let us open the door to equal opportunities
DESCRIPTION
Pre-school education plays an important role in child development and has important effects on the societyTRANSCRIPT
Let us Open the Door to Equal Opportunities
Study on Investment in Early Child Education in Montenegro
Ivana Prica
Lazar Čolić
Hana Baronijan
Importance of pre-school education
Importance of pre-school education
3
Confirmation in numerous empirical studies
Pre-school education plays an important role in child development and has important effects on the society
djece
Result of the PISA tests analysis in 34 countries (Pisa in Focus, 2010) show there is a link between attendance of PE and later success and that which is more important:
─ when PE includes a wider layer of children
─ when PE lasts longer
─ when the ratio between the number of children and the number of educators is smaller
─ when more resources are invested per child
Importance of pre-school education
4
397
411
423
393
408
425
403
422
440
Ne Da, jedna godina imanje
Da, više od jednegodine
Link between achievement and kindergarten attendance, PISA 2012, Montenegro
Matematika Nauka Jezik
Return of investment into human capital depending on age
5
Schooling
Pre-school programme
Job training
4-5Preschool
School After completing schooling
Age
Inicijalno postavljene stope povraćaja ulaganja u ljudski kapital jednake po uzrastima
Rat
e o
f re
turn
of
inve
tsm
ent
into
hu
man
cap
ital Programmes oriented to earliest age
0-3
Souruce:"The case for investing in young children."(Heckman, 2012)
INVESTMENT INTO LEARNING AT AN EARLY AGE YIELDs A CONSIDERABLY HIGHER RETURN THEN INVESTMENT LATER IN LIFE (HECKMAN, 2012)
Importance of preschool education
Return of investments into human capital at different ages depending on social-economic status
6
Level of return Children from low level
social-economic environment
Children from low level social-economic environment
Early childhood
Primary and Second. School
Higher education
Adulteducation
Age
Source:"Efficiency and equity of European education and training policies." (Woessmann, 2008)
Good quality pre-school programmes enable children from marginalized families to have equal beginning of education
Importance of pre-school education
Importance of pre-school education
7
In a number of countries there has been a change in the role of PE from primary role of keeping children safe to the function of educating children
Montenegro has recognized the importance of pre-school education and upbringing and there is programme base for extending it
„By 2020 a minimum of 95% of children between the age of4 and the age when obligatory primary education begins should participate in the early education programmes”(Europe 2020)
To provide for all the children in Montenegro, from birth until the time when they start primary school, good quality services for early development and learning so that they reach their full potential and become active and productive members of the society”
Strategiy of Early Pre-school education and upbringing for the period 2010 to 2015
Aim of the Study
Project aim: how to extend services of pre-school education to as many children an possible, especially those coming from vulnerable and marginalized groups
8
Study objective: analysis of the pre-school education funding scenarios
Funding scenarios have been analyzed which
– Ensure universal coverage of children by pre-school education (one year before startign school),
– Ensure gradual increase in coverage by pre-school programme for children aged 3-5
The Project was initiated by UNICEF Office in Montenegro and the Ministry of Education of Montenegro
On the other side, many parents in Montenegro are notfamiliar with the development role of pre-school institutions
Children coverage is not high.
On one side it is necessary to familiarize parents through a campaign with the benefits of pre-school education, and on the other to provide conditions for all children to attend pre-school
education
¼ of parents think a child is better off at home, without considering the benefits of PE attendance for child development„Assessment of knowledge, views and behaviour related to the care of children”, UNICEF, 2009, Montenegro
The state of pre-school education in Montenegro
Coverage of children from 0 to 6 years of age: 33,2% or 15.604 of children
Coverage of children 3 to 6 years of age: 52.4% or 11.641 children
Coverage varies depending on the age of children and the territory
Numerous pre-school institutions operate beyond their capacities: 3.377 or 30% of surplus children aged 3-6
The state of pre-school education in Montenegro
The relation between the degree of a municipality development and degree of coverage of children by PE, Montenegro, 2012
Assessment of costs of introducing pre-school
preparatory programme with general coverage
Introducing preparatory pre-school programme (PPP)
Recognized importance of pre-school education and long-term benefits of general coverage
Pre-school preparatory programme (PPP)
3 hours per day, 5 days per week and 10 months per year, so that every child has at least 600 hours of PPP per year;
Cover all the children who have:
– One year before starting school in 2015,
– Two years before starting school in 2017, and
– Three years before starting school in 2019;
PPP is free
Provides one meal (light meal)
Total costs of pre-school education (PE), 2015-20, EUR
Primary programmes
costs
PPP costs for children who do
not attend PETotal costs
of PEShare of PPP in total costs
2015 16.963.657 989.243 17.952.900 6%
2016 16.876.707 1.034.122 17.910.829 6%
2017 16.719.488 2.033.033 18.752.521 11%
2018 16.679.920 1.955.438 18.635.358 10%
2019 16.814.183 3.461.938 20.276.121 17%
2020 16.870.884 3.433.725 20.304.610 17%
PE costs and budget expenditures for PE, 2015-20, EUR
PE costsBudget expenditures
for PE (3,8% GDP)Costs–
budg. expend.
2015 17.952.900 13.209.506 4.743.394
2016 17.910.829 13.525.081 4.385.748
2017 18.752.521 13.879.032 4.873.489
2018 18.635.358 14.257.791 4.377.567
2019 20.276.121 14.646.886 5.629.235
2020 20.304.610 15.046.600 5.258.010
Scenarios of funding the remaining costs from compensations paid by parents
Currently parents are paying 40 and 20 Euros per month, i.e. 1,8 and 0,9 Euros per day
Compensation for half a day is always 1/2 of the compensation for full day primary programme
Options:
The same compensation for crèche and kindergarten or higher compensation for crèche in relation to kindergarten
Compensation is not changed during 2015-20 or compensation increases in 2017 and 2019
Compensation is realized 100% or is realized only 80%
Compensation is the same or different per municipalities….
Model of different compensations per municipalities:
20% higher in municipalities with a high rate of coverage:
Budva, Tivat, Kotor, Herceg Novi and Cetinje
Average (median) for municipalities with the average rate of coverage:
Podgorica, Kolašin, Danilovgrad, Bar, Pljevlja and Žabljak, Nikšić, Mojkovac, Ulcinj and Plav
20% lower in municipalities with a low rate of coverage:
Bijelo Polje, Berane, Šavnik, Andrijevica, Plužine and Rožaje
Scenarios of funding the remaining costs from compensations paid by parents
A. The same price for kindergarten and crèche
B. Different price for kindergarten and crèche
C. Compensation is paid for attendance rate of up to 80%.
Scenarios A: The same price for kindergarten and crecheRevenues - expenditures, EUR
A1 A2 A3 A4
2015 741,464 164,110 360,688 60,447
2016 1,062,746 489,220 693,470 394,693
2017 526,600 242,385 164,738 164,738
2018 1,004,718 721,440 649,536 649,536
2019 -202,378 -202,378 -554,515 -256,003
2020 186,850 186,850 -160,244 139,624
A1: 38 Euros per month A2: 34, 36 a 38 Euros per month
A3: median 34 Euros per month
A4: median 32, 34 and 36 Euros per month in 2015, 2017 and
2019
Scenarios B: Compensation for crèche higher than for kindergartenRevenues- expenditures, EUR
B1 B2 B3 B4
2015 366,778 587,899 572,726 272,486
2016 693,666 912,280 907,628 608,851
2017 163,519 379,284 380,075 344,185
2018 644,441 858,959 866,083 829,992
2019 -566,385 -349,841 -336,730 -110,812
2020 -178,108 39,069 58,763 285,629
B1: 40 full day crèche and 34 kindergrat B2: 40 full day creche and 36 kindergartenB3: median 40 full day creche and 34 kidergartenB4: median for full day creche 38, 39 and 40, and 32, 34 and 36 Euros for kindergarten
Scenarios C: 80% of compensation is charged from parentsRevenues - expenditures, EUR
C1 C2 C3
2015 -124,567 568,258 587,899
2016 202,458 890,688 912,280
2017 -326,045 356,071 379,284
2018 154,883 834,751 858,959
2019 -1,059,250 -373,753 -349,841
2020 -672,865 14,907 39,069
C1: 40 Euros per month for full day programmeC2: 46 Euros per month for full day programmeC3: 50 Euros for full day crèche and 45 Euros for kindergarten
Scenarios C: 80% of compensation is charged from parentsRevenues - expenditures, EUR
C4 C5 C6
2015 106,375 540,832 60,447
2016 431,868 872,737 355,002
2017 128,699 342,557 105,464
2018 608,128 826,963 590,393
2019 -373,753 -375,408 -375,408
2020 19,677 19,677 16,534
C4: 42, 44 and 46 Euros per month for full day programmeC5: median 44 Euros per month for full day programmeC6: median is 40, 42 and 46 Euros per month for full day
programmes in 2015, 2017 and 2019
Main findings
In scenario C the rate of collection of 80% causes an increase in the amount of compensation to be paid by parents by around 20%
In general programmes where compensation is changed over the years are more efficient
Of all A scenarios, scenario A4 shows the lowest difference between total revenues and total expenditures, followed by scenario A2
Of all B scenarios, scenario B4 results in the lowest difference between revenues and expenditures and thus is more superior
Of all C scenarios, scenarios C4 and C6 show the lowest degree of aberration of revenues from costs
Besides the above quoted, the choice of the scenario depends also on the compensation to be paid in those scenarios…
Municipalities 2015 2017 2019
Compen.per scenario A2 34 36 38
Compen.perscenario A4
Higher coverge 38 41 43Average coverage 32 34 36Low coverage 26 27 29
Compen.per scenario C4 42 44 46
Compen. perscenario C6
High coverage 48 50 53Average coverage 40 42 44Low coverage 32 34 35
Monthly compensations for full day programmes, EUR
Monthly compensations for full day programme in scenario B4, EUR
Minicipalitieswith higher cover.
Minicipalitieswith average cover.
Minicipalities with low cover.
2015 creche 46 38 30kindergar. 38 32 26
2017 creche 47 39 31kindergar. 41 34 27
2019 creche 48 40 32kindergar. 43 36 29
24
Conclusions
The costs of PPP make up 6%-17% of total costs PE
The budget covers 75% of total costs of PE for 2015-2020
The remaining amount would be paid by parents through compensation, in accordance with the proposed scenarios
The amount of compensation in different scenarios varies depending on:
year of programme implementation;
weather crèche or kindergarten is concerned;
weather a municipality with average, lower or higher rate of children converge by PE is concerned, and, the key factor is
rate of collection of compensations by the parents.
Conclusions
Scenarios that cover the costs of PE most efficiently are scenarios A2, A4, B4, C4 and C6.
The selection, in ideal case of one of these 5 scenarios, will depend on concrete circumstances and the needs of decision makers:
The basic issue is that of degree of collection of compensations from parents
One of the factors affecting the selection of the scenario is also the amount of compensation paid by parents in different scenarios
At the same time it must be taken into account that degree of realization of compensations from parents has an opposite effect on the general level of compensations to be paid by the parents – the lower the rate of collection the higher the total compensation to be paid by parents.
Thank you for your attention!
27