lesson 1. difference between phonetics …...phonetics & phonology manual 3 lesson 1. difference...

LESSON 1. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY ........................................................................ 3 ARTICULATORS AND POINTS OF ARTICULATION .............................................................................................................................. 3 CORTE VERTICAL DE LOS ÓRGANOS FONADORES ............................................................................................................................ 5

LESSON 2. THE VOWEL SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ............................................................................... 6 EXERCISES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

THE FRONT VOWELS ............................................................................................................................................................... 7 THE SOUNDS ............................................................................................................................................................................. 7

THE SOUND ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8

THE SOUND ............................................................................................................................................................................. 8 THE CENTRAL VOWELS ......................................................................................................................................................... 9

THE (SCHWA)SOUND .............................................................................................................................................................. 9

THESOUND (AND AMERICAN) ................................................................................................................................... 10

THESOUND ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10

THESOUND (CARRET/WEDGE) ............................................................................................................................................ 10 THE BACK VOWELS ............................................................................................................................................................... 11

THESOUNDS ........................................................................................................................................................................ 11

THE SOUND ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 DIPHTHONGS .................................................................................................................................................................................. 13 EXERCISES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 LAS VOCALES DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA (FONEMAS) .................................................................................................................... 17

LESSON 3. THE CONSONANT SYSTEM OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ................................................................... 18 CHECK QUESTIONS ......................................................................................................................................................................... 18 EXERCISES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

THE CONSONANT SYSTEM OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE ......................................................................................... 23 LESSON 4. SYSTEM OF THE BILABIAL STOP CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ........................... 24 SISTEMA DE LAS OCLUSIVAS LABIALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ................................................................... 25

SYSTEM OF THE ALVEOLAR STOP CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ............................................................................... 26 EXERCISE ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 27 SISTEMA DE LAS OCLUSIVAS DENTALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ................................................................................................ 28 SYSTEM OF THE VELAR STOP CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ...................................................................................... 29 SISTEMA DE LAS OCLUSIVAS VELARES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA .................................................................................................. 30

LESSON 5. SYSTEM OF THE FRICATIVE CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .................................... 31 EXERCISES ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 SISTEMA DE LAS FRICATIVAS EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ................................................................................................................ 33 SYSTEM OF THE AFFRICATE CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ........................................................................................ 34 SISTEMA DE LAS FRICATIVAS Y AFRICADAS PALATALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ....................................................................... 35

LESSON 6. SYSTEM OF THE NASAL CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ............................................. 36 SISTEMA DE LAS CONSONANTES NASALES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ............................................................................................. 37 SYSTEM OF THE LIQUID CONSONANTS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE .............................................................................................. 38 SISTEMA DE LAS CONSONANTES LATERALES Y VIBRANTES EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ................................................................... 39

LESSON 7. SYSTEM OF THE GLIDES (SEMI-CONSONANTS) IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE ............................. 40 SISTEMA DE LAS SEMI-CONSONANTES (SEMI-VOCALES) EN LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA ................................... 41 ALLOPHONIC VARIATIONS: ................................................................................................................................................ 42 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................................................................. 43 ENGLISH RULE NOTATION .................................................................................................................................................. 43 SPANISH RULE NOTATION ................................................................................................................................................... 44 PHONETICS: ALLOPHONES/PHONES (SOUNDS) ............................................................................................................ 45 FONÉTICA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA: ALÓFONOS.................................................................................................... 46 PHONEMICS: PHONEMES (PHONOLOGY) ....................................................................................................................... 47 FONOLOGÍA DE LA LENGUA ESPAÑOLA: LOS FONEMAS ......................................................................................... 48

Phonetics & Phonology Manual 3

Lesson 1. Difference between Phonetics and Phonology

Phonology It is an abstract study

It studies the rules of sound

combination

It studies Phonemes (Phonological Segments)

It is transcribed Phonemically

Phonemes are represented by

slant bar / /

Phonemes constitute the mental

representation of sounds, it is the concept of a sound regarding meaning

Swapping (or confusing) phonemes

alters the interpretation of the message (it changes the meaning)

PhoneMe → Mental (model located in

our mind)

Phonetics It is a concrete study

It studies how sounds are produced and

perceived

It describes allophones (phonetic realizations)

It is transcribed Phonetically

Allophones are represented by square

brackets [ ]

Allophones are the physical realization of

phonemes, allophones are real audible sounds as they are pronounced

Swapping allophones does not alter

interpretation of the message (it does not change the meaning)

Allophones belong to PhoneTics → Talk

Check Questions

what’s the difference between phonetics and phonology?

What are phonemes?

What are allophones?

Which can we hear, allophones or phonemes?

How do we represent allophones? And phonemes?

Articulators and Points of Articulation

In addition to their normal names, many of the parts of the vocal tract have fancy names derived from Latin and Greek. The adjectives we use to describe sounds made with each part are usually based on the Latin/Greek name. In phonetics, the terms velum, pharynx, larynx, and dorsum are used as often or more often than the simpler names. NOTE. “PA” stands for “Point of Articulation” while “A” stands for “Articulator”


Nasal Cavity

Oral Cavity

Larynx

Gl ot t is

VocalCor ds

Epigl ot is

Root

Back(dorsum)

Chin

Tongue

Bl ade

(Fr ont )Mid

Lowert eet h

Tip(Apex)

LowerLip

upperLip

Upperteeth

Mout h

Nose

AlveolarRidge

AlveopalatalRegion

HardPalate

Velum (Soft Palate)

Uvul aPalate

Alveolar ridge (PA)

A short distance behind the upper teeth is a change in the angle of the roof of the mouth. (In some people it’s quite abrupt, in others very slight.) This is the alveolar ridge. Sounds that involve the area between the upper teeth and this ridge are called alveolars.

(Hard) palate (PA)

The hard portion of the roof of the mouth. The term "palate" by itself usually refers to the hard palate. Soft palate/velum (PA) The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, lying behind the hard palate. The tongue hits

the velum in the sounds [], [],

and []. The velum can also

move: if it lowers, it creates an opening that allows air to flow out through the nose; if it stays raised, the opening is blocked, and no air can flow through the nose. Uvula (Both, PA & A) The small, dangly thing at the back of the soft palate. The uvula vibrates during the r sound in many French dialects. Pharynx The cavity between the root of the tongue and the walls of the upper throat. Tongue blade (A)

The flat surface of the tongue just behind the tip. Tongue body/dorsum (A)

The main part of the tongue, lying below the hard and soft palate. The body, specifically the back part of the body (hence "dorsum", Latin for "back"), moves to make vowels and many consonants.

Tongue root

The lowest part of the tongue in the throat Epiglottis

The fold of tissue below the root of the tongue. The epiglottis helps cover the larynx during swallowing, making sure (usually!) that food goes into the stomach and not the lungs. A few languages use the epiglottis in making sounds. English is "fortunately" not one of them.

Vocal folds/vocal cords

Folds of tissue stretched across the airway to the lungs. They can vibrate against each other, providing much of the sound during speech.


Glottis The opening between the vocal cords. During a glottal stop, the vocal cords are held together and there is no opening between them.

Larynx

The structure that holds and manipulates the vocal cords. The "Adam’s apple" in males is the bump formed by the front part of the larynx.

Corte Vertical de los Órganos Fonadores

Los Articuladores y los Lugares (Puntos) de Articulación

Cavidad Nasal

Cavidad Bucal

Lar inge

Gl ot is

Cuer dasVocal es

Epigl ot is

Raiz

Post

Ment ón

Lengua

PreMedio

Dient esInf er ior es

Lámina(Ápice)

LabioInfer ior

LabioSuper ior

Dient essuper ior es

Boca

Nar iz

Al veol os Pal adarDur o

Vel o

Uvul aPal adar (duro)pr e postmedio

Dor so

Tráquea

(Respiración)

Bronquios

(aire)

Pul mones

Comprehension Questions on Lesson 1

1. What are phonemic transcriptions? ______________________________________________________________________

2. What are phonetic transcriptions? ______________________________________________________________________

3. What are articulators? Can you list them? ______________________________________________________________________

4. What are the points (places) of articulation? Can you list them? ______________________________________________________________________

5. What is “manner of articulation”? Can you list them? ______________________________________________________________________

6. What’s voicing? Can you list the two types? What’s the difference? ______________________________________________________________________


Lesson 2. The Vowel System of the English Language

Front Central Back Front Central Back

High

High Brit Brit

Mid Brit

Mid Brit

BritE

AmE

Low Brit

Low

7 Simple Vowel Nuclei [+lax] 8 Complex Vowel Nuclei 5 Long Vowel Nuclei [-lax] "Diphthongs"

Note: the American sound for “stop”; “walk” or “got” can be written with the

following American symbol

Where to practise? http://www.englishmedialab.com/pronunciation/vowelvideo.html

http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm

http://www.facebook.com/#!/group.php?gid=184566126017&ref=ts

http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/try/activities/phonemic-chart

http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/index.html

Examples

Lax low front vowel sound

Lax mid central-back vowel sound (Carret)

Lax (simple) short high front vowel sound

Tense high front vowel sound

Exercises

I. Write their names

______________________________

_______________________________

_______________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

Minimal Pair: words that differ by only one sound in one position in the word. The words pat and bat meet this criterion

Question: are all vowels voiced or voiceless?

http://www.englishmedialab.com/pronunciation/vowelvideo.html

http://www.antimoon.com/how/pronunc-soundsipa.htm

http://www.facebook.com/#!/group.php?gid=184566126017&ref=ts

http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/try/activities/phonemic-chart

http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/index.html


II. Provide more examples of words that contain the following sound.

Underline the letter(s) that represent(s) that sound.

e

The Front Vowels

The sounds

In English, we have 3 (three) “” sounds:

A soft 1 sound, that occurs in words such as ft, lvng, sttng, t, s;

a long //2 sound in words such as mean /, green /, leaving ; and finally,

a regular –Spanish like- that occurs ONLY AT THE END OF SYLLABLES, as in:

happy/; finally; community

Task: Provide the correspondent minimal pair for the following words. After you finish, compare it with your partner’s. Read them together producing the difference

1

It

Sit

Bit

Bid bead

Is

Live

Tim

Rich

1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe54C3k-MeI

2 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-NDd5XW2JQ&feature=relmfu

IPA: Ideally, we would like one convention to be

adopted by all phoneticians, but this

has not worked out. The

most widespread attempt to standardize a

phonetic alphabet goes back to 1888, when the

first version of the

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was

established.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qe54C3k-MeI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-NDd5XW2JQ&feature=relmfu

Phonetics & Phonology Manual

8

The sound

It is slightly different to the Spanish “e”, but normally there is no problem to either identify it or produce it.


2

Pin

Tin

Chick

Gin Jen

Knit

Bin

Bit

Bill

The sound

This sound is unexistent in Spanish. Although ideally each symbol corresponds to one sound, the American version of this sound is more open and more nasal while the British one is more similar

to a Spanish sound.


3

End

Pet

Ben

Dead

Ken

Men

Head

"X" axe

3 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceypHjIf9NY&feature=topics

4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uc-4bPsST0&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ceypHjIf9NY&feature=topics

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7uc-4bPsST0&feature=relmfu


The Central Vowels

The (Schwa)sound

IPA represents unstressed sounds (any sound, it can represent an unstressed “e” sound, an

unstressed “” sound or an unstressed “a” sound) by using a schwa //. Therefore, whenever we

have unstressed syllables in English, we transcribe them using a schwa (take into account that many times native speakers don’t even pronounce unstressed syllables). For example, the word faster can be split into two syllables: “fast” and “er”. The stress is in the first syllable: FASTer. In

order to represent unstressed syllables, we write “fastr” then.

Practice exercise. Split the following words into syllables. Identify the unstressed ones. Write a schwa under them fasterfast – er

Mechanic Sharon aloud Jason accountant Mississippi

The stressed version of the schwa is . We use this sound –despite spelling-in stressed

environments. Examples: birdbrd (the whole syllable is stressed); surnamesr name (the

first syllable is stressed) Practice exercise. Split the following words into syllables (whenever possible). Identifiy the

stressed ones and write / under them. Identify the unstressed ones and write a schwa

under them. word actor Ferdinand survey pervert (verb) pervert (noun)

Task: add some more words to the correspondent sounds in the chart

4 5

UK US Sir About

First Sofa

Surname Telegraph

Work The

Word A

5 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMebBCUzWuA&feature=related;

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJvK1WBKnt0&feature=related

6 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlSeYt6PN6s&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMebBCUzWuA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJvK1WBKnt0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlSeYt6PN6s&feature=related


Thesound (and American)

This is the British sound found in words such as stop, clock and socks. Since Americans

pronounce the same words differently, the rule would be then that “whenever the British sound //

occurs, the correspondent American symbol occurs too in the same environment”


6 7

Pet Hat

Red Cap

Sec Cat

Get Pat

Went Sack

Pep Tap

Deck Dock Backs Box

Den Black

Thesound

This sound is similar to a long Spanish sound, but less open. Take into account that it is

normally followed by an sound. Remember that standard British English drop the sounds,

so when looking in a dictionary in most cases you will find an optional () symbol.

Task: add some more words containing this sound to the chart

8

Car

Star

Father

Arm

Bark

Thesound (Carret/Wedge)

This sound is in between the central and back category (far inside your mouth). Is not similar to any Spanish vowel. It is the stressed version of the schwa sound.


7 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6t4mpgwpacA&feature=topics



http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6t4mpgwpacA&feature=topics




9 10

Hat Hut

Cap Cup

Bank Pup

Track Puppy

Stamp Buddy

Cat Bugs

Pat Putt Ducks Docks

Fan Done

The Back Vowels

Thesounds

In English, we have 3 (three) “” sounds:

A soft, short sound, that occurs in words such as bk, tk, g;

a long // sound in words such as soup /, groom /, lose ; and finally, a

regular –Spanish like- that NEVER OCCURS as an isolated, single vowel, as in:

usual/; situate; reputation

The sound

It is similar to a long Spanish sound

Task: Provide the correspondent minimal pair for the following words. After you finish, compare it with your partner’s. Read them together producing the difference. For number 16, add some more words containing that back sound

11 12 13 14 15 16

But Luck Pot Pull Shot (Am) dog

Luck Buck Bock Full Lock August

Sun Stud Box Look John audio

Mud Cud Cock Could Cooed Rod author

Stud Stewed Bucks Lock Wood Wooed Blah cause

Run Ruin Buggy Boogey Rock Rook Cook Kuke Don Dune

Done Dune Huff Hoof God Soot wand

Cup coop Rough Cod Fullish Collar


III. Circle the symbol that matches the sound in the underlined letters. They

are all single vowel sounds

0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

IV. Cross out the word that does not contain the vowel sound

0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

British English

7. 8.


Diphthongs

Diphthongs are two vowel sounds which run together = + = diphthong = + = diphthong

Exercises

I. Write the words from the box next to the correct diphthong. There are two

more words for each diphthong.

Where clear stay shy Weigh know sure now

Phone bear high enjoy Poor beer noise aloud

1. += how ____________ ____________

2. += pay ____________ ____________

3. += go ____________ ____________

4. += my ____________ ____________

5. += boy ____________ ____________

British English

6. += tour ____________ ____________

7. += near ____________ ____________

8. += hair ____________ ____________

II. Write the transcribed words plain English. They are all diphthongs.

1. We caught the ___________ to the ___________ of

___________

2. The ___________ in the red ___________ said that he

___________ the journey

3. I’ve ___________ Sally for ()___________ ___________years

4. She’s ___________ a red ___________ in her ()___________

5. Not many people ______________________these ___________

6. He ___________ to ___________ a big black

___________


III. Provide the correspondent minimal pair counterpart for the following

words:

1 2 3 4

"E" Test Boot Bout Pool

"D" Jen Coo Boot

See Fell Boo Too

Feel Sell Knew Fool Foal

Seal Seller Hue Sue

Me Rest Raced A boot Soup

Green Grain Pepper Brew Shoe

5 6 7 8

Cost "a" "a" Chase

John Bait Hey Fail

Off Oaf Kate Bait Sale

Knot Gate Tray Ale

Cock Gray Day Bale

Ah Jane Kate Kite Cane

Jock Fail Foal Fail Race Royce

Shod They Lay Paint

9 10 11 12

Pies Poise Buy Boy Bow

Pint Dine Toy Coal

By Find Joy Cold Cowled

Tie File Foil Foal Phoned

File Signed Noise Foal

I’ll Rise Rouse Roy Sew

Bile Lied Soy Rose

13 14 15 Remember that…

All vowel sounds are voiced

British /corresponds to Americanor

IPA /corresponds to American or IPA /ecorresponds to American

IPA /corresponds to American or IPA /corresponds to AmericanU

IPA /corresponds to American

Both IPA and sometimes correspond to

American //

IPA /corresponds to American

IPA /corresponds to Americanor

IPA /corresponds to AmericanNotice how British/American pronunciation (and therefore symbols) differ in transcriptions:

(Brit) (Brit) (Brit)

Near Pure Hair

Ear Tour Chair

Dear Tourist There

Beer Sure Pear

beard poor air


IV. Ways of pronouncing oo

The letters oo are pronounced in different ways

Put the words in italics in the correct column, A, B, or C

0. Have you read the “Good Food” guide to London?

1. The best cooks use a wooden spoon to stir the sauce 2. Look! There’s a pool of blood on the carpet!

3. If I won the football pools, I’d be flooded with begging letters.

4. We foolishly booked a room at the hotel without asking

the price 5. I wear a woolen sweater when it’s cool

6. He stood on a stool and climbed onto the roof

A B C

Good

____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

Food ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

____________ ____________

V. Ways of pronouncing ou

The letters ou are also pronounced in many different ways. For example:

Underline the word with the different pronunciation

1. would

2. your 3. accountant 4. though

5. enough 6. anonymous

7. trouble 8. through

should

sour country ought

tough mouse

double group

shoulder

court count

bought

rough enourmous

doubt though

could

pour fountain thought

cough furious

country soup


Choose the vowel sound that corresponds to the “prescriptive” British English

1. siege 2. sieve 3. plain

4. read (past)

5. rat

6. rock

7. sun 8. blew

9. wood

10. low

11. might

12. soy

13. bear 14. rear

15. rather

16. lard

17. journey

18. autobiography


Las vocales de la Lengua Española (fonemas)

Triángulo Articulatorio - (Quilis, p. 40)

Lugar de Articulación

Mo

do

de a

rtic

ualc

ión

Anterior (palatal)

Central Posterior

(velar)

Mo

do

de a

rtic

ula

ció

n

Anterior (palatal)

Central Posterior

(velar)

Cerrada

Labios estirados

Labios redondos

Cerrada

Ciudad

Labios redondos

muy

Media

Media ley deuda

hoy Sousa

Abierta

Abierta

hay causa

Nucleos simples (5 fonemas) Nucleos complejos (fonema + fonema)

OBSERVACIONES:

VOCALES DIPTONGOS(Quilis, p. 41-43)

La lengua se tensa.

“Una vocal se manifiesta alofónicamente como semi-vocal o semi-consonante”

Núcleo silábico = vocal

Los labios son estirados para las vocales anteriores y centrales y redondos para las vocales posteriores

Margen silábico prenuclear = semiconsonante

Diptongo creciente. On-glide

(bien [j] + V ;

buen [w] + V)

Margen silábico postnuclear = semivocal.

Todos los dialectos tienen los mismos 5 fonemas. Cualquier variación no es significante

Diptongo decreciente. Off-glide

peine V + [i] ;

aula V + [u]

Triptongo = 3 vocales:

Buey Paraguay

Check Questions on lesson 2

What does the term “nucleos complejos” refer to? ______________________________

What is an “on-glide”? ____________________________________________________

What are glides? How many glides are there? Do we have glides in English as well? ______________________________________________________________________


Lesson 3. The Consonant System of the English Language

Phoneme

as in pet

as in take

as in cake

as in bee

as in day

as in grey

as in hair

as in five

as in violin

as in soap

as in zoo

10 as in think

as in this

11 as in change

as in judge

12 as in shampoo

as in rouge

as in mum

as in near

as in English

as in lake

13 As in row

As in yesterday

As in where

Alternative Symbols:

There are alternative American symbols for the following IPA ones:

Check Questions

1. How do we classify consonant sounds? _______________________________________________________

2. How do we classify vowel sounds? _______________________________________________________

10

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUAYmTnWaCY&feature=plcp 11

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unfuGPc3iXo&feature=relmfu 12

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr2adpD6sYU&feature=relmfu 13

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq_yIbrD01c&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUAYmTnWaCY&feature=plcp

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unfuGPc3iXo&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wr2adpD6sYU&feature=relmfu

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jq_yIbrD01c&feature=relmfu


Exercises

I Choose the consonant sound that corresponds to the “prescriptive” or “standard” British English

1. nature 2. Xerox 3. aesthetic

4. encyclopaedia

5. cashmere

6. negotiate

7. thumb 8. psyche

9. sergeant

10. plateau

11. pneumonia

12. universal

13. cultural 14. gradual

15. dogs

16. finger

17. York

18. liquid

II Transcribe these words in plain English

0. beach1. _______________ 6. _______________2. _______________ 7. _______________3. _______________ 8. _______________4. _______________ 9. _______________5. _______________


III Fill in the chart with the words. The bolded letters are read with the same sound that the symbols represent

Consonant Sounds

Big Free Pot Thank Bob House Same They Cat Jump She Van

Chew Man Sing Vision Do Music Split Which Fat No Ted Yes

Vowel Sounds

About Eat I Thought Bird End It Tour Cat Hair Pole Up

Choice Happy Pool Cow Here Put Day Hot Star

IV Write the following British transcription in plain English. Punctuation marks have been added to the text.

Honi_______________Hägar____________________________________________

: ”! ! !!”

___________________________________________________________________________


“” :

___________________________________________________________________________

“?”

_______________________________

“.”

_______________________________

"?”

___________________________________________________________________________

"! ! - ,

___________________________________________________________________________

."

___________________________________________________________________________

“" . "?"

________________________Helga_________Hägar_________________________

:

___________________________________________________________________________

"!"

_____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________


The Consonant System of the Spanish Language

as in Perro

as in Brazo, vaso

as in Tengo

as in Día

as in Caja

as in Gato

as in Fuego

as in Caza, corazón (in Spain)

as in Suyo

as in Javier, gente

as in Chocolate

as in Ya, yuyo

as in Menta

as in Nada

as in Ñandú

N as in Archifonema N

as in lado

as in Llave

as in Pero, nariz

as in Perro, rosa

R as in Archifonema R


Lesson 4. System of the Bilabial Stop Consonants in the English Language Phoneme environment allophones articulation Examples

$_(G) (L) [+stress] V

CD Aspirated voiceless bilabial stop

s.i./ Pot, appear, please, paper, pretty

“exceptions” Silent s.i./ Psychology, Pneumonia

_# (FV)

Unreleased voiceless bilabial stop

w.f./ Top, up, stop, step

Elsewhere Voiceless bilabial stop

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Apple, ample, apron Spot, spoilt, apt, steps

Stop, top, up, uphill, step

Phoneme Environment allophones articulation Examples

_# (FV)

Unreleased voiced bilabial stop

w.f./ club, tab, Bob

Elsewhere Voiced bilabial stop

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

bit, boy, abrupt, break, blue, bubble, cabbage clubs, clubbed, tabs club, clubhouse, tab, Bob, cab.

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

/p/→ [+aspirated]/$_(G)(L) [+stress]V

[-released]/__#

[p]/elsewhere

/b/→ [-released]/_#

[b]/elsewhere

Exercise. Provide the phonetic transcription of the following words:

Reading Assignment: look for the following concepts in the glossary from “An Introduction to Language” Aspiration Unreleased sounds

Preceded by, preceding: Sometimes we confuse these words. In the example, $V_ (L)# we can say that the sound (_) is preceded by a vowel. We can also say that this same sound is preceding an optional liquid sound at the end of a word


Sistema de las oclusivas labiales en la lengua española

Fonema contexto alófonos articulación Ejemplos (Quilis, p. 47)

$_ DC Oclusiva labial

sorda Padre, capa, completo, pino

≠m.s. Sprite = []

f.s. VL øC

Nada cualquier consonante

Apto, Pepsi, Pulp, séptimo, septiembre, aptitud, optica


1. #(i.e.)_ 2. [+nasal]C_ CD Oclusiva

bilabial sonora Buenas, Buen día, ¡Vayan! Invitar, un barco, un burro

_w V. VL Fricativa velar sonora

Buen día

f.s. VL øC

Nada Cualquier consonante

Club, absoluto, absorción, absorto

Cualquier otro contexto fónico que todavía no fue mencionado (mamoreí)

Fricativa labiodental sonora Fricativa bilabial sonora

i.s: Vaca, blusa, lobo, vaso m.s: obstáculo; abstracto

Reglas Fonológicas

/p/→ [p]/$_

Ø C /_$

/b/→

[b] / /#(i.e.)_ [+nasal]C_

Ø i.s; m.s.

C

[][v] /Mamoreí

Notice that [v] is just an allophone of /b/, not a separate phoneme in Spanish.

Exercise Provide the allophonic realization of the following phonemic transcriptions

Check Tasks Describe the articulation of /p/ & /b/ in both languages

Choose 5 lexical items from the “ejemplos” column and transcribe them phonemically

Rule notation: write in plain Spanish the above rules

Observación: Según Quilis (pp. 50-51),

existe neutralización de los fonemas

oclusivos en posición postnuclear /b/

/d/ /g/

Describe como hábito y énfasis del

hablante y normas regionales, hasta la

desaparición.

OJO: Comentario prescriptivo:

"Debe evitarse la omisión..."


System of the Alveolar Stop Consonants in the English Language

Phoneme environment allophones articulation Examples


CD Aspirated voiceless alveolar stop

s.i./ two, ten, 18, intend, attack, top, tree, between, pterodactyl

_# (FV)

Unreleased voiceless alveolar stop

w.f./ pot, cat, ant, first, write, kissed, asked, can’t, don’t

[+stress]V_[-stress]V

(intervocalic) CD (US)

Dalternative

symbolVoiced alveolar flap

V_V/ Betty, writer, later, latter, eighty, thirty, forty

_[+high][+back]V CD Voiceless

palatal affricate Nature, mature, situation

Generally spelled "_tion" or “_tian” CD

Voiceless palatal fricative

Caption, nation, situation, deletion, motion, Martian

[+stress]V_[+syllabic]C

_[+nasal]C (FV)

Voiceless glottal stop

s.f./ bottle, button, mountain, Latin, glottal, important

[+nasal]C_(G)[-stress]V

(FV) ø silent Twenty, Quentin, Pontiac, for granted

Elsewhere Voiceless alveolar stop

s.i./ ashtray, actor, acting s.m./ stop, streets, cats, ants, fists s.f./ cat, ant, anthill, asked.


_# (FV)

Unreleased voiced alveolar stop

w.f./ mad, add, ride, loved

[+stress]V_[-stress]V

CD (US)

Dalternative

symbolVoiced alveolar flap

V_V/ paddy, rider, ladder, bedding, student

_[+high][+back]V CD Voiced palatal

affricate

Education, procedure, gradual, graduation

Elsewhere Voiced alveolar stop

s.i./ den, do, folder, address s.m./ adds, worlds s.f./ add, madhouse, loved.

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

/t/→

[+aspirated]/$_(G)(L) [+stress]V

/d/→

[-released]/_#

[-released]/__# [+flap] /[+stress]V_[-stress]V

[+flap]/[+stress]V_[-stress]V; _[+nasal]C [+palatal]/_([+palatal]G)[+high][+back]V

[+palatal][+affricate]/_([+palatal]G)[+high][+back]V

[+palatal][+fricative]/_n [d]/elsewhere

[+glottal]/[+stress]V_[+syllabic]C

[ø]/[+nasal]_(G)V

[t]/elsewhere


Exercise

Phonological Rule: Past Tense Marker

Remember the rules for the pronunciation of _ed at the end of a word. This applies to regular past verbs or past participle particles.

1. If the verb ends in or (some variations include sibilant sounds), the past form is pronounced

[

2. If the verb ends in voiceless sounds, the past form is pronounced

3. If the verb ends in voiced sounds, the past form is pronounced

Put the verbs in the box in the correct column Wanted – worked – ragged – visited – opened – closed – changed – blessed –

counted – registered – clipped – stopped – talked – gathered – sounded – patted – aspirated – unreleased – palatalized – conditioned – determined - considered


Sistema de las oclusivas dentales en la lengua española


1. $_ DC

2. []_

[]_ DC Oclusiva

dental sorda Tarta, todo, tres, este, tapa, pata Alto, cuanto, entre, salto

≠m.s. Stroessner =

f.s. VL øC

Nada

cualquier consonante

Fútbol, tarot, argot, fagot


1. #(i.e.)_ DC

2. []_

[]_ DC Oclusiva

dental sonora

Doctor ¡dame! caldo, cuando, bandos, el dolor, un duelo

≠m.s.

f.s. FV øC

Nada Cualquier consonante

red, usted, verdad, pared, adverbio, libertad

Cualquier otro contexto fónico que todavía no fue mencionado (mamoreí)

Fricativa interdental sonora

dedo, unos dedos, madre, cuaderno, la diosa

Reglas Fonológicas

/t/→

{/$_

{[+alveolar][+nasal]C_

[+lateral]C_

{Ø {C

/_$

/d/→

/{#(i.e.)_

{[+alveolar][+nasal]C_

[+lateral]C_

{Ø /_$ {C

{/Mamoreí


System of the Velar Stop Consonants in the English Language

Phoneme environment allophones articulation Examples


CD Aspirated voiceless velar stop

s.i./ Kin, cat, chemistry, class, mechanic, critic, queen, Kate

_# (FV)

Unreleased voiceless velar stop

w.f./ Critic, ask, unique, sink, stack, critique

Elsewhere Voiceless velar stop

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Acorn, alchemy Scan, skate, school, act, asked Exceed, stack, sink, unique, ask, critique


_# (FV)

Unreleased voiced velar stop

w.f./ Big, rag, Pittsburgh

Elsewhere Voiced velar stop

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Gate, go, ago, grow, longer, bigger Dogs, example Big, bigness, dog, doghouse, Pittsburgh

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

/k/→ [+aspirated]/$_(G)(L) [+stress]V

[-released]/__#

[k]/elsewhere

/g/→ [-released]/_#

[g]/elsewhere

Following, followed by: Sometimes we confuse these words. In the example, $V_ (L)# we can say that the sound (_) is following a vowel. We can also say that this same sound is followed by an optional liquid sound at the end of a word


Sistema de las oclusivas velares en la lengua española

Fonema contexto alófonos articulación Ejemplos (Quilis. P. 49-50)

i.s. Oclusiva velar sorda

Casa, aquí, cuero, kiosco, que, queso, cuna, clase

≠m.s. Sca-ppi-ni →

f.s. V.L.

C

Nada (nulo) cualquier C:

o Vocal:

Víctor, actuar, acción, acto, taxi, éxito, examen, actitud, octubre


1. #(i.e.)_ 2. [+nasal]C_ CD oclusiva velar

sonora

Gloria ¡gracias!, sangre, un ganso, Congo, venga, lingüística

i.s. Fricativa velar sonora

La galería, de gala, paga, una gata, llegar, la guerra (≠m.s.)

Antes de [w] ≈ Agua, guante, Paraguay

f.s. V.L.

C

Nada (nulo)

Cualquier C:

o Vocal:

Digno, dogma, taxi, éxito, examen

Reglas Fonológicas

/k/→

{[k]/ $_

/g/→

{[g] / #(i.e.)

{/ _w

{/ _$ {/

{C/ _$

{C { [] / cualquier otro contexto fónico (mamoreí)

Do practice quiz # 1


Lesson 5. System of the Fricative Consonants in the English Language


Syllable initial Syllable medial Syllable final

Voiceless labiodental fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Fan, Phil, affect, coffee, free, fly Life’s, laughs, laughed Off, wife, tough, knife


Voiced labiodental fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Van, very, gravity, advance Lives, lived, leaves Of, live, leave, love


Voiceless interdental fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Thank, thin, 3, Matthew, ether Baths, Beth’s Bath, Beth, month, mouth, with


Voiced interdental fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

They, mother, this, weather, either Bathes, bathed, breaths Bathe, breath, with


Voiceless alveolar fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Same, spoon, street, skip, answer, city, receive, scissors, descent, psychology First, ask, passed, priced Bus, price, pass, firsts, cats, asks, its, Pat’s car; Pat’s gone


Voiced alveolar fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Zoo, music, design, scissors, example, Xerox, Susan, razor, lazy Buzzed, prized, fused Jazz, maize, prizes, clubs, dogs, lives, is, was, worlds, Pam’s, she’s gone

PHONOLOGICAL RULES:

/f/→ [f]/all possible environments


Exercises

Phonological Rule: Pluralization in English Remember the rules for the pronunciation of _s at the end of a word. This applies to the third person singular in the Present Simple and to plural nouns.

4. If the word ends in sibilant sounds, the final _s is pronounced [

5. If the word ends in voiceless sounds, the final _s is pronounced [

6. If the word ends in voiced sounds or any vowel –all vowels are voiced- sound, the final _s is

pronounced

Put the words in the box in the correct column Cheques - girls - places - boys - lives - hours - earns - products - loves - minutes -

closes - graduates - lessons - wants - messages - hates - cooks - sandwiches - things

Homophones In each sentence there are two words in phonetic script. They have the same

pronunciation but diffeent meanings and spellings. Write the words. 0. The king was thrown off the throne

1. She __________ the ring __________ the window

2. The soldiers ()__________khaki uniforms when they went to ()_______

3. I must ()__________you that ties must be ()__________at the Ritz

4. I __________ up six red balloons and ten __________ ones for the party

5. We ()__________ that Sue and Jim had bought a ()__________ car

6. The book I __________ on the train had a __________ cover

7. We __________ our horses along the narrow __________



Syllable initial

Voiceless glottal fricative (F&R: vd. glottal glide)

s.i./ House, who, whole, anthill, doghouse

[h] doesn’t occur in -hour, honour, etc

Some varieties of English (such as Cockney in London) do not have the /h/ phoneme


alternative

American symbol

Voiceless palatal fricative

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

She, shoe, sure, sugar, mission, nation, ashame, education, extension, glacial Washed, pushed, fished Wash, pushcart, fishnet

Syllable initial (≠ w.i.) Syllable final

alternative

American symbol

Voiced palatal fricative

s.i./

s.f./

(≠w.i.)/measure, vision, azure, pleasure, casual, lesion rouge, garage

Sistema de las fricativas en la lengua española

Fonema Contexto alófonos articulación Ejemplos (Quilis, p. 56-59)

i.s. V.L

Fricativa labiodental sorda

Fuego, fácil, desfile, fruta, fuerte, frío, afán

f.s. V.L

Nada (nulo)

O fricativa alveolar aspirada

Aftosa, nafta, oftalmologo En fútbol: “off side”


i.s. Fricativa alveolar sorda

Saber, azul, cine, rosa, hacer, casa, solo, xenofobia

f.s.

V.L.

Fricativa sorda aspirada (laríngea o faríngea)

Nada (nulo)

Es, estas, cruz, fuiste, vamos, todos los años nosotros siempre somos los mismos

Felix, texto, explicar

(≠m.s.)

(≠m.s.)



i.s. Fricativa

velar sorda

Gente, Genaro, justo, México, enojar, gitano, caja

f.s. V.L.

C

Nada (nulo) Cualquier consonante

Reloj OJO: →[ ]

Reglas Fonológicas

/f/→ [f] (p)/ $_

/s/→ [s] / $_

/x/→ [x]/ $_

/ _$ / / _$

C [hs]/_$ C

System of the Affricate Consonants in the English Language

$_[+stress]

alternative

American symbol

Aspirated voiceless palatal affricate

s.i./

Choke, chew, cello, mature, situation, church


alternative

American symbol

Voiceless palatal affricate

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Nature, feature, righteous Watched, matched Catch, much, rich, arch, teach


alternative

American symbol

Voiced palatal affricate

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Jump, gym, legion, midget, residual, education, judge, George Judged, George’d gone Huge, large, message, knowledge

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

//→ {[]/all possible environments

(≠m.s.)


Sistema de las fricativas y africadas palatales en la lengua española

Fonema Contexto alófonos articulación Ejemplos (Quilis, p. 56-59)

i.s. Africada palatal

sorda

Chico, coche, muchacho, Chile

Fricativa palatal sorda

Chile

Fonema contexto alófonos articulación Ejemplos (Quilis. P.58-59, 61)

i.s. (V.L. el alófono es determinado por el dialecto geográfico, y a veces también por el nivel socioeconómico y la edad).

Fricativa palatal sonora

Yo, ayer, yeso, ese yeso, un hierro, la hiedra, hielo, hierro (≠m.s.) (≠f.s.)

Fricativa palatal sorda

Africada palatal sorda

Semiconsonante palatal sonora (fricativa sin fricción)

Reglas Fonológicas

/f/→

{[f]/ $_

/s/→

{ [s] / $_

/x/→ {[x]/ $_

{/ _$ {/ {/ _$

{C { [hs]/_$ {C

(≠m.s.) (≠f.s.)


Lesson 6. System of the Nasal Consonants in the English Language



Voiced bilabial nasal

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Mitt, man, woman, Emmy, admit Smoke, comes, armed, camp Am, Tim, lumber, comb, bomb, I’m

_# Syllabic voiced bilabial nasal

s.f./ Bottom


Voiced alveolar nasal

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

No, know, inner, nick, Gnostic, pneumonia, mnemonic Snow, runs, fanned Kin, run, on, inform, unbend, under, canyon

_# Syllabic voiced alveolar nasal

s.f./ Button, mountain, often, curtain, cushion

Syllable medial Syllable final Voiced velar

nasal

s.m./

s.f./

Sings, sink, sinks, think Sing, rang, finger, English, kingdom, young, Inca

_# (colloquial

speech)

Syllabic voiced velar nasal

s.f./ Walking, asking, stopping

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

C [+nasal]→ {[+syllabic]/[+stress]V C_#

Exercise. Transcribe the following phonetically. Provide the nasal diacritic where required by the rule.


Archifonema: Existen posiciones en las que se neutraliza la función distintiva de dos fonemas, por ejemplo, la oposición entre las nasales, donde se puede realizar una nasal bilabial, dental o alveolar en función del énfasis con que se pronuncie. Sólo son neutralizables las denominadas oposiciones bilaterales: aquéllas que tienen un conjunto de rasgos comunes única en el sistema. Con el archifonema se representan aquellos rasgos que son comunes a los fonemas que se neutralizan. En la posición de neutralización uno de los miembros de la oposición se

convierte en representante del archifonema

Sistema de las consonantes nasales en la lengua española

Fonema Contexto Alófonos Articulación Ejemplos (Quilis, pp. 52-53)

i.s. Nasal

bilabial sonora

Madre, comida, mío, cama, mesa, lama

i.s. Nasal

alveolar sonora

No, mano, lana

i.s. Nasal palatal sonora

Ñandú, niña, uña, mañana, laña

N

Antes de C bilabial Nasal

bilabial sonora

Hombre, campo, un vaso, un barco, un mes, un pie, un poco, pan molido

Antes de C labiodental Nasal

labiodental sonora

Enfermos, un fuego, infeliz, pan fresco, un farol

Antes de C dental Nasal dental sonora

Andar, contar, antes, pan dulce, un día, un tren, un diente

Antes de C alveolar Nasal

alveolar sonora

Enriquecer, Enrique, un rico, un loro, un segundo, pan seco

Antes de C velar Nasal velar sonora

Angel, encanto, un gato, un kiosco, pan caliente, sin ganas, granja, nunca

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

/N/→

{[]/_C[+bilabial]

//→ {[]/$_ {[]/_C[+labiodental]

//→ {[]/$_ {[]/_C[+dental]

//→ {[]/$_ {[]/_C[+alveolar]

{[]/_C[+velar]

Exercise. Provide the phonetic transcription for the following. Make sure you provide the nasal diacritic when required

N N NN NN


System of the Liquid Consonants in the English Language


V(L)_(C)(C)$ Vd velarised retroflexed alveolar lateral ("Dark L")

s.m./

s.f./

Falls, called, world, worlds All, elbow, real, fell, folder

[+stress]syl_# Syllabic vd alveolar lateral

s.f./ Purple, turtle, travel, cycle, kettle, apple, single

$[+voice]C_V vd alveolar lateral ("Clear L")

s.i./ s.m./

Let, pillow, really, syllable, million, melody, alone Black, glass, Vladimir

V_(C)(C)$ (Boston & New York "r-less” varieties)

ø Silent s.m./

s.f./

York, park, harp, card, first Car, far, Martha, are, careful

Syllabic vd alveolar retroflex

s.f./ Water, butter, mother, ladder, teacher, singer

[+stress]C_# voiced alveolar retroflex

s.i./ s.m./

s.f./

Red, every, real, Paris, arrive, marry Break, dry, grow, York, park, harp, card, first

Car, far, Martha, are, careful

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

→

{[]/V_(C)(C)$

{[]/[+stress]VC_$

{[]/elsewhere

→

{[ø]/V_(C)(C)$

{[]/[+stress]VC_$

{[]/elsewhere


Sistema de las consonantes laterales y vibrantes en la lengua española

Fonema Contexto alófonos Articulación Ejemplos (Quilis, pp. 62-66)

Antes de C dentales Lateral dental sonora

Caldo, cultura, alto, toldo, el día, el toro

i.s. m.s.

f.s. Lateral alveolar

sonora

Los, lado, sílaba, pala, plato, hablar, flan, clase, gloria, alba, mal, bolsa, el aire

i.s.

Lateral palatal sonora

Llover, ella, llave, calle. Ojo: comienza a ser intercambiada con

alófonos de , especialmente entre

niños y adolescentes de clase media/alta de Asunción

$_ (≠ i.p.)

m.s. (prenuclear)

Vibrante simple alveolar sonora

Pero, era, caro, cero, para

Bruno, dragón, gracias, premio, fruta, tren, crema

1. $_ 2. [+nasal]C_ 3. [+lateral]C_

Vibrante múltiple alveolar sonora

1. Río, roca, cerro, perro, 2. Enrejar, Enrique, 3. Alrededor, el río

R_$ VL. Vibrante simple alveolar sonora Arte, arduo, puerta, ver

_#./f.e.

Vibrante múltiple alveolar sonora Arte, arduo, puerta, ver

Vibrante continua sin fricción

Ver, hablar. Fenómeno

relativamente nuevo entre la juventud de Asunción, quizás por influencia del inglés

Reglas fonológicas3

//→ {[]/_C[+dental]

/R/→

{_$

{[]/mamoreí {

/-# //→{[]/$_ {

//→ {[]/$_

//→ {[]/$_


Lesson 7. System of the Glides (semi-consonants) in the English Language


$ (C)(C)_V Vd unrounded palatal glide (semi-consonant)

s.i./ s.m./

Yes, you, use, union, million, university, canyon View, music, feud, screw, beautiful

$(C)(C)_V

wVd rounded velar glide (semi-consonant)

s.i./ s.m./

Witch, Wendy, were, wail, with, which, when, where Swim, twig, queen, liquid, squid

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

→ {/$(C)(C)_V

→ {/$(C)(C)_V

Do the transcription practice. Do both transcriptions Union Queen Canyon liquid


Quilis, p. 41 (nota 33)

En la lengua española, no existen

los fonemas /j/ y /w/. Las

semiconsonantes [j] y [w] son

alófonos de las vocales /i/ y /u/,

respectivamente

Sistema de las semi-consonantes (semi-vocales) en la lengua española

Fonema Contexto alófonos Articulación Ejemplos (Quilis, pp. 41-43)

i.s. #_V diptongo creciente m.s. (C)(C)_V

Semiconsonante

palatal sonora (labios estirados)

Hielo, hierro (Quilis, p. 59) Quien, viaje, Julio, prieto, vidrio, Biblia, caliente

f.s. V_ diptongo decreciente

Semi-vocal palatal

sonora (labios estirados)

Aire, ley, hoy, hay, muy

i.s. _V diptongo creciente m.s. (C)(C)_V

Semiconsonante

velar sonora (labios redondos)

Hueso, agua, Dualidad, tuareg, Paraguay, trueno, suerte, cuidado

f.s. V_ diptongo decreciente

Semivocal velar sonora (Labios

redondos)

Aumento, causa, trauma, sauna, deuda, ciudad

REGLAS FONOLÓGICAS

//→ {[]/V_ (off-glide)

{[]/_V (on-glide)

/u/→ {[]/V_ (off-glide)

{[]/_V (on-glide)

V→ {[+nasal]/[+nasal]C_[+nasal]C

{[-nasal]/en los otros contextos

/$(C)(C)_V(C)(C)$

/$(C)(C)_V(C)(C)$


Allophonic Variations:

1. Vowel reduction (schwa) in unstressed syllables: In English unstressed syllables, simple vowel nuclei reduce to schwas (mid central articulatory position and highly lax). This is a phonetic feature Write an example: _______________________________________

2. Nasalization before nasal consonants: In English, vowels and diphthongs become slightly nasalised before nasal consonants, but not as much as in Spanish. Nasalization is a phonetic feature in both English and Spanish. It is is phonemic in Guarani and French. Write an example: _______________________________________

In Spanish, vowels are nasalised between two nasal consonants (, , or ). Example:

Write another example: ___________________________________

3. Velarization Nasal consonants become velar before velar sounds in both English and Spanish. This is both, a phonemic and a phonetic feature Write an example: _______________________________________

4. Spirantization In Spanish, /b/, /d/, & /g/ become fricative mostly in intervocalic position. This is a phonetic feature Write an example: _______________________________________

5. Dentalization In Spanish, consonants with the combination nt, nd; lt, ld get dentalization. This is a phonetic feature. Write an example: _______________________________________

6. Aspiration

In English, stop consonants and / become aspirated in syllable initial position before an

optional glide, an optional liquid and a stressed vowel. This is a phonetic feature Write an example: _______________________________________

7. Unreleasing Stop consonants become unreleased at the end of the word in Free Variation in English. This is a phonetic feature Write an example: _______________________________________

8. Bilabial assimilation In Spanish, voiced alveolar nasal consonants become bilabial before bilabial stops Write an example: _______________________________________

9. Palatalization In English, alveolar stop consonants become palatal before high back vowels. This is both, a phonemic and a phonetic feature. Write an example: _______________________________________


The phoneme /p/ manifests itself as the following allophones which are all voiceless, bilabial, stops:

/p/ assumes the trait of aspiration and is represented by an

aspirated allophone at the beginning of a syllable, that is

following a syllable boundary (s.i.), when preceeding a stressed vowel; /p/ converts to an unreleased allophone [p] in the environment at the end of a word, that is when preceeding a word boundary (s.f.); and /p/ loses its aspiration and becomes an unaspirated allophone [p] in the environment elsewhere (or rather in all other environments not already mentioned).

Appendix

English Rule Notation

Definitions of symbols used in formulas for describing phonological rules

/ / parallel bars symbolise a phoneme. Example: “water”

[ ] square brackets symbolise an allophone (phone) Example:

This phoneme becomes manifested as... This phoneme represents the following allophones... This phoneme becomes represented as...

...these allophones in the phonological environment or other options (context) where... variants, alternatives

$_ following a syllable boundary; at the beginning of a syllable; syllable initial position (s.i.) _$ preceding a syllable boundary, at the end of a syllable, syllable final position (s.f.)

#_ following a word boundary; at the beginning of a word; word initial position (w.i.) _# preceding a word boundary, at the end of a word, word final position (w.f.)

[+...] has certain phonetic feature/trait. Ex. [+rounded][+voiced][+front][+fricative] [-...] absence of phonetic feature/trait. Ex. [-rounded] [-voiced] [-front] [-fricative]

C = any consonant V = any vowel _V= preceding a vowel V_= following a vowel

V_V = intervocalic position, between two vowels

= nothing (null), zero, disappears, no sound (phone) is produced

Other Cover Symbols: L=liquid, G=glide CD = complementary distribution FV= free variation ( ) = optional, elective, possibility (not obligatory)

s.i. = at the beginning of a syllable (prenuclear, preceding peak of syllable) s.m.= in the middle of a syllable (prenuclear, nuclear = peak of syllable, postnuclear) s.f.= at the end of a syllable (postnuclear, following peak of syllable)

w.i.= at the beginning of a word u.i.=at the beginning of an utterance w.f.= at the end of a word u.f.= at the end of an utterance

Rule Notation Example (English)

[+aspirated] /$_[+stress]V

/p/→ [-released] /_#

[-aspirated] /elsewhere


El fonema /p/ se manifiesta como al inicio de una

palabra; nada o cualquier consonante al final de una palabra

/-#

Spanish Rule Notation

Definición de los Símbolos usados en fórmulas para describir las reglas fonológicas

/ / las barras oblícuas simbolizan un fonema

[ ] los corchetes simbolizan un alófono (o fono)

Este fonema: Se manifiesta como... Se convierte en...

...estos alófonos en el ambiente fonológico donde... u otras opciones en el contexto fónico donde.... variantes, alternativas

$_ al inicio de una sílaba _$ al final de una sílaba

#_ al inicio de una palabra _# al final de una palabra

[+...] posee cierto rasgo fonético ej. [+redondo][+sonora][+ricativa] [-...] no posee cierto rasgo fonético ej. [-redondo] [-sonora] [fricativa]

C = cualquier

V = cualquier vocal _V= antes de una vocal V_= después de una vocal V_V = entre dos vocales, posición intervocálica

= nada (nulo), cero, desaparición, ningún fono

Otros símbolos globales: L=líquidas CD= distribución complementaria VL= variación libre ( )= optativo, opcional, electivo

i.S = al inicio de la sílaba (prenuclear) m.s.= en el medio de la sílaba (prenuclear, nuclear, postnuclear) f.s.= al final de la sílaba (postnuclear)

i.p.= al inicio de la palabra i.e.= al inicio del enunciado f.p.= al final de la palabra f.e.= al final del enunciado

Regla Fonológica Ejemplo (Español)

[p] /#_

/p/→

C


Phonetics: Allophones/Phones (Sounds)

Articulators: bottom lip and tongue (tip, blade, centre, back and root)

CONSONANTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Points/Places of Articulation

Bilabial Labio dental

Inter dental

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced

M A N N E R

O F

A R T I C U L A T I O N

N O N R E S O N A N T S

Stops (plosives) Complete closure and the air rushes out as soon as the closure is

opened

(Noncontinuants.)

Aspirated

Unaspirated

Unreleased

Fricatives (Spirants) Almost complete closure but

the air passes through a slit

or a groove producing noise

due to friction. Continuant

Non-

Sibilants

Sibilants

Affricates A combination of a stop

followed by a fricative. Both

articulations are in the same

place: homorganic.

Noncontinuants

R E S O N A N T S

[+S O N O R A N T S]

Nasals The air stream is obstructed in the oral cavity. Instead of

touching the back wall of the

throat, the uvula hangs down

towards the pharynx and air

passes through nasal cavity. Noncontinuant. Syllabic.

Laterals The tongue touches the roof of

the moth and the sides of the

tongue are lowered. The air

passes around one or both sides of the tongue. Continuant.

Syllabic

Flaps (Tap) Tongue touches the alveolar

but not long enough to stop

the air flow. Continuant

Retroflex The tongue raises towards

the alveolar region but

instead of touching , it curls

backwards towards the

palate. Continuant

Glides Semi-Consonants Tongue moves rapidly in a gliding

fashion. Thses sounds are like

vowels but "act" like consonants. They create a slight obstruction

and cannot carry the peak of a

syllable. Continuants and

sonorants, but consonantal

Rounded lips


Fonética de la Lengua Española: Alófonos

Articuladores: labio inferior y lengua: ápice, dorso (pre & post) y raíz

Las Consonantes de la Lengua Española

Lugares de Articulación (zonas de articular)

Bilabial Labiodental Interdental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glotal

Sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda Sonora

MANERA DE AR T I CU L AC I ÓN

NO RESONANTES

Oclusivas (ni aspiradas, ni prenasalizadas)

No-Sibilantes

Fricativas Sibilantes

(España)

Africadas (una oclusiva y una fricativa en el mismo lugar: homorgánica)

RESONANTES

Nasales (En vez de tocar la pared,

el velo baja hacia la faringe.)

Laterales (aproximantes)

V I B R A N T E S

simple Múltiple Fricativa Contínua sin fricción

Semivocales Semiconsonantes (aproximantes)

Labios redondos

Labios estirados


Phonemics: Phonemes (Phonology)

CONSONANTS OF THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE

Points/Places of Articulation (areas/zones)


Inter dental

Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced voiceless voiced

M A N N E R

O F

A R T I C U L A T I O N

N O N

R E S O N A N T S

Stops (plosives)

Fricatives (Spirants)

Affricates

R E S O N A N T S

Nasals

Laterals

Flaps

Retroflex

Glides Semi-Consonants

rounded lips

unrounded lips


Fonología de la Lengua Española: Los Fonemas

Las Consonantes de la Lengua Española

Lugares de Articulación


Inter dental

Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glotal

Sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora sorda sonora

Manera

de

Ar t i cu l ac I ón

No resonan t es

Oclusivas

Fricativas

España

Africadas

Reson t an t es

Nasales (archifonema)

N Laterales (aproximantes)

Vib

ran

tes Simple

Múltiple

Archifonema R

Semivocales Semiconsonantes

(aproximantes)

lesson 1. difference between phonetics …...phonetics & phonology manual 3 lesson 1. difference...

Documents