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LESSON 11

GRAMMAR 11

NOUN FORMATION.

In the preceding lessons we have seen many ways of making nouns from verbs or adjectives. Nouns are of different kinds. In addition to those formations inherited from Old Iranian, numerous indigenous Sogdian ones exist. These are summarized and supplemented here. The list is not complete, of course. A. Nouns from verbs. 1. Noun = present stem, e.g., anyām “end,” āxəns “fight,” δβēš “harm,” pərβēr “deliberation,” uγəš “joy,” etc. Sometimes the noun differs from the present stem only by the quality or quantity of the vowel, e.g., ѳəβār “gift” ~ ѳəβər- “to give.” 2. Noun = present stem (or “root”) + ē, e.g., pyātē “adornment,” and— with different vowel—əspāsē “servant” ~ əspeš- “to serve,” root əspəs-. 3. Noun = present stem + -ā, e.g., əšmārā “thought.” 4. Noun = present stem + -āmandī, see lesson 5. 5. Noun = past stem + yā (light) or -ī (heavy), e.g, əktyā “deed, act,” wyāβərtī “speech.” B. Nouns from adjectives (or nouns). 6. Noun = adjective + yā (light) or -ī (heavy), e.g, utyā “hardship,” širāktī (širəktyā) “beneficence.” 7. Noun = adjective or noun + -yāk (light) or -yā (heavy), e.g, xətyāk “judgement,” γərβākyā “wisdom.” 8. Noun = adjective + -āwē, e.g, friyāwē “love,” ēžənāwē “worthiness.” The feminine -āwəč (-ōč) also makes nouns from adjectives, but is rare, e.g., δəštāwč, δištōč “poverty.” 9. Noun = adjective + -kāwī, e.g, δβanzəkāwī <δβ’nzk’wy> “thickness.” 10. Noun = adjective + -ōnī, e.g, məstōnī “drunkenness,” kambōnī “inferiority, ‘less-ness’.” 11. Noun = noun + -δənē, designating container, e.g., zākδənē “womb” < zāk “child.” 12. Noun = noun + -stən, designating place, e.g., βōδəstən “garden” < βōd “fragrance,” čīnəstən “China.” 13. Noun = noun + -kərē, designating action or profession, e.g., āzarmkərē “hurting,” zérnkərē “goldsmith.” VERBS. INTRANSITIVE ~ TRANSITIVE.

Many Sogdian verbs can be grouped in pairs of intransitive ~ transitive with passive ~ active or active ~ causative meaning. There are several types, but two of the most common are: 1. Intransitive with short vowel ~ transitive (causative) with long vowel, usually -ē-. The past stems of such pairs are usually the same for both, e.g.:

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Intransitive Past stem Transitive sən- <sn-> “to rise, go up” sət <st> sēn- <syn-> “to raise, lead up” xur- <xwr-> “to eat” xurt- <xwrt> xwēr- <xwyr-> “to feed” anwəz- <’nwz-> “to gather” ənušt <’nwšt> anwēž- <’nwyj-> “to gather” 2. Intransitive in -s-, also called inchoatives, e.g.: pəsuxs- <pswxs-> “to be purified” pəsuγd <pswγt> pəsōc- <pswc-> “to purify” āyəfs- <’’yfs-> “to be perverted” āyəβd <’’yβt> āyəmb- <’’ymb-> “to pervert” pətyams- <ptyms-> “to end, stop” pətyamt <ptymt> pətyām- <pty’m-> “to end” As we see, the presents in -s- serve as passive forms of the corresponding transitive verb. Note the following irregular formations: ōšt- (ōštəy-) <’wšt-> “to stand” ōstāt <’wst’t> ōstəy- (ōst-) <’wsty-> “to place” nīѳ- <nyδ-> “to sit (down)” nəst <nst> nəšēδ- <nšyδ-> “to seat, place” Note: It is not certain what the past stem of nəšēδ- is. TEXT 11

(Manichean cosmogony, cont’d) Students should review the formation of the imperfect in lesson 4.

ar∫l /11! /11! tyna Myt Sm†ra . . dnacasytp atr∫l wx /!0 /!0 yynams wpsyw rp y†ra 17 . dnwksa †y†πyrf ax y†a wk lrwa . dnacasnm ras Naaryq raftc rp . yycx xwsf rwyyr∫ asl yywaqzna∫l wx yy†ynams ) ynyw y†ra xwsf rwyr∫ ayr∫ ax Sm Nπytra

dnylp /o /o wr∫l wya wya rp . dnwksa ytynams ayw y†a yk a†r∫l /!0 /!0 rptra 18 Dnrcaw )p)p dnanwq dnylp wya wya rp y†ra . dncasnm

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dnanwq Lypq Pppp º asrp wya wya rp †zya /!0 /!0 yynrcaw wya wya ayw y†a 19

Pppp º asrp kyt∫l rp yta tkryn wwa ytra dnaπyqyrp yta dnadny∫ twyl yta †πyπky eyylyypq aypsyw ayw yta 20 . ry©yΩ lyπxnams wwa rkrpπyw wx rastp y†ra dnaπyqyrp Nyytp yy†πyrts Nc

Lyπxa Nams asl Nw©m rp yta dnalyπyn kwla© rp eyynams kym†∫a ayw wπy†ra

. dnanwq watwx yta

dncasytp Nzwrxna yta yyrxc eynπan rtsrlac yynams asl Nc rastptra 21 . dntamw atrt∫ts yta trtΩy∫ yta trtsyragnΩ∫ yta yk yy†wyl tkymt †dnaw Nctra

Nw©m rp eyyrJp /!O yta rxna /1!0 yta . . dnadny∫ rdnc yyNzwrxna ayw Nπtra

. . dnytsaw raytp ayt∫l yynw wya Nπytra . dnanwk tralnwaπxa lbmcfa acsyrtp

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lywyc dnfaw dn∫tp yta kar xyw dnx tyts∫ yynzwrxna ayw yta yk yy†wyl wpsyw Nc yta 22 dnacwqam Nzwrxna wwa ytra . dnbmws Nw∫ eynams Qycrlac ayw ytra dnfawytp yta

[...] yydnmar wrxc Qycyksa y†a wnaw dnytsaw dnyyπap yyπp©∫ /! eyy†a

(end of Manichean cosmogony) EXERCISES 11

1. Transliterate, transcribe, and translate into English. Then change simple past tense into imperfect and imperfect into simple past tense. Then write the whole in subjunctive and then in optative. yy†r∫ayw kyna©∫ wrp dna†ka dnswx y†a . dnπw©yw ryπ †kaπw©n Nam†©s y†aplyw

dnral†r∫ Camn MaΩ y†ra dnral†πw©†p ynamyrm y©∫ y†πyrf Nc wc Namrf ◊ra wp y†a

2. Translate into Sogdian: The δēn led three souls up to paradise. The demons gathered before the city and deliberated. Thus they said: ‘Let us gather a large army so that we can kill brave Rustam!’ The evil Chinese began to pervert the pure Sogdians. But the Sogdians departed from China and came to Samarkanѳ. GLOSSARY 11

’’yfs- ’’yβt āyəfs- āyəβd: to become perverted ’’ymb- ’’yβt āyamb- āyəβd: to pervert ’’zrmkry āzarmkərē: hurting ’kwc- ’kwγt ākōč- ākuγd: to suspend, hang up ’ns’c- ’nsγt ansāč- ansəγd: to arrange ’nxr anxər: star, constellation ’nxrwzn anxər-wəzən: zodiac ’sp’sy əspāsē: servant ’xš’wnδ’r əxšāwənδār: ruler ’xšyδ xšēѳ: ruler ’yjn’wy ēžənāwī: worthiness

’yw wnyy δβty’ ēw wine δβitya: one another ’yzt ēzd: street βwn βun: bottom βwδstn βōδəstən: garden βyj βež fem.: evil c’δrcyk čāδərčīk: : inferior, below, which is

below c’δrs’r čāδərsār: down(ward) c’δrstr čāδəristər: most down(ward) cndr čandər: within cxr čəxr: wheel

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δβ’nzk’wy δβanzəkāwī: thickness fswx fəsux: frasang j’m žām: exquisite kyr’n kirān: direction; čən ... kirān: from the

side/direction of mstwny məstōnī: drunkenness n’šny nāšənē: rolling, turning nyδ- nyst nīѳ- nīst: to sit (down) nyrk nērək: male prs pərs fem.: side, flanc pswxs- pswγt pəsuxs- pəsuγd: to be purified ptβnd pətβand: link, tie, bond ptw’f- pətwāf-: to weave pty’m- ptymt pətyām- pətyamt: to end, stop

(trans.) pty’r pətyār: opposition, counterpart ptyn pətīn: separate(ly) pw-’rγ pū-arγ: priceless, valuable pxry pəxrē: planet

pδynd *pəδēnd: threshold p’šyn pāšēn: guardian r’k rāk: vein sm’nxšyδ smānxšēδ: Ruler of Heaven, Rex

Honoris sn- st sən- sət: to rise, go up šyr’kty širāktī: beneficence tmyk təmīk: of darkness, pertaining to Hell w’f- wāf-: to weave w’sty- < ’wsty- wy’βr wyāβər: explanation, word wyšprkr wēšpərkər: Spiritus vivens (Vaiiuš

Uparōkairiia) wyx wēx fem.: root xwsnd xusand: satisfied xwyr- xwēr-: to feed (somebody, an animal) ykš yakš: yakṣa z’kδny zākδənē: womb zyrnkry zérnkərē: goldsmith

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