Lesson 3

JDBC Intro to Graphics – Image Processing

JDBC

Using Java to issue SQL commands

Basic Database Concepts

When to use flat files vs. database?– Data is simple, static, volume is small, accessed

by one process at a time on single system.– Cost of database software is prohibitive– High degree of control over performance– Database is overkill– Data is not that important

Advantages of databases

Built-in methods to source, access, search data.

Application independent of internal data representation – much lower maintenance costs.

Run in server mode, provides security. Built-in support for transactions,

concurrency, etc. Much harder to corrupt data, etc.

Relational Databases

Composed of tables each of which has rows and columns.

Each row or record represents an entity. Each column or field represents an attribute. Like an array of structures in C or Java. Other concepts: primary key, compound

key, artificial key, foreign key.

Object-Oriented Databases

Not clear exactly when a db officially becomes OO.

Provide direct support for managing objects and relationships among them – data + methods.

Gaining popularity but still far less common than relational counterpart.

Many SQL vendors support some object extensions.

SQL

Used to stand for “Structured Query Language”.

Standard language for conversing with relational databases.

Composed of three sub-languages:– Data Definition Language (DDL)– Data Control Language (DCL)– Data Manipulation Language (DML)

DDL

Lets you define and revise the structure of relational databases. Examples:

Create Database name

[options]

Create Table name

( columname datatype, … )

Only simple datatypes supported.

DCL

Lets user specify data security and integrity mechanisms that safeguard data

Not very standardized – varies from vendor to vendor.

DML

Functionality for retrieving, manipulating, deleting, sorting, searching data.

Examples just to get flavor:– Select * From table;– Select columns From tables [Where condition];– Select ItemNo, Qty From InvoiceLine;– Insert Into InvoiceLine; (InvoiceNo, LineNo, CustomerNo) Values (101, 100, 10);

How to use SQL

Database vendor typically supplies GUI front-end for issuing SQL queries.

Also usually supplies a scripting front-end for issuing SQL commands.– Called Interactive SQL, good for developing and

debugging queries

– Of limited use because cannot share data with program variables.

From within a programming language– Embedded SQL

JDBC

Java’s version of Embedded SQL Interface fully specified in the standard Java

language (ie J2SE). Independent of database vendor’s specific

SQL implementation. Vendor supplies middleware driver to

convert JDBC calls to native db hooks. Similar to Microsoft’s ODBC

Advantages to JDBC model

Application can fairly easily migrate from one DBMS to another. Almost no code needs to be rewritten.

Easy to use since db requests return easy-to- manipulate java objects, with simple methods, java exceptions, etc.

Disadvantages of JDBC

Slower

Cannot take advantage of all SQL extensions of a particular vendor (though it can take advantage of many).

API lacks robustness in certain areas

Using JDBC on cluster

To use JDBC on the cs cluster, you’ll need to either install a database or use one of our dbase servers (mysql or sybase).

In this example I’ll show how to use the myql server.

First, you must register for a mysql account https://www.cs.uchicago.edu/info/services/mysql

After registering, try logging on and creating a few tables. You should have a database under your login name in which you can create the tables.

Using JDBC

Basic steps for connecting to dbase server1. Load JDBC driver2. Define the connection object3. Establish the connection4. Create the statement object5. Execute a query or update with statement

object6. Process the returned ResultSet7. Close the Connection

Loading the Driver Each DBMS vendor must supply the driver class

which converts JDBC calls to their own native db calls.

This needs to be loaded only once per application. When loaded, its static initializer is called and the

driver is registered with the DriverManager. Best technique (assuming our sql driver) Class.forName(“org.gjt.mm.mysql.Driver”);

– note: you’ll need a copy of mysql-connector-java-3.0.7-stable-bin.jar in your classpath.

Define the Connection

Each vendor supplies info on what connection URL to use.

For mysql installed on cluster the following works:

String conURL = “jdbc:mysql://dbserver/mydatabase”;

Establish the Connection

Issue the following command to create a single connection to the databasejava.sql.Connection conn =

DriverManager.getConnection(URL);

Create a Statement Object

Once a connection object is obtained, you must use it to create a Statement.import java.sql.Statement;

Statement st = conn.createStatement();

Execute Query

To execute standard SQL commands, you need to pass a valid SQL String to the executeQuery method of the statement object. A java object of type ResultSet is returned.

Import java.sql.ResultSet;

String query = “SELECT * FROM table”;

ResultSet res = st.executeQuery(query);

Process the Results

The ResultSet object is java’s representation of the data returned from the db query. The most typical way of manipulating the ResultSet is something like:

While (res.next()) {

System.out.println(res.getString(1) + “ “ +

res.getString(2) + …);

Study the ResultSet API to see all of the ways in which the data can be accessed, modified, modified locally/globally, etc.

ResultSet in more detail Like an Iterator or Enumerator. However, must call next() once to move to first

row. Each call to next then moves to subsequent row. For the current ResultSet row, there are two ways

to access the values of the columns:– by String name

• Xxx getXxx(int columnNumber);

– by column number (starting at 1)• Xxx getXxx(String columName);

Execute update To execute an update, pass appropriate SQL string

to executeUpdate method:– e.g. st.executeUpdate(“UPDATE Books SET Price = Price – 5.00”);

Note that execute can be used for both updates and queries, though it is clearer to use one or the other.

executeUpdate returns count of rows modified by update procedure.

General observations In executeXXX calls, SQL string need not end

with any specific terminatorst.execute(“Select * from TABLE”);

Statement objects can be reused for many queries – no need to create new one each timest.execute(blah1);st.execute(blah2);

Indicate nesting with altnerate single/double quotesstmt.executeUpdate( "INSERT INTO COFFEES " +

"VALUES ('Colombian', 101, 7.99, 0, 0)");

dbms-specific terminator auto-matically added

General Observations, cont.

When using ResultSet object, Java will try to convert to requested type whenever possible. For example, rs.getString(...) is valid for any sql type, rs.getInt can also retrieve floats, etc.

My have only one open ResultSet object per Statement! That is, if you want to open two ResultSets at once (not common), you need to create a new Statement object.

Closing statements, etc.

When you are finished with a ResultSet, Statement, or Connection, you should call close() immediately.

The close() statement of a Statement automatically closes related Connection and ResultSet objects, and likewise for a Connection object and its associated ResultSet.

Sample of ResultSet Conversions TINYINT: getByte (recommended)

– Can also be read using getShort, getInt, getLong, getFloat, getDouble, getBigDecimal, getBoolean, getString, getObject

SMALLINT: getShort (recommended) – Can also be read using getByte, getInt, getLong, getFloat, getDouble,

getBigDecimal, getBoolean, getString, getObject

INTEGER: getInt (recommended) – Can also be read using getByte, getShort, getLong, getFloat, getDouble,

getBigDecimal, getBoolean, getString, getObject

BIGINT: getLong (recommended) – Can also be read using getByte, getShort, getInt, getFloat, getDouble,

getBigDecimal, getBoolean, getString, getObject

Prepared Statements

A statement that is executed many times can be optimized by instead using a PreparedStatement

PreparedStatement objects are sent to the dbms for pre-compilation.

ExamplePreparedStatement updateSales =

con.prepareStatement( "UPDATE COFFEES SET SALES = ? WHERE COF_NAME LIKE ?");

updateSales.setInt(1, 75); updateSales.setString(2, "Colombian");updateSales.executeUpdate():

Prepared statements, cont.

Can dramatically improve performance

Can call the set method as many times as you like for same PreparedStatement object

Makes it easier also to script multiple updates in a loop

Good idea in general!

Transactions

Transactions are sequences of commands that are only executed if all commands in sequence successfully complete.

If the commands complete successfully, they are commited.

If any command fails, the commands are rolled back.

Fundamental to databases/SQL. How to do with JDBC?

Transactions with JDBC

By default, each command is independently execute and commit.

To change this, execute the following command on a connection object con:con.setAutoCommit(false);con.setAutoCommit(false);

st.executeUpdate(command1);

st.executeUpdate(command2);

con.commit()/con.rollback();con.commit()/con.rollback();

Transactions – marker points

Previous technique rolls back all command since previous commit

You can explicitly add save points to your code as an alternative, as:– Statement stmt = conn.createStatement()– stmt.executeUpdate(command1)– Savepoint svpt = conn.setSavepoint();– Stmt.executeUpdate(command2);– if (…) conn.rollback(svpt);

JDBC2.0 features JDBC2.0 features are automatically available in

any version of j2sdk >= 2.0 List of JDBC2.0 features

– Scroll forward and backward in a result set or move to a specific row

– Make updates to database tables using methods in the Java programming language instead of using SQL commands

– Send multiple SQL statements to the database as a unit, or batch

– Use the new SQL3 datatypes as column values

Scrollable result sets

Statement stmt = con.createStatement( ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);

Notice two new arguments. Possible values for first are as follows: arg1: TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE: backward scrollable and sensitive to DB changes TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE: backward scrollable and NOT sensitive to DB changes TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY (default): not backward scrollable

arg2: CONCUR_READ_ONLY (default): cannot update directly CONCUR_UPDATABLE: can be used to update directly

Focus on arg1 first: for first two types, new set of methods definedto navigate more easily through results.

Methods for scrollable ResultSets

Many new methods to navigate:– afterLast(); //position pointer after last row– previous(); //opposite of next()– absolute(i);//go to the i’th row– absolute(-i);//go to the i’th row from end– relative(i);//go i rows away from this point– getRow();/returns current row– isFirst(), isLast(), isBeforeFirst(), is

AfterLast();/ boolean pos query functions

Updatable ResultSets

Can use Java methods to update table rather than sql strings.

Must create statements with CONCUR_UPDATABLE flag:

Statement stmt = con.createStatement(

ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE, ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

Updating a value

To update a value in a Table, use the updateXXX procedure. Example:

stmt.executeUpdate("UPDATE COFFEES SET PRICE = 10.99" + "WHERE COF_NAME = FRENCH_ROAST_DECAF");

uprs.last(); //move to last rowuprs.updateFloat("PRICE", 10.99); //change PRICE column to

new value

Note that updateXXX works implictly on current row

Note that updateXXX can operate on col numbers as well as col names

Committing an updated value

After previous call to updateXXX, database is still not updated, only ResultSet is.

Must call updateRow() to complete operation with dbms.

call cancelRowUpdates() to cancel an update that you no longer wish to commit

Note that all row references refer to ResultSet object, which may differ from database table modulo updates!

Inserting rows Also can insert values directly in Java. Must move cursor to special row called insert row

and then call insert method. uprs.moveToInsertRow();

uprs.updateString("COF_NAME", "Kona"); uprs.updateInt("SUP_ID", 150); uprs.updateFloat("PRICE", 10.99); uprs.updateInt("SALES", 0); uprs.updateInt("TOTAL", 0);

uprs.insertRow(); updates both dbase and ResultSetat same time

Deleting rows

Simply call deleteRow() on current row

Seeing Changed ResultSets

Always visible to others once you close and reopen (or new query executed).

May or may not be visible to others while ResultSet still open. Depends on:– dbms– driver– flags used in creating ResultSet

• TypeScrollSensitive see all updates, might or might not see inserts/deletes

• Need to use metadata methods to be sure

MetaData methods

Provide user with rich array of info about database itself, tables, etc.

java.sql.DatabaseMetaData– info about database as a whole. version,

features supported, vendor, etc. java.sql.ResultSetMetaData

– data about specific ResultSet – names of columns, size of types, types of data, etc.

Study API for more details

Java/SQL datatype mapping

SQL data type Java data type

INTEGER int

SMALLINT short

NUMERIC(m,n) java.sql.Numeric

FLOAT(n) double

REAL float

DOUBLE double

CHARACTER(n) String

VARCHAR(n) String

Java/SQL datatype mapping

BOOLEAN boolean

DATE java.sql.Date

TIME java.sql.Time

TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp

BLOB java.sql.Blob

CLOB java.sql.Clob

ARRAY java.sql.Array

Other methods of interest

java.sql.Statement– void cancel(); Aysnchronously cancels an executing SQL

request. java.sql.ResultSet

– int findColumn(String columName); gives the column index for column columName- void close(); closes the current result set.

SQLException methods

java.sql.SQLException– String getSQLState();– int getErrorCode()

gets the vendor-specific exception code– SQLException getNextException();

gets the Exception chained to this one for more specific information

Also see

RowSet (pp 230 of Horstman)

Stored Procedures

To create, use executeUpdate with dbms-specific String to define stored procedure. Example:

String createProcedure = "create procedure SHOW_SUPPLIERS " + "as " + "select SUPPLIERS.SUP_NAME, COFFEES.COF_NAME " + "from SUPPLIERS, COFFEES " + "where SUPPLIERS.SUP_ID = COFFEES.SUP_ID " + "order by SUP_NAME";

Statement stmt = con.createStatement();stmt.executeUpdate(createProcedure);

Calling stored procedures

Stored procedures can be called using CallableStatement object. Example:

CallableStatement cs = con.prepareCall("{call SHOW_SUPPLIERS}");

ResultSet rs = cs.executeQuery();

Notice the {} around the prepared statement call. This is required for java to translate into appropriate dbms-specific sql.

Introduction to awt Graphics

Reading, displaying images

Awt Image processing Java has recently added many classes for

simplifying image manipulation. We’ll start by looking at some of these in the

context of howto’s for simple things– reading a jpg, gif, etc. from a file– displaying jpg, gif, etc. to a graphics window– constructing an image from raw pixels– manipulating individual pixels of an image– writing an image to a file(see course examples)

Reading an image

Easiest way to read an image file. Use static read method in javax.image.ImageIO class:

BufferedImage img = ImageIO.read(new File(“name”));

Note that “name” can be name of one of many standard Image file formats.

Writing an image

Writing an image is as easy as reading it. Simple use the ImageIO.write method:

BufferedImage image;

ImageIO.write(new File(name), “gif”,image);

List of supported output file types is can be obtain from:– String[] ImageIO.getWriterFormatNames();

Manipulating image bytes

It is possible to set/access each image pixel independently:

image = new BufferedImage(w,h,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_ARGB);

WritableRaster raster = image.getRaster();raster.setPixel(ival,jval,{rval,gval,bval,alphval});or int pixel[4];raster.getPixel(ival,jval,pixel);

Transforming images

It is also possible to transform images without accessing pixels using classes that implement the ImageOp interface.

See ImageProcessor.java example