Lesson 9: Logical Lesson 9: Logical RelationshipsRelationships

Competency Goals 2.01, 3.02, Competency Goals 2.01, 3.02, and 4.02and 4.02

EOG VocabularyEOG VocabularyCauseCause

CompareCompare

ComparisonComparison

ContrastContrast

DescriptionDescription

DetailDetail

EffectEffect

Graphic organizerGraphic organizer

InferInfer

InferenceInference

ProblemProblem

RelationshipRelationship

SequenceSequence

SolutionSolution

Tip #1Tip #1

Pull together details from the Pull together details from the selection to make inferences.selection to make inferences.– Making an inference involves making Making an inference involves making

guesses based on incomplete guesses based on incomplete information.information.

– Putting together several inferences Putting together several inferences allows us to draw conclusions.allows us to draw conclusions.

Tip #2Tip #2Look for words that Look for words that show cause-and-show cause-and-effect effect relationships.relationships.– The words listed in The words listed in

the chart, when the chart, when used, show a cause-used, show a cause-and-effect and-effect relationhip.relationhip.

because of because of soso

Resulted inResulted in HenceHence

In order toIn order to Led toLed to

In response toIn response to AffectedAffected

Increased or Increased or decreased decreased

ThereforeTherefore

As a As a consequence consequence ofof

ThusThus

Was Was responsible responsible forfor

causedcaused

Due toDue to sincesince

Tip #3Tip #3Look for unstated cause-and-effect Look for unstated cause-and-effect relationships.relationships.– Not all cause-and-effect relationships Not all cause-and-effect relationships

are described using the words listed in are described using the words listed in the box you just copied. the box you just copied.

– To help find the unstated cause-and-To help find the unstated cause-and-effect relationship, create a effect relationship, create a becausebecause sentence that links two events. Ex. I sentence that links two events. Ex. I went to Walmart because I needed went to Walmart because I needed some shampoo.some shampoo.

Tip #4Tip #4Look for words that Look for words that show a show a compare/contrast compare/contrast relationship.relationship.

SimilaritiesSimilarities DifferencesDifferences

AlikeAlike ButBut

AlsoAlso DifferentDifferent

As well asAs well as Even thoughEven though

BothBoth ExceptExcept

Just asJust as HoweverHowever

LikeLike InsteadInstead

Same Same NotNot

SimilarSimilar Not likeNot like

TogetherTogether ThoughThough

TooToo Unlike Unlike

Tip #5Tip #5Notice how informational texts are Notice how informational texts are structured.structured.– A cause and the resulting effectsA cause and the resulting effects: In : In

1999, 12 NC communities participated 1999, 12 NC communities participated in the launching of Hearts N’ Parks, a in the launching of Hearts N’ Parks, a national program that teaches healthy national program that teaches healthy heart habits to kids and teenagers. In heart habits to kids and teenagers. In the years since, kids who participated in the years since, kids who participated in the program have shown great the program have shown great improvement in healthy eating habits improvement in healthy eating habits and activity levels.and activity levels.

Some effects and a possible Some effects and a possible cause:cause:

– During the last century, more than 20 airplanes During the last century, more than 20 airplanes and 50 ships disappeared from an area in the and 50 ships disappeared from an area in the North Atlantic known as the Bermuda Triangle. North Atlantic known as the Bermuda Triangle. Some vessels were found abandoned; others Some vessels were found abandoned; others disappeared from radar without warning. disappeared from radar without warning. Many people believe there is something Many people believe there is something sinister about the Triangle that causes ships to sinister about the Triangle that causes ships to disappear. Skeptics say there is nothing disappear. Skeptics say there is nothing unusual about the number of wrecks in an area unusual about the number of wrecks in an area so large (at least 500,000 square miles) and so large (at least 500,000 square miles) and heavily trafficked. Others suggest that heavily trafficked. Others suggest that unexpected storms or downward air currents unexpected storms or downward air currents are to blame.are to blame.

A Problem and possible A Problem and possible solutions:solutions:

Local leash laws require all pets to be on-leash Local leash laws require all pets to be on-leash when in city parks. Dog owners complain that when in city parks. Dog owners complain that city-dwelling dogs have no opportunities to run city-dwelling dogs have no opportunities to run free and to play with other dogs in an unhindered free and to play with other dogs in an unhindered way. I propose that River City do one of two way. I propose that River City do one of two things: either construct a dog park in which things: either construct a dog park in which owners may walk their dogs off-leash, or institute owners may walk their dogs off-leash, or institute “dog hours” on certain days within Hickory Grove, “dog hours” on certain days within Hickory Grove, our largest city park. While a dog park might be our largest city park. While a dog park might be the most convenient solution for dog owners, dog the most convenient solution for dog owners, dog hours at one of our current parks would be less hours at one of our current parks would be less expensive to implement; there would be no need expensive to implement; there would be no need for the city to purchase land for a new park.for the city to purchase land for a new park.

Steps to follow in sequence:Steps to follow in sequence:

To get to the NC Museum of Life & To get to the NC Museum of Life & Science, first take I-85 to Durham. Science, first take I-85 to Durham. Take exit 176-B, Roxboro Rd., Take exit 176-B, Roxboro Rd., heading north, and go almost a mile. heading north, and go almost a mile. Turn right onto Murray Avenue. Go Turn right onto Murray Avenue. Go about half a mile, and the museum about half a mile, and the museum will be on your left.will be on your left.

A description of people, things, A description of people, things, places, ideas, or eventsplaces, ideas, or events

Ocracoke was an enchanting island. The Ocracoke was an enchanting island. The dunes rolled on peacefully for as far as the dunes rolled on peacefully for as far as the eye could see down the shoreline. Upon eye could see down the shoreline. Upon dunes, sea oats grew under the gentle, dunes, sea oats grew under the gentle, golden sun. As I relaxed, pleasing sounds golden sun. As I relaxed, pleasing sounds met my ears—the laughter of other happy met my ears—the laughter of other happy island visitors, and the strains of music island visitors, and the strains of music from a faraway beach concert. The smell from a faraway beach concert. The smell of the salty air drifted on the light breeze, of the salty air drifted on the light breeze, and all these sensations dissolved into a and all these sensations dissolved into a single sensation of bliss in my mind.single sensation of bliss in my mind.– Imagery!!!Imagery!!!

Tip #6Tip #6

Use graphic organizers to help you Use graphic organizers to help you understand the text structure!!!understand the text structure!!!– What types of graphic organizers do you What types of graphic organizers do you

know how to use?know how to use?

Some examples:Some examples: