist of two bases joined together.

15. CHROMATIN- See picture

Horizontal RUNG

16. DNA must copy itself prior to cell division, this is called REPLICATION.

17. Humans have 46 chromosomes (found in 23 pairs)

18. A GENE is a segment of DNA that holds the specific code for a specific protein.