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U. S. DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCENATIONAL BUREAU OP STANDARDS Letter

WASHINGTON 2^, D. C. CircularLClOlO

June 3, 1953

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OP CURRENTLY PRODUCED MARBLES

By Arthur Hockman

Contents

IntroductionTable 1. Source and Description of Domestic

MarblesTable 2. Results of Tests on Domestic MarblesTable 3* Source and Description of Some Porelgn

White MarblesTable I4.. Results of Tests on Some Poreign White

MarblesReferences

Page

1

3

711

12 .

13

INTRODUCTION

This letter circular was prepared in response to many re-quests from producers, consumers, engineers and architects forinformation on the properties of the marbles produced in theUnited States. A few white monumental marbles of foreign ori-gin are also Included in the survey. The domestic marblesdescribed herein represent 25 quarries located in nine states.The foreign marbles represent quarries in Italy, North Africaand the Philippine Islands.

Geologically, marble is defined as a metamorphlc, recrys-talllzed limestone composed predominantly of crystalline grainsof calcite or dolomite or both, having interlocking or mosaicstructure. Commercially, marble is any crystalline rock com-posed predominantly of one or more of the following minerals:calcite, dolomite or serpentine, and should be capable oftaking a high polish. About 85% of the samples described inthis letter circular are in the class of marbles as definedfrom the geological standpoint, whereas the remaining l5 per-cent may be classed as commercial marbles.

2 .

The physical tests that were made on the domestic samples in-cluded determinations for abrasive hardness, water absorption andbulk density. Tests for compressive strength instead of abrasivehardness were made on the foreign samples.

The test procedures used in this study are described inASTM Book of Standards, 19^2, part 3, under the following designa-tions: 097-14-7 for absorption and bulk specific gravity, C170-,90for compressive strength, and C2)4l-5l for abrasion resistance.

The marble samples .have been classed Into one of four groupsnamely, A, B, C, or D,l/ The groups aredcrined as follows:

Group A: Consists of sound marbles which require no "stick-ing," 2/ "waxing" or "filling," are characteristically uniformand have favorable working qualities..

Group B: Consists of marbles similar in character to the preceding group, but with somewhat less favorable working qualities.

There are occasional natural faults which might require some"waxing" and "sticking."

Group C: Consists of marbles of uncertain variation in work-ing qualities. Geological flaws, voids, veins and lines of separation are common. It is standard practice to repair these natural

shortcomings by "sticking," "waxing" and "filling," The use of"]iners",3/ and other forms of reinforcement are freely employedwhen necessary.

Group D: Consists of marbles similar to the preceding groupand subject to the same method of finishing and manufacture butembracing those materials which contain a larger proportion offaults, and a maximum variation in working quaJlties. This groupcomprises many of the highly colored marbles prized for decora-tive qualities.

Table 1 gives the source and description of the domesticmarbles and table 2 gives the results of the physical tests.Tables 3 and 4 present similar Information for the foreign marble.

1/ This classification has been made by the Marble Institute ofAmerica and is generally accepted by the various purchasing•agencies of the Federal Government.

^ "Sticking," "waxing" and "filling" are methods used in themarble trade to repair and impi’ove the appearance of thenatural flaws, voids, veins, etc. present in the marble.Materials such as wax, shellac, coloring and marble dust areused for this purpose.

3/ "Liner" is usually a thin slab of stone cemented to the backof a piece of marble in order to reinforce it.

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3»

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and

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Table

Results

of

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on

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13.

References

National Bureau of Standards publications relatingto marble are listed below:

''Physical and Chemical Tests on the CommercialMarbles of the United States," Technologic Paper T123 (1919).

"A Study of the Problems Relating to the Maintenanceof Interior MaVble," Technologic Paper T314-9 (1926-27).

"Wear Resistance of Natural Stone Flooring," ResearchPaper 6l2, (1933).

"Stone Exposure Test Wall," Building Materials andStructures Report BMS 125, (1951).