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Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services
Lessons from Asia
Advances in AgroforestryVolume 5
Series Editor:P.K.R. NairSchool of Forest Resources and Conservation,University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, U.S.A.
Aims and Scope
Agroforestry, the purposeful growing of trees and crops in interacting combinations, began to attain prominence in the late 1970s, when the international scientific community embraced its potentials in the tropics and recognized it as a practice in search of science. During the 1990s, the relevance of agroforestry for solving problems related to deterioration of family farms, increased soil erosion, surface and ground water pollution, and decreased biodiversity was recognized in the industrialized nations too. Thus, agroforestry is now receiving increasing attention as a sustainable land-management option the world over because of its ecological, economic, and social attributes. Consequently, the knowledge-base of agroforestry is being expanded at a rapid rate as illustrated by the increasing number and quality of scientific publications of various forms on different aspects of agroforestry.
Making full and efficient use of this upsurge in scientific agroforestry is both a challenge and an opportunity to the agroforestry scientific community. In order to help prepare themselves better for facing the challenge and seizing the opportunity, agoroforestry scientists need access to synthesized information on multi- dimensional aspects of scientific agroforesty.
The aim of this new book-series, Advances in Agroforestry, is to offer state-of-the art synthesis of research results and evaluations relating to different aspects of agroforestry. Its scope is broad enough to encompass any and all aspects of agroforestry research and development. Contributions are welcome as well as solicited from competent authors on any aspect of agroforestry. Volumes in the series will consist of reference books, subject-specific monographs, peer-reviewed publications out of conferences, comprehensive evaluations of specific projects, and other book-length compilations of scientific and professional merit and relevance to the science and practice of agroforestry worldwide.
For other titles published in this series, go towww.springer.com/series/6904
Denyse J. Snelder • Rodel D. LascoEditors
Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services
Lessons from Asia
EditorsDenyse J. Snelder Rodel D. LascoInstitute of Environmental Sciences World Agroforestry Centre (CML) (ICRAF)Leiden University Country Offi ce PhilippinesLeiden LagunaThe Netherlands The Philippines
ISBN: 978-1-4020-8260-3 e-ISBN: 978-1-4020-8261-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008928847
© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
Printed on acid-free paper
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Foreword
Tree planting has always been considered a noble and respectable activity. In most places around the world, many ceremonious occasions are marked by planting trees to commemorate the event. There is hardly anyone who is famous – from royalty to politicians and movie stars to business tycoons – who has not planted a tree! But, for millennia, ordinary people have been planting trees as part of their routine chores without any external prodding and prompting and, of course, without the accompaniment of the paparazzi and publicity frenzy of the “dignitary tree-plant-ing.” Government-sponsored tree planting efforts such as large-scale reforestation and afforestation programs have been the main activity of modern forestry in many parts of the developing world during the past few decades. However, it is not unlikely that the trees planted successfully by ordinary peasant farmers in their (often small) landholdings in the tropics have far outnumbered those planted under such government-sponsored programs. Yet, tree-growing by small holder farmers has received relatively little attention from the scientific and development commu-nities, and is often not even recognized by forestry departments. Any effort in rec-ognizing and encouraging such smallholder tree planting is commendable; for that reason, the publication of this book is very timely and significant.
It is quite appropriate that the book draws from the experience in Asia. Asia is the cradle of agroforestry. The Asian experience of traditional agroforestry systems from shifting cultivation and taungya to homegardens and multistrata systems has paved the way for most of the recent agroforestry innovations and improvements. This book is no exception to this general trend. Presenting a series of case-study papers on tree growing in forest-deprived areas of the Philippines, the book com-pares the Philippines experience with similar experience in other Asian countries. This comparative analysis then leads to the conclusion that tree growing by small-holder farmers has the potential to play a significant role in sustainable land man-agement. Coming as it does at a time when much of the existing literature about smallholder tree planting is somewhat dated, the new experiences, analyses, and discussions presented in the book are relevant and timely to most other developing countries.
Considering the enormous amount of patient work and persistent efforts needed in bringing out such a multi-authored volume, the editors of the book deserve highest
v
appreciation. I congratulate the editors and all chapter authors on their splendid accomplishment in providing such a valuable contribution to agroforestry literature.
January 2008 P. K. Ramachandran NairGainesville, Florida, USA Distinguished Professor, University of Florida
(Editor, Advances in Agroforestry Book-Series)
vi Foreword
Acknowledgements
The book is based partly on an international seminar titled Tree Growing in Agricultural Landscapes: Smallholder Tree Growing for Sustainable Rural Development and Environmental Conservation and Rehabilitation held in Cabagan, the Philippines, in April 2005. The seminar was hosted by Isabela State University Cabagan Campus and co-organized by the Cagayan Valley Programme on Environment and Development (CVPED: a joint undertaking of Leiden University (CML) in the Netherlands and Isabela State University (ISU) in the Philippines) and the World Agroforestry Center Liaison office in the Philippines (ICRAF-Philippines). The seminar took place within the framework of the Junior Expert Program, i.e., an extension of the CVPED within the fields of agroforestry and indigenous people, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Netherlands. This book would not have been possible without the assistance and contribution of the staff of the CVPED and Isabela State University. Thanks go out to all reviewers of the various chapters in this book. We finally would like to express our appreciation to Dr. P.K.R. Nair and Dr. J. Roshetko for their valuable comments on an earlier manuscript and to Nicholas Tubbs for his meticulous work editing this manuscript.
vii
Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Chapter Reviewers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Part I Smallholder Tree Growing: Introduction
1 Smallholder Tree Growing in South and Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3D.J. Snelder and R.D. Lasco
Part II Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development: Practices and Adoption
2 Smallholder Tree Growing in Philippine Back Yards: Homegarden Characteristics in Different Environmental Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37D.J. Snelder
3 Tree Growing on Farms in Northeast Luzon (The Philippines): Smallholders’ Motivations and Other Determinants for Adopting Agroforestry Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75S.H.G. Schuren and D.J. Snelder
4 Dudukuhan Tree Farming Systems in West Java: How to Mobilize Self-Strengthening of Community-Based Forest Management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99G.E.S. Manurung, J.M. Roshetko, S. Budidarsono, and I. Kurniawan
ix
5 The Adoption of Smallholder Rubber Production by Shifting Cultivators in Northern Laos: A Village Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Vongpaphane Manivong and R.A. Cramb
6 Agroforestation of Grasslands in Southeast Asia: WaNuLCAS Model Scenarios for Shade-Based Imperata Control During Tree Establishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139M. Van Noordwijk, N. Khasanah, K. Hairiah, D. Suprayogo, D. Macandog, B. Lusiana, and G. Cadisch
Part III Smallholder Tree Growing for the Market: Economics, Policies and Institutes
7 Over-Regulated and Under-Marketed: Smallholders and the Wood Economy in Isabela, The Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163A.B. Masipiqueña, M.D. Masipiqueña, and W.T. de Groot
8 Can Smallholder Tree Farmers Help Revive the Timber Industry in Deforested Tropical Countries? A Case Study from Southern Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177M. Bertomeu
9 The Reforestation Value Chain for the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193R.D. Lasco
10 The Potential of Sustainable Forestry Certifi cation for Smallholder Tree Growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207H.A. Udo de Haes, D.J. Snelder, and G.R. de Snoo
11 Exploring the Agroforestry Adoption Gap: Financial and Socioeconomics of Litchi-Based Agroforestry by Smallholders in Rajshahi (Bangladesh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227S.A. Rahman, W.T. de Groot, and D.J. Snelder
12 Growing ‘The Wood of the Gods’: Agarwood Production in Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245G.A. Persoon
13 Local Vulnerability, Project Risk, and Intractable Debt: The Politics of Smallholder Eucalyptus Promotion in Salavane Province, Southern Laos. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263K. Barney
x Contents
Part IV Smallholder Tree Growing for Environmental Services: Practices and Potentials
14 Improving Productivity, Profi tability and Sustainability of Degraded Grasslands Through Tree-Based Land Use Systems in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289C.D. Predo and H.A. Francisco
15 Restoration of Philippine Native Forest by Smallholder Tree Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319E.L. Tolentino, Jr.
16 Human-Altered Tree-Based Habitats and Their Value in Conserving Bird and Bat Diversity in Northeast Luzon, The Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347M. Van Weerd and D.J. Snelder
17 From Principles to Numbers: Approaches in Implementing Payments for Environmental Services (PES) in the Philippines . . . . 379R. Lasco, G. Villamor, F. Pulhin, D. Catacutan, and M. Bertomeu
18 Values and Services of Nitrogen-Fixing Alder Based Cardamom Agroforestry Systems in the Eastern Himalayas . . . . . . 393E. Sharma, R. Sharma, G. Sharma, S.C. Rai, P. Sharma, and N. Chettri
19 Perceptions of Ethnic Minorities on Tree Growing for Environmental Services in Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411M. Hares
Part V Smallholder Tree Growing: Potentials and Challenges
20 Farmer Tree Planting Barriers to Sustainable Forest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429M. Van Noordwijk, J.M. Roshetko, Murniati, M.D. Angeles, Suyanto, C. Fay, and T.P. Tomich
21 Future Challenge: A Paradigm Shift in the Forestry Sector . . . . . . . 453J.M. Roshetko, D.J. Snelder, R.D. Lasco, and M. Van Noordwijk
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Contents xi
Contributors
Barney K.Department of Geography, York University, N430 Ross Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3, [email protected]
Bertomeu M.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines), Khush Hall, IRRI, College, 4031 Laguna, The Philippines, [email protected]
Budidarsono S.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Cadisch G.Insititute of Plant Production and Agroecology in the Tropics and Subtropics, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany, [email protected]
Catacutan D.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines), Khush Hall, IRRI, College, 4031 Laguna, The Philippines, [email protected]
Chettri N.International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box 3226, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal, [email protected]
Cramb R.A.School of Natural and Rural Systems Management, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia, [email protected]
De Groot W.T.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Angeles M.D.Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Division, World Bank Institute, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, NW, MSN J4-400, Washington, DC 20433, USA, [email protected]
xiii
De Snoo G.R.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Fay C.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Francisco H.A.Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia, IDRC Regional Office for Southeast and East Asia, 22 Cross Street #02–55, South Bridge Court, Singapore 048421, [email protected]
Hairiah K.Brawijaya University, Faculty of Agriculture, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia, [email protected]
Hares M.Viikki Tropical Resources Institute, Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 27, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, [email protected]
Khasanah N.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, Indonesia, [email protected]
Kurniawan I.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Lasco R.D.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines), Khush Hall, IRRI, College, 4031 Laguna, The Philippines, [email protected]
Lusiana B.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, Indonesia, [email protected]
Macandog D.Institute of Biological Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, The Philippines, [email protected]
Manivong V.Socio-Economic Research Unit, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, P.O. Box 811, Vientiane, Lao PDR, [email protected]
Manurung G.E.S.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Masipiqueña A.B.Cagayan Valley Programme on Environment and Development (CVPED), Isabela State University, Cabagan, Garita Heights, 3328 Isabela, The Philippines, [email protected]
xiv Contributors
Masipiqueña M.College of Forestry and Environmental Management (CFEM), Isabela State University, Cabagan, Garita Heights, 3328 Isabela, The Philippines, [email protected]
MurniatiForest and Nature Conservation Research and Development Center (FNCRDC), Jl Gunung Batu, Bogor, Indonesia, [email protected]
Persoon G.A.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Predo C.D.National Abaca Research Center, Leyte State University, Baybay, Leyte, The Philippines, [email protected], [email protected]
Pulhin F.Forest Development Centre (FDC), University of the Philippines Los Baños, Laguna 4031, The PhilippinesE-mail
Rahman S.A.University of Rajshahi, Department of Anthropology, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh, [email protected]
Rai S.C.Department of Geography, Delhi School of Economic, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India, [email protected]
Roshetko J.M.Winrock International, 2101 River Front Drive, Little Rock, Arkansas 72202, USA and World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Southeast Asia Research Programme, Jl. CIFOR, Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Ruark G.A.National Agroforestry Center, USDA, USA, [email protected]
Schuren S.H.G.Interchurch Organisation for Development Co-operation (ICCO), P.O. Box 8190, 3503 RD Utrecht, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Sharma E.International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box 3226, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal, [email protected]
Sharma G.Environment & Sustainable Development Programme, United Nations University, Jingumae 5-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan, [email protected]
Contributors xv
Sharma P.Wet Chemistry and Microbiology Division, Test America Inc., Seattle, USA, [email protected]
Sharma R.International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, GPO Box 3226, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Kathmandu, Nepal, [email protected]
Snelder D.J.1Department of Environment and Development, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Suprayogo D.Faculty of Agriculture, Brawijaya University, Jl. Veteran, Malang 65145, Indonesia, [email protected]
SuyantoWorld Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Tukan J.C.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Situ Gede, Sindang Barang, Bogor 16001, Indonesia, [email protected]
Tolentino E.L. Jr.Silviculture & Resources Rehabilitation Division, Institute of Renewable Natural Resources, College of Forestry & Natural Resources, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna, The Philippines, [email protected]
Tomich T.P.Davis Agricultural Sustainability Institute, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8523, USA, [email protected]
Udo de Haes H.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
Villamor G.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines), Khush Hall, IRRI, College, 4031 Laguna, The Philippines, [email protected]
Van Noordwijk, M.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, P.O. Box 161, Bogor, Indonesia, [email protected]
Van Weerd M.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands, [email protected]
xvi Contributors
Chapter Reviewers
Calderon M.College of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of the Philippines, Los Banos College, Laguna, The Philippines
De Groot, W.T.Institiute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Ingle N.R.Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
Kumar B.M.Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India
Lasco R.D.World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF-Philippines), Laguna, The Philippines
Nair, P.K.R.University of Florida, Gainesville, USA
Pollisco M.Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau, Los Banos, Laguna, The Philippines
Prabhu, R.International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
Purnomo H.Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
Revilla, AJRCollege of Forestry and Natural Resources (retired), University of the Philipines, Los Banos College, Laguna, The Philippines
Roshetko J.M.World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF-SE Asia, Bogor, Indonesia
Ros-Tonen M.A.F.University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
xvii
Sodhi N.S.National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
Snelder D.J.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Tamis W.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Udo de Haes, H.Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
Yuliani, L.Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia
Wiersum K.F.Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
xviii Chapter Reviewers
List of Acronyms
ADB Asian Development BankAECI Spanish Agency for International CooperationANB Annualized Net BenefitsANR Assisted Natural RegenerationASB Alternative to Slash and Burn, programme of the consulta tive group for international research in agricultureATFS The American Tree Farm SystemATSAL Agroforestry Tree Seed Association of LantapanBCA Benefit-Cost AnalysisBCR Benefit-Cost RatioBITO Bakun Indigenous Tribes OrganizationBMW Black Magic WoodBRASS Bioeconomic Rubber Agroforestry Support SystemCARES Center for Agricultural Research and Ecological StudiesCARE Thailand Collaborative Natural Resource Management, ThailandCBD Convention on Biological DiversityCBFM Community-based Forest ManagementCBFMA Community Based Forest Management AgreementCBFMP Community-Based Forest Management ProgramCDM Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto ProtocolCENRO Community Environment and Natural Resources Office of the DENRCEPT Agreement ASEAN Common Effective Preferential Tariff AgreementCHED Program Program of the Commission on Higher EducationCI Conservation InternationalCIFOR Centre for International Forestry ResearchCITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCLT Certificate of Land TransferCML The Institute of Environmental Sciences-Leiden UniversityCOE Center of Excellence of Isabela State University- College of Forestry and Environmental Management under the CHED ProgramCOP Conference of the Parties
xix
CPPAP The Conservation of Priority Protected Areas ProjectCSA The Canadian Standard AssociationCSC Certificate of Stewardship ContractCVPED Cagayan Valley Programme on Environment and Deve-
lopmentDA The Department of AgricultureDAR Department of Agrarian ReformDBH The Diameter at Breast HeightDBP Development Bank PhilippinesDCF Discounted Cash FlowDENR The Department of Environment and Natural Resources, the PhilippinesDENR-ERDB Department of Environment and Natural Resources-
Ecosystems Research and Development BureauDENR-PAWB Department of Environment and Natural Resources- Protected Area and Wildlife BureauDGIS The Directorate-General for International Cooperation of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the NetherlandsEAR Energy Accumulation RatioECE Energy Conversion EfficiencyEEPSEA Economy and Environment Program for Southeast AsiaEFE Energy Fixation EfficiencyEMS Environmental Management SystemsERDB Ecosystems Research and Development BureauERPA Emission Reduction Purchase AgreementES Environmental ServicesESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the PacificEU European UnionEUREP-GAP Euro-Retailer Produce working group for Good Agricultural Practices (www.eurep.org)FAO Food and Agriculture OrganizationFGD Focal Group DiscussionsFMB Forest Management Bureau, the PhilippinesFORRU Forest Restoration Research Unit, ThailandFPDP The Lao Forest Plantation Development ProjectFSC Forest Stewardship CouncilFSC-SLIMF Forest Stewardship Council-Small and Low Intensity
Managed ForestsFT Fruit TreesGDP Gross Domestic ProductGHGs Greenhouse GasesGMPCI Gabriela MultiPurpose Cooperative IncGNI Gross National IncomeGOLD Governance and Local Democracy Project, the PhilippinesGSAP Gross Service Area Product
xx List of Acronyms
HCFV High Conservation Value ForestICEM International Centre for Environment Management, BrisbaneICMM The International Council for Mining and MetalsICRAF World Agroforestry CenterIDR Indonesian RupiahILO International Labor OrganizationIndonesian LEI system Lembaga Ekolabel Indonesia certification systemIPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIRR Internal Rate of ReturnISO International Organization for StandardizationISU Isabela State UniversityITPP Industrial Tree Plantation ProjectITS Indigenous tree speciesITTO International Tropical Timber OrganizationIUCN The World Conservation UnionJBIC Japan Bank for International CooperationJOFCA Japan Overseas Forestry Consultants AssociationKEF Kalahan Educational Foundation Inc.KOFFCO system Komatsu-FORDA Fog Cooling systemLA Land AllocationLao-IRRI National Rice Research Program, Lao PDRLao PDR Lao People’s Democratic RepublicLFPI Landcare Foundation of the Philippines Inc.LG Land GrantLGU Local Government UnitLLDA Laguna Lake Development AuthorityLPA Lao Plantation AuthorityLUP Land Use PlanningMAF Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Lao PDRMAFAMCO The Mt. Apo Farmers CooperativeMAI Mean Annual IncrementMANRIS Manupali River Irrigation SystemMBRLC Mindanao Baptist Rural Life CenterMDF Medium-Density FibreboardMDG Millennium Development GoalsMMSD The Minerals, Mining and Sustainable Development projectMPTS Multi-Purpose Tree SpeciesMSC Marine Stewardship CouncilMTCC The Malaysian Timber Certification CouncilNAFES National Agriculture and Forestry Extension ServiceNAFRI The National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Lao PDRNALCO Nasipit Lumber CompanyNAS National Academy of Sciences
List of Acronyms xxi
NCF Net Carbon FlowNGO Non Governmental OrganizationNIPAS The National Integrated Protected Areas SystemNIPF Non-Industrial Private ForestsNORDECO Nordic Agency for Development and Ecology NPV Net Present ValueNSC National Statistic Centre Committee for Planning and Investment, Lao PDRNSMNP The Northern Sierra Madre Natural ParkNSO National Statistics Office, the PhilippinesNTFP Non-Timber Forest ProductNVS Natural Vegetative StripsOM Organic MatterPAFO Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office, Lao PDRPAGASA Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services AdministrationPAWB Protected Area and Wildlife BureauPCARRD Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry, and Natural Resources Research and DevelopmentPCR Project Completion ReportPCU Project Coordination UnitPEFC The Programme for Endorsement of Forest CertificationPES Payments for Environmental ServicesPhP The Philippine PesoPICOP Paper Industries Corporation of the PhilippinesPLAN (International) Child focused non-governmental international development agency (www.plan-international.org)PO People’s OrganizationPPTA Preparatory Project Technical AssistancePTFI The Provident Tree Farm Inc.ReV Chain Reforestation Value ChainRFD The Royal Forest Department ThailandRMAs Rapid Market AppraisalsRMI The Indonesia Institute for Forest and EnvironmentRUP Resource Use PermitRUPES Rewarding Upland People for Environmental ServicesSAFODS Smallholder Agroforestry on Degraded SoilsSAMAKA Program Samahan ng Masaganang Kakanin (a united effort to produce ample food for the family)SCUAF Soil Changes Under AgroforestrySFE Small Forest EnterprisesSFM Sustainable Forest ManagementSLIMF Small and Low Intensity Managed ForestsSPAs Seed Production AreasSPLTP Special Private Land Timber Permit
xxii List of Acronyms
SSS Small-Scale SawmillsTAO Tambon Administration OrganizationTLA Timber License AgreementTRP The Rainforest ProjectTSI Timber Stand ImprovementTT Timber treesUMN University of Minnesota in the United StatesUNDP United Nations Development ProgrammeUNDP SGP PTF The UNDP Small Grants Programme for Operations to Promote Tropical ForestUNECE United Nations Economic Commission for EuropeUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUPLB The University of the Philippines Los BañosWaNuLCAS model Water, Nutrient and Light Capture in Agroforestry SystemsWB World BankWCSP Wildlife Conservation Society of the PhilippinesWOTRO The Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical ResearchWWF World Wildlife Fund for Nature
List of Acronyms xxiii