lesson for second hour teaching - copy

Prepared and Taught By: Auk Sochan Tel: 010774677 Email: [email protected]

41

Definition:

ក្នុងភាសាអង់គ្លេសប្បគ្ោល Question Tag

លឺជាប្បគ្ោលសំនួរមួយដ៏ខ្េីដដល ឈរគ្ៅទីតំងខាងចុងប្បគ្ោល។

គ្ ើយចំគ្ ោះ Question Tag លឺជាប្បគ្ោលដដល

គ្ប្បើក្នុងការនិោយគ្ប្ចើនជាងការសរគ្សរ។ Question Tagដបងដចក្គ្ចញជាបី:

1. Positive Statement

2. Negative Statement

3. Imperative Statement

គ្ោលការណ៍ប្បគ្ោល Question Tag

1. ប្រូវដាក់្សញ្ញា “ , ” រងំរវាងប្បគ្ោលខាងមុខ្ និង Question Tag។

2. គ្បើខាងមុខ្ជាប្បគ្ោលស្សប Question Tag ជាសំនួរបដិគ្សធ។

3. គ្បើខាងមុខ្ជាប្បគ្ោលបដិគ្សធ Question Tag ជាសំនួរធមមត។

4. គ្បើប្បគ្ោលខាងមុខ្មានកិ្រោិពិគ្សស Question Tag

ប្រូវយក្កិ្រោិស័ពវបគ្ងកើរជាសំនួរ។

5. គ្បើប្បគ្ោលខាងមុខ្មិនមានកិ្រោិស័ពវពិគ្សស ប្រូវយក្ (Do Does)

មក្បគ្ងកើរជាសំនួរក្នុង Question Tag។

1.1 Positive Statement After positive statements, we use a negative tag.

Your father was at school, wasn‟t he?

They were on holiday, weren‟t they?

It was a super show, wasn‟t it?

It is a big garden, isn‟t it?

can swim well, can't he?

I am going to go to the cinema with you, aren't I? (not “ amn't I”)

Susie has phoned you, hasn't she?

2.1 Negative Statement After negative statements, we use a positive tag.

Example:

I am not surprised, am I?

Tim and Ted aren‟t rich, are they?

They weren‟t at the cinema, were they?

That isn‟t Ben, is it?

You are not a policeman, are you?

We aren‟t lucky, are we?

Mustapha isn‟t at home, is he?

They are not with us, are they?

She is not study at KohNorea Pagoda, is she?

They are not doing assignment for teacher Sochan, are they?

Younde was come from country side, is he?

(-)Positive Statement, (+) Negative Question Tag

Question Tag

Question Tag

(+)Positive Statement, (-) Negative Question Tag


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3.1 Imperative Statement Imperative statement commonly used to ask someone to do something. It usually called command. It can also used to prohibit someone.

Question tags are also used in imperative statements. “Will or would” is used as the tags.

· Come here, will you?

· Open the window, would you?

· Don‟t tell me about it, will you?

· Go and get it, will you?

“Won’t” is used in imperatives when we want to show politeness (polite requests).

· Sit down, won‟t you?

· Give me some money, won‟t you?

· Don‟t get mad at me, won‟t you?

“Shall” is used when we use “Let’s”.

· Let‟s take a bus, shall we?

· Let‟s not talk about it anymore, shall we?

· Let‟s go to the office earlier, shall we?

Question tags are also used in a short answer to show surprise or disbelief. A: I haven‟t eaten since this morning, you see. B: You haven‟t, haven‟t you?

Usage of question Tag

If the statement has “be” as an ordinary verb, we use a form

of be in the tag. Tags are always used with pronouns.

After positive statements, we use a negative tag.

Your father was at school, wasn‟t he?

They were on holiday, weren‟t they?

It was a super show, wasn‟t it?

It is a big garden, isn‟t it?

After negative statements, we use a positive tag.

They weren‟t at the cinema, were they?

That isn‟t Ben, is it?

You are not a policeman, are you?

We aren‟t lucky, are we?

Mustapha isn‟t at home, is he?

They are not with us, are they?

If the statement has a modal, it is repeated in the tag.

Kara can go herself, can‟t she?

You should get up early, shouldn‟t you?

You wouldn‟t do that, would you?

We must help them, mustn‟t we?


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Question Tag use in tense.

Present simple 'be' She's Italian, isn't she?

Present simple other

verbs They live in London, don't they?

Present continuous We're working tomorrow, aren't we?

Past simple 'be' It was cold yesterday, wasn't it?

Past simple other verbs He went to the party last night, didn't

he?

Past continuous We were waiting at the station, weren't

we?

Present perfect They've been to Japan, haven't they?

Present perfect

continuous

She's been studying a lot recently,

hasn't she?

Past perfect He had forgotten his wallet, hadn't he?

Past perfect continuous We'd been working, hadn't we?

Future simple She'll come at six, won't she?

Future continuous They be arriving soon, won't they?

Future perfect They'll have finished before nine, won't

they?

Future perfect

continuous

She'll have been cooking all day, won't

she?

Negative sentences, with positive tags

Present simple 'be' We aren't late, are we?

Present simple other

verbs

She doesn't have any children, does

she?

Present continuous The bus isn't coming, is it?

Past simple 'be' She wasn't at home yesterday, was she?

Past simple other verbs They didn't go out last Sunday, did

they?

Past continuous You weren't sleeping, were you?

Present perfect She hasn't eaten all the cake, has she?

Present perfect

continuous

He hasn't been running in this weather,

has he?

Past perfect We hadn't been to London before, had

we?

Past perfect continuous You hadn't been sleeping, had you?

Future simple They won't be late, will they?

Future continuous He'll be studying tonight, won't he?

Future perfect She won't have left work before six, will

she?

Future perfect

continuous

He won't have been travelling all day,

will he?

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple.html



http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-simple.html


http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-continuous.html


http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/simple-future.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-perfect.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-perfect-continuous.html





http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-continuous.html



http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect.html



http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/past-perfect-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/simple-future.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-continuous.html

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/future-perfect.html




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D. Question tags with HAVE and DO are often both possible

after the noun– auxiliary "have".

Note: "do" is preferred in American English.

Mr. Farmer has two cars, hasn‟t he? Or doesn‟t he?

She has a nice kitten, hasn‟t she? Or doesn‟t she?

You haven‟t a house, have you? Do you?

They have a garden, haven‟t they? Or don‟t they?

E. If the statement contains words such as no , no one ,

nothing , nobody , scarcely , hardly , hardly ever , never ,

neither , seldom, under no circumstances … etc, it is

considered a negative statement and followed by an

affirmative tag.

Julia hardly ever drinks coke, does she?

Nothing will cure his illness, will it?

He never acts like a gentleman, does he?

She is hardly the right person for the job, is she?

It is no good, is it?

F. If the subject of the statement is somebody, anybody,

nobody, everybody, no one, and neither …. We use the

pronoun “they” in question tag.

Somebody entered the garden, didn‟t they?

Everybody was upset, weren‟t they?

Nobody objects to the plan, do they?

G. When the subject of the statement is that or this, the

pronoun in the tag is "it". The pronoun is "they" for their

plural forms these and those.

This is an expensive necklace, isn‟t it?

Those are very naughty children, aren‟t they?

That wasn‟t a big surprise, was it?

These weren‟t yours, were they?

H. When we use a there + be combination in a sentence the

pronoun in the tag is again "there".

There isn‟t a hotel next to the museum, is there?

There won‟t be any trouble, will there?

There is a bus to Atlantic City every hour, isn‟t there?

There weren‟t any children at school, were there?

I. Let’s has the tag "shall we?"

Let‟s go to the cinema, shall we?

Let‟s have a party, shall we?

Let‟s drink tea, shall we?

Let‟s go out for a walk, shall we?

J. “Have to” is considered Simple Present and “had to” is

considered Simple Past.

Your father has to wear glasses, doesn‟t he?

They don‟t have to come early, do they?

We had to borrow some money to buy a new house, didn‟t we?

They didn‟t have to read the story book, did they?


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K. Some introductory phrases such as “I am afraid, I think,

I believe, I am sure, I suspect, I suppose , it appears that , it

seems that , it looks as if , as far as I remember , as far as I

can see … so on “ don’t affect question tags except for the

transfer of negation .

I suppose you are not serious, are you?

I think my mom returned home, didn‟t she?

I don‟t suppose you are serious, are you?

I don‟t believe you have paid for it yet, have you?

I don‟t think anyone will volunteer, will they?

I hope he won‟t object to our plan, will he?

It appears that she is enjoying herself, isn‟t she?

As far as I can see, Wade is the best, isn‟t he?

Note: For the phrase “you know that “ the question tag is don‟t you ?

You know that you can do it, don‟t you?

L. If the subject of the sentence is everything, nothing,

something, anything the pronoun in the tag is "it".

Everything is ready, isn‟t it?

Nothing has the end, has it?

Anything is possible, isn‟t it?

M. After positive imperatives, we use will you, won’t you,

can you, can’t you, could you …etc .Yet for the negative

imperatives we only use “will you? “

Open the door, will you / won‟t you, can you, could you …etc

Don‟t play with your nose, will you?

After “I am” the tag is "aren‟t".

I am your father, aren‟t I?

I am a bit late, aren‟t I?

I am a teacher, aren‟t I?

PS. Negative interrogative question tags without contractions are

possible but the word order is different.

You killed him, did you not? (This is much less usual form)

INTONATION IN QUESTION TAGS

When a tag is spoken, the voice can go up or down. If the voice goes up, it

is called Rising Intonation and if it goes down, it is called Falling

Intonation.

It is a nice today, isn‟t it? ↘

A falling intonation means that the speaker is sure (or almost sure)

that the statement is true. The speaker knows that it is a nice day. The

tag is not a real question. He is inviting his friend to continue the

conversation.

You have been on holiday haven‟t you? ↗

A rising intonation means that the speaker is less sure. He thinks that

his friend has been on holiday, but he isn‟t sure. The tag is more like a

real questi


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Verbs

1. Finite Verb

Finite Verbលឺជាកិ្រោិស័ពវដដលមានការដប្បប្បលួរបូរងរបស់ខ្េួនតមចំនួន

ប្បធាននិងចំនួនកាល។ មានន័យថាកិ្រោិស័ពវ Finite Verb មានកាលពីរលឺ

Present Tense and Past Tense។

1. A. Finite Verb in Present Tense

A finite verb in present tense is a verb that is conjugated by its

subject, and it is called Subject-verb concord or Subject-verb agreement.

a. If the finite verb is used with (I we you they) it is not conjugated!

(The basic form of verbs)

I attract with her cloth.

They absorb in the conversation with foreigner.

Subject as third person singular ( He , She, It ….)

b. If the finite verb end by (vowel + y) adds (s) pronounce (z)

„ay‟, 'ey', 'oy', 'uy'. So, play becomes plays, say becomes says,

buy becomes buys, enjoy becomes enjoys, stay becomes stays)

c. If Finite verb end by ( consonant + y) to place (I) and (es) and

pronounce (iz) or (z)

d. If Finite Verb ends by ( s, sh, ch, x and o) add (es) and pronounce (iz).

assesses, blesses, caresses, fusses, kisses, misses, passes, tosses; blushes,

dashes, flashes, gnashes, hushes, lashes, mashes, pushes, rushes, splashes

Finite Verb

Non-Finite Verb

Simple Finite Gerund

Full IF (To+V)

Bare IF (To+V)

1. Present Simple Tense

2. Past Simple Tense

3. Imperative Sentence

Infinitive

Participle

Complex Finite

Past PP Present PP

Type A: Modal V + BI Attitude

Type B: Be + Ving Continuous

Type C: Be + V3 Passive

Type D: Have + V3 Perfect

- ING pp

- ED pp

- Passive

PP

- Perfect

PP


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Roommate

A: Hi. My name is Jack.

B: Hey Jack. I'm Seth.

A: It's nice to meet you.

B: Looks like we're going to be roommates.

A: Yeah.

B: So where are you from?

A: I'm from Koh Norea. How about you?

B: I'm from Ontario.

A: In Canada?

B: No. It's in California. It's a smaller city in southern California.

A: So what made you come here?

B: I wanted to go to a different state.

A: I see. Hey, if you don't mind, I took this side of the room.

B: No problem. They look the same to me.

A: Are you a morning person or a night person.

B: I'm a night person.

A: That's great. So am I. I like to sleep in the morning.

B: That should work out well then.

2. Finite Verbs in Past Tense

Finite Verbs គ្ៅក្នុង Past Tense លឺដដលឈប់ដប្បប្បូល

ររូងតមប្បធានគ្ទៀរគ្ ើយគ្ៅគ្ពលគ្នោះ Finite Verb ដប្បប្បួលរបូរងតម

ទំរង់កាលមតង។

2.1 Regular Verb Spelling in the past

a.) If the verb ends in a consonant, add –ed.

return - returned, help - helped, cook - cooked

b.) If the verb ends in –e, add –d.

live - lived, create - created, die - died

c.) In one-syllable words, if the verb ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant

combination (CVC), double the last consonant and add -ed.

hop - hopped, rub - rubbed

However, do not double one-syllable words ending in –w, -x, or –y.

bow - bowed, play - played, mix - mixed

d.) In words of two or more syllables that end in consonant-vowel-consonant

combination, double the last

consonant only if the last syllable is stressed.

prefer - preferred (The last syllable is stressed.) visit - visited (The last

syllable isn’t stressed)

e.) If the verb ends in a consonant, + y, change the -y to -i and –ed.

worry - worried, copy - copied

f.) If the verb ends in a vowel +y, add -ed. (Do not change the –y to –i.)

play - played, annoy - annoyed Exception: pay - paid, lay - laid, say - said


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Quit Smoking

A: Hey Jane. How are you doing?

B: Hi Jack. I'm doing great.

A: I hope you haven't been waiting too long.

B: No. I just got here a few minutes ago.

A: Smoking cigarette is allowed here?

B: I think this is a no-smoking area. Do you want to go somewhere else?

A: That's alright. I don't need to smoke.

B: Why don't you quit it?

A: I never thought about it. All my friends smoke, and we hang out a lot.

B: So do you smoke by yourself?

A: When I started I didn't, but after a few months I started smoking at

home. Usually when I'm bored.

B: Do you smoke because of your bored?

A: Yeah. It helps to kill the time. I also think it's out of habit.

B: How much do you smoke in a day?

A: I smoke about a half pack a day.

B: Well, I think you should quit. You know it's bad for you?

A: I always knew it was bad, but I never thought about it.

B: You better start thinking about it now. You might not feel the

difference now, but after 10 years of smoking, you might feel it and then

it will be too late.

A: That's a good point. I'll try to quit.

B: Good. And if you need any support, I'll always be here for you.

A: Thanks.

Non- Finite Verb

Non-Finite Verb លឺជាកិ្រោិស័ពវដដលមិនប្បួលតមចំនួនប្បធាននិង

ចំនួនកាល។ Non-Finite ប្រូវបានគ្លដបងដចក្គ្ចញជាបីលឺឺៈ

1. Gerund 2. Infinitive 3. Participle

1.1 Gerund

Gerund លឺជានាមដដលកាេ យគ្ចញពីកិ្រោិស័ពវដែម (ing). Gerund

ដែមទំងអាចគ្ៅគ្ ម្ ោះមយ៉ាងគ្ទៀរបានថា Verbal Noun។

Function of Gerund

1. A gerund is used as the subject of a verb.

• Smoking is prohibited here.

• Reading improves your knowledge.

• Running behind a running-car is dangerous.

• Walking alone is what he likes the most.

• Buying vegetables in that market is a difficult affair.

• Following others is not advisable.


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Dormitory

A: Hi. I'm Sara.

B: My name is Dara. It's nice to meet you.

A: Yes. It's nice to meet you as well.

B: Have you been here for waiting for me for long time?

A: For me, I got here about an hour ago. Do you want me to show you

around?

B: Yeah. That would be great. The most important thing is the bathroom

right?

A: Definitely. But we have to share the bathroom with the whole floor.

B: I'm glad there is a TV in the break room. I keen on watching TV.

A: Me too. So I brought one. I haven‟t unpacked it yet.

B: Cool. I brought a refrigerator. I am fond of storing some snacks in

there.

Feel free to use it.

A: That would be perfect. I think we're going to have a great time.

B: Do you sleep pretty late, or are you a morning person.

A: I'm very flexible with sleeping times. Anyways, I'm a deep sleeper so a

little noise never bothers me.

B: That's good to know. I'm usually a night person, but I'm very quiet if

my roommate is sleeping.

A: As long as you don't blast the music while I'm sleeping, I should be

fine. Did you eat lunch yet?

B: No. Is there a cafeteria in the building?

A: Yeah. I'll show you.

2 As an object of preposition

ប្រង់ចំនុចគ្នោះ Gerund លីឈរគ្ៅពីគ្ប្កាយ Preposition គ្ដើមបីគ្ធវើជាក្មមបទ។

Example: afraid of They are afraid of losing the match.

angry about/at Pat is angry about walking in the rain.

bad at

good at John is good at working in the garden.

clever at He is clever at doing math.

crazy about The girl is crazy about playing tennis.

disappointed about/at He is disappointed about seeing such a bad

report.

excited about We are excited about making our own film.

famous for Sandy is famous for singing songs.

fed up with I'm fed up with being treated as a child.

fond of Teacher Sochan is fond of reading a book.

glad about She is glad about getting married again.

happy about/at The children are not happy about seeing a

doctor.

interested in Are you interested in writing poems?

keen on Joe is keen on drawing.

proud of She is proud of riding a snowboard.

sick of We're sick of sitting around like this.

sorry about/for He's sorry for eating in the lesson.

tired of I'm tired of waiting for you.

used to She is used to smoking.

worried about I'm worried about making mistakes

I will call you after arriving at the office.

Please have a drink before leaving.

I am looking forward to meeting you.

Tara always dreams about going on holiday.


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B To + Verb + Preposition + Ving

Example:

My student always complaints about studying.

She insists on seeing the doctor.

He apologizes for making a mistake.

They think about doing assignment.

Her teacher takes take apart in meeting.

She gives up her studying at university.

They speak about learning grammar.

I've always dreamt of living in at USA.

They talked about moving to New Zealand.

I'm thinking of buying a house in Koh Norea.

If you participate in doing anything, try to do it well.

I am working on improving my spelling.

Stop talking and get on with doing this exercise.

She doesn't believe in dieting.

He had to pay for drinking so much Champagne.

C To Be + Noun + Preposition + Ving

Example:

He is addiction to smoking cigarette.

They are lack of trying.

Khmer citizen respect for

John is victim of climbing the tree.

He is danger of smoking cigarette.

My teacher, Sochan is expert at explaining grammar.

They are hope for making money.

3 As direct object of transitive verb

Example:

I advise finding a good lawyer.

I don't anticipate waiting very much longer.

I appreciate hearing a good joke.

I avoid flying as much as I can.

Would you consider selling your share of the company?

We will delay signing an agreement.

I deny saying that.

We must discuss hiring more people.

I dislike eating alone.

I enjoy talking with new people.

I fear losing his confidence

Do complete exercise below. Italic is transitive verb.

When I finish …………………………………………………………………………

I gave up ............................................................................................

I can't help .........................................................................................

They keep............................................................................................

I don't mind……………………………………………………………………………

I will miss ……………………………………………………………………………..

You should practice ……………………….......................……………………

I quit ……………………………………………………………………………………

I recall …………………………………………………………………………………

I hope they stop……………………………………………… ……………………


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4 As a real subject

Example:

It is easy learning English.

(=Learning English is easy.)

It is easy finding fault with others.

(= Finding fault with others is easy.)

It is difficult knowing his motive.

(=Knowing his motive is difficult.)

It is difficult finding a good job during these troubled times.

(= Finding a good job during these trouble times is difficult.)

It is dangerous playing with fire.

(= Playing with fire is dangerous.)

It could be dangerous driving so fast.

(= Driving so fast could be dangerous.)

It seems effective speaking English everyday with my partner.

Speaking English with my partner everyday seem effective.

5 As a subjective complement

Example:

My favourite job is reading a book.

Her free time is watching TV at home.

His routine work is watering flower.

My part time studying is learning English at Koh Norea.

Our hobby is walking for a walk at the park.

My best activity is doing exercise every morning.

Her performance yesterday was singing a song at stage.

Her duty is presenting subject tomorrow.

6 As short Prohibition

Example:

No cheating!

No asking!

No copying!

No urinating!

No hunting!

No passing!

No swimming!

No walking!

7 Gerund after Go and Come

go boating go sailing

go bowling go scuba diving

go bungee jumping go shopping

go camping go sightseeing

go canoeing go skateboarding

go climbing go skating

go dancing go skiing

go fishing go skinny-dipping

go hiking go skydiving

go horseback riding go sledding

go hunting go snorkeling

go jogging go snowboarding

go kayaking go spear fishing

go mountain climbing go surfing

go paragliding go trekking

go parasailing go water skiing

go rollerblading go window shopping

go running go windsurfing


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8. Gerund after regret, need, come.

A. Regret + Ving គ្ប្បើគ្ដើមបីបហាញព ញពីការគ្សាក្សាត យចំគ្ ោះអវីដដលបានគ្ធវើ ឬ

បានគ្ក្ើរគ្ ើងរចួគ្ៅគ្ ើយ។

Example:

I regret stopping study without telling you.

She regrets delaying the time to enroll at university.

He regrets giving you the money.

Does he regret losing my face at the meeting?

Does she regret failing examination?

B. Need + Ving ក្នុងចំនុច Need + Ving លឺជាការគ្ប្បើសំគ្ៅគ្ៅគ្លើសក្មមភាពមួយ

ដដលប្បធានជាអនក្រងនូវអំគ្ពើគ្ដាយមានអរថន័យដូចប្បគ្ោល Passive Voice។

Example:

Your hair needs washing. (= Your hair need to be washed.)

Her nail needs cutting. (= Her nail need to be cut.)

My clothes need doing the laundry.

Their house needs dusting every day.

My house needs painting.

Her room needs decorating.

This floor needs sweeping.

The car needs washing.

.

C. Come + Ving ក្នុងចំនុចគ្នោះគ្យើងគ្ប្បើ Come + Ving លឺគ្ប្បើគ្ដើមបីការអគ្ ជ្ ើញ

នណាមាន ក់្គ្ៅកំ្សានតក្ដនេងណាមួយ។

Example:

Come boating with me at Mekong River.

Come bowling with us at Dream Land.

Come dancing with me, sir.

Come shopping with us at super market.

Come sightseeing with me at Rotanakiri province.

9. AS do + the gerund

We use do the + gerund for some kinds of work, esp. housework.

Example:

I usually to the washing at the weekend.

My sister does the ironing for me every day.

Have you done the ironing yet?

She always does the washing-up after meal.

I do the shopping with my friend every weekend.

She did the dusting yesterday.

They do the gardening every morning.

She did the cooking for her husband every evening.


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2 Infinitive

Definition:

Infinitive is a Non-Finite Verb that is divided into two forms, Bare

Infinitive and Full Infinitive.

Function of Bare Infinitive

1. Stand after modal verbs

After the modal shall / should, will / would, can / could, may / might, must,

Example:

You should try to study hard.

I can ride a horse. ability

We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris.

A: Where I can buy an inexpensive sweater?

B: Maybe you should look around for an outlet.

A: That is a wonderful idea.

B: Outlets have more reasonable prices.

2. After an expression

The bare infinitive (without to) is also used after the expressions

would rather and had better.

Examples:

You had better mind your own business.

She would rather have a laptop than a palmtop.

She had better go to study today.

He would rather stay home than go out.

You'd better see what she wants.

I'd rather go alone.

He would rather read a book than go for a walk.

She would rather cook food for parents than buy it.

3. After 'Why …?' and 'Why not …?'

Why + infinitive( without to) can be used to introduce reasonable

questions. To suggest that it is stupid or pointless to do something.

Example:

Why put off the plan until tomorrow?

Why not carry it out right now?

Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town.

Why stand up if you can sit down? Why sit down if you can lie down?

Why play here if they are prohibited?

Why knock my head?

Why kick me if I don’t know everything?

Bare

Infinitive

Full Infinitive

Infinitiv

e


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The language teacher

Martin was an English teacher in a language school. After working at his

current school for six months, he decided it was time to find a better job

with a higher salary. In his final week at the school, he told Carla, one of

his favourite one-to-one students.

Let me tell you Carla. „I‟m afraid that next term I won‟t be teaching

in this school any more, Carla. I‟m moving to another city.‟

„I‟m really sorry about that, Martin. I wish you weren‟t going.‟ Carla

replied. „Well, thank you, Carla! It‟s very kind of you to say so.‟

„The new teacher won‟t be as good as you are. I‟m sure the lessons

won‟t be as good as yours.‟ said the student.

„That‟s so nice of you!‟ said Mark, flattered.

„Yes,‟ continued Carla, „I‟ve been coming to this school for five years

now and every new teacher has been worse

4. Stand after let and make

Let

a/ Subject + let + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without ‘to’)

‘Let’ អាចមាន័យថា‘allow’ ឬ ‘give permission’:

David’s mother let him use her car.

Our boss let us leave early.

My brother let me stay for one day.

My mother let me go for walk with for a day.

Her father let her study at university with me.

Her mother let us join in the wedding.

My friend let me use his phone.

Their father let them make a party tonight.

Dara let me come with him.

b/ Let's + infinitive is often used to make a suggestion:

Let's go to the cinema tonight.

Let's get some coffee.

Let’s do homework for teacher.

Let’s get something to eat.

Let’s go home now.

Let’s complete this exercise for me.

Let’s cook rice.

Let’s go to the party.

Let’s finish teacher’s assignment.

Let’s boat with me now.

Let’s pick fruit for eating.

(Although 'let's' is a contraction of 'let us', we don't use 'let us' in this situation).

We don’t use ‘let’ in the passive.


55

Conversation

A: "Martha. What's wrong? What make you cry?"

B: "Jake just broke up with me."

A: "I'm sorry. When did this happen?"

B: "Yesterday. I didn't even know it was coming. He just told me he found

someone else."

A: "What a jerk. He doesn't deserve you."

B: "But it still hurts. I thought I loved him."

A: "He didn't treat you that well either. Maybe you don't want to hear this, but I

think you can do better."

B: "Better or worse, it doesn't matter. I had a lot of feelings for him. I really

liked him"

A: "It must be really painful. I remember when Josh and I broke up. I was crying

for a week."

B: "I know I'll get over him. My first break up was painful because I was naive."

A: "Exactly. You'll find someone again. You should get your mind off of this.

Let's go shopping."

B: "Maybe tomorrow. I don't feel like it tonight."

A: "How about coffee down the street?"

B: "Sure."

Make

Subject + make + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without ‘to’)

‘Make’ can mean ‘force someone to do something that he or she doesn’t want to

do’:

His mother made him clean his room.

The teacher made us study very hard.

It can also be used to mean ‘cause someone to do something’ (the thing can be

good or bad):

That film made me cry.

My brother often makes me laugh.

If we use ‘make’ in the passive, we use the infinitive with ‘to’ instead of the bare

infinitive:

She was made to work on Saturday, even though she hated working at

weekends.

We can also use subject + make + object + adjective. This means ‘cause the

object to be the adjective’ (the adjective can be good or bad):

Her story made me really happy.

The traffic jam made us late.

Choosing 'let' or 'make' Remember, we use „let‟ when we mean „allow‟. It‟s usually something the

person wants to do:

My boss let me leave early (I wanted to leave early, and the boss gave me permission).

We use „make‟ when we mean „force‟ or „cause‟. It‟s often something the person doesn‟t want to do:


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5. Stand after verb perception

ប្រង់ចំនុចគ្នោះ Bare Infinitive គ្ប្បើជាមួយ Verb of Perception មានដូចជា

see, hear, watch, notice, feel, observe, perceive, smell

គ្ដើមបីបញ្ញជ ក់្ពីសក្មមភាពមួយដដលបានចប់រចួរល់គ្ ើយ។

Form:

Example:

I felt she tell a lie.

I heard him shout in the room.

I saw the thief steal some money.

I heard the cat mew.

I watched my son cross the street carefully.

I watch her paint the wall.

Teacher observes the student speak English.

I notice this information have a mistake.

We saw her enter the building.

I heard the cat come in.

I felt the weather turn cold.

I felt her heart beat.

A/ Not complete action

ក្នុងក្រណីមួយគ្ទៀរ Verb perception អាចនឹងប្រូវបានគ្លគ្ប្បើជាមួយ

Gerund ក្នុងន័យបញ្ញជ ក់្ពីសក្មមភាពមួយដដលមិនទន់បានចប់រចួរល់។

Form:

Example:

I saw them playing football.

She heard him singing a song in the room.

I watched her coming from the school.

I observed the teacher explaining the lesson.

I watch her walking.

He noticed her behaving.

Compare:

I watched him play. (I watched the whole action.)

I watched him playing. (I didn’t watch the whole action.)

Newton saw the apple falling to the ground. ( not whole action)

We saw the mother beat her child. ( whole action)

We saw the mother beating her child.( not whole action)

We observed them rehearse the play. ( whole action)

We observed them rehearsing the play. ( not whole action)

Subject + verb perception + direct object+ Bare infinitive

Subject + verb perception + direct object+ Gerund+ ……….


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Full Infinitive Definition:

Full Infinitive is basic dictionary form of a verb and it is preceded

by particle “TO”. It is usually shows future action and intention.

Function of Full Infinitive

As a subject

Example:

1. To listen preach every day is calmed mind.

2. To learn grammar makes me know English soon.

3. To stay with him is dangerous for me.

4. To please anyone is no go, I think.

5. To run a long road every morning is a good exercise.

6. To hide the secret story is not easy for me.

7. To know English well starts from learning.

8. To speak English perfect begins speak to day.

9. To behave good behavior is a good student.

10. To do homework makes you know lesson well.

2. As a subjective complement

Example:

o My sister is to cook me a food.

o She is to get married to him.

o I am to stay to night.

o My computer is to fix to day.

3. As an object of Verbs

Form 1

1. I promise to give you a bracelet.

2. I want to meet you now.

3. They agree to help me.

4. She decides to study at university for master degree.

5. I hope to see you at school today.

6. I forget to water the plant.

7. Don‟t forget to turn off the light in your room.

8. She pretends to be ill.

4. As an objective complement

Form 2

1. That bike causes me to be in hospital for a week.

2. He advises me to play football with him.

3. I told him to go home.

4. He asks me to stay with him.

5. I remind him to go to school.

6. She warns me not to come here.

7. They invite her to join in the wedding.

Subject + Verb TV+ full infinitive +

complement

Subject + Verb + object + full infinitive +

Complement

Choose decide expect forget hate hope intend learn like love mean

plan prefer remember would like would love agree promise refuse

arrange attempt fail help manage tend try want

advise ask encourage invite order persuade remind tell warn expect

intend would prefer want would like allow enable force


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The forest fire

It was towards the end of a particularly hot, dry summer and a huge forest fire

had broken out. The fire was getting out of control, even though the emergency

services were doing their best to deal with the problem. A photo-journalist

working with one of the larger national newspapers was keen to get some good

shots of the fire for the next day’s edition. He persuaded the editor to charter

a private plane to get him above the action.

‘I know it’s expensive,’ he told the editor, ‘But it will be worth it. It’ll really

help me to get the best pictures!’

So he made a call to arrange for a small private plane and drove as fast as

possible to the airport. He rushed out to the runway and spotted a small aircraft

with a young pilot in it.

Wasting no time, he jumped into the seat next to the pilot, pulled the door

closed and said to the pilot, ‘I want you to take us up to altitude.’

When they reached altitude the photographer said to the pilot, ‘Now, do you

see that fire over to the east of us? I want you to fly over that. I’d like you to

get as close as you can.’

‘Really?’ asked the pilot, amazed. ‘You seriously expect me to fly over that

fire? You can’t ask me to do that!’

‘Of course I’m serious. That’s why I’m here. I’m a professional photographer

and I need you to take me to where I can take some dramatic shots of the fire.’

‘So I guess that means,’ said the pilot, ‘that you aren’t the flight instructor?’

5. As part of WH question

We use Infinitive after question word when main verb

and the verb in the infinitive have the same subject

Form 1

Example: I don‟t know how to respond.

She doesn‟t understand how to do the lesson.

They don‟t decide where to have a picnic.

She forgets what to tell you.

He wonders where to park a car.

They decide when to make a party.

Form 2:

She asks me where to go to market.

He tells me when to start presentation.

They show me where to go home.

Teacher advices him how to learn grammar.

Mother teaches her how to save money.

He asks me how to make a presentation.

Subject + Verb + Wh question + full infinitive. ….

ask , decide , discover , discuss , explain , find out , forget ,

know ,learn , remember , say , think , understand , wonder.

Subject + verb+ Object+ wh question+ full

infinitive


59

6. As part of adjective pattern

Subject + Be + adjective +to-infinitive

Subject + Be + adjective + for someone + to-infinitive.

Subject + Be + adjective + of someone + to-infinitive.

A/ Subject + be + adjective + to infinitive

We are happy to hear that news.

She was pleased to receive the award of excellence.

They are sad to hear about his death.

He is excited to hear about the birth of her baby.

She was eager to see her husband had new girl.

I was amazed to hear a new movie.

She is disappointed to learn with a new teacher.

I am proud to be a Khmer people.

I am ready to answer your question.

Adjectives and participial adjectives followed by infinitives

amazed * delighted lucky relieved

afraid disappointed * likely sad *

anxious determined motivated shocked *

ashamed eager pleased stunned *

astonished * fortunate prepared surprised *

careful glad proud sorry *

certain happy ready upset *

content= satisfied hesitant reluctant willing

*These verbs are usually followed by verbs: to see, to learn, to discover, to find

out, to hear.

B/ It + is + adjective + for someone + to-infinitive

Example:

It is difficult for me to guess that meaning.

It is hard for us to do the examination.

It is impossible for him to let him do it alone.

It is important for me to show the presentation in front the

whiteboard.

It is not easy for me to do that assignment.

It is bored to stay near this place.

It is glade to speak English with you.

It is nice to make friend with you.

It is essential for us to learn grammar in this time.

It is rare to meet with good at student.

It is exciting for them to make conversation with foreigner.

It is so hard for you to try please everyone.

It is wrong for you to say like this.

Here is adjective use in this pattern.

advisable dangerous Difficult easy

essential exciting a good idea (noun) good manners (noun!)

hard impolite Important likely (climate, temperature)

logical necessary not easy not so hard

rare rude Smart wrong


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C. It + is + adjective + of someone + to-infinitive.

Example:

It was stupid of you to press the emergency button.

It’s very kind of you to come with me to the embassy.

It is generous of you to give me the money.

It is pity of you not to find me the money.

It is nasty of her to scold everyone like this.

It mild of him not to blame me when I have mistaken.

It is unkind of her to say that.

7. As part of Adjective + Noun

In this part, we use full infinitive after Adjective + Noun to show a

comment or judgment is being make.

It was a stupid place to park the car.

This is the right thing to do.

It was a joyful time to make a party.

It was a stupid thing to do.

That is a good cake to buy.

It is cheap goods to buy.

He is a bad guy to walk.

Here is a good restaurant to have dinner.

8. As a part of Too and Enough

Form:

They take too much sugar to make cake.

There are too many students to read the book in library.

There is too much cake to cook for children.

I need too much money to start a company.

He buys too many logs to build the house.

I have too many people to meet.

She needs too much goods to send to customer.

Form:

This soup is too hot to eat.

This orange is too sour to eat.

That boy is too young to drive a car.

She is too small to ride a bicycle.

They are too young to get married.

He is too fat to win the race.

She is too tired to work.

This lesson too easy to learn.

That man is too clever to answer the lesson.

This book is too thick to read.

This phone is too expensive to buy.

Subject+ Verb + too + much/many + noun + full infinitive

Subject+ Verb + too + adjective + full infinitive


61

Form:

She comes here too late to meet with the teacher.

Dara runs too fast to catch the bus.

Tida run too slow to win the race.

They arrived too late to see the beginning of movie.

She speaks too swiftly to listen.

He walked too quickly to see me at the fence.

She explained to too fast to understand the lesson.

My Internet is too slow to search the document.

He write too late to pass the examination.

She sings too quietly to hear the sound.

Enough to shows sufficiency. It has a positive meaning.

Form:

I have enough money to buy a book.

She picks up enough fruits to eat.

They have enough time to present in the class.

I buy enough books to read.

Student doesn‟t have enough time to finish lesson.

We don‟t have enough area here to play baseball.

I take enough water to drink.

Form:

adjective + enough + to-infinitive

He is old enough to marry.

She is pretty enough to be pretty girl.

He is strong enough to lift this bag.

They are clever enough to answer teacher‟s question.

Student is rich enough to buy the luxury car.

They are tall enough to play baseball.

He is smart enough to do the test.

My friend was old enough to drive a car.

My kid is tall enough to open the window by herself.

My student is intelligent enough to explain the lesson.

She is old enough to make up her own mind.

Form:

There are not enough books to read.

I have not enough money to buy a luxury house.

There are not enough goods to buy.

There isn‟t enough space area to park the car.

There are not enough cars to drive.

There is not enough room to study.

I have not enough places to visit.

Subject+ Verb + too + adverb + full infinitive

Subject + verb + enough +noun + full infinitive

Subject + verb + adjective + enough + full infinitive

Subject + verb +not enough +noun + full infinitive


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Participle Definition:

A verbal that function as an adjective and it is divided into parts.

1. Present participle

a. Ing participle

b. Ed participle

2. Past participle

a. Ed participle

b. Passive participle

c. Perfect participle

1.a Present Participle

The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing and is used in the

following ways:

A. as part of the continuous form of a verb

I am working

he was singing

they have been walking

- ING (source of feeling) we use a present participle, ending in -ing,

to modify a noun that is the source (agent or cause) of the feeling or

emotion.

Example:

My bed is relaxing.

That house was boring.

Doing math is confusing me.

So much homework was exhausting.

Hollywood film was exciting movie.

Her presentation was stunning.

2. a Past participle

ED participle (Resource of feeling) the following participles may

express how one feels as the receiver (recipient) of a particular

activity or action following participles may express how one feels as

the receiver (recipient) of a particular activity or action.

Example:

Tida is tired because she has a tiring day.

Tida is tired because she has a tiring day.

I'm interested in American history."

It is amused story. Let‟s read it.

Massage was pleasing, and I felt pleased of massage.

The TV program was boring, and I felt bored while watching it.

I'm bored of my job. I want to find another one.

She was excited of her studying.

I am annoyed of your speaking.


63

Passive participle

Passive participle refers to the verb in the third column which is used

to from passive constructions, and it is used to form passive voice.

What is passive voice?

Passive voice is the form of complex-finite verbs: (Be+V3) which show

that the subject of the verb phrase is an action receiver.

Note: We use passive voice when:

we want to make the active object more important

we do not know the active subject

Form:

Example:

Tida was left home last night.

The door is opened.

Those windows are closed.

I was born in 1987.

This lesson is done by me.

The image on the wall was drawn by my brother.

Sophea was invited to join in the party.

Get passive In a passive sentence, the focus shifts to the person or thing receive

something. The word get is sometimes used instead of be to form the

passive. In such cases, get indicates a change in status or condition

Form:

Example:

My window got broken yesterday.

He got killed in accident. ( something cause him to die)

The will get married tomorrow. ( change from single to couple)

Tida got sick after eating the red meat.

She got been rosy when I saw her.

I got picked up by my brother at the airport.

She got hired by the company in 2010.

Dara got drunk at the party.

Note: When you use "get" to make the passive voice and the verb is negative,

don't forget to add "do" or "did" for the present tense and the past tense:

He gets paid on Friday. / He doesn't get paid on Monday.

She got hired for that job. / She didn't get hired until last week.

They get fed at noon. / They don't get fed in the afternoon.

The window got fixed. / The window didn't get fixed.

Subject + Be + Verb3 (past participle) + (by + agent)

Subject + get/got + Verb3 (past participle) + …


64

Grammars

Main Grammar Lesson Part of speech

Phrase

Clause

Sentence

1. Noun Phrase

2. Adjective Phrase

3. Verb Phrase

4. Adverb Phrase

1. Finite clause

2. Non – Finite Clause

1. Kinds of sentence

2. Types of sentence

3. Patterns of sentence

1. Noun

2. Adjective

3. Verb

4. Adverb

5. Pronoun

6. Preposition

7. Conjunction

8. Interjection

Grammar is the art of combining words phrase clause sentence together to

be an utterance by the grammatical maker.


65

Part of sentence

Subject

What is subject?

I. The subject is the person or thing about which predicate is being

stated.

Subject is noun or Noun Equivalent

Part of sentence

Predicate is Finite Verb used to describe subject.

Socheat puts her hand on the table.

The teacher shows school material to student.

Sreytey points to the pencil.

The flower is on the cabinet.

1. Form of Subject

Subject can be noun or noun equivalent.

Noun Equivalent is not the original noun, yet it is function as the

noun can be:

Pronoun

Gerund

Infinitive

Adjective use as noun

Wh- word phrase

Wh – word clause

2. Kind of Subject

A Simple Subject

Subject

B Compound Subject

A) Simple subject

A single word noun that has complete meaning and it sometime

accompany by modifier.

Koh Norea is the village.

She learns at Koh Norea pagoda.

She is at home.

A good son is following parent‟s advices.

A good daughter does not speak loudly in the public.

B) Compound subject

A compound subject is a subject consists of two or more subject,

and that are joined by conjunction and that have the same verb.

1. Conjunction “And”

Dare can speak English.

Dara and Sok can speak English.

You try learning English.

I try learning English.

2. Conjunction “Or”

Tey or Sophea came to whiteboard first.

Apple or orange did you chose.

Sophea or Tey will go to abroad tomorrow.

English or Korea language do you want to learn.


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Predicate

What is a predicate?

The predicate is the word or group of words that tells what the subject

is doing or being.

Sophea climbs the tree by himself.

Sreytey carries the cat.

Pana reads the book.

Dane and Solita watch the television.

Chantol cleans the window.

Ransey and Panha wash the car.

1. Kind of Predicate

In grammatical English a predicate is divided into two kinds:

A/ Simple predicate

Predicate

B/ Compound predicate

A) Simple predicate

The predicate can be a single word:

He drinks a Coca-Cola.

She walks the dog.

He runs along the road.

She laughs at the boy.

He listens to music.

She studies mathematic.

He rides bicycle on the road.

She chats on the phone.

B) Compound Predicate

A compound predicate is sentence consist of two or more predicate, that

join by conjunction such as and, but, or.

1. Conjunction “and”

They drink beverage and eat food.

The two boys wrote some information and watch TV.

He drinks coffee and type computer.

She picks and passes apple to her grandchild.

2. Conjunction “But”

(blind ខាវ ក់្) ( deaf ែេង់) (disable leg ពិការគ្ ើង) (short man)

He is blind but can walk straightforward on the road.

They are deaf but can make gesture very well.

He is disable leg but plays football very well.

He is short man but win the award.

3. Conjunction “or”

He likes coffee or like beverage.

She stays home or stays outside.

She writes a book or reads a book.


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What is sentence?

Sentence is a group of related word that has subject and finite verb

and expresses a complete idea meaningful is called a sentence.

Sentence has 4 main character:

1) Start with capital letter.

2) Mush has Subject and finite verb.

3) Mush has completed meaningful.

4) Mush end with (.) full stop (?) Question mark (!) exclamation mark.

Example:

Mum: What are you doing in here in the bathroom, Alice? Alice: I‟m standing on a chair. Mum: Why are you standing on the chair? Alice: I am looking into the mirror, mum. Mum: But you‟ve got your eyes closed, Alice. Why are you doing that? Alice: I want to see what I look like when I‟m sleeping!

I. Assertive Sentence

Assertive or statement/declarative sentence are a sentence that is

used to give information about somebody or something. It is divided

into 2 kinds:

1. Affirmative Sentence

2. Negative Sentence

1.1 Affirmative Sentence is a sentence in positive meaning.

Form:

1.2 Negative Sentence is sentence in Negative meaning.

Form:

Example:

Mrs. Tida is an ESL teacher. She works in the computer lab at an adult

education center. She is seven months pregnant with her first child. Mrs. Tida is

worried because her husband started a new business, and it is not making much

money. They have been using her income to pay the bills, but it isn‟t enough.

They can‟t afford to pay for health insurance much longer. Her husband wants

her to take three weeks off work after the baby is born and then look for a full-

time job with health insurance. Unfortunately, there are only a few full-time

ESL teaching jobs. Most ESL teachers are hired part-time, and they don‟t have

health insurance.

Subject + Finite Verb + Complement

Subject + Auxi.V. not + Complement


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6. WHICH is used when a choice needs to be made. (= I want to know the thing

between alternatives)

Which drink did you order – the rum or the beer?

Which day do you prefer for a meeting – today or tomorrow?

Which is better - this one or that one?

7. HOW is used to describe the manner that something is done. (= I want to

know the way)

How do you cook paella?

How does he know the answer?

How can I learn English quickly?

8. Whom is use to describe the person as an object

Whom are you going to invite?

Whom did he blame for the accident?

Whom did he hire to do the job?

2.1 Yes/no interrogatives are questions that can be answered with a yes or a no

response. You probably ask or are asked these questions every day.

Mister, can you spare a dime?

Did you take your vitamin this morning?

Do you have your homework ready?

Are you ready to go?

2.a BE

Use the verb be to ask about identity, description, location, and present or past

activities and situations.

Identity / Description

You can use be plus a noun or adjective to ask about the identity or description

of a person, place, or thing.

Am I your best friend? Yes (you are).

Is this interesting? No (it is not).

Are these islands part of Greece? Yes (they are).

Was his idea good? No (it wasn't).

Were they happy? Yes (they were).

Location

Be plus a prepositional phrase asks about present or past location.

Am I near your house? No (you aren't).

Is he in Panamá? Yes (he is).

Are we at the border yet? No (we're not).

Was his apartment above a bakery? Yes (it was).

Were the demonstrations downtown? No (they weren't).

Current activity / situation

To ask about a current activity or situation, use the present progressive: present

tense of be + present participle (verb+ing).


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Am I going with you and Tom? Yes (you are).

Is England adopting the euro? No (it isn't).

Are we seeing a play tonight? Yes (we are).

Is she working today? No (she isn't).

Past activity / situation

To ask about a past activity or situation, use the past progressive: past tense of

be + present participle.

Was it raining? Yes (it was).

Was Anna cooking? No (she wasn't).

Were the prisoners rebelling? Yes (they were).

Were they singing? No (they weren't).

Past event

To ask about something that happened to someone or something, use the passive

voice: past tense of be + past participle (verb + ed or en):

Was he given a reward? Yes (he was).

Was I chosen? No (you weren't).

Were you driven home in a taxi? Yes (we were).

Were dinosaurs killed by meteors? No (they weren't).

2. b HAVE

Use the verb has /have to ask if some action has taken place or whether

somebody has done something.

Notice that the auxiliary verb have is in the present tense* and the main verb is

always a past participle.

Has your brother left? No (he hasn't).

Have you flown before? Yes (I have).

Has the party started? Yes (it has).

Have the guests eaten? No (they haven't).

*It is possible to ask a yes/no question with had, but this is done in very specific

situations and will be explained in a future lesson.

2. c DO

Use the verb do to obtain facts about people, places, or things.

Do is always followed by the subject and then a verb in the infinitive without to.

Do they smoke? No (they don't).

Does Bogotá get cold? Yes (it does).

Did it work? No (it didn't).

Do flying fish really fly? No (they don't).

Does running hurt your knees? Yes (it does).

Did teaching challenge you? Yes (it did).


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2. d MODALS

Use modal verbs to obtain more information about possibilities or uncertainties.

Modals are always followed by verbs in the infinitive without to.

Can we stay? Yes (we can stay).

Could this be true? Yes (it could be true).

Should they stop? No (they shouldn't).

May I help you? Yes (you may).

Will it rain? No (it won't rain).

Would you go with me? Yes (I would).

Remember: When asking a question with do or a modal verb, the main verb

remains in the infinitive without to.

Incorrect Correct

Do you to drink coffee? Do you drink coffee?

Does she to work here? Does she work here?

Can I to go with you? Can I go with you?

Should we to email her? Should we email her?

However, if there are two verbs in the infinitive after do, the second infinitive

must use to.

Incorrect Correct

Do you want drink coffee? Do you want to drink coffee?

Does she like work here? Does she like to work here?

3. Alternative Question\ OR Question

Definition:

Alternative Question is a question which is used to ask for choice and

it‟s led by Auxiliary verb or Special Verb with conjunction “OR”.

Do you wish to study English or computer? Will you go to school or stay home tomorrow? Are you learning English to work for a company or to run business

yourself? Can you help me or not?

Note that! Never answer YES\NO, but you are able to use WELL to be

write or to speak English formally.

Saying YES or NO to a question

Strong YES-saying Strong NO-saying

- Definitely! Definitely not!

- Of course! Of course not!

YES-saying NO-saying

Yes,… (BE)\Yeah\Sure, … (AE) No, …

That‟s right Not really.

Unsure YES-saying Unsure NO-saying

I think so. I don‟t think so.

Probably. Probably not.

http://www.elearnenglishlanguage.com/esl/grammar/modalverbs.html


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Definition:

Imperative Sentence is a sentence that is used to refer to the second person/people (you) so as to show:

1. Command/ Order Pick the toy, please.

Turn the TV off, please.

Do clean the yard up.

Please take off your boots.

Do let the dog out.

2. Offering

Here is your hamburger.

Drink a glass of water with me.

You can use my phone.

Sleep on my bed.

Eat the food on the table.

3. Prohibition

Don‟t touch my computer.

Don‟t touch this status.

Don‟t play in here.

Don‟t use the phone in the class.

4. Good Wish

Have a nice weekend.

Be happiness in your life.

Buddha blesses you!

Have a good travel.

Have a nice day!

5. Instruction / Direction

A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where Koh Norea market is?

B: Go straight along the road, you‟ll see on the right hand.

A: How can I get to Koh Norea pagoda?

B: Go through this way and turn right.

Take this medicine two times a day.

Put this capsule in cool water and stir before drink.

Try to do exercise in the morning regularly.

Keep it least one day before eating.

6. Plea

Help me!

Please forgive me.

Set us free, we won‟t commit it again.

Please give me another chance.

Oh darling! Don‟t leave me here.


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7. Warning

Be careful! A ladder is falling.

Watch out! There is a boom.

Mind your head.

Don‟t panic! You can do it.

8. Request

Asking friend to do something

Can you………………?

Will……………………?

Can you help me get the lesson copy?

Will you turn it down?

Can you pick your jacket up?

Will you turn down the radio?

Can your clean up the mess?

Will you take out the garbage?

Can your turn on your laptop?

Asking for someone is older than you to do something.

Could you ……………….?

Would you mind + Ving ………..?

Could you lend me twenty dollars?

Can you get me a sandwich?

Would you mind not sitting here?

Could you move your car from my space?

9. When you want to be polite

1. Do you think you could……………………..?

2. I wonder if you’d mind………………………?

Examples:

1. Do you think you could speak loudly?

2. I wonder if you‟d mind staying in Cambodia for a few days?

3. Do you think you could come in and meet the direct?

4. I wonder if you‟d mind making a communication with her?

YES

1. OK/ All right.

2. Yes/ Sure.

3. Certainly. (Formally)

NO

1. Sorry, but………………….

2. I can‟t really………………

3. I‟m sorry……………………

Other Expressions

Requesting:

Would you mind…………………………………?

Could you please …………………………………?

Agreeing to request:

It would be my pleasure. Yes, of course.

By all means. Certainly.

I‟d be glad to.

Say YES/ NO to a request


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Definition:

An exclamation sentence is a sentence used to state “Sudden

feeling” without expecting!

Exclamations with What:

A/

Example:

What a beautiful girl! (NOT What beautiful girl!) What a lovely song! What a rude man! What a nice day?

B/

Example:

What a fool you are! (NOT What a fool are you!) What a charming girl she is! (NOT What a charming girl is she!) What a nice day it is! What a pretty girl she is?

Exclamations with how:

A/

Example:

How big the fish is! How cold it is! How clever she is! How wise they are! How clever he is! How beautiful my wife is!

B/

Example:

How slowly the boy walks! How well he speaks English! How fast your family talks! How loudly you shout! How beautifully she sings!

Exclamations with so and such

So /such +adjective

You are so sweet! She is so tall! They are such kind people! (NOT They are so kind people!) He talks such rubbish! (NOT He talks such a rubbish!)

What a/an + (adjective) + singular countable noun!

What a/an + (adjective) + Noun + Subject Pro. + Be

How + (adjective) + subject + Be

How + Adverb + subject + Lexical verb!


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Type of sentence is divided into four kinds:

1. Simple Sentence

Simple Sentence is a sentence which is used when the user want to

express only one idea.

For example

Every day I get up at _____o'clock.

Then, I eat my breakfast.

I go to work/class at _____ o'clock.

I usually finish work/class at _____o'clock.

In the evenings, I like to watch television.

I always go to bed at 10:30 p.m.

Ask your partner about his/her daily activities.

Example

A: Where do you work?

B: I work at Penny's.

A: When do you (usually) start work?

B: 9:00 (a.m.) I finish at 5:00 (p.m.)

A: What do you do after school?

B: I play soccer with my friends.

A: Where do you play?

B: I played at Koh Norea village.

A: Who did you always play?

B: Mostly, my all classmate who study with at school.

Notice on Sentence


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Definition

A compound sentence is made by joining two or more independent

clause which is joined by coordination conjunction.

What is conjunction?

Conjunction is a word used to link words to words, phrases to

phrases & clause to clause with the same form and part of speech.

: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so, and; Coordinating conjunctions

F = for reason / cause

A = and the addition of a closely related idea

N = nor choice joining two negative statement

B = but contrasting idea

O = or choice between two possibilities idea

Y = yet contrasting idea ( formal in writing)

S = so result

Example:

I love my mother, and I wish for her to get happiness in her life

forever.

I try to advise him, but he still not follows my word.

Do you learn in Koh Norea pagoda? Is it good, or bad?

He wants to study here, for he wants to know English well.

He is often absent from the class, so he is going to stop to work.

He tries to study English every day, yet he can‟t get the lesson.

I am not at meeting, nor was I at the working.

Example

She is young, and her shoes are old. She wears them to work,

for she goes to work five days a week. She loves her work. She is a

waitress. She works at a restaurant. The restaurant is near her

home. She walks to the restaurant. She stands up all day long. She

is young and strong, but her shoes are not. They are old. She saw

an in the paper. All shoes were on sale at the shoe store. She walked

into the store. She looked around. She saw some black shoes. They

looked good; she tried them on. They were very comfortable. They

felt good. They were only $25. She paid cash. She wore them home.

She felt good. She was ready for work the next

Main Clause +, coordination Conjunction + Main Clause

Main Clause + Semicolon (;) + Main Clause (Sometime)


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Run-on sentences are made of two or more independent clauses

that are not separated with comma with coordination conjunction, a

colon, semicolon, or period.

The girls played basketball the boys played tennis.

Titanic is my favorite movie I love eating popcorn.

Americans shake hands when they meet the Japanese bow.

My car broke down I need to buy a new one.

How to Fix Run-Ons sentence There are three ways that you are allowed to separate two independent

clauses.

1. Semicolon

My dog is cute its name is Lucky. ( Run-On Sentence)

My dog is cute; its name is Lucky. (Compound Sentence)

He is my student he is a clever student in the class. ( Run- On)

He is my student; he is a clever student in the class.

She is mild she never she never make an argument with other.

She is mild; she never makes an argument with other.

2. Comma + Coordinating Conjunction

She is very good at student in the class she never comes early.

She is very good at student in the class, but she never

comes early.

She showed a natural aptitude for the work she also show personal

ability to the public.

She showed a natural aptitude for the work, and she also

show personal ability to the public.

They have much idea they have no to show it out.

They have much idea, but they have no time to show it

out.

3. Period

All of my student speak English slowly they can speak clearly.

All of my student speak English slowly. They can speak

clearly.

They are good children they always respect their teacher.

They are good children. They always respect their

teacher.

She is an active student in the class she always ask the question.

She is an active student in the class. She always ask the

question.


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Definition

Complex Sentence is a sentence that has a main clause and at

least one sub-clause.

Example:

I've got to go talk to my counselor when I get out of class.

I looked at my email as the students worked on their papers.

He returned in the application after he finished filling it out.

I can pay off my car since we received a bonus in our paycheck.

She waited until the restaurant closed.

When I get out of class, I've got to go talk to my counselor.

As the students worked on their papers, I looked at my email.

After Henry finished filling the application out, he turned it in.

Since we received a bonus in our paycheck, I can pay off my car.

Until the restaurant closed, she waited.

Definition:

Complex Sentence is a sentence has two or more Main Clause and

at least one sub-clause.

Example:

He called the security guard, and he checked the room for items

which have been stolen.

Jackie came to our house today, but she did not tell me when she

is going aboard next week.

The young man was considered a hero, for he was successful in

arresting the murderer who had killed an old woman.

If you think you can do it, just go and do it, but do not complain

later that I didn't warn you.

He left and I never saw him again, nor did I regret that I lost him.

Main Clause + sub – Clause

Sub Clause, + Main Clause

Main Clause, FANBOY+ Main Clause + sub-clause

Sub-Clause, + Main clause, FANBOY+ Main clause


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Quiz on Type of sentence

I. Please choose the correct answer that sentence right with its types.

1. Pauline loves to go to the beach, and spend her days sunbathing.

A. Simple Sentence

B. Compound Sentence

C. Complex Sentence

D. Compound-Complex Sentence

2. Bruno, on the other hand, likes the view that he gets from the log cabin up in

the mountains, and he enjoys hiking in the forest.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence


3. Pauline says there is nothing relaxing about chopping wood, swatting

mosquitoes, and cooking over a woodstove.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence


4. Bruno dislikes sitting on the beach; he always gets nasty sunburn.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence


5. Bruno tends to get bored sitting on the beach, watching the waves, getting

sand in his swimsuit, and reading detective novels for a week.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence


6. This year, after a lengthy, noisy debate, they decided to take separate

vacations.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence


7. Bruno went to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and Pauline went to

Cape Cod.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence


8. Although they are 250 miles apart, they keep in constant contact on the

internet.

A. Simple Sentence


C. Complex Sentence



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What is a clause?

A clause is a group of words that include subject and form sentence

or part of sentence. There are two main types:

1. Main Clause (Independent Clauses)

An independent clause is a clause that contains a subject and

Finite Verb and expresses a complete thought, and it can stand alone by

itself.

For example: The door opened. The man walked in.

Independent clauses can be joined by a coordinating conjunction to form

complex or compound sentences.

Coordinating Conjunctions

and but for

or nor so

yet

Example:

Harry put the phone down (and) he stood up.

I gave him my address, (but) he didn't contact me.

We could go to the cinema (or) we could stay at home.

Noun Clause Adjective Clause Adverb Clause

Nominal Clause

1. As subject

2. As SC

3. As Object of MT

4. As Object of DT

5. As Object of Prep

That Clause

1. As subject

2. As Subjective Complement

3. As a Complement of predicative Adjective

4. As an apposition to introductory “It”

5. As an apposition to its front noun

6. In the three pattern

1. Defining C.l

2. Non- Defining Cl 1. Time

2. Place

3. Manner

4. Condition

5. Comparison

6. Contrast

7. Reason

8. Result

9. Purpose

10. Proportion

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/conjunctioncoordinating.htm


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A dependent (subordinate) clause is a clause that contains a subject and Finite Verbs. It is meaningless, so it need Independent clause to complete its meaning. It cannot stand alone by itself.

Dependent clauses often begin with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun (see below) that makes the clause unable to stand alone.

Subordinating Conjunctions

after although as because

before even if even though if

in order that once provided that rather than

since so that than that

though unless until when

whenever where whereas wherever

whether while why

Example:

Sunday is the only day when I can relax.

There are times when I wonder shy I do this job.

Although the sun was shining, it wasn’t very warm.

Although small, the kitchen is well designed.

I will only stay if you offer me more money.

I did it because he told me to.

Just because I don’t complaint, people think I’m satisfied.

You are not going until you’ve finished this.

Until she spoke I hadn’t realize she wasn’t Koh Norea villager.

Nominal Clause function as a noun, and it is led by Who Whom

Whose Which What Where When Why How Whether,

That.

Where you live is safety.

Where we are studying is comfortable.

Whatever is in the box is a mystery.

Whoever she is is not important

Whatever it is I still use it.

What I try to do like this is the make you happy.

Why the people have argument is contrast opinion.

How she solves that problem sees as easy as ABC.

How she he explain the lesson is interesting.

Whom you talk to is coming soon.

What Alicia said made her friends cry.

http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/conjunctionsubordinating.htm


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The truth was that the moving company lost all your furniture.

My question is whether you will sue the company for losses.

The first place winner will be whoever swims the farthest in an

hour.

Example:

A: How do I buy my textbooks?

B: Do you have your book list for your class?

A: Yes, I have my list.

B: Fine. When you have it, you can go to the bookstore.

Do you know where that is?

A: Yes, I know where the bookstore is.

B: OK, so when you pass the gym, it's the first door on your left.

Do you know where sell used textbooks?

A: No, I didn't know.

B: Alright, thank you.

A: Could you help me where a classroom is?

B: What do you need?

A: I can't seem to find my classroom.

B: What building is it in?

A: It's in the C building.

B: Oh, I know exactly where that is.

A: Could you tell me where it is?

B: Sure, what room number is it?

A: It's room number 261.

B: I have a classroom around there right now.

A: Could you show me where it is?

B: No problem, come on.

Some people believe in whatever organized religion tells them.

We have been waiting for whoever will pick us up from the party.

My husband did not think about that I wanted some nice jewelry

for my birthday.

Were they punished for how they acted?

We cannot talk about what he said.

What he did should come before how he did it.


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That you decide to stay is unbelievable.

That she made him happy seem impossible.

That he made good impression on presentation is a good

way for him.

That she understand the lesson well seem truth.

lesson for second hour teaching - copy

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