levada-centerlevada-center “from opinions to understanding” levada-centerlevada-center
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LEVADA-CENTERLEVADA-CENTERLEVADA-CENTERLEVADA-CENTER““From opinions to understanding”From opinions to understanding”
LEVADA-CENTERLEVADA-CENTERLEVADA-CENTERLEVADA-CENTER
Voices from Russia: Voices from Russia: Society, Democracy, EuropeSociety, Democracy, Europe
DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACYWHAT DO YOU IDENTIFY THE WORD WHAT DO YOU IDENTIFY THE WORD
‘DEMOCRACY’ WITH MOST?‘DEMOCRACY’ WITH MOST?
A fair system of state governance A fair system of state governance based on based on the participation the participation of all citizens on equal termsof all citizens on equal terms
A series of guarantees to observe A series of guarantees to observe the rights and freedoms of citizens given the rights and freedoms of citizens given by the authorities/Governmentby the authorities/Government
A way of criticizing the A way of criticizing the authorities/Government at all levelsauthorities/Government at all levels
The separation of The Executive, Legislative The separation of The Executive, Legislative and Judiciary powers and the accountability and Judiciary powers and the accountability of the government to its citizens of the government to its citizens
Free competition between political parties Free competition between political parties elected by voters elected by voters
Empty talk, demagogueryEmpty talk, demagoguery
A system of government for ‘normal A system of government for ‘normal countries’ but not for uscountries’ but not for us
ChaosChaos, , disorderdisorder, , anarchyanarchy
A system of governance that proved A system of governance that proved its inefficiency in Russia (1990-1999)its inefficiency in Russia (1990-1999)
Absence of a firm hand in the country’s Absence of a firm hand in the country’s governance, diffusion of responsibilitygovernance, diffusion of responsibility
POSITIVE POSITIVE RESULTSRESULTS
POSITIVE POSITIVE RESULTSRESULTS NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
RESULTS RESULTS
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE RESULTS RESULTS
2727 1919
2727
1313
99
99
1212
1111
1010
88
%%
(% to the number of respondents, respondents could (% to the number of respondents, respondents could name several alternativesname several alternatives ))
totaltotal totaltotal8585 6060 Sample=1600Sample=1600
SEPARATION OF POWERSSEPARATION OF POWERS WHAT DO YOU THINK WOULD BE BETTER FOR RUSSIA – WHAT DO YOU THINK WOULD BE BETTER FOR RUSSIA – THE SEPARATION THE SEPARATION OF EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIARY POWERS OR JOINT ACTIVITY OF EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE AND JUDICIARY POWERS OR JOINT ACTIVITY
BY POWERS COORDINATED BY THE PRESIDENT? BY POWERS COORDINATED BY THE PRESIDENT?
14 56 30
16 48 36
12 53 35
17 62 21
11 68 21
20 62 18
14 64 22
32 56 12
20 68 12
7 71 22
19 61 20%%
ENTREPRENEURENTREPRENEUR
EXECUTIVEEXECUTIVE
SPECIALISTSPECIALIST
LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERLAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICER
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE
WORKERWORKER
STUDENTSTUDENT
PENSIONERPENSIONER
PHYSICALLY DISABLEDPHYSICALLY DISABLED
HOME MAKERHOME MAKER
UNEMPLOYEDUNEMPLOYED
100%100%
SEPARATION OF SEPARATION OF POWERSPOWERS
SEPARATION OF SEPARATION OF POWERSPOWERS
JOINT WORK UNDER JOINT WORK UNDER OVERALL CONTROL OVERALL CONTROL OF THE PRESIDENTOF THE PRESIDENT
JOINT WORK UNDER JOINT WORK UNDER OVERALL CONTROL OVERALL CONTROL OF THE PRESIDENTOF THE PRESIDENT HARD TO ANSWERHARD TO ANSWERHARD TO ANSWERHARD TO ANSWER
Sample=1600Sample=1600
ASSOCIATIONSASSOCIATIONS
10 49 26
49 33 14
22 38 36
10 46 40
44 38 14
29 44 24 %%MARKET ECONOMYMARKET ECONOMY
PRIVATE PROPERTYPRIVATE PROPERTY
CAPITALISMCAPITALISM
PRIVATIZATIONPRIVATIZATION
PROTECTION OF PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS
LIBERAL DEMOCRACYLIBERAL DEMOCRACY
NEGATIVENEGATIVE NEGATIVENEGATIVE
POSITIVEPOSITIVE POSITIVEPOSITIVE
NEUTRALNEUTRALNEUTRALNEUTRAL
without without ‘HARD TO ANSWER’‘HARD TO ANSWER’
WHAT IS YOUR WHAT IS YOUR FEELING TOWARDS THE FEELING TOWARDS THE FOLLOWING PHRASES?FOLLOWING PHRASES?
Sample=1600Sample=1600
81 17 2
16 74 10
9 88 4
3 93 4
2 94 4
%%HARD TO ANSWERHARD TO ANSWERHARD TO ANSWERHARD TO ANSWERDECISIVE/DECISIVE/
CONSIDERABLECONSIDERABLE
DECISIVE/DECISIVE/CONSIDERABLECONSIDERABLE LITTLE/VERY LITTLE/LITTLE/VERY LITTLE/
NO INFLUENCE NO INFLUENCE
LITTLE/VERY LITTLE/LITTLE/VERY LITTLE/NO INFLUENCE NO INFLUENCE
THE COUNTRY THE COUNTRY AS WHOLEAS WHOLE
YOUR CITY, YOUR CITY, REGIONREGION
YOUR WORKYOUR WORK
YOUR MICRODISTRICTYOUR MICRODISTRICT, , STREETSTREET
YOUR FAMILYYOUR FAMILY
100%100%
PATERNALISPATERNALISTIC EXPECTATIONSTIC EXPECTATIONS
WHAT INFLUENCE CAN YOU WHAT INFLUENCE CAN YOU HAVE ON WHAT OCCURS HAVE ON WHAT OCCURS IN...IN...
Sample=1600Sample=1600
HUMAN RIGHTSHUMAN RIGHTS
The right to lifeThe right to life
The right to privacy and homeThe right to privacy and home
The right to choose employment and workThe right to choose employment and work
The right to own private propertyThe right to own private property
The right to only be punished under the terms of the lawThe right to only be punished under the terms of the law
Freedom of thought, conscience and religionFreedom of thought, conscience and religion
The right to a fair trialThe right to a fair trial
Freedom of expressionFreedom of expression
The right to and effective means of legal protectionThe right to and effective means of legal protection
The right of access to informationThe right of access to information
The right to move to another country and returnThe right to move to another country and return
Prohibition of ethnic discriminationProhibition of ethnic discrimination
Freedom of assembly and associationFreedom of assembly and association
Hard to answerHard to answer
68%68%
64%64%
36%36%
32%32%
29%29%
22%22%
20%20%
18%18%
17%17%
12%12%
12%12%
10%10%
4%4%
1%1%
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HUMAN RIGHTS ARE MOST IMPORTANT?WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING HUMAN RIGHTS ARE MOST IMPORTANT?
RUSSIA AND THE WESTRUSSIA AND THE WEST
6% 6%
76%
12%6%
9%
75%
10%
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS DO YOU MOST AGREE WITH?WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS DO YOU MOST AGREE WITH?
20032003 20062006
Russia is part of the West and it should move closer Russia is part of the West and it should move closer to Europe and USto Europe and US
Russia is a Eurasian state and it has its own path of Russia is a Eurasian state and it has its own path of development development
Russia is an Eastern country and should aim to cooperate Russia is an Eastern country and should aim to cooperate with the countries of Asiawith the countries of Asia
Hard to answerHard to answer
Sample=1600Sample=1600
POLITICAL SYSTEMPOLITICAL SYSTEM
34
38
43
42
48
41
42
35
18
11
5
11
18
19
23
26
25
28
32
26
22
24
20
16
8
8
7
4
6
5
6
7
15
15
13
17
6
11
9
16
1996
1997
1998
2000
2003
2004
2005
2006
WHICH POLITICAL SYSTEM DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST WHICH POLITICAL SYSTEM DO YOU THINK IS THE MOST APPROPRIATE FOR RUSSIA?APPROPRIATE FOR RUSSIA?
The Soviet The Soviet system we had system we had before the 1990sbefore the 1990s
The Soviet The Soviet system we had system we had before the 1990sbefore the 1990s
Current Current systemsystem
Current Current systemsystem
Democracy based Democracy based on the Western on the Western model model
Democracy based Democracy based on the Western on the Western model model OtherOtherOtherOther Hard to Hard to
answeranswer
Hard to Hard to answeranswer
100%100%
Sample=1600Sample=1600
RUSSIA IS MOST LIKELY TO BE SEEN BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AS...RUSSIA IS MOST LIKELY TO BE SEEN BY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AS...
A source of raw materialsA source of raw materials
A source of technical expertise for Western A source of technical expertise for Western companies and scientific institutionscompanies and scientific institutions
A place for profitable investmentsA place for profitable investments
A country where there is no law for those A country where there is no law for those whowho have moneyhave money
An undeveloped, unpredictable and An undeveloped, unpredictable and aggressive countryaggressive country
A neighbour and partner with whom to A neighbour and partner with whom to strengthen and develop relationsstrengthen and develop relations
The home country of people who ‘throw The home country of people who ‘throw money about’money about’
A potential military adversaryA potential military adversary
A country from which unwanted migrants A country from which unwanted migrants come to Europe come to Europe
A great power, with a rich cultural heritage A great power, with a rich cultural heritage
A country controlled by the KGBA country controlled by the KGB
Hard to answerHard to answer
40%40%
25%25%
24%24%
20%20%
17%17%
15%15%
14%14%
12%12%
9%9%
8%8%
44%%
1616%%
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
1010
1111
Sample=1600Sample=1600
EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE PERCEIVED IN RUSSIA AS...EUROPEAN COUNTRIES ARE MOST LIKELY TO BE PERCEIVED IN RUSSIA AS...
Neighbours and partners with whom Neighbours and partners with whom to strengthen and develop relationsto strengthen and develop relations
Having a high standard of livingHaving a high standard of living
Main trading partnersMain trading partners
Attractive countries for the Russians Attractive countries for the Russians to work in or emigrate toto work in or emigrate to
Centres of cultural and historical valuesCentres of cultural and historical values
Potential aggressors united by thePotential aggressors united by theNATO military blockNATO military block
Implementers of US policy on the Implementers of US policy on the Eurasian continentEurasian continent
Hard to answerHard to answer
32%32%
29%29%
24%24%
23%23%
10%10%
8%8%
7%7%
16%16%
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
Sample=1600Sample=1600
RUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNIONRUSSIA AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
17%
45%
37%
DOES THE EUROPEAN UNION CONSTITUTE A POTENTIAL THREAT TO DOES THE EUROPEAN UNION CONSTITUTE A POTENTIAL THREAT TO RUSSIA?RUSSIA?
YESYES
NONO
Hard to answerHard to answer
Sample=1600Sample=1600
PROTECTION OF LAWPROTECTION OF LAW
WHY DON’T YOU FEEL SAFE UNDER THE PROTECTION OF WHY DON’T YOU FEEL SAFE UNDER THE PROTECTION OF LAW? LAW?
(This question was put only to those who stated that they do not (This question was put only to those who stated that they do not feel safe under the protection of law)feel safe under the protection of law)
Laws are written not for everyone; there are too many people Laws are written not for everyone; there are too many people who feel that they are outside the law (authorities, security who feel that they are outside the law (authorities, security agencies, etc.)agencies, etc.)
Everything is corrupted, I can not hope for a fair and impartial hearing Everything is corrupted, I can not hope for a fair and impartial hearing of my case in courtof my case in court
People have no instruments to influence the authoritiesPeople have no instruments to influence the authorities
68% do not feel safe 68% do not feel safe under the protection under the protection of law of law
68% do not feel safe 68% do not feel safe under the protection under the protection of law of law
Laws are interpreted liberally by those who are in powerLaws are interpreted liberally by those who are in power
Laws are changing all the timeLaws are changing all the time
45%45%
42%42%
37%37%
23%23%
20%20%
Sample=1600Sample=1600
WESTERN DEMOCRACY AND WESTERN CULTURE FOR RUSSIAWESTERN DEMOCRACY AND WESTERN CULTURE FOR RUSSIA
2
55
25
10
8
3
45
30
12
10
Are necessary, will have a Are necessary, will have a recovery effect for Russiarecovery effect for Russia
Can be benefited from a lotCan be benefited from a lot
Are not suitable for us Are not suitable for us
Are destructive, pernicious Are destructive, pernicious for Russiafor Russia
Hard to answerHard to answer
%%
Sample=1600Sample=1600
DO YOU BELIEVE THAT WESTERN DEMOCRACY AND WESTERN CULTURE…DO YOU BELIEVE THAT WESTERN DEMOCRACY AND WESTERN CULTURE…
2000, 2000, AprilApril
2006, 2006, DecemberDecember
RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENSRELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS
6
19
71
4
4
25
63
8
The state should interfere The state should interfere with the life and economic with the life and economic activity of its citizens as activity of its citizens as little as possible little as possible
The state should set rules The state should set rules that apply to everyone and that apply to everyone and follow them strictlyfollow them strictly
The state should care about The state should care about its citizens by providing its citizens by providing them with a decent standard them with a decent standard of living of living
%%
Sample=1600Sample=1600
WHAT SHOULD RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS BE?WHAT SHOULD RELATIONS BETWEEN THE STATE AND ITS CITIZENS BE?
Hard to answerHard to answer
2001,2001,JanuaryJanuary
2006,2006,MarchMarch
Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!