Lesson 8 Printouts

Lesson Eight, Culture

Major Artists and Works of Art

All Serbo-Croatian speaking

Baroque, and contemporary architecture. Most notably,

hurches along Dalmatian coastmonasteries in Serbia and

Bosnian mosques should be mentioned. There are also rich

as medieval and Renaissance periods.

areas feature numerous works of classical, medieval, Renaissance,

musical traditions reaching as far

c ,

Most prominent contemporary artists include early twentieth

century authors, such as Croatian painters Vlaho

Bukovac and Miroslav Kraljević, Serbian painters Nadežda Petrović and Jovan Bijelić. Mid-twentieth century is marked by Croatian

painter Ivan Meštrović. Best known authors of the second half of the century include Croatian print artist Virgilije Nevjestić, Serbian painters such as Dado Đurić and Vladimir Veličković, and Bosnian

Muslim print artist Mersad Berber. Most recently, a pop art group from Sarajevo, called Trio was quite successful.

One should also mention well established tradition of naive and folk art. Best known school of naive art is in a Croatian village of Hlebine. Best known music composers are Croatian Jakov Gotovac, the

author of the famous opera buffa "Ero s onoga svijeta" and Serbian symphonic writer Stevan Mokranjac, best known for its "Opelo" (Orthodox Christian Requiem) and "Sedam rukoveti"

symphony based on traditional folk music.

Literary Traditions

Early literary traditions feature Serbian epic folk songs and hagiographies as well as Croatian Renaissance literature (authors such as Marko Marulić and Marin Držić). Major authors of

Romanticism are Croatian Ivan Mažuranić and Serbian Petar Petrović Njegoš. Best known twentieth-century authors are Croatian Miroslav Krleža as well as Serbians Ivo Andrić (who won Nobel Prize in

1961) and Danilo Kiš. Most recently authors such as Milorad Pavić and Dubravka Ugrešić have commanded considerable attention abroad.

One shoud mention in this connection that knowledge of one's literary traditions plays a far more important role in the region than in the United States. School curricula give a very prominent role to

the courses about literary traditions all through elementary and high school.

More information about Serbian literature and culture in general is available at the Serbian cultural service titled Rastko. Information about Croatian literature and culture is at WWW.HR

Ethnic Crafts

Best known products of the region are laces from the island of Pag in Croatia, called paška čipka, wool

sweaters from Sirogojno in Serbia, called džemperi Sirogojno, and various

traditional coffee utensils from Bosnia, such as džezva used to fix coffee or small coffee cups called fildžan.

Bosnia and Southern Serbia are also known for

ornamented hand-made rugs.

Major Religious Holidays

As previously noted, Serbs are Orthodox Christians, Croats are Catholics, Bosnian Muslims foll he

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Ea ir

Lesson Eight, The Conditional Mood

When to Use It

Prototypical meanings

Prototypical meaning of the Conditional is a potential event (wish, condition, etc.) – real and irreal,

real Kad bi učio, položio bi

and Practices

owers of Islam. The calendar of fixed holidays in Orthodox church lags thirteen days behind tone of the Catholic church. The most important fixed holiday, Christmas (called Božić, is observe on December 25th in the Catholic and on January 7th in the Orthodox church. The second important

holiday is Easter (called Uskrs, which is a movable date in both Christian religions. In adition, roatians observe namesday, on the day of their namesake saint. Serbs are observing the so called

slava the day of the saint who is patron to entire family rather than one person. Holidays include Croatian Christmas tree decoration and Serbian burning of the yule log (dry oak branches) on Christmas Eve, dying eggs and the game of trying to smash opponents egg with one's own for ster in both Catholic and Orthodox church. It is common for Croatians to keep a crusifix at the

homes, while Serbs have the icon of their patron saint. Bosnian Muslims observe two major holidays (both movable dates). First, the last three days of the holy month of Ramadan are called Ramazanski

Bajram, second, there is another day in the year, called Kurban-Bajarm, when a sacrifice mutton is carved and parts taken to friends and relatives. All major holidays in both Muslim and Christian

religious tradition feature family gatherings at the tables with elaborate meals.

for example:

. ‘If you would learn, you would pass’

irreal Da si učio, položio bi. ‘If you had learned, you would have passed’

Atypical meanings

The atypical meaning of the conditiona is a repeated event in the past, for example:

Svake subote, ja bih izašao ‘I would go out every Saturday’

How to Form It

The Conditional Mood engages in the paradgims of person, number, and gender. It is a compound

nu o

Singular Plural Singular Plural

tense consisting of the auxilliary verb with person and number marked and the main verb with mber and gender marked. The number of the auxiliary and the number of the main verb have t

be coordinated. If the former is in the singular, the latter has to be in the singular as well. Same is true for the plural. The Conditional has 18 different forms.

first sculine -o1 2 {a,e,i,u,0}-li bih bismo ma {a,e,i,u,0}second + bi biste feminine {a,e,i,u,0}-la {a,e,i,u,0}-le third bi bi neuter {a,e,i,u,0}-lo {a,e,i,u,0}-la

1 [cons]o vs. [cons]ao

2 eo vs. io in ijekavian

The truth values are formed using the same operations on the first auxilliary as in the case of simple

Form affirmative negative interrogative 1 interrogative 2 interrogative-

tenses

negative ne [affirm

Example bih radio ne bih radio da li bih radio? bih li radio? ne bih li radio? Translation k?’ ‘I would

work.’ ‘I would not work’

‘Would I work?’ ‘Would I wor ‘Would I not work?’

Derivation [affirmative] ne [affirmative] da li [affirmative] [affirmative] li ative] li

Lesson Eight, Numerical Nouns and Adjectives

The following five categories of numerals are traditionally distinguished:

Category Examples English equivalent Cardinals o, dva, tri ‘tw

three’ Cardinals

tre‘second, thirdvoje, troje ‘twothree’ dvoji, t

skies’

Ordinals drugi, ći d’

Ordinals

Collectives , Cardinals

numeral adjectives roji cardinal + pairs of, e.g., troje skije ‘three pairs of

numeral nouns, dvojica, trojica l + of, e.g., nas dvojica ‘two of us’ general

cardina

numeral nouns, dvadesetak, about, around + cardinal, e.g., dvadesetak ‘about approximatives tridesetak twenty’ numeral nouns, fractions

polovina, trećina ‘half, third’

Fraction

The first three categories are numerals both semantically and morphologically. The last two

Contrastive remarks: Serbo-Croatian system of numerals is more complex than its English cou ish

Distribution of Numeral Categories

The distribution of cardinals, collectives, numeral adjectives and numeral nouns is determined by the

if the head means a group of mixed sex or a young being, then use collectives,

else if the head means a group of males or approximate value, then use numeral nouns,

else if the head means an item which goes in pairs or in plural only, then use numeral adjectives,

else, use the cardinals

Entry -> mixed sex or group of males or paired or plural other

ve -| -| cardinal -|

dvoje prijatelja dvojica prijatelja, ja

dvije prijateljice

‘two friends, les’, ‘two pairs of skies’ ‘two friends, both

basic car

= cardinal +

numeral adjective

= cardinal + ori/eri

general nml noun

= cardinal +

fraction

= cardinal +

categories are morphologically adjectives and nouns respectively.

nterpart. The seven Serbo-Croatian categories correspond with only three English ones. Engllearners of Serbo-Croatian need thus to acquire the rules of distribution between the four categories

above which are equivalents of the English cardinals.

semantic head of the phrase where the numeral is used. The rule is as follows:

young collecti

approximate numeral noun

only items numeral -| adjective dvoje skija

dvadesetak prijatel‘two friends, both ma

one male one female’ dinal collective

‘around twendy friends’ females’

oro/ero orica/erica ina/inka1 1 Jedan - - - - 2 Dva dvoje oji ojica lovina/inka dv dv po3 Tri troje troji trojica trećina/inka 4 Četiri o/ero ri/eri a/erica četvor četvo četvoric četvrtina/inka5 Pet petoro/ero petori/eri petorica/erica petina/inka 6 Šest šestoro/ero šestori/eri šestorica/erica šestina/inka 7 Sedam i sedmoro/ero sedmori/er sedmorica/erica sedmina/inka8 Osam osmoro/ero osmori/eri osmorica/erica osmina/inka 9 Devet devetoro/ero devetori/eri devetorica/erica devetina/inka

10 Deset desetoro/ero desetori/eri desetorica/erica desetina/inka

11 jedanaest ro eri ica kajedanaestoro/e jedanaestori/ jedanaestorica/er jedanaestina/in ...

Lesson Eight, The Comparative

When to Use It

Serbo-Croatian comparison, just like its English counterpart can have the following values:

Semantic value Form equal value phrase higher value r paradigm for phrase olower value phrase or paradigm form

Equal value comparison is expressed periphrastically, by phrases:

[entity A] [be] [adjective] isto/jednako/upravo/baš kao [entity B] or

[entity A] [be] jednako [adjective] kao [entity B]

for example:

Marko je brz isto/jednako/upravo/baš kao Petar

‘Marko is as fast as Petar’

Marko je jednako brz kao Petar.

‘Marko is as fast as Petar’

Higher or lower value in comparison can be expressed periphrastically, using particles više ‘more’

Maja je više seksi od Vere.

‘Maja is sexier than Vera’

Maja je manje seksi od Vere.

‘Maja is less sexy than Vera’

Positive periphrastic comparison is found in indeclinable adjectives only. Negative periphrastic

In all other instances synthetic comparison is used while negative periphrastic comparison can ap n

and najviše ‘most’ or manje ‘less’, najmanje ‘least’ respectivelly, as in:

comparison is found in indeclinable adjectives (as in: manje seksi ‘less sexy’) and those declinable adjectives which do not engage in anthonymic pairs (for example: manje radoznao ‘less curious’).

pear only as a stylistic means of expression. If, for example, weather in a city A is warmer than ithe city B, we would normally use the following Grad A je topliji od grada B. ‘City A is warmer than city

B’. If, however, we wish to stress tha both cities are cold, we would use Grad A je manje hladan od grada B. ‘City A is less cold than city B’.

Both higher and lower value comparison have the absolute, comparative, and superlative forms, just as in English, for example:

Form S-Cr English Absolute nov new comparative noviji newer Superlative najnoviji newest

How to Form It

The intricate part of the Serbo-Croatian comparison paradigm is forming the comparative from the absolute. The superlative is formed by adding the prefix naj- to the comparative in all instances, for

example: brz ‘fast’, brži ‘faster’, najbrži ‘fastest’; seksi ‘sexy’, više seksi ‘sexier’, najviše seksi ‘sexiest’. Also, once formed, both comparative and superlative assume the same set of gender-number-case endings

as the absolute.

Serbo-Croatian adjectives fall in the following categories with regard to their comparison paradigms and the manner their comparative is formed:

Category Example lack of comparison prijateljev ‘friend’s’ vs. - periphrastic comparison only seksi ‘sexy’ vs. više seksi ‘more sexy’ irregular comparison dobar ‘good’ vs. bolji ‘better’ reduced stem + -‘i visok ‘tall’ vs. viši ‘taller’ full stem + -‘i1 krut ‘rigid’ vs. krući ‘more rigid’ full stem + -iji1 nov ‘new’ vs. noviji ‘newer’

1 a:0 alternation

ljubak ‘lovely’:ljupkiji ‘more lovely’

gorak ‘bitter’:gorči ‘bitterer’

These categories will be explained in turn

Lack of comparison

Lack of comparison can be observed with non-scalable adjectives.

As pointed out previously, relational adjectives do not engage in the comparison pardigm. The comparison paradigm can be found only in metaphorical extensions of relational adjectives, which in fact are qualitative adjectives. Thus, the adjective drven in its basic meaning ‘made of wood’ does not engage in the comparison paradigm. However, its metaphorical extension ‘clumsy’ has comparison:

drven ‘clumsy, literally made of wood’, drveniji ‘clumsier’, najdrveniji ‘clumsiest’

In addition to relational adjectives, qualitative adjectives which mean a full

Periphrastic comparison only

Periphrastic comparison is found in a small group of indeclinable adjectives listed in the Appendix %%%. Positive periphrastic comparison is formed using the particle više ‘more’ for the comparative

and najviše ‘most’ for the superlative. Negative periphrastic comparison is also possible using the particle manje ‘less’ and najmanje ‘least’. We thus have više, najviše hairli ‘luckier, luckiest’, manje, najmanje

hairli ‘less, least lucky’.

Irregular comparision

Irregular comparison is found in the following adjectives:

dobar-bolji-najbolji ‘good, better, best’

zao-gori-najbori ‘bad, worse, worst’

velik-veći-najveći ‘big, bigger, biggest’

malen-manji-najmanji ‘small, smaller, smallest’

lak-lakši-najlakši ‘light, lighter, ligthest’

mek-mekši-najmekši ‘soft, softer, softest’

l(ij)ep-l(j)epši-najl(j)epši ‘beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful’

Reduced stem + -‘i

The following adjectives form the comparative from the sterm without the final –ak,-ok,-ek respectvelly: gladak ‘smooth’ glađi ‘smoother’, sladak ‘sweet’:slađi ‘sweeter’, tanak ‘thin’:tanji ‘thiner’,

kratak ‘short’:kraći ‘shorter’, plitak ‘shallow’:plići ‘shallower’, blizak ‘close’:bliži ‘closer’, nizak ‘low’:niži ‘lower’, uzak ‘narrow’:uži ‘narrower’, r(ij)edak ‘rare’:r(j)eđi ‘rarer’, težak ‘heavy’:teži

‘heavier’, dalek ‘distant’:dalji ‘more distant’, širok ‘wide’:širi ‘wider’, visok ‘tall’:viši ‘taller’, žestok ‘fierce’: žešći ‘more fierce’

Full stem + -‘i

This comparison is found in:

- one-syllable long stems, such as: jak ‘strong: jači ‘stronger’, brz ‘fast’: brži ‘faster’

Full stem + -iji

All other adjectives

There are some exceptions from these rules of comparison.

Multiple comparative forms:

čist – čišći/čistiji, krepak – krepči/krepkiji, krt – krći/krtiji, ljubak – ljupkiji/ljupči, mrk – mrkiji/mrči, mrzak – mrskiji/mrži, slan – slaniji/slanji, trpak – trpkiji/trpči

Long one-syllable stems with the –iji ending:

fin – finiji, gord – gordiji, kos – kosiji, kus – kusiji, pust – pustiji, sur – suriji, vran – vraniji

Short one-syllable stems or two-syllable stems with the –‘i ending:

dalek – dalji, debeo – deblji, dug – duži, gladak – glađi, mek – mekši, omalen .- omanji, ovelik – oveći, podubok – podublji, podug – poduži/podulji, povisok – poviši, sladak – slađi, strog – stroži,

širok – širi, tanak – tanji, tih – tiši, tvrd – tvrđi, uzak – uži, visok – viši,

Lesson Eight, Communicative Skills

The communicative skills for this lesson includes the following:

• Comparing: [noun phrase] je [adjective, comparative] nego [noun phrase, Nominative]/od [noun phrase, Genitive] Moj automobil je stariji nego tvoj/od tvoga. 'My car is older than

yours'; Kod nas je isto tako. 'It is the same in our coutry'; Kod nas je drukčije. 'It is different than in our country'; [noun phrase] je isto/jednako [adjective, positive] kao [noun phrase, Nominative] Milan je isto/jednako pametan kao Jovan 'Milan is equally smart as Jovan';

[noun phrase] je više/manje [adjective, positive] nego [noun phrase, Nominative]/od [noun phrase, Genitive] Marko je manje/više pohlepan nego Ivan/od Ivana. 'Marko is less/more

greedy than Ivan';

• Indicating possibility: možda 'maybe'; vjerovatno/vjerojatno 'probably'; sigurno 'certainly'; sigurno 'certainly'

• Indicating cause and consequence: Ako [verb], onda [verb]. Ako si platio, možeš ići. 'If you paid, you can go'; [verb], zato [verb]. Nisam imao vremena, zato nisam došao. 'I did not have

time and that is why I did not come'

Lesson Eight, Vocabulary

The vocabulary for this lesson includes the following:

• Culture: izložba 'exhibition', slika 'painting, picture', autor author', pisati 'write', roman 'novel',

pripovijetka 'story', pjesma 'poem, song', lik 'character', orkestar 'orchestra'

• Holidays and Religion: Božić 'Christmas', Usrks 'Easter', Bajram 'Bairam, last three days of Ramadan',vera 'faith,

religion', proslavljati 'celebrate, observe', vatromet 'fireworks'

Lesson Eight, Norms

Pronunciation and spelling of č,ć,and dž,đ

Pronunciation and spelling of these sound constitutes a considerable difficulty to many native speakers. Their pronunciation has been discussed in Lesson 1. You are not expected to fully master this difference. However, it is usefull to remember some situations where you use one or the other.

As far as the distribution of đ versus dž is concerned, it is worth remembering that almost all English loan words will be pronounced and spelled with dž, as in: džip 'jeep', džez 'jazz', džin 'gin', etc.

For the distribution of the č and ć, it is worth remembering inflection forms and suffixes that go with one or another, for example:

Sound Category Example

č Suffixes -ač, -ič ' when designating a male performer or instrument'

vozač 'driver', vodič 'tour guide'

ć Suffix -ać 'deminutive' stolić 'small table or desk' ć Future tense auxiliary ću 'I will', ćemo 'we will' ć Infintive ending –ći ići 'go', naći 'find'

Lesson Eight, Text One

U galeriji

Hrvoje i njegova žena Vesna su u galeriji Mimara.

Tamo se trenutačno daje izložba hrvatskog slikarstva devetnaestog i dvadesetog stoljeća.

Stoje pred jednom velikom slikom i razgovaraju.

Hrvoje: Ova slika mi izgleda puno veća i svjetlija od svih drugih.

Vesna: Da u pravu si. I ljudi na njoj su nekako veseliji i ljepši nego na svim ostalim radovima.

Hrvoje: Znaš li možda koji je slikar autor ovog djela?

Vesna: Vjerojatno se radi o Vlahu Bukovcu.

Hrvoje: A tko je autor onog portreta sa psom?

Vesna: To je rad Miroslava Kraljevića. To nije portret nego autoportret.

Hrvoje: E to nisam znao. Ti si uvijek bila pametnija i obrazovanija od mene.

Vesna: Hvala. A ti znaš više o novcima. Što misliš, koliko košta ovaj Kraljevićev autoportret?

Hrvoje: Ne znam točno, ali sigurno je najmanje tri puta skuplji od našeg automobila.

Vesna: Kad bih bila jako bogata kupila bih ovu sliku.

Hrvoje: A ja bih kupio troja najbrža kola i unajmio petoricu osobnih kuhara koji bi mi pripremali dvadesetak različitih jela svakog dana.

Vesna: Ah, ti baš nemaš veze sa kulturom.

Notes

1. In combinations of a generic noun and a proper name of an institution, such as galerija Mimara 'Mimara Gallery', the proper noun remains in the Nominative case, as in iz galerije

Mimara 'from Mimara Gallery', u galeriju Mimara 'to Mimara Gallery'. 2. The suffix ak is used to express approximative values, as in dvadesetak ljudi 'approximately

twenty people.

Lesson Eight, Text Two

U knjižari

Jelena ulazi u knjižaru i razgovara sa prodavcem.

Jelena: Htela bih da kupim jednu Andrićevu knjigu.

Prodavac: Rado bih Vam pomogao ali moram znati šta Vas zanima. On je pisao priče, romane, pa čak i pesme.

Jelena: Čitala sam priču Anikina vremena ali mi se nije dopala. Tražim nešto interesantnije.

Prodavac: Uzmite onda Na Drini ćupriju. To je njegov najzanimljiviji roman. Likovi su mnogo življi a radnja uzbudljivija nego u Anikinim vremenima, posebno likovi Alihodže i Ćorkana. Njih dvojica

su najupečatljiviji.

Jelena: Dobro. Hvala na savetu. Zanimao bi me još neki roman koji bih mogla čitati na plaži - nešto malo lakše od Ive Andrića

. Prodavac: Onda uzmite Pekićevo Besnilo. U takvom romanu ćete najviše uživati u vreme odmora.

Jelena: Mnogo Vam hvala. Koliko sam dužna?

Prodavac: Sve skupa sto dinara.

Jelena: Hvala još jednom. Vi ste najljubazniji prodavac od svih koje sam srela u poslednje vreme

. Prodavac: Hvala na komplimentu i dođite opet.

Notes

1. Masculine names ending in o, such as Ivo, Pero etc. can inflect either according to the feminine pattern, i.e., Pero, Gen. Pere, Dat. Peri or acording to the masculine pattern, i.e., Pero, Gen. Pera, Dat. Peru. In Serbia proper, the nominative singular form ends in a rather than o.

2. The phrase u poslednje vreme means: 'recently'.

Lesson Eight, Text Three

Na koncertu

Sadik i Elvis razgovaraju o tome kako bi rado išli na koncert grupe U2, ali nemaju novaca.

Odlučuju zato da idu na koncert neke domaće grupe.

Sadik: Elvise, da li bi ti htio ići na grupu Merlin?

Elvis: Ne bih ni slučajno. Oni su obični seljaci. Sviraju neku mješavinu popa i narodne muzike.

Sadik: Dobro, šta bi onda ti slušao?

Elvis: Možda Kemala Montena i Danijelu. Njih dvoje sviraju kulturnu muziku i imaju dobre tekstove.

Sadik: U redu. Gdje je taj njihov koncert?

Elvis: U Skenderiji.

Sadik: U velikoj ili u maloj dvorani.

Elvis: U velikoj, mada bih ja više volio da je u maloj. Sviraju samo njih dvoje i još petorica pratećih muzičara pa bi atmosfera u maloj dvorani bila puno prijatnija.

Sadik: Kad je taj koncert?

Elvis: Koncert počinje u sedam ali njih dvoje neće početi pjevati prije osam.

Sadik: Aha, ja ću kupiti karte, a ti plaćaš piće na koncertu, može li tako ili bi ti kupio karte.

Elvis: Nema problema. Uradit ćemo kako hoćeš.

Sadik: Dobro, vidimo se onda večeras na koncertu. Još kad bismo imali neke djevojke.

Elvis: Ne brini za to. Imam ja dvije u svojoj zgradi. Pitat ću ih hoće li s nama

Sadik: Odlično! Vidimo se večeras.

Elvis: Ćao!

Notes

1. The adjective domaći means 'home-made, domestic'. It is oftentimes used to refer to the movies or music from the entire former Yugoslavia, rather than only one's own country.

2. The word seljak 'peasant' in informal speech also means a rude, uneducated person

Lesson Eight, Text Four

Nova godina

Mada su u poslednje vreme verski praznici kao Božić, Uskrs i Bajram sve popularniji, Nova godina, koju često zovu najuđa noć, ostaje u bivšoj Jugoslaviji najveseliji od svih praznika.

Nova godina proslavlja se na različite načine.

Neki se sastaju po kućama. Na takvim zabavama često bude i do dvadesetoro - tridesetoro osoba. Tu pričaju, plešu, slušaju muziku, jedu i piju.

Drugi se sastaju na ulicama, gde dođe od stotinak do nekoliko desetina hiljada ljudi. Na ulicama sviraju muzičke grupe od tradicionalnih trubačkih orkestara do rok muzičara. Ima i takvih koji idu u

restorane i hotele u zimske centre i na more.

Gde god da su, u ponoć svi dižu čaše, čestitaju i misle šta bi želeli u novoj godini. Na nebu je tada veliki vatromet, koji traje tridesetak - četrdesetak minuta.

Notes

1. The preposition po as in po kućama entails multiplicity of what follows. That means that the phrase po kućama above refers to gatherings at numerous homes simultaneously. There is also

an equivalent prefix, as in poubijati 'kill all in a row, kill in multiple instances' 2. Elements like pop, tehno, or rok do not inflect if they function as adjectives as in rok muzičar

above.