lessons learned from the installation and monitoring ... · pumping test conclusions ngroundwater...

56
Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring of a Permeable Reactive Barrier at the Lake City Army Ammunition Plant , Independence, MO Presented by Kevin Keller, PG, CGWP - Shaw E&I, Inc. Thomas Graff, PE – US Army Corps of Engineers Thomas Buechler, PE – US Army, LCAAP February 28, 2003

Upload: others

Post on 06-Sep-2020

2 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

Lessons Learned from theInstallation and Monitoring of a

Permeable Reactive Barrier at theLake City Army Ammunition Plant,

Independence, MO

Presented by

Kevin Keller, PG, CGWP - Shaw E&I, Inc.Thomas Graff, PE – US Army Corps of Engineers

Thomas Buechler, PE – US Army, LCAAP

February 28, 2003

Page 2: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

2

Lake City Army Ammunition Plant (LCAAP)Independence, MO

Page 3: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

3

LCAAP Description

n Located in Independence, MOn Just under 4,000 acresn US ARMY - Joint Munitions Command Installationn Built in early 1940’sn Government-Owned, Contractor-Operatedn Only operational DOD facility manufacturing

small caliber ammunition for US Armed Forcesand NATO

n NPL Siten FFA – EPA Region VII, MDNR. Armyn CERCLA and RCRA Programsn Three Operable Units (OUs)

Page 4: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

4

LCAAP Areas

NORTHEASTCORNER

Page 5: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

5

Release History, May 1982

17B Oil & Solvents Pits

17D Waste, Glass, Paint & Solvents Area

16A AbandonedLandfill

1000 FEET

Page 6: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

6

Total VOC Plume

Page 7: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

7

ROD Remedial Action Objectives

n Reduce further migration of groundwatercontaining COCs at concentrations above cleanupgoals (MCLs) from the NECOU to the Lake CityAquifer

n Installation of a subsurface permeable reactivebarrier (PRB) to treat contaminated groundwaterinplace (in-situ)

n Point of compliance immediately downgradient ofthe PRB

Page 8: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

8

PRB Schematic

Page 9: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

9

Reactive Media Selection Guidance

Treatment Material and Treatable Contaminants

Treatment Material

Target Contaminants Status

Zero-Valent Iron Halocarbons, Reducible metals

In Practice

Reduced Metals Halocarbons, Reducible Metals Field Demonstration Metals Couples Halocarbons Field D emonstration

Limestone Metals, Acid Water In Practice Soptive Agents Metals, Organics Field Demonstration, In

Practice Reducing Agents Reducible Metals, Organics Field Demonstration, In

Practice

Biological Electron Acceptors

Petroleum Hydrocarbons In Practice, Field Demo

Page 10: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

10

PRW Design Basis

IronQuantity

ResidenceTime

Cross-Sectional

Area

LinearVelocity

Page 11: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

11

Residence Time

ResidenceTime

InfluentChemistry

ReactionRates

TreatmentGoals

SequentialDegradation

Model

Maximum concentrations assumed throughout alignment

MCLs & MO Standards

BenchTest

Page 12: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

12

Residence Time-Iron/Guar

n Expected concentrationsn Maximum values at alignment, TCE 1,000 ug/Ln 1,869 ug/L Total VOCs at STA 2+40n tr = 12 hours

n Low concentrationsn At fringe of plume (PZ-4S), TCE 22 ug/Ln 29.7 ug/L Total VOCs at STA 0+66n tr = 2 hours

n Upgradient concentrationsn SC17-57, TCE = 8,600 µg/Ln 9,510 ug/L Total VOCsn tr = 18 hours

Page 13: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

13

April 1999Predesign Shallow Groundwater Elevations

Page 14: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

14

August 1999Predesign Shallow Groundwater Elevations

Page 15: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

15

August 1999 Total VOC Plume

Page 16: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

16

Design HydrogeologicCross-Section Along PRB Axis

Page 17: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

17

PRB Design Cross-Sectional Area

n IROD requirement - keyed to bedrockn Bedrock depths based on boring logs/CPT

logsn PRB length = 380 ftn Total cross-sectional area = 15,150 sq ft

Page 18: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

18

PRB Work Area

Page 19: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

19

August 1999Predesign Shallow Groundwater Elevations

Page 20: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

20

April 2001Shallow Overburden Potentiometric Surface Map

Page 21: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

21

July 2001Shallow Overburden Potentiometric Surface Map

Page 22: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

22

October 2001Shallow Overburden Potentiometric Surface Map

Page 23: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

23

December 2001Shallow Overburden Potentiometric Surface Map

Page 24: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

24

April 2002Shallow Overburden Potentiometric Surface Map

Page 25: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

25

Problem Statement

n Is the PRB working hydraulically?n The groundwater levels upgradient of the

PRB have been observed to be elevated incomparison to pre-construction designlevels. This mounding may result ingroundwater bypassing the PRB, possiblyresulting in:n Flow to the creekn Changes in plume shape and flow directionn Effects on the treatment process

Page 26: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

26

Construction VariancesTrench Excavation (CSR)n Media Placement Methodn Guar Viscosity in Tankn Endstopsn Side Wall Sloughing (STA 1+20 to 1+60)n Endstop at STA 1+60 and Clay Slivern Sand Backfill (STA 1+20 to 1+60)n Elevated Work Platform (755 ft)n Injection/Extraction Welln Well Optimization - Revised Well Placementn Performance Well Design/Installationn Trench Vertical Alignment

Page 27: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

27

Groundwater Gradients (Conceptual)

Page 28: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

28

Groundwater Gradients

0.050

0.037

DeepOverburden

(ft/ft)

0.266

NA

DeepOverburden

(ft/ft)

0.017

0.028

DeepOverburden

(ft/ft)

0.0150.3310.0104th QuarterAverage (2001)

0.014NA0.025Pre-construction(August 1999)

ShallowOverburden

(ft/ft)

ShallowOverburden

(ft/ft)

ShallowOverburden

(ft/ft)

Downgradient ofPRW

AcrossPRWUpgradient of PRW

Page 29: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

29

Hydrologic Assessment

n Slug testsn Conducted slug tests at 21 compliance wells

and 8 performance wells

Page 30: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

30

Monitoring Well and Piezometer Locations

Page 31: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

31

Hydraulic Conductivity Values

n PreDesign Estimatesn Shallow Wells

• 5.7x10-5 cm/secn Intermediate Wells

• 2.8x10-5 cm/secn Deep Wells

• 2.0x10-4 cm/sec

n Slug Test Resultsn Shallow Wells (CW)

• 3.1x10-4 cm/secn Shallow Wells (PW)

• 3.9x10-3 cm/secn Deep Wells (CW)

• 2.6x10-4 cm/secn Deep Wells (PW)

• 1.3x10-3 cm/secn Bedrock Wells

• 9.5x10-6 cm/sec

Page 32: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

32

Pumping Tests

n Twelve piezometers installed in creek bank andadjacent to creek

n Four in wall piezometersn Five step drawdown testsn Four 72-hour pumping testsn Deep PRB well pumped at PW-1D, PW-3D, PW-4D,

and shallow at PW-2Sn Pumping rates 1 to 3 gpmn Creek response monitoredn Qualitative data analyses

Page 33: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

33

PW-1D Pumping Test Results

Page 34: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

34

PW-2S Pumping Test Results

Page 35: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

35

PW-3D Pumping Test Results

Page 36: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

36

PW-4D Pumping Test Results

Page 37: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

37

Creek Flow Response to Pumping

n Two monitoring methods usedn Weir flow measurementsn Stream elevation measurement (steel post)

n Variability in stream flow and headappears unrelated to pumping

n Supported by lack of response inpiezometers L27S and L34S

Page 38: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

38

Pumping Test Conclusions

n Groundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during eachof the four pumping tests resulted in drawdownsalong the entire length of the PRB

n The PRB media appears to be generallyhomogeneous with the exception of a deepsection around PW-2D (STA 1+50)

n The effect of pumping within the PRB istransmitted throughout the wall, and tomaterials surrounding the wall, without evidenceof impediment to flow

Page 39: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

39

Pumping Test Conclusions

n Groundwater pumping in the PRB did not resultin changes in the creek water levels

n Groundwater pumping effects were not observedin piezometers installed adjacent to the creek

n The PRB is in hydraulic communication with thesurrounding media based on drawdownsobserved in compliance wells both up and downgradient

n The effects of smearing (or a decreasedpermeability zone) at the interface between thePRB and the overburden were not observedduring the pumping test

Page 40: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

40

PRB Design Criteriavs Post Construction Values (In Wall)

Design Post Construction

n Cross-sectional area 15,150 sq ft 16,800 sq ft

n Hydraulic gradient 0.065 ft/ft 0.299 ft/ft (CW wells)

n Media hydraulic conductivity 1.1x10-3 cm/sec 2.3x10-3 cm/sec

n Specific discharge 0.16 ft/day 1.95 ft/day

n Average linear velocity 0.40 ft/day 4.88 ft/day*n Influent plume chemistry

(Maximum) PCE 53 µg/l 7.17 µg/l (CW-2S)TCE 1000 µg/l 694 µg/l (CW-4D)cis-12 DCE 740 µg/l 227 µg/l (CW-4D)1,1 DCE 15 µg/l 6.48 µg/l (CW-4DVC 0.28 µg/l 0.65 µg/l (CW-6S)1,1,2 TCA 0.87 µg/l 0.56 µg/l (CW-4D)1,1 DCA 60 µg/l 13.9 µg/l (CW-4D)

n Residence time 8 hrs Iron 9.8 hrs

12 hrs Iron/Guar

*Not accounting for potential smear zone

Page 41: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

41

As-built HydrogeologicCross-Section Along PRB Axis

CW MONITORING WELLS JUST UPGRADIENT OF THE WALL

Page 42: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

42

General Conclusionsn The PRB appears to be working hydraulically based on the

data collected to date.n A significant portion of the VOC plume is bypassing the

PRB. The GW flow pattern that has developed since thePRB was installed is complex.

n Limited pre-design investigation and delayedimplementation of the performance monitoring programhave hindered timely recognition of the performanceproblems.

n Monitoring wells are not located along flow lines due toflow redistribution.

n GW contamination in the portion of the plume that iscurrently passing through the PRB appears to be degradingto below MCLs.

Page 43: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

43

General Conclusions

n There are three major causes of the plumebypass:n The PRB is not aligned parallel to the pre-construction

equipotential contours.n The hydraulic conductivity of the PRB backfill is low and

varies laterally.n There is a low conductivity skin at the PRB trench walls.

Page 44: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

44

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n No immediate wall augmentationn Map seep locations and elevations along the creekn Sample the seepsn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Install and sample additional temporary piezometers on

east side of creek and establish broader networkn Perform groundwater modelingn Survey creek bottom profile (elevations) between weirsn Add passive diffusion samplers to creek bottomn Quarterly monitoring

Page 45: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

45

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Add sheetpiling/slurry wall along creekn Map seep locations and elevations along the creekn Sample the seepsn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Install and sample additional temporary piezometers on

east side of creek and establish broader networkn Perform groundwater modelingn Survey creek bottom profile (elevations) between weirsn Add passive diffusion samplers to creek bottomn Quarterly monitoring

Page 46: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

46

Sheetpiling/SlurryWall Along Creek

Page 47: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

47

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Develop wall into funnel and gate systemn Install and sample additional piezometers for broader

networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Perform groundwater modelingn Perform tracer tests from wells in wall for velocity

measurementsn Evaluate use of flow meters in wellsn Collect samples for bio and mineral precipitationn Quarterly monitoring

Page 48: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

48

PRB to Funnel and Gate System

Page 49: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

49

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Clear potential smear zone along wall interfaces- Pressure Pulse Technology and/or chemicalcleaning (Surfactants)n Install and sample additional piezometers for broader

networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Perform tracer tests from wells in wall for velocity

measurementsn Evaluate use of flow meters in wellsn Collect samples for biological activity, mineral

precipitation, and interfacial overburden soil smearingn Quarterly monitoring

Page 50: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

50

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Inject iron into walln Install and sample additional piezometers for

broader networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Quarterly monitoring

Page 51: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

51

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Add phyto evapotranspiration systemupgradient of walln Install and sample additional piezometers for

broader networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Quarterly monitoring

Page 52: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

52

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Perform chemical oxidation (potassiumpermanganate or Fe nanoparticles) in areasupgradient and downgradient of walln Install and sample additional piezometers for broader

networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Quarterly monitoring

Page 53: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

53

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Install upgradient extraction wells - pipe or truckwater to building 163 or local discharge(containment and sampling system to beestablished)n Install and sample additional piezometers for broader

networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Perform groundwater modelingn Quarterly monitoring

Page 54: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

54

Possible PRBAugmentation/Data Gaps

n Install extraction wells in the PRB - pipe or truckwater to building 163 or local discharge(containment and sampling system to beestablished)n Install and sample additional piezometers for broader

networkn Install and sample the Phase II wellsn Perform groundwater modelingn Quarterly monitoring

Page 55: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

55

Install Extraction Wells in PRB

Page 56: Lessons Learned from the Installation and Monitoring ... · Pumping Test Conclusions nGroundwater pumping (1 to 3 gpm) during each of the four pumping tests resulted in drawdowns

56

Path Forward

n Fill data gapsn Perform mini FSn Perform PRW augmentation