levels and typologies of public policy
TRANSCRIPT
LEVELS AND TYPOLOGIES OF PUBLIC POLICY
PSU08108
INSTRUCTOR : Mr. SANCHAWA, DH
Office: 301, Second Floor, Uhuru.
Learning objectives
• By the end of this two hrs lecture, learners should be to
• Identify the levels of policies
• Classify policies
• Identify the types of policies
• Describe with examples the types of public policies
Introduction
• Policies exist at different levels . For example as individuals we have policies, based on values and interests, that guide how we act in specific circumstances.
• Other levels include family policies , organizational policies and government policies. Government policy also known as public policy
Individual policy
• Individuals have policies based on values and interests personal safety I always shop locally. ... value > support ones own community
Family policies
• Families have policies which operates at the family level. For example in our family we always say grace before eating supper. ... value > spirituality
We limit telephone calls to 10 minutes. ... value .> respect for the needs of others
Organizational policies
• Every organization has its own policies for the proper functioning of its businesses . These policies among others include but not limited to ;-
• Personnel policies (hiring, vacation leave, salary levels, office size, etc.)
• Operational policies (shift scheduling, client complaints, inventory control, etc.)
Government policies
• Governments have policies also known as public policies.
• These policies guide decisions and actions that relate to society as a whole.
• They are developed by the central and local governments.
Reflections: Students
• Take five minutes to think of one or more policies in each of the following categories:
a) Individual policies
b) Family policies
c) Organizational/Workplace policies
d) Government policies
Classification of policies
• In this lecture, policies are classified into two classes.
• Thus, they can either be substantive or procedural (Dr. Eneanya, 2010)
• Their descriptions are as follow in the next slide/page.
Substantive policies
• Substantive policies involve what government is going to do, such as constructing highways, paying welfare benefits, acquiring bombers, or prohibiting the retail sale of liquor. Substantive policies directly allocate advantages and disadvantages, benefits and costs, to people (Dr. Eneanya, 2010)
Procedural policies
• These policies entail how something is going to be done or who is going to take action.
• They include laws providing for the creation of administrative agencies, determining the matters over which they have jurisdiction, specifying the processes and techniques that they can use in carrying out their programmes, and providing for presidential, judicial and other controls over their operations (Dr. Eneanya, 2010).
Types of public policy
• There are various or several types of public policies from different scholarly work. But for better understanding and effective communication we will focus on the following major types of public policies
1. Distributive policy
• Distributive policies involve allocation of services or benefits to particular segments of the population – individuals, groups, corporations, and communities. Some distributive policies may provide benefits to one or a few beneficiaries. The policies involve using public funds to assist particular groups, communities, or industries
Examples of distributive policies
• Education Policy
• Economic Policy
• Fiscal Policy
• Tax Policy
• Continuity & Change in Public Policy etc
2. Redistributive policies
• Redistributive policies involve deliberate efforts by the government to shift the allocation of wealth, income, property, or rights among broad classes or groups of the population, such as: haves and have-nots etc
• Redistributive policies are difficult to enact because they involve the reallocation of money, rights, or power. Example of re-distributive policy is graduated income tax or taxing the wealthy to allocate resources to the poor.
Examples of redistributive policy
• Social Welfare Policy
• Social Policy
• Health Care Policy
• Civil Rights Policy
• Immigration Policy
3. Regulatory policies
• Regulatory policy issues are those which are concerned with regulation and control of activities or behaviors
• They impose restrictions or limitations on the behavior of individuals and groups..
• Also, they may deal with control of pollution or regulation of transportation industries
• Examples of regulatory policies are: consumer protection policies, policies that regulate entry into businesses-National Communication Commission,.
Examples of regulatory policies
• Environmental Protection Policy
• Labor Policy
• Competitive Regulatory Policy
• Fertility Control Policy
• Criminal Justice Policy
4. Constituent policy
• Constituent policy issues are those which are concerned with the setting-up or re-organization of institutions. Each of these policy issues forms a different power arena.
• Constituent policies create executive power entities, or deal with laws (Warioba, L, 2012)
Group Assignment
2. Public policy is an expression of the government actions or in actions. Discuss
3. Who are the public policy actors? Discuss their influences/roles in public policy formulation.
4. Critically discuss the key factors and considerations in public policy development
5. Looking at Tanzania experience in education policy, what do you think are the challenges/ limitations of the policy? What are the areas which need some improvements?
Group Assignment
6. What is agenda setting? In what ways an issue becomes an agenda? How does it contribute to policy formulation?
7. What is public policy evaluation? What are the key indicators for public policy evaluation?
8. What is MKUKUTA? Describe its objectives and areas of achievements
9. Identify and describe at least five approaches or modes for public policy analysis
10. Discuss the objectives, achievements and challenges of health policy in Tanzania
Text Books
• Wilson, Carter A. (2006). Public Policy: Continuity and Change. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
• Adolino, Jessica R. & Charles H. Blake, (2001). Comparing Public Policies: Issues and Choices in Six Industrialized Countries. Washington, DC: CQ Press.