asthe Universal

Language

English Language

“An introduction to the subject, Grammar and Composition

Prepared By:Prepared By:

RUTH M. NARAG-MAGUDDAYAORUTH M. NARAG-MAGUDDAYAO

Instructor Instructor

The Language as man’s oldest and greatest invention.

- Adam and Eve- Tower of Babel

Issues in Lang.• Geographical Separation of People• Social Distinctions among

members of society as the cause of diversity

Every language has a structure divided into:

-phonological (sound of the spoken words)-morphological (FORMS OF WORDS)-syntactical systems (ARRANGEMENT OF ARRANGEMENT OF

WORDS)

English Language

The universal language

“Standard of Formal English is the language used in public discourses.

It is characterized by the tendency to give full treatment to all conventions and elements

required for grammatical sentences.”

What is Grammar?

Etymology:

Grammar comes from the Greek word “grama” meaning “letter”

or written symbol.

“Grammar is the science which deals with words,

forms of words, word combination, and the

relationship between words. ”.

What is Grammar?

cont. Grammar

“It is a system of rules for the use of a language or the study of what is preferred and what is to be avoided in effective speech and writing.”

“It tells us what words do in sentences and how they combine to convey meaning.

“It is the use of words appropriate to a language as it is spoken and written.”

• Grammar helps one...• When one speaks w/grammatical

errors ...• A good command of English

grammar will give...

WORDS In General Classification of Words Formal and Informal Usage Word Order

Classification of Words

Words may be classified into:

1. Naming words – the nouns and pronouns2. Asserting words – the verbs3. Modifying words – the adjectives and

adverbs4. Joining words – the conjunctions and

prepositions5. Exclamatory words – the interjections

Other Classification of words

are: 1. Abstract2. Ambiguous3. Antonyms4. Archaic 5. Back

Informations6. Back Slang7. Barbarisms8. Buzz Words

9. Cliches10.Colloquial11. Concrete12. Confusibles13. Coupled

synonyms14. Euphemisms15. Foreign

Cont.16. Gobbledygooks17. Homonyms18. Hypallage19. Illiteracies20. Improprieties21. Janos-Faced 22. Jargon 23. Metaphors24. Malapropisms25. Neologistic

26. Obsolete 27. Obsolescent 28. Onomatopoeic 29. Oxymoron30. Palindromes31. Pleonasmic32. Poetic 33. Portmanteau34. Ricochet35. Shoptalk

Cont.Cont.Cont.Cont.

36. Slang36. Slang37. Solecisms37. Solecisms38. Sub–standard 38. Sub–standard

expressionsexpressions39. Syllepsis39. Syllepsis40. Synonyms40. Synonyms41. Tautological41. Tautological

42. Technical 42. Technical 43. Understood43. Understood44. Vogue44. Vogue45. Weasel45. Weasel46. Wordy46. Wordy47. Zeugma47. Zeugma

General Classes of Words:Content Words:

These are the important words in a phrase or a sentence because they carry the meaning of the phrase or the sentence. These are the nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs.

Function Words:

These words perform minor functions in a phrase or sentence. These are pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and auxiliaries.

Word Order:1. In General.

Ordinarily, the word orders in sentences are as follows: 1.)Subject, verb, indirect object, and direct object.

I gave Juan a magazine. 2.)Subject, verb, direct object, and indirect object.

I gave a magazine to Juan

3.)Subject, verb, manner, place, and time.She sang beautifully at the concert last night.

4.)Subject, verb, place, manner, and time with respect to travel verbs.

She went (travel verb)to Baguio City by car yesterday.

• 5.) Subject, verb, adverb, and adjective• She was very beautiful.

Con’t.

2. Adverbs1.) An adverb is never placed between a verb and its direct object.

The lawyer read the order carefully.

2.) An adverb can be placed between a verb and its indirect object.Juan read carefully to Ben the instructions.

3.) Adverbs of frequency go between the subject and the verb.I always go to the cinema.

4.) Adverbs of frequency are always placed after the verb “to be”.He is always hungry.

5.) Adverb of frequency goes between the main verb and its auxiliary verb or between two auxiliaries.

I have never been to Singapore.

6.) The most precise adverb comes first.We arrived at Mabalacat in Pampanga.

7.) Adverbs cannot follow “be”, “become,” and verbs of perception.

Con’t

3. Adjectives 1.) The word order of adjectives is as follows: opinion, shape, age, color, origin, and material. An Adjective of opinion comes before an adjective of Shape, an adjective of shape comes before age, and so forth.

It was a lovely brown table.

2.) Adjectives of the same type should be separated by “and”.He wore a blue and white shirt.

3.) When there are more than two adjectives of the same type, put “and” before the last adjectives and a comma after the first and second adjectives.

The flag is red, white and blue.

4.) Adjectives can follow “be”, “become”, and verbs of perceptions, like “appears”, “look”, “seems”, “sounds”, and “tastes”.

Pedro looks happy.

Formal and Informal Usage Some words are accepted as standard only in informal usage and cannot be used in formal usage.

Formal:Coddleparasite

Informal:to babyfree loader

Quiz No. 11. Why is the English Language called the universal language?2. Give the structures that make up a language.3. Why is Grammar called a science?4. Why is Grammar called a system?5. What is the etymological term of Grammar?6. Give the importance of Grammar in the English Language.7. One tool that makes a meaningful sentence are the forms of

words. Give the five classifications of words that were discussed by the teacher. Give the meaning.

8. Words in the English Language are classified in many forms, what are the two general classes of words? Give the meaning.

9. Give the different types of word order in sentences?10. Give the rules in adjectives as to its form in a sentence.11. Give the rules in adverbs as to its form in a sentence.

Remarks :

This presentation is a part and parcel of the ways to learning the English Language. Interaction among students with the teacher as facilitator is still the best learning strategy.

All additional examples, exercises, seatworks, quizzes and other means to enhance learning are illustrated/ shown on board, hand-outs, and other instructional materials.

References:

• Painless Grammar by Rebecca Elliott, PhD

• Fundamentals of English Grammar by Isagani Cruz

• The McGraw Hill Handbook of English Grammar and Usage by Lester Beason