lessons for arcgis introduction to page 1 of 22 …mail.rsgc.on.ca/~mbader/cgo4m/map_proj9x.pdfpage...

of 22 Lessons for ArcGIS

Introduction to Map Projections

©2009 ESRI Canada Schools and Libraries Program 12 Concorde Place, Suite 900 Toronto, Ontario, M3C 3R8 Tel: (416) 441-6035 Fax: (416) 446-1639

Email: [email protected] Web site: www.k12.esricanada.com


Students working with maps, paper or digital, must recognize the significance of map projections. Projecting a three-dimensional globe onto a two-dimensional surface will always create inaccuracies when portraying the Earth. However, certain projections create more or less distortion depending on the type and the regions projected. This is an introductory exercise to Map Projections. Students will become familiar with the basic concepts, classifications, and methods related to projecting the Earth. They will use ArcView GIS to compare, contrast, and finally to choose appropriate map projections.

Background Information: Teachers are encouraged to distribute or communicate this background information to students. They are also encouraged to teach a lesson about Map Projections, before students complete the mapping exercise, which includes the following topics:

A) Historical Hints B) Basic Concepts C) Geographic coordinate system D) What is a map projection E) When should you use a projection F) Spatial distortion and types of map projections G) How to choose a map projection H) Map projections used commonly in Canada I) Map scale

Teacher’s Guide:

A) Planning Considerations B) Required Files

The Student Side:

A) Student Instructions Additional Map Projection Websites and Resources: Round Earth, Flat Maps (National Geographic Society) http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/2000/exploration/projections/index.html Cartographic License: Maps Can Lie Information about other map propaganda tools! http://www.es.mq.edu.au/courses/GEOS264/maps/mapch4/ch4int.htm





Background Information Projections: An Introduction We use maps to model the earth and it is a representation of the spatial organization of the physical universe at any scale. It contains a wide variety of information, both static and dynamic. Maps are usually created on a flat, two-dimensional surface. An important step in modeling geographic phenomena on a map is the conversion of the 3D world into a 2D model. A) Historical Hints People have been making maps and using map projections for a very long time. Thales (625-547 BC): Proposed the use of a disc on the ocean. Anaximander (611-554 BC): Proposed a cylinder, and projected the land onto the curving surface. Pythagoras (6th century BC): Proposed using a sphere due to its geometrical perfection. Aristotle: Also proposed using a sphere and developed a proof by observation. Eratosthenes (276-196 BC): Made the first attempt to measure the circumference of the globe. Used

triangulation and solar observation to measure the distance along a meridian. Eratosthenes also used the idea of meridians and parallels to locate places in relationship to each other in the real world.

Ptolemy (2nd century BC): Created the first known projection of the world onto a plane. Generations… Scientific ideas were dismissed as Europe became concentrated on theology in the Dark Ages. China has had a bureaucratic mapping tradition for administering the country since the 3rd century

BC. However, there was not much interest in world maps until much later. In the 15th and 16th century, Columbus uses the maps by Ptolemy and others for his journey to Asia.

As we all know, Columbus underestimated the size of the globe and landed�…..Where? From 1735-1743, expeditions set forth to Lapland and Peru by the French to measure the length of a

degree of latitude and determine the correct shape of the earth. Two of the major developments in the 20th century include the use of the geoid and other models for

the earth's surface, and the ability to use space to make measurements of the earth. B) Basic Concepts A Map:

Is a representation of the spatial organization of the physical universe at any scale. It can also contain a wide variety of information, both static and dynamic. A map is usually created on a flat, two-dimensional surface.

Cartography:

Is the art and science of map production. It is comprised of the fundamental scientific procedures of accurate measurement, classification, and the identification of relationships, to create visual models of our complex world.





What is a Map Projection? Due to the fact that the Earth is round (three-dimensional) and a map is flat (two-dimensional), we need to convert locations from a curved surface to a flat one. This requires a mathematical formula. A map projection is a result of the process of systematically transforming positions on the Earth's spherical surface to a flat map, while maintaining spatial relationships. C) Geographic Coordinate System The Geographic Reference System consists of latitude and longitude. This system treats the globe as if it were a sphere. The sphere is divided into equal parts called degrees. Each degree can be further subdivided into 60 minutes, each composed of 60 seconds. The standard origin is where the Greenwich Prime Meridian meets the Equator. All points north of the Equator or east of the Prime Meridian are positive.

N

S

Lines of longitude (meridians) run north and south and measure the number of degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian. Values range from -180 to +180 degrees. Lines of latitude (parallels) run from east to west and measure the number of degrees north or south of the Equator. Values range from the North Pole, at +90 degrees, to the South Pole at -90 degrees. D) When should you use a projection?

When using measurements to make important decisions. When measuring distance or direction. When comparing geographic features/phenomena. When you are comparing the shape, area, distance or direction of one feature to another, or

analyzing spatial relationships of data covering the world or a large part of the world. o Without a map projection, comparing features over such a large area or analyzing the

spatial relationships between features on a large area can lead to undesirable results. There can be a lot of distortion without a map projection.





Aligning image and feature themes. o Themes based on data from other software or images are often stored in projected

space. To have your features (points, lines and polygons) line up properly with these other themes, you will have to store your features in the same projected space and coordinate system.

E) Spatial distortion caused by map projections Map projections are not perfect! It is impossible to convert a 3D set of features to a 2D set of features without some errors. The errors caused when applying a map projection are called distortion. Distortion can affect one or more of these spatial properties:

Shape (the geographic shape of a feature) Area (the amount of area of a feature) Distance (how far away features are from each other) Direction (the orientation NESW traveling from one feature to another)

Since it is impossible to protect all of these properties at once, map mathematicians concentrated on creating different map projections for different purposes. Depending on the use of the map certain spatial properties will be more important than others. While a map projection is sure to cause some distortion it is also sure to preserve one or more of these spatial properties. Map projections can be categorized according to the spatial property they preserve. Projections are commonly classified according to the geometric surface from which they are derived. These are called developable surfaces. The most common developable surfaces are the Cylinder, the Cone, and the Plane. When creating a map projection, each of these developable surfaces are attached to the globe at a certain point or at one or two standard lines (also called standard parallels). A tangent projection only touches the globe and has one standard line. A secant projection cuts through the globe and yields two standard lines. Minimizing Distortion "Not only is it easy to lie with maps, it's essential. To portray meaningful relationships for a complex, three-dimensional world on a flat sheet of paper or video screen, a map must distort reality" -Monmonier, M. 1996. A three-dimensional globe represents the Earth in such a way that area, distance, direction, and shape are all accurately represented. Unfortunately, it is impossible to preserve all of these properties on a flat surface. All map projections have only one important feature in common: positional accuracy. A map projection is therefore, a compromise! The extent to which these properties (area, distance, direction, and shape) are preserved provides another method of classifying projections: Equal-Area or Equivalent Maps: (preserve area) When a map projection portrays areas over the entire map so that all mapped areas have the same proportional relationship to the areas on Earth they represent. The creation of this projection results in shapes and angles being greatly distorted. This distortion increases with distance away from the point of origin.





Equidistant Maps: (preserve distance) These projections portray distances from the center of the projection to any other place on the map. This projection maintains constant scale only from the centre of the projection or along great circles passing through this point. For example, a planar equidistant projection centered on Montreal would show the correct distance to any other location on the map, from Montreal only. This property is accomplished at the expense of distorting area and direction. Azimuthal or Zenithal Maps: (preserve direction) A projection created when angles or compass directions from one central point are shown correctly to all other points on the map. However, to achieve this property, shapes, distances and areas are badly distorted. Conformal Maps: (preserves local angles) A projection created when all angles at any point are preserved. Or, the scale at any point is the same in every direction. Lines of latitude and longitude intersect at right angles, and shapes are maintained for small areas. However, in the process of projection, the size of large areas is distorted. The following table shows which pairs of properties can be combined in one projection:

Equal-Area Equidistant Azimuthal Conformal Equal-Area -- No Yes No Equidistant No -- Yes No Azimuthal Yes Yes -- Yes Conformal No No Yes --

Cylindrical Projections Imagine wrapping a piece of paper around the globe to form a cylinder. If you could turn on a light inside the globe, the lines of longitude and latitude would be projected onto the paper (just like on a movie screen!). If you traced those lines onto your paper and then unwrapped the cylinder, you would see what a cylindrical projection would look like! A straight line between any two points on this projection follows a single direction or bearing, called a rhumb line. This makes the cylindrical projection useful for navigational purposes. Conical Projections Imagine taking a new piece of paper and forming it into a cone shape. Now picture placing your cone on top of the globe (like a cup!). If you projected the lines of latitude and longitude (like a movie projector) onto your paper and then unwrapped the cone, you would see the result of a conical projection! Planar Projections A planar projection can be created by taking a flat piece of paper, and placing it anywhere up against the globe. A tangent planar projection occurs when the paper touches one point on the globe. This will be the point whereby the lines of longitude will radiate from. A secant planar projection cuts through the earth's centre and creates great circles. Property Category Area Equal-area Shape Conformal Distance Equidistant Direction Azimuthal





Cone Cylinder Plane

Tangent to the Sphere

Map projections have been created for different parts of the world. Some projections have been designed for mapping the entire earth or continents. Other map projections have been created to map smaller areas such as countries or provinces (states). Local or regional projections were created because of the way distortion occurs. The amount of distortion caused by a map projection increases as you travel away from the reference origin. For this reason, it makes sense to make different versions of projections which center on different locations of interest. By choosing a projection centered on the location being mapped, the effects of distortion will be minimal for the area of interest. F) How to choose a map projection Today there are many map projections to choose from and the choice of map projection has become an important step in mapping and geographic analysis. Questions to ask when choosing a map projection: 1. Is my base data already projected?

If the data you have access to or are using is already projected then all subsequent project data must share the same projection.

2. Which spatial properties are most important to me? Think about the purpose of your map. Since map projections cannot convert the features perfectly, you must choose which spatial properties are most important for what you are doing: shape, area, distance or direction. Choose a map projection that protects these important spatial properties.

3. What is the location and scale of my data? Map projections have been specially designed for different areas of the earth and also for different map scales. If you are mapping a large area, larger than a continent then you should choose a projection made for this scale. If you are mapping one continent, you should choose a map projection specially created for this continent.





The following table provides a summary of more common map projections, their properties, and their use: Projection Type Properties Regional Use General Use

Mercator cylindrical conformal true direction

World, equatorial, east-west extent, large and medium scale

navigation large scale map series, U.S.G.S.

Transverse Mercator cylindrical conformal

continents/oceans, equatorial/mid-latitude, north-south extent, large and medium scale

topographic large scale map series, N.T.S. and U.S.G.S.

Lambert conformal conic conic conformal

true direction

continents/oceans, equatorial/mid-latitude, east-west extent, large and medium scale

mapping countries of Canada and U.S.A., National Atlas of Canada 5th ed., I.M.W. (International Map of the World)

Azimuthal equidistant planar equidistant

true direction

World, hemisphere, equatorial/mid-latitude, continents/oceans, regions/seas, polar, large scale

navigation, topographic large scale map series, U.S.G.S.

Lambert azimuthal equal-area planar equal area

true direction

hemisphere, continents/oceans, equatorial/mid-latitude, polar

navigation, thematic, Geomatics Canada North America reference map, U.S.G.S. maps

Polyconic conic equidistant region/seas, north-south extent, medium and large scale

topographic map series, U.S.G.S.

Stereographic planar conformal true direction

hemisphere, polar, continents/oceans, regions/seas, equatorial/mid-latitude medium and large scale

navigation, topographic U.S.G.S. maps

van der Grinten I individual or unique compromise World, equatorial, east-west

extent Geomatics Canada World Map, U.S.G.S. maps

Robinson pseudo-cylindrical compromise World thematic, reference maps

National Geographic

Miller cylindrical cylindrical compromise World thematic, reference maps U.S.G.S. maps

Eckert IV pseudo-cylindrical equal area World thematic, reference maps

Sinusoidal pseudo-cylindrical equal area World, continents/oceans

equatorial, north-south extent thematic, reference maps U.S.G.S. maps

Limitations apply

United States Geological Survey - the supplier of base and thematic maps covering the U.S.A.

(By: The National Atlas on Schoolnet) G) Map Projections to Use When Mapping Canada

The Mercator projection, now rarely used for world mapping, is a Cylindrical projection that results in significant distortions of the continents. The Mercator projection, however, is conformal; therefore, it is excellent for navigational purposes but only preserves local shapes. Countries in the mid-latitudes are best represented by a Conic projection (places like North America, the Former Soviet Union and Europe). The result is less overall distortion of land and water areas. The Lambert Conformal Conic projection is a commonly used Conic version.





H) Map Scale To show a portion of the Earth�’s surface on a map, the area must be reduced. Map scale indicates how much the given area was reduced. It is usually expressed as a ratio between a distance on the map and a distance on the Earth, like 1:63,360. The number on the left indicates distance on the map; the number on the right indicates distance on the ground. The scale ratio 1:63,360 implies that one unit of distance on the map represents 63,360 of the same units of distance on the Earth. Therefore, on a 1:63,360 scale map one inch on the map equals one mile on the ground because one statute mile has 63,360 inches. One type of scale is known as a representative fraction (RF) because the amounts on either side of the colon are equivalent; that is, �‘1:24,000�’ means �‘1 inch equals 24,000 inches�’ or �‘1 foot equals 24,000 feet�’ or �‘1 meter equals 24,000 meters�’, and so on. Small scale vs. Large scale A large scale map is one in which a given part of the Earth is represented by a large area on the map. Large scale maps generally show more detail than small scale maps because at a large scale there is more space on the map in which to show features. Large scale maps are typically used to show site plans, local areas, neighborhoods, towns and cities. 1:2,500 is an example of a large scale. A small scale map is one in which a given part of the Earth is represented by a small area on the map. Small scale maps generally show less detail than large scale maps, but cover large parts of the Earth. Maps with regional, national, and international extents typically have small scales, such as 1:1,000,000. So each scale represents a different trade-off. With a small-scale map, you�’ll be able to show a large area without much detail. With a large-scale map, you�’ll be able to show a lot of detail but not as much area. A small-scale map can show a large area because it greatly reduces the area; a large-scale map may only show a portion of a feature (such as a street) but in such detail that you can see the shapes of objects in detail (such as houses).





Teacher’s Guide

A) Planning Considerations Objectives:

Students will demonstrate an understanding of the geographic coordinate system and its elements (latitude, longitude, etc) through mapping a Great Circle route and the shortest path.

Students will demonstrate an understanding of the basic principles of map projections. Students will demonstrate an understanding of map scale. Students will use ArcView to compare and contrast the geographic coordinate system

and 4 map projections commonly used to map the World. Connection to Curriculum Themes: Topics in this lesson can be applied to several themes in Geography and related courses. They include:

Cartography Geometry and Mathematics Exploration and Navigation History

Who Can Use This Exercise? This exercise is designed to be accessible for many ability levels. Instructions have been written to accommodate both beginners and more advanced ArcView users. Teachers may wish to adapt sections of this exercise to meet specific needs. B) Required Files Materials Required: A copy of the ArcCanada CD-ROM Version 3.0/3.1. The files for this lesson are found on Disk 3; please follow this path to find them:

\world\shp\cntry00.shp

\world\shp\Geogrid.shp \world\shp\Ocean_background.shp

Helpful Hints: 1. We strongly advise that teachers work through the exercise before distributing it to students. 2. We also recommend that if you plan to load the ArcCanada files onto a network directory use

ArcCatalog to move the files.





3. The student instructions explain the path from the ArcCanada CD-ROM to the files they will use. If the path you have created is different, make sure you inform the students of this change.

4. Timelines for completion of the exercise will vary. The instructions are designed to ensure that a

student can create the map in one classroom period (analysis may be limited). 5. If you plan on having your students complete Part F, the Extension Exercise, you may want to hand

out a copy of the projection chart on page 7.

The Student Side: Student Instructions Getting Started… 1. To begin, start ArcMap. (If you are not sure how to do this, ask your instructor.) 2. From the ArcMap start window, choose A new empty map and put a check in the box beside

Immediately add data.

3. Click OK. 4. The Add Data window will open. Using Look In: drop down list, navigate to the ArcCanada 3.0/3.1,

disk3/world/shp folder. 5. While holding down the Ctrl key, choose the following layers by clicking on each one once:

cntry00.shp, Geogrid.shp, and Ocean_Background.shp

6. Click Add.





The layers will now appear listed in the table of contents, and their features displayed in the map window. Since ArcMap draws layers from bottom to top, some layers may be �‘covered�’ by other layers. This draw order needs to be changed. 7. In the table of contents, click and hold the pointer on the layer name and drag it up or down, then

release the mouse button. Arrange the layers in the order shown below.

The check boxes beside the layer name in the table of contents control that particular layer�’s visibility. If there is a check in the box, the layer is visible in the map window, if there is not, the layer is not visible. 9. Throughout this exercise whenever you see Save It Now you should save your work. Just click

on the Save button located on the top of the ArcMap screen.





Part A – Latitude and Longitude 1. You will label the map features relating to latitude and longitude. Start by selecting the New Text tool

from the bottom of the map window on the drawing toolbar.

2. With the New Text tool, click on the line to be labeled, type in the name of the line and press the

Enter key on the keyboard. Do this for each of the following lines of latitude and longitude:

Equator Prime Meridian Tropic of Cancer Antarctic Circle Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle North Pole International Date Line

You will notice that it might be a bit difficult to read some of your labels. Let�’s change their appearance! 3. To select all the labels from the Edit menu choose Select All Elements. 4. Once all of the labels have been selected, right-click on one of them and select Properties. 5. The Common Properties for Selected Elements window will open. Click on the Change Symbol

button in the Text tab. 6. From the Symbol Selector, under Options, change the Color, Size and Type of the font for your

labels. A sample of your text will appear under Preview.

7. When you are satisfied with the preview text, click OK. 8. Click OK to close the Common Properties for Selected Elements window and apply your changes. 9. Let�’s change the map display now. Go to the View menu at the top of the screen and select Data

Frame Properties.





10. Go the General tab and change the Units Display to Degrees Minutes Seconds. 11. Click OK to apply the changes.

Save It Now . Considerations… I. Find the coordinates box at the bottom right hand side of the ArcMap window. Notice as the pointer is

moved over the map, the latitude and longitude values are displayed here.

II. With your mouse, move the pointer along the Equator. What happens to the latitude and longitude

values as you move along this line? III. With your mouse, move the pointer along the Prime Meridian. What happens to the latitude and

longitude values as you move along this line? IV. You may want to delete your labels to clean up the map before moving onto the next part. To delete

all labels at the same time, from the Edit menu choose Select All Elements. Now, press the Delete key on your keyboard.





Part B – Great Circle Route Imagine that you have a plane ticket from Toronto to Russia and you'd like to figure out the route that the pilot would most likely take. The line you'd follow is called a great circle and represents the shortest path between two points on Earth. When depicted on a globe, a great circle looks like an arc, or part of a circle. 1. Select the New Line tool from the Drawing tool bar at the bottom of the ArcMap window.

2. Draw a line from southern Ontario, Canada by clicking once at the starting point. If you move your

crosshairs around, it will appear as though you are �“dragging�” a line with you. Drag the line to Russia and double click your mouse to complete the line.

3. To make the line more distinct, change the colour and width of the line by double clicking on the line

with the Select Elements tool . In the Properties window click the Symbol tab, change the Colour

of the line to blue by clicking the drop-down arrow and increase the Width to 2.00. Click OK when you are finished.

4. Select on the Identify tool and just click on the country you want to identify. You may also need

to use the Zoom In and Zoom Out tools to explore your map. What countries are you currently flying over en route to Russia? 5. Close the Identify dialog box when you are done.

6. If you need to go back to full view, click on the Full Extent button.

7. You will now measure the distance between Toronto and Russia. Click the Measure tool from the toolbar.





8. Click on the down arrow in the Measure dialog box and select Kilometers.

9. Click once at the start of the line from Ontario to Russia and then double click at the end of the line.

Record the distance __________.

10. From the View menu, select Data Frame Properties and click on the Coordinate System tab. Under Select a coordinate system: select Predefined, then Projected Coordinate Systems, then World, and then The World From Space.

11. Click OK. If a warning appears, click Yes.

12. Now, using the steps you have learned from the beginning of Part B draw another line from the same

origin to the same destination as the blue line. 13. Change the Width of the line to 2.00 and the Colour to green. Repeat Step 6 to measure this line.

Record the distance __________.

14. Use the procedures you learnt in Step 7 to change your coordinate system back to the Geographic Coordinate System> World>GCS_WGS_1984 system.

Save It Now . 15. Comparing the two lines you created, what difference do you notice when you change the projection?





Part C – Creating Map Projections 1. From the Edit menu, choose Select All Elements. 2. Hit the Delete key on your keyboard.

3. From the View menu, select Data Frame Properties and click on the Coordinate System tab. Under Select a coordinate system: select Predefined, then Projected Coordinate Systems, then World, and then Mercator.

4. Click OK. What has happened to the shape of the countries?

What type of Projection is the Mercator?

What properties of the map does a Mercator projection preserve?





What properties does it distort?

What part(s) of the world look larger, and what political statement does this make? For example, the true size of Canada is 9 221 000 km2, Africa is 29 634 000 km2.

5. Try changing the projection to Robinson and Sinusoidal as well (located in the same folder) and

answer the questions below.

What type of Projection is the Robinson? What type of Projection is the Sinusoidal?

Which properties of the map does a Robinson projection preserve? How about the Sinusoidal?

Which properties does the Robinson distort? Which properties does the Sinusoidal distort?





Of the three projections you just viewed on your map, which do you think is best? Why?

6. How could these projections be used for political purposes? Compare and contrast the appearance of

the Robinson and Mercator projections for each of the given regions in the chart below.

Projection

Africa and South

America

North America

Polar Regions

Russia

Mercator

Robinson

Save It Now .





Part D – Comparing Map Projections 1. In this section, four maps, each with a different projection, will be created and compared in a layout. Change the name of each layer to better represent what is being mapped. 2. To change the name of a layer double-click the layer name and from the Layer Properties window,

under the General tab, type in a new Layer Name. (i.e. Geogrid.shp could be changed to Graticule. A Graticule is the network of lines of latitude and longitude on which a map is drawn). 3. Click OK in the Layer Properties window to apply your changes to each layer. 4. When you are finished changing your layer names, from the View menu select Data Frame

Properties… and click on the General tab. 5. Change the name from to Mercator. 6. Click OK to apply the changes. 7. Right-click the Data Frame name (Mercator) in the table of contents and then click Copy.

8. From the Edit menu select Paste. 9. You should have a copy of the Mercator Data Frame with the same layers in your table of contents.

Minimize the first Mercator in your list to view the one you just pasted.

10. Change the projection of your copied Data Frame to Robinson by going the View menu and selecting Data Frame Properties.

11. The Robinson projection can be found in the same place as the Mercator in the Coordinate System

tab: Predefined > Projected Coordinate Systems > World. 12. Don�’t forget to change the Map Display Units to Kilometres under the General tab and change the

name of the Data Frame to Robinson. When you are finished click OK in the Data Frame Properties window.





13. If you map is not drawing accurately try clicking the Refresh View button located at the bottom of

the map view. 14. If you want to toggle between Data Frames in a single project you need to right-click on the Data

Frame name you want and click Activate in order to see the map. Try this now.

15. Now create two additional views with the Sinusoidal and Molleweide projections. Save It Now . Part E – Creating a Layout with Multiple Maps In this section your four maps with different projections will be organized in a layout for printing. You will be walked through basic procedures, however, look around your classroom for ideas on preparing final maps, refer to the map at the end of this part, or ask your teacher to discuss the basic principles of map cartography to the class. 1. Click on the Layout icon in the lower left-hand corner of the data view. This will display the four

different maps. 2. Right-click on the blank space outside the map outside the map and select Page and Print Setup. 3. Change the Paper Orientation to Landscape and click OK. 4. Click on a map to select it and use the boxes (shown below) around the selected map to resize the

map. Resize and move each map to fit the layout page.





Note: Make sure you have the Select Elements tool activated in order to resize your maps.

5. To remove the frame around the map, right click on a map and select Properties. Select the Frame

tab and click on the down arrow in the Border area and select <None> at the top of the list. 6. Do this for all your maps.

7. Now you need to add a legend for your map. Click on a map so the boxes appear around it. Then

from the Insert menu choose Legend. Customize the legend in the Legend Wizard dialog box using the Next button. You only need one legend for your layout.

8. Add a scale bar for each map in the same manner. Select each map individually and from the Insert

menu choose Scalebar. Use the Select Elements tool to resize and position your Scalebar. 9. Double click on the scale bar to change the Division Units to Kilometers and the Label to

Kilometres.

10. Next you are going to add a North Arrow. From the Insert menu choose North Arrow. You only need one North Arrow for your layout as all the maps are oriented in the same way. Use the Select Elements tool to reposition the North Arrow.

11. Finally, you need to add a title to each map. If you can�’t recall the name of a map projection click on

the map and the Data Frame name will be in bold in the table of contents (Note: you can also click on the map, then right-click and select Properties).





12. Now you will create a title for each map projection. From the Insert menu choose Title. Type the title of the map in the box that appears and click Enter on your keyboard. Use the Select Elements tool to move the title above its corresponding map.

13. Insert a title for the remaining maps. (Note: You can change the font for all the titles together: hold

down the Shift key on your keyboard and click each map title. Then right-click on a title and select Properties… Click the Change Symbol… button in the Common Properties for Selected Elements window. The Symbol Selector window will appear. Change the font settings and then click OK.

14. Don�’t forget to include a title for the complete map. Name it World Projections. 15. Congratulations! You have just created a layout showing four different world projections.

16. You may wish to Print out your map to hand it in (ask your teacher to make sure). If you are using a black and white printer, remember to change your colours to a gray scale and/or use hatching patterns to represent different colour schemes.

17. Don�’t forget to Save your work. Part F – Extension Exercise 1. Ask your teacher for the Schoolnet National Atlas projection chart on page 5 of this Lesson Pack.

Using this chart and the map layout you have created, write a brief report describing each of your four map projections based on the following criteria:

Name of map projection Type of projection (i.e. Conic, Azimuthal, Cylindrical, Sphere, etc.) Projection properties (i.e. Conformal, Equal Area, Equidistant, etc.) Suitability for mapping (i.e. world, hemisphere, continental, etc.) General use (i.e. topographical maps, geological maps, navigation, etc.)

You have finished this Exercise! To close ArcView, select Exit from the File menu.

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