lesson 1 - public health concepts

8/10/2019 Lesson 1 - Public Health Concepts

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PUBLIC HEALTHCONCEPTS

UNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA

MOLINO 3, BACOOR, CAVITE 4102

COLLEGE OF PHARMACY

Prof. Cindy Rose V. Misena, RPh, MOH

2ndsemester, AY 2014-2015

20 November 2014


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OBJECTIVES

To know the definition of health To determine various concepts, perspectives anddeterminants of health

To define globalization and its impact on health

To discuss different models of disease causationtheories

To know the evolution/historical background of PublicHealth

To define Public Health and its core activities To be aware of the major disciplines of Public Health



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WHAT IS HEALTH?



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Health Definition

State of being free from illness or injury

WHO Definition (1948): A state of complete

physical, mental, and social well-being and notmerely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Updated WHO Definition inclusion of socially

and economically productive life



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Specific Dimensions of Health

1. Physical

2. Mental

3. Social4. Emotional

5. Spiritual



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WHAT IS YOUR

PERSPECTIVE ONHEALTH?



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WHO Cons t i tut ion:

Theenjoyment of the highest attainable standard

of health is one of the fundamental rights of everyhuman being without distinction of race, religion,

political belief, economic or social condition.



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DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

1. HealthField Concept

2. EcologicalField Concept



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Health Field Concept

1. Human Biology Genetic Counseling; GeneticEngineering

2. Environment

3. Lifestyle/Behavior major determinant4. Healthcare Organization resource on human

power, equipment, money



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Ecological Field Concept



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Health ofCommunity

Socio-cultural

Community

Organization

Physicaldeterminants

Behavioral

determinant

Figure 1. Ecological Field Concept Diagram (Gidey, G., 2006)


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10-minute break


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WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

process of increasing political and socialinterdependence and global integration that takes

place as capital, traded goods, persons, concepts,

images, ideas, and values diffuse across the

stated boundaries.



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EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATIONON HEALTH

1. Accelerated economic growth and technologicaladvances have enhanced health and life

expectancy in many population

2. Increasing effects of international and bilateralagencies



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RISKS OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Food markets and obesity as well as chemicalsin food

2. Rapid spread of infectious diseases

3. Adverse effects on the environment



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MODEL OF DISEASECAUSATION THEORIES

19thcentury models:

a. Contagion Theory

b. Supernatural Theory

c. Personal Behavior Theory

d. Miasma Theory



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MODEL OF DISEASECAUSATION THEORIES

20thcentury models:

a. Germ Theory

b. Lifestyle Theory

c. Environmental Theory

d. Multicausal Theory



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5-minute break


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Public Health Evolution



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Historical Background

Ancient Societies (before 500 B.C.) evidence of bathrooms, drainage systems

Book of Leviticus (1500 B.C.) guidelines

for personal cleanliness, sanitation of

campsites, disinfection of wells

Middle Ages (500-1500 A.D.) spiritual

cause and solutions to health problems

Renaissance Era (1500-1700 A.D.) environmental cause



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18th

Centuryindustrialization / Edward Jenner / vaccination

against smallpox (1796)

19thCentury

industrialization, agricultural development

nutrition ; Luis PasteursGerm theory;

Robert Kochspostulate



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20th

Centuryperiod of health resources and development(1900-1960); social engineering (1960-1973);health promotion (Primary Health Care), andmarket period (1985 and beyond)

21s tCentury Chal lenge:

reduction of burden of excess morbidity and

mortality among the poor, threats of economiccrisis, unhealthy environment and lifestyle; anddevelopment of effective health system



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PUBLIC HEALTHC.E.A. Winslow Definition (1920):

thescience and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and

promoting health and efficiency through organized community

efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of

community infections, the education of the individual inpersonal health, the organization of medical and nursing

services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of

disease, and the development of social machinery which will

ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living

adequate for the maintenance or improvement of health.



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PUBLIC HEALTHAmerican Public Health Association (APHA)

Definition:

practice of preventing disease and promoting

good health within groups of people, from smallcommunities to entire countries; includes health

professionals from many fields working together

with the common purpose of protecting the health

of a population



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KEY TERMS IN PUBLICHEALTH

Health Promotion guiding concept involvingactivities intended to enhance individual and

community health well-being.

Elements of Health Promotion:

1. Addressing the health related issues of the

whole population as well as people at risk for

specific diseases2. Directing action to risk factors or causes of

illness or deathUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA


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3. Undertaking activities approach to seek outand remedy risk factors in the community that

adversely affect health

4. Promoting factors that contribute to a better

condition of the health of the population

5. Initiating factors against health hazards,

including communication, education,

legislation, fiscal measures, organizationalchange, community development and

spontaneous local activitiesUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA


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6. Involving public participation in definingproblems, deciding on action

7. Advocating relevant environmental, health and

social policy

8. Encouraging health professionalsparticipation

in health education and health policy



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KEY TERMS IN PUBLICHEALTH

Prevention goals of medicine that are to promote, topreserve and to restore health when it is impaired and to

minimize suffering and distress.

3 Levels of Prevention:

1. Primary Prevention directed at the host and/or to

the environment

2. Secondary Prevention - early diagnosis and

management3. Tertiary Prevention for rehabilitation, restoration and

maintenance of maximum functionUNIVERSITY OF PERPETUAL HELP SYSTEM DALTA


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CORE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLICHEALTH

1. Preventing epidemics2. Protecting the environment, workplace, food

and water

3. Promoting health behavior

4. Monitoring the health status of the population

5. Mobilizing community action



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CORE ACTIVITIES OF PUBLICHEALTH

6. Responding in disasters7. Assuring the quality, accessibility and

accountability of medical care

8. Reaching to develop new insights and

innovative solutions; and

9. Leading the development of sound health

policy and planning



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MAJOR DISCIPLINES

1. Nutrition2. Reproductive Health

3. Environmental Health

4. Health Education

5. Epidemiology



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MAJOR DISCIPLINES

6. Health Economics7. Biostatistics

8. Health Service Management

9. Ecology10. Research

11. Demography



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REFERENCES

Evans, Marion Willard Jr., DC, PhD, CHES. (n.d). Basic Concepts in PublicHealth. USA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, LLC, pages 1-14.

Friis, Robert H., PhD. 2010. Epidemiology 101. Massachusetts: Jones and

Bartlett Publishers, LLC, pages 3-5.

Gidey, Gebrezgi, M.D., Sadik Taju, M.D., Ato Seifu Hagos. 2006. Introduction to

Public Health: Lecture Notes for Health Science Students. Ethiopia:

USAID pages 1-40.

Tortora, Gerard J., Berdell R. Funke and Christine L. Case. 1995. Microbiology:

An Introduction. Philippines: The Benjamin/Cummings PublishingCompany, Inc., pages 1-11.



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lesson 1 - public health concepts

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