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International Journal of Engineering & Technology IJET-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 02 48

126302-8383 IJET-IJENS @ April 2012 IJENS I J E N S

LEVEL OF SERVICE ANALYSIS AND AIRPORT TERMINAL DEVELOPMENT (Case Study: Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Indonesia)

Sakti Adji Adisasmita

Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan – 90245, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Air transport is basically growing

rapidly, given the advantages that can travel long distances and is the most reasonable alternative when the time is essential. Airport became one of the important gateway in and out of a contry. The study purpose is to analyse the level of service and airport terminal facilities development. The methodology used in this study was Terminal Area Techniques Analysis refer to FAA and IATA Standards, to analyse the development airport terminal facilities at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport. The conclusion that can be drawn from the results of Terminal Area Techniques Analysis as follows: the total needs terminal 2D area was 51,996.59 m², 24.16 m²/peak hours passenger and terminal 2E was 42,906.64 m² and 24.60 m²/peak hours passenger. The recommendations are: (1) the decision to develop the airport terminal facilities should be used as a second alternative, it is better to managing the traffic (passenger and aircraft flows) and flight schedules/frequency, such that the expected distribution of the number of passengers and aircrafts become more prevalent; (2) considered the suggestions and expectations of the terminal users based on interviews results and also the facilities should be placed as effectively and efficiently according to their function; (3) For further work can be considered to analyse the needs of domestic passenger terminal at Soekarno-Hatta Airport.

Keywords: level of service, airport terminal, space standards

I. BACKGROUND

Transportation is the movement of people

and goods with vehicles, which is, fast, convenient, easy, economical, and environmentally friendly. The transport system greatly affect the pattern of life and economic development. A good transportation system in a region would have to distribute their products to other regions where its value will be higher, while the needs of the area could also be met from the producing areas [1,2].

Air transport is basically growing rapidly, given the advantages that can travel long distances and is the most sensible alternative when the time is demanding. Airport became one of the important gates in and out of a country. Aircraft must answer the demands for security, fast, convenient, environmentally friendly, and so on, but not necessarily the case with the airport, especially regarding the comfort factor. That's why the forecasting measurement is important to the airport to handle the growth of passengers and goods [9,25,28,29].

Airport terminal building should be planned to serve the number of passengers at peak hours with an estimated for long term period. It should also be flexible to the needs of the development. Passenger capacity has an important influence in determining the facilities within and adjacent to the terminal buildings. Airport terminal building should facilitate the movement of passengers and goods to/from airport, in the terminal and leaves the airside area [19,26,30]. Airport terminal has six (6) level of service respectively, from A to F. These level will affect the need for space in airport terminal building [19,26,30].

Increased in economic conditions followed by increasing number of airlines in Indonesia give effect to the price of air travel, which more affordable to the public. Along with the vigorous of Visit Indonesia Year, it is important to know the condition of Soekarno-Hatta Airport, Indonesia, the suitability of space availability, and the possibility of airport terminal development to meet the feeling of comfort and convinience [16,18,20]. The scope and limitation in this study research only concentrate on the needs of passenger terminal facilities development at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport not include the domestic terminal.



II. LITERATURE REVIEW Air transport is one type of

transportation sub-sector that developed rapidly and because of the special characteristics has become a favorite for long trips. According to Annex 14 of ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), airport is a certain area on land or waters (including buildings, installations and equipment) intended in whole or in part for arrival, departure and aircrafts movement. Airport infrastructure is divided into two major parts, namely air airside and landside. Airside consists of runway, taxiway, and apron. Meanwhile, landside consists of airport passenger terminal, vehicle parking and access road to/from the airport.

Based on airport engineering book, the airport terminal building is refer to design and construction includes a variety of facilities for activities take off, landing, maneuvers and aircraft parking, aircraft maintenance and repair, refueling, managing of passenger and their luggage. Passenger transition from the land side into the airside centered on the terminal. Terminal

buildings can be small with low activity, or large and complex for the busy terminals. According to the Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers Section 18, terminal building should be planned to serve the number of passengers at peak hours with an estimate/forecast for the next 10 years. It should also be flexible to the needs of development. Passenger capacity has an important influence in determining the facilities within and adjacent to the terminal buildings. The airport terminal building should facilitate the movement of passengers from the parking area to the aircraft. Passengers must be able to park, arrive by taxi, bus or other vehicle at the point closest to the ticket counter. Checked baggage at this point, then the passenger check-in process. At the waiting room there are rest room, public telephone, concession, restaurants, and so on [31].

In addition to examining the space for passengers in the terminal, also need to analyse the interests service users (passengers) to meet their comfort and convenience.

III. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SOEKARNO–HATTA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT

Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Indonesia has an area of 18 km², has two parallel runway separated by two taxiways along the 2.400 m. There are two main terminal building that is

Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Terminal 1 for all domestic flights and Terminal 2 serves all international and domestic flights domestic [20].

Terminals 2D and 2E are used to serve all international flights airlines, while Terminal 2F used to serve domestic flights served by Garuda Indonesian Airways and Merpati Nusantara Airlines. Each sub-terminal has 25 check-in counters, 5 claiming baggage and 7 gates [20].

Terminal 3 operated since 15 April 2009 and used for low cost airlines. This study focusing on Terminal 2D and 2E, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport Terminal [20].

IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Sources of Data The data will be used in this study

consisted of two types of data that is primary and secondary data. The primary data collected through field survey, observation, and interview techniques and the secondary data collected from Airport

Authority. Directorate General of Air Transport, Angkasa Pura II, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). The data collected, i.e. passenger and types of aircraft at peak hours, airport operating hours, the size of airport terminal facilities and so on.

B. Regulations/standards for Space Calculation

The calculation of passenger terminal area at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport will be

referring to the FAA regulations/standards and regulations, i.e [9]:

Soekarno-Hatta Intl Airport



• Percentage of area, Airline = 38% of the total terminal area; Public = 30% of the total public area; Services = 15% of the total service area; Other = 17% of the total other area of the terminal. In the terminal there are areas that can be leased, and the area that should not be leased. The percentages for both are 55% areas that may be leased and the administration and 45% areas that should not be rented.

• Airline ticket counter, a place to report entry (check in), (see attachment), where the relationship between linear ft (m) of frontage vs equivalent aircraft.

• Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Supporting Services, (see attachment).

• Outbound Baggage Room, inspection of baggage for departing passengers, (see attachment).

• Inbound Baggage Claim, performed after the passengers got off from the aircraft then claim the luggage. To determine the space of this area, should be known the percentage of passengers who got off from the aircraft at peak hours, then

connected with the Figure (see the attachment). From the graph in the attachment will be obtained the length of claim area, used the figure in the attachment.

• Aircraft Departure Lounge (Departure Lounge or Boarding Lounge), an area waiting for flight departure, need data of aircraft type and seat capacity in order to obtain the size of the departure lounge which can be seen in the table (see attachment).

• Lobby and Ticketing, can be obtained from the figure (see attachment).

• Lobby waiting area, can be obtained from the Figure (see attachment), then reduced to the ticket counter area.

• Food and beverage, can be obtained from the figure (see attachment).

• Concessions and other terminal services, knowing the annual passengers, then use figure (see attachment).

V. TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF TERMINAL AREA DEVELOPMENT

Keeping the comfort of all terminal users,

particularly passengers, one of which need to be considered is terminal area, such that the condition is not too crowded or cramped. Conditions that

would be too crowded, long queue at each process in the terminal, will led panssengers frustration and bad image.

A. Passenger Movement at Peak Hours

The highest number of passengers at peak hours amounted to 2,152 people, occurred on March 19, 2011 at 2.00 pm – 3.00 pm in Terminal

2D and 1,742 people in Terminal 2E at 2.10 pm – 2.55 pm.

B. Aircraft Equivalent Factor The aircraft equivalent factor obtained by

multiplying the number of aircraft types with the aircraft equivalent factor. The results obtained for

the aircraft equivalent factor was 29.5 for Terminal 2D and 22.2 for Terminal 2E. The aircraft equivalent factors for Terminal 2D and 2E can be seen in the table below.

. Table 1 Aircraft Equivalent Factor (AEF), Terminal 2D

Type of No. of Seat Range AEF (2) x (4) Aircraft Aircraft

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Airbus 320-200 4 220-280 2.4 9.6

Airbus 320 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Airbus 330-300 4 220-280 2.4 9.6

Airbus 340-200 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Boeing 737-300 1 90-110 1.0 1.0

Boeing 737-400 1 90-110 1.0 1.0

Boeing 747-400 1 300-420 3.5 3.5 Total 13 3060 (Av) 15.1 29.5

Source: Analysis Result



Table 2 Aircraft Equivalent Factor (AEF), Terminal 2E

Type of No. of Seat Range AEF (2) x (4) Aircraft Aircraft

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Airbus 320-200 2 220-280 2.4 4.8

Airbus 320 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Airbus 330-300 4 220-280 2.4 9.6

Airbus 340-200 1 220-280 2.4 2.4

Boeing 737-300 2 90-110 1.0 2.0

Boeing 737-400 1 90-110 1.0 1.0

Total 11 2300 11.6 22.2 Source: Analysis Result

C. Overall Calculation of Terminal 2D The requirement area (gross) at

Terminal 2D, Soekarno-Hatta International Airport: 2,152 passengers/peak hours x 24m²/peak hours = 51,648 m².

D. Calculation of the Functional Area of

Terminal 2D In the following table shows the sub-area

contained on all four of these areas, and at the bottom of the table there is a recommendation to

the extent that it takes four of the area to be served by passengers at peak hours.

Table 3 Percentage of Airport Terminal Area

Airline Other Public Services ATO Administration Operational Baggage

Concessins Restaurant Food & beverage Airport Administration Miscellaneous

Circulation Waiting room Restroom Exits

Tunnels Stairs Store Electrical Communication

38% x 51,648 = 19,626.24

17% x 51,648 = 8,780.16

30% x 51,648 = 15,494.40

15% x 51,648 = 7,747.20

Source: Analysis Result Areas that may be leased and airport

administration = 55% x 51,684 = 28,406 m², and areas that should not be leased = 45% x 51,684 = 23,241.6 m²

Table 4 Calculation of the Airport Terminal 2D Facilities No Airport Terminal Facilities Area (m²) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Airline counters frontage/check-in (see attachment), AEF 29.5, length of linear counter = 75, width area = 2,15 m, required area = 75 x 2,15 Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Support Space (see attachment) Lobby and Ticketing (see attachment), area of graph = 1700 – ticket counter = 161,25 Lobby Waiting Area (see attachment), seating for up to25% at peak hours = seating for 538 passenger/hour Departure Lounge, (see attachment), area needed = (B 737-300 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (B 737-400 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (B 747-400 = 1 x 360 = 360) + (Airbus 320 = 1 x 250 = 250) + (Airbus 320-200 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 330-300 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 340-200) = 1 x 250 = 250), Total = 3,060 m² Outbound Baggage Room, (see attachment) Inbound Baggage Claim, (see attachment), 27% arrival = 29,5 AEF x 0,27 = 8 AEF, estimated that 70% passenger came at first 20 minutes = 8 x 70 % = 5,6 AEF,

161.25 580 1,538.75 1,050 3,060 1,200 650



8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

required 73,7 m long for baggage claim area, baggage claim type D Food and Beverage, 58% x 7,813,415 (annual passenger), (see attachment) with usage factor of 40% Airline Operations and Support Areas, 2 x ATO area Other Airline Space, 20% x poin no. 9 Lobby Bag Claim, estimates of 2 pick-up passenger/passenger + 1 passenger (3 people), estimated waiting time average was 30 minutes, area needed 1.8 m²/passenger and 27% of arrival peak flow = 3 x 1,8 m² x 0,5 jam x 0,27 x 2,152 Other Concessions and Terminal Services, 58% x 7,813,415(annual passenger), (see attachment) Other rental areas, 50% of poin 12 Other Circulation Areas, 0,7 x (total item 1,2,5,6,7,9,10) x 2 Subtotal 1 Area Mekanikal = 15% x subtotal 1 Subtotal 2 Struktur = 10% x subtotal 2

7,000 1,160 232 1,568.81 10,000 5,000 9,860.55 43,061.36 6,459.20 49,520.56 4,952.056

Total 51,996.59 Source: Analysis Result

It can be said that the total area needs for the development of Terminal 2D, Soekarno-Hatta

International Airport was 51,996.59m², where peak hours passenger was 24,16 m².

E. Overall Calculation of Terminal 2E

The requirement area (gross) at Terminal 2E, Soekarno-Hata International

Airport: 1,742 passengers/peak hours x 24m²/peak hours = 41,808 m².

F. Calculation of the Functional Area of

Terminal 2E

In the following table shows the sub-area contained on all four of these areas, and at the bottom of the table there is a recommendation to

the extent that it takes four of the area to be served by passengers at peak hours.

Table 5 Percentage of Airport Terminal Area

Airline Other Public Services ATO Administration Operational Baggage

Concessins Restaurant Food & beverage Airport Administration Miscellaneous

Circulation Waiting room Restroom Exits

Tunnels Stairs Store Electrical Communication

38% x 41,808 = 15,887.04

17% x 41,808 = 7,107.36

30% x 41,808 = 12,542.40

15% x 41,808 = 6,271.20

Source: Analysis Result Areas that may be leased and airport

administration = 55% x 41,808 = 22,994.40 m², and areas that should not be leased = 45% x 41,808 = 18,813.60 m²



Table 6 Calculation of the Airport Terminal 2E Facilities No Airport Terminal Facilities Area (m²) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Airline counters frontage/check-in (see attachment), AEF 22.2, length of linear counter = 65, width area = 2.15 m, required area = 65 x 2.15 Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Support Space (see attachment) Lobby and Ticketing (see attachment), area of graph = 1,047.1 – ticket counter = 139.75 Lobby Waiting Area (see attachment), seating for up to25% at peak hours = seating for 435.50 passenger/hour Departure Lounge, (see attachment), area needed = (B 737-300 = 2 x 100 = 200) + (B 737-400 = 1 x 100 = 100) + (Airbus 320 = 1 x 250 = 250) + (Airbus 320-200 = 2 x 250 = 500) + (Airbus 330-300 = 4 x 250 = 1,000) + (Airbus 340-200) = 1 x 250 = 250), Total = 2,300 m² Outbound Baggage Room, (see attachment) Inbound Baggage Claim, (see attachment), 27% arrival = 22,2 AEF x 0,20 = 4.44 AEF, estimated that 70% passenger came at first 20 minutes = 4.44 x 70 % = 5,0 AEF, required 50 m long for baggage claim area, baggage claim type D Food and Beverage, 42% x 7,813,415 (annual passenger), (see attachment) with usage factor of 40% Airline Operations and Support Areas, 2 x ATO area Other Airline Space, 20% x poin no. 9 Lobby Bag Claim, estimates of 2 pick-up passenger/passenger + 1 passenger (3 people), estimated waiting time average was 30 minutes, area needed 1.8 m²/passenger and 20% of arrival peak flow = 3 x 1,8 m² x 0,5 jam x 0,20 x 1,742 Other Concessions and Terminal Services, 42% x 7,813,415(annual passenger), (see attachment) Other rental areas, 50% of poin 12 Other Circulation Areas, 0,5 x (total item 1,2,5,6,7,9,10) x 2 Subtotal 1 Area Mekanikal = 10% x subtotal 1 Subtotal 2 Struktur = 3% x subtotal 2

139.75 509.60 907.35 875 2,300 1,000 450 6,400 1,019.20 203.84 940.68 7,600 3,800 11,003.19 37,148.61 3,714.86 40,863.47 2,043.17

Total 42,906.64 Source: Analysis Result

It can be said that the total area needs for the development of Terminal 2E was 42,906.64 m², where peak hours passenger was 24,60 m².

Overall, the airport terminal (2D and 2E) development in general were influenced by the number of passengers at peak hours and the total area per passenger.

VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The conclusion that can be drawn from the results of airport terminal developmnet at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, as follows: (a) total area needs for Terminal 2D is 51,996.59 m², and (b) total area needs for Terminal 2E is 42,906.64 m². The recommendations are: (1) the decision to develop the airport terminal facilities should be used as a second alternative, it is better to managing the traffic (passenger and aircraft flows) and flight schedules/frequency, such that the

expected distribution of the number of passengers and aircrafts become more prevalent; (2) considered the suggestions and expectations of the terminal users based on interviews results and also the facilities should be placed as effectively and efficiently according to their function, and (3) and for further work can be considered to analyse the needs of domestic passenger terminal development at Soekarno-Hatta Airport .



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the Institution of Civil Engineers, Transport, vol. 111:2, (1995), pp. 97, 101.

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Sakti Adji Adisasmita, obtained Bachelor in Civil Engineering and MSc in Regional Planning and Development from the University of Hasanuddin, Indonesia; MEngSc in Transportation Engineering from the University of New South Wales, Australia and PhD in Aviation Transport from the University of Newcastle, Australia.

Working as a Lecturer in Faculty of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin, Indonesia and has been involved in all aspects of the transportation sector consultancy, having experienced as transport specialist in several transportation projects. Currently, is a Chartered Member of the Indonesian Transport Society, Indonesian Airport Expert Association and Air Transport Research Society (ATRS).



ATTACHMENT

(1)

Airline Ticket Counter Source: Airport Engineering

(2)

Airline Ticket Office (ATO) and Supporting Facilities Source: Airport Engineering



(3)

Outbound Baggage Room Source: Airport Engineering



(4)

Percentage of Passenger Leaving the Aircraft Source: Airport Engineering

(5)

Inbound Baggage Rooms Source: Airport Engineering



(6) Aircraft Departure Lounge

Aircraft Type Model Seat Capacity Range Average Departure Lounge Size

CV-580: DC-9 -10; BAC-111; YS-

11-B; M-404; F-227B

40 – 80

Av. 60

640 sq ft

60 sq m

B-737; B-727 -100; DC-9 -30;

CV-880

90 – 110

Av. 100

1080 sq ft

100 sq m

DC-8 -50; DC-8 -62; B-727 -

200; B-727 -300; B-707 (all); B-

720

120 – 160

Av. 140

1500 sq ft

140 sq m

DC-8 -61, B-757 170 – 210

Av. 190

2050 sq ft

190 sq m

DC-10, L-1011, A300, B-767,

MD11

220 – 280

Av. 250

2690 sq ft

250 sq m

B-747 300 – 420

Av. 360

3870 sq ft

360 sq m

High capacity

Wide body

420 – 500

Av. 460

4950 sq ft

460 sq m

Source: Airport Engineering

(7)

Lobby and Ticketing Source: Airport Engineering



(8)

Waiting Area Lobby Source: Airport Engineering



(9)

Food and Beverage Source: Airport Engineering (10)

Concessions Source: Airport Engineering



(11)

Level of Service Standards

Level of Service Standards (m² per occupant)

A B C D E F Check-in queue area 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 Wait/circulate 2.7 2.3 1.9 1.5 1.0 Hold room 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Bag claim area, excluding claim device 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 Government inspection 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 Source: Airport Engineering

level of service analysis and airport · pdf filejl. perintis kemerdekaan km. 10, makassar,...

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